Hello, and welcome to the Umicore and Volkswagen AG to create European EV battery materials joint venture. My name is Josh, and I will be your coordinator for today's event. Please note this conference is being recorded, and for the duration of the call, your lines will be on listen only. However, you will have the opportunity to ask questions at the end of the call. This can be done by pressing star one on your telephone keypad to register your question. If you require assistance at any point, please press star zero and you will be connected to an operator. I'll now hand you over to today's speakers, CEO Mathias Miedreich and CFO Filip Platteeuw, to begin today's conference. Thank you. Thank you very much and, good morning to everybody. My name is Mathias Miedreich, as it has been announced, and it's my pleasure to talk to this audience for the first time. If we would not have this very significant event, probably the first time we would have talked in this forum would have been February next year. I'm very happy that we have this good news as a reason to exchange already earlier. I am now since first of October CEO of Umicore, and during this first weeks I am very happy that I could personally reconfirm my very positive due diligence that I made before stepping into this new challenge, and which is confirmed by the news that we will be sharing with you. Probably we can detail that in the question and answer session earlier. Today's call is set up to talk about the joint venture that we have announced to create with Volkswagen on the battery materials. As well as an outlook on the battery materials business in 2022 and 2023, and is not intended to share any news on our 2021 guidance, which is not changed. Neither already given outlook about the group in 2022. I would be very happy if we could focus all of our attention on this important subject. What we have been announcing today and what I am very happy to discuss with you going forward is the creation of a joint venture that we think is a one of its kind in Europe. It's a combination of two very strong players in the field of electrification. Volkswagen AG, who is known to be the most dynamic of the traditional OEMs to transform all of their product lines into electric vehicles based on a concept that's called the unified cell. The vision to have at large scale a high tech to a large extent standardized battery cells available for all of the car platforms. Which of course is a very attractive business case for a company like Umicore, that we consider ourselves the leading supplier in terms of technology. As well in terms of capacity in Europe at this point in time. Those partners go together to create such a joint venture, it's the first of its kind in Europe. By the announced ambition and size going forward, it is, to my knowledge, also the largest that has been announced globally up to date. It's a clear consequence of the emerging trend that we see in the battery market, that the OEMs are gradually taking or stepping more into the battery value chain. While in the past, to buy or to purchase battery cells from cell makers, and then the cell makers would work on the material side with the chem suppliers. It's changing towards a more direct model that I think has similarities to what we have seen in the after-treatment catalyst market. Where the OEMs themselves want to specify, influence the technical, properties of the cathode materials, which is, as we all know, one of the most determining factor of the battery performance. With that also, secondly, they want to solve the equation of how to secure the supply in a world that seems to be scarce on resources and where there is a competition not only on the downstream but also on the upstream side. It's logical that then a joint venture with one of the leading parties on the cathode material side, which is Umicore, in our feeling, makes a lot of sense for the OEM. It's a combination of several strengths that we can bring together. I think what I want to mention here especially is the strong you know focus on scale. This is something that we will focus later. Economies of scale play a major role in the business of cathode materials and in this partnership that is also a strong contribution to the European Green Deal and will help the European whole economy and industrial supply chain to step up also on the self-supplying of the ambitions going forward. What is also important to mention, we're still on page two of the presentation. What is also important to mention is that this announcement to form a joint venture is not yet in detail covering the aspects of battery recycling. However, it is clearly mentioned, and it will be announced by both parties that a very likely next step could be, will be to work also together on the battery recycling, which as we know is a necessary piece in the puzzle to achieve a fully circular supply chain to exploit all of the possibilities that are there in terms of CO₂ reduction of recycling versus mining approach. Also, of course, from a European geopolitical perspective, it will provide the necessary recycling materials that will most probably be needed also from a legislative point of view. I think the logic why such a joint venture makes sense is very clear. I would now, on the next page three, like to explain you a little bit what are the reasons for the two partners to work together, why it's Umicore and why Volkswagen and vice versa. As I said, for Volkswagen and this is also of course shared in the announcement that our partner is doing themselves. A very important topic for them, as for any OEM, is the security of supply to be sure that from the raw material to the cathode material to the cell they have what they need for their ambitious plans going forward to 2030 and beyond. All of that, of course, cannot be any material. It is of utmost importance that this is a sustainably sourced material that is complying to the sustainability targets of both partners. But not stopping there, I think and we will come back to this point later. There was some mentioning lately of some other market players that the cathode material market could be a commodity market where differentiation through technology is not possible. We see the absolute opposite right now happening because, you know, it is very clear that the performance of the cathode material, the distinct properties not only in product but as well in process development and the properties of the materials in terms of reliability and quality, especially. So pureness is very important. Volkswagen is convinced that through their partnership with Umicore, they can get exactly that. I can tell you that this was not something that was done within two weeks, two partners came together and said, "We're doing something." It was a multi-year search process, which finally ended up in the decision of as we think, the people who should know it best to partner with Umicore on the technology side. As we said, the value chain is an important element in the whole decision. When I describe what I have seen now entering Umicore as the strong point of Umicore, that is, I think, unique in the marketplace today, is a combination of three things that I think not any other company has. On the one side, through the long decades of working in the automotive catalyst business, Umicore has a very good understanding what are the needs of an automotive OEM, what are the processes that are used, what are the normal ways of doing business, what are also the pain points of an OEM, and with that, speaking the language of the OEM. On the other side, due to its history and legacy and many decades being active on the raw material side, having the knowledge, the relationship, the expertise, but also the contracts in place to assure a reliable and sustainable stream of raw materials that is going in is already a very unique combination. What comes on top of that is also, and I'm also speaking about decades of experience in circular economy, recycling, especially on the precious metal side, which is something that in these three combinations, I think is unmatched in the industry. I would be happy if you could mention to me later one other company that has these properties. I didn't find anyone. Now, of course, for Umicore, from the Umicore side, this partnership makes also a lot of sense because first of all, we will have secured access to a very, very substantial part of the European demand for EV cathode materials. You have seen that in the VW Power Day, VW has announced a capacity vision of 240 GWh for Europe that they want to supply through their own unified cell strategy. You have seen that our joint venture announcement is scaling up to 160 GWh. You can do the math to what, you know, extent that relates to an overall market share if you just look to VW. VW itself, of course, is, as we think, the most successful player in the automotive landscape globally, but especially in Europe, to ramp up electrification. It's clear why it is very important for us to secure or to have a very good chance to grow with this important customer. The second big reason for us, of course, is going outside of the joint venture. If it was not clear by the announcement that we did, I want to say that this is not an exclusive joint venture. It's not like Umicore will be now a subsidiary of Volkswagen to produce cathode materials. Volkswagen is our very important customer, and this is the first activity that we ever do in this kind. You see how serious we take that. We will continue to serve other customers in other markets, of course, going forward. This helps us significantly to operate also for this business outside of the joint venture to harvest from the economies of scale that it will bring for our whole operations, and the learnings that we do and also the fixed cost regressions that we can have based on those scale effects. Finally, of course, this is a little bit related to what we will talk about, the years 2022 and 2023. It is a strong confirmation that Umicore has the right technology that is needed and that is asked in the market. I can already say maybe we should have been faster in providing this technology to the market. I will come to that in a second. Having said that, we can now see this as strong confirmation of our position, not only in product technology but also the way we are producing the process technology, the approaches we have, we are demonstrating in our factories with our latest installation and latest evolution of technology in our Nysa plant. I think all of this together, plus with our shared convictions, and that's really something we discovered working very intensively with Volkswagen, that we have the same vision in terms of sustainability, in terms of responsibility also, makes this partnership a nearly perfect match that we are happy now to further develop and jointly harvest the fruits of that. If we would go to the next page, on page number four, I would like to share some insights and thoughts with you about the market of cathode materials in itself, outside even of the joint venture. Just to give you our view on the market dynamics as well as the positioning of Umicore in this market. It is our strong conviction that this is a very high volume market. It's I think nobody will doubt that there will be an extremely high growth in the next decade in this market segment with the increasing EV penetration. For sure, Europe will be a front runner in this development. Now, having said that, it is not at all the case, as we think, that the commoditization, which is an element also of high volume production, is happening on the product and process technology side. First of all, I have said that there are very specific requirements that the OEMs have in terms of energy density and also the different properties of a cathode material that the OEMs want to, that they have identified as key for the battery performance. This is one of the reasons why they are now actively working with the CAM players like us. Because they see this as for themselves as a key differentiation factor. They see a co-development on those topics having the expertise of Umicore and other CAM players and other constellations as very valuable asset that those companies can provide. The second aspect is the aspect of safety. Safety is one of the biggest things to handle in the race for electrification. Once Ralph Kiessling, our head for the E&ST business group, has given a very good picture to me that describes that a little bit. If you want to produce cathode materials, you have to use from a scale point of view, you really go into you know, chemical refinery dimensions. However, from a purity and precision, you have to go into a pharmaceutical grade production, which in itself is a certain contradiction. The way to do that, the process technology to be able at the very high quantities to have very pure materials, is determining the safety of a battery at the end of the day. The more stable that is, the better the safety can be guaranteed. We think today and the feedback we get from the market is that our not only our product technologies now in high-nickel, but also our process technologies are state-of-the-art, if not cutting-edge, on that segment. The other thing I want to mention is, of course, a function of time. The CAM market is a new market that has not been there before, and that is developing now with accelerating speed. Of course, there are, in, like in every market, entry barriers. The entry barriers are higher the later you step into the game. Umicore is already since more than two decades has started to be active in that field. Has, of course, over the time, invested a lot into R&D, but also into capacity, into gigafactories, first gigafactories in Korea, then in China, now in Europe. There is a huge also learning curve, very steep gradient or learning curve that has been gone through. All of this is not available to parties that enter at a later stage. Of course, for them, the entry barriers can be simply too high. What I want to say is that this market today is a very attractive market for the companies that have the right assets in place in terms of product technologies, in terms of manufacturing capacity, but also manufacturing technologies. It will be very difficult for newcomers to catch it up. Of course, everything is a function of time, so if players like Umicore would just stop doing something, at one point in time, a catch-up will be there. As we are not stopping, and as the other, the leading players in this industry are not stopping, I think the entry barriers are getting higher and higher. We think that the companies that are now positioning themselves, that are now taking stakes in the market, securing market share for the midterm, for the rates beyond 2025, it will be very difficult to catch them from the outside and have surprising new entrants in that market. Without commenting on firms you have seen some other market players deciding that it is actually too late for them and changing their strategies on that matter. Now, as we said, we think we are very well positioned in this highly attractive market of CAM technologies, product and process, technology leadership. I wouldn't repeat what I just said. Also our global presence that we are in Asia and in Europe, first mover advantage, that of course has also a time tag attached to it. We will not rest on this. We will continue. Of course, the next question for us that we are tackling is North America, and in due time, we will also come back with our strategy for this continent. Then of course, sustainability is a very important point. I think it's well-known that on the sustainable material sourcing, Umicore is a front runner since many years. Also in terms of the zero-emission leadership, we aim to achieve the same great positioning due to our scope one and scope two activities because we are in the scope 3 of our customers that we want to provide, of course, at the end of the day, the ultimate vision is to have a CO₂-free cathode material, you know, which is a vision and needs to be reworked, but this can be also a great competitive advantage. We think also that with the steps that we have taken, we are very well positioned in that matter. Now, having talked about this midterm development and how we see ourselves positioned, confirmed by our agreements that we have done and will be doing with Volkswagen, I would like now to move to the next page five, where we talk a little bit more about the short term, so the next two years, how we see that and then going forward. You know that Umicore was communicating and was telling to the market that mid nickel applications are in the focus of the attention in terms of R&D and in terms of rollout to the customers. The reason for that was at that time, of course, and it was, let's say in the last two to three years, if it would have been possible to have high nickel in the car already, every customer would have chosen high nickel because of the advantages of power density and also packaging and then weight. Why it wasn't possible at that time had to do with the next level in the technologies. I mean, next system level in terms of battery and then going to the cell, because the battery makers didn't find a solution to package those high nickel materials in a safe way. You know that high nickel has a high tendency to, you know, has gassing at higher temperatures. The cell design that was the very large cell design that was the trend of the industry at that time did not allow to use a very high nickel, so 80% or more nickel chemistries at that point in time. We were focusing to provide a solution to the industry with our mid nickel application that we were also with coatings and with applications on higher voltages developing also towards the same goal of higher power density. I think we were giving very successful, at that time, very powerful technical solutions to the market, which was good. What was probably not so good is that we did not react fast enough on the changing trend. We were so much, you know, concerned to deliver the right answers on the mid nickel that we had. We had always had high nickel developments, but we didn't prioritize them in our roadmap. What we saw now, and I have to admit, faster than we have initially expected, this technical problem of how to bring high nickel into the battery cells was solved by the cell makers. Then of course, the market very swiftly moved and is moving to more high nickel applications. For us, of course, we have seen that and we have reacted. We could, you know, successfully accelerate in our product development and technology development, the applications and technologies we have started on high nickel. We also have been able, thanks to our very flexible production system, to adapt our manufacturing streams. As you know, the high nickel applications need certain different, you know, treatment methods like oxygen encapsulated furnaces, et cetera. Very quickly able to adapt that. The consequence now of that change we see in 2022 and 2023, where the market shares that we have expected to have are not materializing, and our growth is slower than expected. You can say it's bad luck or it's just a consequence of what we did. This in combination with the shortages we saw through the semiconductor crisis and with the mix of the platforms that we're on are leading now to a statement that we do not expect that our earnings in rechargeable battery materials will grow in 2023 and 2022 and 2023, but they will grow lower than expected in this two years. If you focus on the complete segment, our Energy & Surface Technologies segment, we have also the Cobalt & Special Materials inside that had a record year in 2021. A very exceptional combination of market demand of superior availability of supply and a positive pricing momentum. We do not think that we can repeat this earnings profile in 2022. With that, we don't see a significant uplift in the profitability for the whole segment. Having said that, we are confirming and I think what I told you before should give you confidence in that post-2023, so starting in 2024, we will be rapidly ramping up our market shares with secured volumes. A large portion of that, of course, is coming then from 2025 through our planned joint venture with Volkswagen. But even before that, we will be able, not today, but at a later stage, announce other customer contracts. On the high nickel side, we are in advanced qualification with key customers, and we will already start with, let's say, even in 2022 with high nickel volumes growing that then into 2023 and then have the, let's say, the breakthrough year of 2024, where we will disproportionally over proportionally benefit from the growth. As we see today, gain market share together with the businesses that we have been able to secure by then from our customers. Altogether, we think that the economies of scale that we have through these activities, through the capacities that we have installed and also a positive side effect of the joint venture, as I have explained earlier. We are very confident that we can create also a return profile that is creating sustainable shareholder value and is in line with the vision that we have for the profitability of our battery material business going forward. To summarize again, a landmark partnership is forming between Volkswagen and Umicore to pioneer for the European cathode material market in a not yet seen collaboration. The benefits for the two partners has been clearly laid out. For Umicore, the economies of scale and the reconfirmation of our technological strengths and high nickel roadmap that is hitting the right requirements of the industry is confirming our ambitions to be the leader of cathode battery materials in Europe and at a later stage also evolving that into the global market. The 2022, 2023 situation where we are seeing the consequence of us being late. We are admitting that late in being on the bus for high nickel, but reacted fast and with a strong offering now to the market, expecting significant customer contracts over the next 6 to 12 months. Reconfirming our ambition post 2024 with an extraordinary growth and market share gain. This was all I wanted to share with you, and I will be more than happy now to answer any questions that you might have. Thank you. Thank you very much. If you would like to ask a question or make a contribution on today's call, please press star one on your telephone keypad now please. Please ensure your line is unmuted and then you'll be introduced into the call. That is star one on your telephone keypad now, please. Okay, our first question comes from the line of Mubasher Chaudhry from Citi. Please go ahead. Hi, thank you for taking my questions. Just two relatively high level one. Do you think that this is a growing trend going forward, where you'll start to see OEMs start to vertically integrate into the kind of the upstream side of things, and start entering into the market of producing cathode materials? The second question is more around the LFP. I don't think you made any comments around the LFP technology. Can you talk about the market share dynamics of LFP, and do you think mid nickel NMC is losing market share to this technology? If so, does it make it even more important for you to deliver value through the higher density, higher range cathode material that you're looking to focus on going forward? Finally, just on the financial, could you talk about the kind of the CapEx requirement from this, or how we should think about it from a earnings potential from 2025 onwards? Thank you. Well, thank you very much. A very, very relevant question. Let me start with the first one. Vertical integration trend in the industry between OEMs and Chem on the batteries supply chain. This is a very clear trend that we are seeing. You know, we have a lot of customer relationships through our catalysis business, direct customer relationships with OEMs. We see the trends directly going into this segment. You can also. You have seen, I'm not commenting here on other competitors, but you have seen in the announcement on the North American side which, let's say, a similar logic has been put into place. We expect this also to continue, that there will be a closer relationship working together, partnership of any kind, between the OEM and the cathode material suppliers. I think the two reasons for that, and you can judge on the different OEMs than how much they need. The first reason is security of supply. Of course, everybody wants to secure the supply chain and not repeat the very painful experience of the semiconductor shortage. A way of vertical integration is one means to mitigate, at least partially. The second one, which is also we see a very strong reasoning, is that the OEM R&D teams, the technology and engineering teams, think, and we agree with them, that with working directly with the cathode material makers and talking about the chemistries, the properties, the different ways to go forward, are key to develop the right performance for their vehicles. Which they tell us is something they are missing a little bit if they have to go a step forward. Having said that, I would never say that the end of the market for the cell makers. There will be, you know, a market that will have some OEMs that strongly go that route that you have now, for example, seen with VW. There will be others that will not do that, and there will be mixed combinations. I think the cell makers will still play a very significant role in this market going forward. They are very important customers of ours. However, you know, this more direct interaction we will see more and more coming also from the OEM side. This is directly linking to the second part of your question, LFP, low cost, threats, what are we doing with it, and how are we positioned? I think the good thing is through these stronger cooperations with the OEMs, we now understand much better, more and more, what the OEMs want. I can tell you that the OEMs do not want LFP. They also do not want to have any other chemistry. The thing that they want is a battery material that is fulfilling their technical needs. For some segments, that necessity is also at a lower cost than an NMC high nickel can provide. The second rationale is they want to get more independent from nickel in itself, because nickel could be a scarce resource in the future. The discussions that we are having are not LFP. The discussion we are having is what kind of chemistries are giving the OEMs these two aspects to being lower cost and less dependent on nickel. We have today on our HLM technology very good market response on exactly those points. Also we are not dogmatic. We will not say there is no market for LFP. I think that also here there will be market shares and segments and regions for all of the technologies. We think today for the European market, we personally think that the HLM is a very attractive candidate in this segment with all of the aspects of LFP. But on top of that, the big benefit of recyclability and a closed loop business model that is much more difficult on the LFP side. Let me answer your third question on the necessary capital investment for the joint venture going forward from 2025. Please understand that at this point in time, we have agreed with our partner not to disclose any financials of the joint venture. We will be able to do that once the joint venture agreement finally has been signed. Thank you. Okay, our next question comes from Alex Stewart from Barclays. Please go ahead. Hi there. Good morning. It's Alex from Barclays. I've got a couple of questions. Firstly, this announcement to do with maybe pushing back the delivery of some of your high nickel products. Is that also related to the comment you made a few months ago about delaying the start of your Poland plant? Is that part of the reason why OEM is delaying the start of interested to hear your views on that. A couple of years ago, you agreed a long-term supply agreement with LG and Samsung. We've heard nothing from that agreement for years. Can you tell us whether that's still in place, whether they have triggered the agreement, whether they're taking offtake volumes in line with the terms of that announcement? Just finally, I've looked back over the transcripts of the last four years or so, and while I appreciate you were not CEO at the time, Marc Grynberg repeatedly said that you had commercial volumes available of all battery grades, including high nickel. It therefore comes as a bit of a surprise today that you're saying that you've put too much emphasis on mid nickel and not enough on high nickel. In fact, I remember once at an analyst presentation him telling us that Umicore is not a mid nickel company, it's a high nickel company. Where has the communication in all of this gone wrong? Because the story you're presenting to us today is radically different to the story that's been presented to us and the capital markets for the last couple of years by the previous CEO. I'd really appreciate your comments on that because it can be confusing for us to try and piece all the bits together, given the lack of disclosure around your capacity and your production. Thanks so much. Yeah. Thank you, Alex. Let me start with the last question first, because it might be the most confusing situation here. We are not saying that we do not have a high nickel, you know, on the start. We will even next year have a very small quantity of high nickel applications that will go live. More significantly, it will be starting in 2023, but then from 2024 we would be around 70% of high nickel in our product offerings. You know, I wasn't there at the time what you mentioned. I've also, of course, read everything that was before, but my conclusion on this is, actually this is a market that is rapidly changing in terms of what the customer wants and what the platforms have. Now, you could argue that it's valid for every automotive market. As you know, we compare this a little bit to our automotive catalyst market, where also different chemicals and compositions and precious metal loadings are requested and platforms are changing. We did not see such a big shift that suddenly we, you know, our portfolio was not matching what the market needed. The difference, however, is that the AC market is a very well-established market with a lot of platforms that are in the market. Any change, if you want, you have just from a probability point of view, you are kind of self-hedged because you're on so many platforms. If some platforms change, maybe others you are more beneficial. In our case, the platforms that we were on and that had changes mid life, we didn't have the same broadness. Of course, not yet, because the business is just starting, that we had on the AC business. Any change on the customer demand of course has a significant impact or can have a significant impact on our mix that we have in our supply. I think this is what happened. All the statements that have been made before have been totally true at the time they have been made. Now I think we have to face the reality of today that is exactly along those lines. This plays into the second question of LG. Yes, of course, we have a long-term supply agreement in place. This supply agreement is, you know, has certain properties. The basis of this is more mid-nickel applications. We have contractually agreed volumes with boundaries. We are supplying towards this contract also going forward. The thing that we see is that going into 2022, but then 2023 and then ramping up 2024, this will be now largely replaced with high-nickel contracts with a broader base of customers. This is also something that we will be happy to share with you when we can, that we see now a much broader base of platforms, programs, customers. With that, the volatility of course will naturally go down because we will gradually come to a more normal situation like we have experienced in the AC side. Now, the Poland plant, your first question. The progress of the Poland plant, as we have announced a couple of weeks ago, certain delays here. These delays, as has been, I think, meanwhile concerned in the market, the disruption that came from the semiconductor crisis that also was influencing launching projects of customers and was reflecting on the schedules. Now there's no further change. We are ramping up now the production to be mid-2022, you know, on the demand capacity. With those other customers around high nickel that we will integrate here, we will further increase that towards 2024, where we already had announced the 20 GWh capacity that we will have in place. Of course, there will be more capacity in place, we think, before the joint venture will start. This joint venture, by the way, the decision for the location has not been made. We will do this together with our partner going forward. Of course, you can be sure that the Nysa plant is one of the candidates that is on the list to be expanded to serve the JV. This is an open question that we will need to discuss with our joint venture partner. Thank you so much. I suppose just to summarize all that or taking a step back, it's very difficult for us to know which part of this story we can trust and believe and which is guaranteed and which isn't. Because the narrative and the way that you presented your battery material strategy has changed so much over the years. It's very hard for us, without any financial details about this joint venture or any granularity about capacity or your customer contracts, to really have confidence it'll materialize. Is there anything you can do to help us anchor our expectations? Because that's been almost totally absent from the story around battery materials for some time. Perhaps that's an issue for another day. What I would like to tell you here is that, in a very dynamic market, of course things are changing. We have seen that and we have commented on that. What we are currently doing is we are putting together all the elements that we know, all the elements that we have learned, and all the elements that we think that will happen to revise, you know, so to bring together our strategy for the battery material business as well. Of course, as you can imagine, for me coming in as a new CEO, also to revisit what I and the management board team are thinking to be the right strategy for the next decade. What we are planning is to announce that to you and to discuss that with you on a capital market day that we are planning in the course of the next year, something around mid-next year. Of course, we will try to share elements of that as soon as we think they are secure enough at an earlier stage with you from today until that point. We totally understand that you might be puzzled or even disappointed by the outlook that you see now for 2022, 2023 versus what was expected. You can be sure that we will make all what we can do to take these learnings away and to provide you more guidance that is reflecting also a long-term trajectory that will be kept. Whatever we can do in the boundaries of a very dynamic market environment that is kind of just now forming, and I think nobody has the glass ball to know everything into the future. Your message is clearly taken, and we will project this forward. Thank you very much. Our next question comes from the line of Tim Hoff from Canaccord. Please go ahead. Thanks very much, guys. I've got two questions. The first one, where does Umicore see the biggest bottlenecks in terms of raw material supply for cathodes? The second one is, as you know, as much as the OEMs are moving upstream, is it likely that Umicore is also going to be moving further upstream, not necessarily all the way to mining, but towards mining, to secure raw materials into the future? Yeah. Thank you, Tim, for the key questions. I mean, these are the key questions that the whole industry is asking itself. What are the bottlenecks in supply? Yeah. Today, I think the discussion is focusing on nickel and lithium, of course, while cobalt also being in the play, but we're trying of course to reduce the cobalt content in our batteries. This is a demand of the industry. In regards to lithium, you see that there are several announcements going forward of new lithium projects to be started. I think the important topic is here. By the way, the same comment is that for nickel, which I think compared to lithium could be even the more scarce supply. The challenge that the industry has to tackle is not just to take any lithium or any cobalt. Sorry, any lithium or any nickel, but fulfilling the sustainability criteria, especially on the CO₂ footprint of getting to that. I think what your question is, does Umicore want to go upstream again? The clear answer is no, we do not want to go upstream ourselves in terms of investment, but what we have been doing, due to our knowledge of the market and the relationship that we have is to secure exactly those sustainably sourced materials with as long as possible contracts that you can think about, and also to see what are the new technologies that can be used also in the mining industry to make sure that the CO₂. The ultimate goal of having CO₂-neutral, at least low CO₂ nickel and maybe zero CO₂ lithium going forward. However, when I talk about that, I'm talking about the mining. For sure, on the refining side, we are considering the increase, you know, investments into the future and also our experience and expertise that we have here. That would be how much we would go upstream refining, that will then lead into our precursor and then in our cathode material production. Excellent. Thank you very much. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Charlie Webb from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead. Yeah. Morning, everyone. Maybe just two from me. First, just around this market share kind of shift that we've seen in the near term, presumably Asian players, Asian competitors taking share there. Obviously, you flagged technology being part of that, which you know begs the question, why did you miss that first wave if you had the technology competence and your customers were telling you they were interested? Just why has that happened? Just to check also on kind of pricing, you know, would you say that Umicore is competitive with those Asian players, or is it the fact that they're offering the technology people want and a lower price that's led to this kind of sharp share shift? Just some extra kind of clarity around that would be really helpful. Just thinking about scale, I mean, you mentioned how important scale is for this industry. Given the share shift and what's happened, and you look at your competitors and their capacity ramps and their plans, I think, you know, some of the Koreans targeting 500,000 tons by 2026. It feels like that scale gap is actually only gonna widen over the next few years versus peers. Just any thoughts there on what that means for kind of competitiveness around pricing, about the margins on the next kind of three, four years, given that that scale effect seems to be swinging a little bit away from you over the next couple of years, given the market share shift. Just some thoughts there would be helpful. Okay, thank you very much. This is also a very good question. Why did we miss the boat versus our Asian competitors if our technology is, you know, strong and relevant? That's a good question. I think the answer is very simple. We, as is usual in the automotive industry, the customers are sourcing for platforms that have a certain time window of sourcing. In that time window, we didn't have a ready-to-market product available. You see that consequence that happened in the last years, let's say in the last year. You see that in 2022 and 2023. Now, this is the consequence of that, together with the changes that have been going forward on the awarded platforms. Now, the other thing is happening right now, so now is, I mean, the even more important window where we talk about the platforms being taken for the post-2023 ramp-ups 2024, 2025. Here we have the right product portfolio. By the way, it's again working closely with OEMs gives you also a good benchmarking in a certain way, because they can tell you what they like with you and not like with you. Let's put it like this. We are quite self-confident after we have been benchmarked by some of the key players in the recent time. Now, your second part of your question, I think, is combining the pricing competitiveness and the question of scale. Do we have a scale disadvantage, et cetera? I think from a pricing point of view, you have to. Two things are important. The first is scale, so pure scale, economies of scale through fixed cost regression, which I think we will get through the contracts that we will put in place. Even only if you look at the announced addition of 160 GWh going forward, this should be a significant scale for the European marketplace and then combining with the other regions that we have. Now, I don't want to comment on announcements of the scale you have just mentioned, because these are announcements today, and we. It's not up to us to judge whether this is a realistic announcement or on what data this is based. We do not have the feeling that we are going into a scale gap on the negative side. Especially in Europe, we have a big timing advantage that we will utilize. The second thing which is important is price competitiveness outside of scale, and we should not forget this, and this is an old rule in the automotive industry that is even more important here. You have to be able to provide consistency in the material properties and in quality. As I said it earlier, purity factor, so the amount of impurities in the cathode material, is one of the key factors for safety, where OEMs will make no compromise. That means, produced material that does have impurities is scrapped, which is an important cost factor over time. From all of the feedbacks that we get is that Umicore is really cutting edge on this purity of the material, which is a cost factor. Because if you have a very low scrap rate, you have at the cost of the materials and the process cost that you see, you have a competitive advantage. I'm not saying that we don't have strong competitors. Don't misunderstand me. For sure, in the Asian region, especially in China, this is the case. However, in Europe, we're quite self-confident. Our economies of scale are superior to even the announcement when going forward. Now, of course, I agree it would be important now to look to the North American market and to make the right move over there. We are already in the advanced planning phase on that matter, and we will come back to you once we are ready to talk about it. Okay, that's helpful. Sorry, just to sneak one last one in. Sure. Just around the you know, the potential capacity additions. As you say, 2025, you know, new capacity with the JV of around 30,000 tons going towards, I guess, 200,000 tons by 2030. How do we think about the CapEx and the cost per ton? I understand you're not gonna give the exact numbers or anything around that because it hasn't been agreed or decided, and there's probably a number of permutations. You know, there's a lot of inflation out there. I imagine adding CapEx today is more expensive than it was two years ago on a per ton basis. You know, just any to your comment just then about thinking about the U.S., I mean, presumably that's the most expensive place to add capacity. Just trying to gauge from you know, it sounds like CapEx needs to go up significantly based on these plans you have in place, you know, to grow with the market. Presumably, you know, that's the plan. How do you see that over the next few years? When would you expect to start to spend on this, you know, investment in the JV? You know, what kind of timeframe for 2025 to have capacity up and running? You know, when do you have to start spending money? I think that'd be helpful, Heller. Yes. First of all, let's talk about the CapEx density. Please understand, I cannot give you. It's anyway difficult to talk about numbers here. Now in this joint venture contract formation, we really have to stick to our agreement and I cannot tell you anything right now. What I can tell you is that you know that our plant in Nysa is the latest installment of the capacity since we have going forward with a certain capacity density. We will be able to you know support the next capacity increases post 2025. Not just in an incremental base, but we are preparing really some breakthrough technologies here on the process side that would enable to have a significant impact on CapEx density. Now, I understand that this is not at all what you would need from me at this point in time. I think this will be part of our strategy going forward, that we will also explain to you what is our vision here and what are the key measures that we will be taking forward. Let's say coming back to the second part of the question. When you say the U.S., maybe I was not saying the right words. I was talking about North America. Obviously in North America we are looking to all of the possible locations. But a pre-conclusion is that at least a very attractive location in terms of cost base, in terms of energy cost, but also availability of green and clean energy, is obviously Canada, also with a close proximity to some of the OEMs over there. This is part of the equations that we are taking in. Last part of your question on when will we see the necessary investments to be done for 2025 upwards? I think we will start with it in 2023, but maybe in 2024 we will see those CapEx investments going in. Once we have clarified exactly how it is set up, we also feel comfortable to talk more about it. Yeah. Okay. Thank you very much. Filip, you had something? No, just to add indeed, I think because 2025 sounds like a long time away, but actually it's kind of tomorrow. I believe that will come in 2023, 2024. You see that the first step is the 20 GW. That's the first intention. I would just like to underwrite indeed the importance of capital intensity in the overall equation of the attractiveness of this business. I think sometimes when you see people making statements on returns, very much it's because of the hurdle in terms of capital intensity. We've seen that. I think that's the big advantage. One of the big advantages of Umicore related to our process technology is that we're able to provide to our customers the best-in-class process technology and therefore lowest capital intensity as part of that. Because if you look at this business, indeed it's very capital intensive. If you can make a difference there, it really comes to the overall equation of returns and profitability of this business. Thanks, Filip. Thank you. Our next question comes from Charles Bentley from Jefferies. Please go ahead. Thanks very much. I just wanted to ask one question around the changes to guidance. I mean, are you able to break down the elements around the higher earnings in cathode materials and lower earnings in cobalt? I think one thing that would be kind of very helpful going forward is to kind of help us understand the earnings from the CSM business versus the cathode material business. It'd be great if you can give us that transparency today, just so we have a better understanding about the kind of sources of earnings from those two businesses. Secondly, sorry, related to that, I just wanted to ask on the utilization rates through 2022, 2023, 2024. Can you give us an indication of how utilized you are or expecting to be in the different regions, and if you would expect to be fully utilized by 2024 or even by 2025? Thanks. Maybe I can take the first question on guidance. I mean, it's the question is noted, you know that we typically refrain from really giving profitability per business, but I can certainly give you some directional steps. I mean, the CSM business, you know, in 2020 was a very difficult challenging year for that business. What we've seen in 2021 this year is actually a combination of I would say, ramped up demands together with a very I think good context in terms of pricing, in terms of premiums. The contribution and the difference in contribution for CSM between 2020 and 2021 was important to the overall segment of E&ST. Therefore, because it was quite exceptional in this year, we do expect that normally, going back to some normalization that CSM should have a decrease in earnings, which in a way is a headwind for the overall E&ST segment. The other thing maybe I can add in terms of the earnings for E&ST going forward for next year is this aspect of cost increases. I mean, you may recall that in the past we've said that just to give an indication, we see something like EUR 50 million of fixed cost increase in RBM in year-on-year. We'll be probably for this year a bit less than that, but let's say closer to EUR 40 million. For next year, we're looking at roughly the same kind of increase in fixed cost for the business. What we want to say with that is not so much the absolute number, but it's really the fact that every year, because you're preparing for this massive growth going forward, and because you have a number of mechanical effects like depreciation, that there is every year quite a substantial headwind just from your fixed cost basis that you need to overcome on the additional contribution margin. That's where in combination with the fact that we do expect lower volumes, as explained by Mathias from the mid nickel segment, where we basically expected this layer of mid nickel volumes to carry us through the time when we would be, let's say, having serious contribution from a high nickel. Now that is to a certain extent falling away, we have kind of the effect of, on the one hand, the lower contribution margin, the higher cost, and then also the headwind that we expect from a normalization in CSM. Those are the, I would say, directional elements going into the guidance of E&ST. The second question? Yes, second question. Thank you, Filip. In terms of utilization, of course, when we have to look at that from a regional perspective. In Korea, as we, I think, always have said, we are quite utilized. In 2022 and 2023, we have fully utilized our capacities. In China, we will still be underutilized in 2022, and in 2023, we expect to reach about 80% of utilization of the capacity. Going forward, as we just have laid out, Poland plant starting mid-2022 and then going over 2023, 2024, the further capacity increases, and we would see that from 2024 these installments will be then well utilized, and we would be going as laid out into the next steps for the other contracts as well as for the potentially the joint venture if Nysa would be chosen for allocation. Okay. Thanks very much. Sorry, can I just ask a follow-up on that, on the earnings, in E&ST? If I look at EUR 275 million in consensus for this year and 2021 is EUR 135 million, so you've got EUR 60 million of growth, and you're saying you've got EUR 100 million of headwinds coming from RBM. It sounds to me like the RBM business could be a loss next year. Is that a fair expectation? No, that's not at all what we're saying. No. The only thing we're saying is that the headwind that we have in fixed costs in RBM is substantial. I think that is the message. We're not at all, I mean, saying what you're saying. No, RBM is a profitable business and again, we expect the continued growth, so I don't think we should turn it around. It's just that the earnings potential that we foresee now is less than what we previously expected. Because of the fact that we see this lower volumes in the mid nickel segment, which we expected this to carry through to 2024. No, not at all. RBM is a profitable business, and we foresee, I mean, continuous growth, as we said. It's just that the growth potential is less than what we had anticipated based on most recent indications on volumes we received from our customers for the next basically two years. Brilliant. Thanks very much, Filip. Thank you very much. Our next question comes from Chetan Udeshi from J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead. Hello, Chetan. Is your line on mute? Hey, sorry, I was on mute. Just two quick questions. Firstly, on all of the CapEx that has been spent on RBM, can you help us understand what happens to it? You know, do you have to write it down? You can reformulate the plans? That's one. Second, do we have to think about possibility of an equity raise to fund these expansions on this JV and any future JVs that you might have? Thank you. Good morning, Chetan. On your first question on CapEx, the investments we made in the past and that we're making now are very much, I would say, flexible when it relates to the discussion about the grades. That's the first thing. I think we've always said that they're very flexible. Coming to your question on, I don't know, impairment or anything. That is not on the agenda at all because we will need all of this capacity. Because if you look at it compared to what we're heading for towards 2025 and beyond, we'll absolutely be needing that capacity. As was said, we do foresee also, for example, in China, where I think the delta is the most important versus capacity and utilization. We do foresee an increase of that capacity over the next few years. No, there's no issue from a technical perspective on CapEx, and there's no issue from I would say an impairment perspective. It's just that it will take indeed a bit longer because of this high nickel for the next two years. The second question on funding, I mean, for this joint venture setup, we have all of the required funding, so there's no need for a capital increase. Overall for the group, I would like to also indicate that we obviously have two strong cash flow generators, as you've seen, from our guidance and you'll see in February. Which is recycling, which is, I would say, the obvious one, but also increasingly in catalysis. You know that the business profile of catalysis, and especially with the evolution of the business in recent years, is very much becoming a strong free cash flow generator. So I think from a group perspective that definitely if we look at the investment needs, which indeed will be substantial in the next years, that will help us. The last thing to add is increasingly, and it's across our businesses, it's a bit linked to what we said on RBM on the capital intensity. We're really scrutinizing the CapEx. We shouldn't give the impression that we spend a lot of money on CapEx, but we're really scrutinizing the CapEx across all of our businesses. Making sure that in terms of footprint, we optimize things, making sure in RBM in terms of process innovation, we do the best thing. You'll see that in February probably. We guided previously for a CapEx for this year of EUR 500 million. You'll see that actually is lower, and one of the reasons why it's lower is because of that CapEx scrutiny. There's no need for equity for the setup of this joint venture. I would say if you look at the overall balance of Umicore, two very strong free cash flow generators, then indeed, E&ST which will require quite a lot of CapEx and investments going forward, but we can handle that. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much. Our next question comes from Geoff Haire from UBS. Please go ahead. Good morning, thank you. I've got a couple of questions. Just going back to the JV, I appreciate that you can't give details financially, but just how will you... Will VW be committed to taking all the capacity that you produce? And how will price discovery work within the JV in terms of the price at which you will supply cathode material? And then just coming back to Chetan's question about leverage. To what level do you feel comfortable pushing the leverage of the group to? And then can I just clarify on what you're saying about E&ST profitability in 2022 and 2023? Are you saying that it will be up from 2021 but just at a slower rate than consensus currently expects? Let me answer your first question, Geoff, and for the second one, I give it to Filip. You're right. We cannot give you the details of the contractual pre-agreements that we now have. But let me tell you one logic that I could share with you. What is the interest of VW is to have a securitization of supply. That means that one reason to do a joint venture is to have more leverage on that versus just buying things on the market. The intrinsic motivation to buy a material from that joint venture of course is very high. Secondly, the product that is developed in this joint venture will have probably the most- Data available that you can imagine on how it should look like and what are the properties of this product, because it is actually co-developed by the end user, the OEM and Umicore. These two things alone make it very difficult for any other company to propose similar materials. That's just from a strong point of view. Now, the other thing which is important to mention is that both partners, so we and VW, agree that the joint venture as a standalone basis has to be value creative, measured on the return on capital employed versus the cost of capital. And this is part of how we will be running this joint venture. If you take all these three things together, I think you can see that there is an equation that works. Then, with you know, the increase of the volume in this joint venture, also the economies of scale which will kick in, which make it even outside of any other agreement, and I'm not saying that there wouldn't be any, but I cannot talk about it, very difficult for any other competitor to supply the product that the customer wants. I'm sorry that I cannot share more with you at this point in time. Hopefully, that helps. I will hand over now to Filip for the second part of the question. Yeah. Geoff, good morning. On the leverage, I will repeat the response that we took before. That hasn't changed, which is we always want to stay investment grade. I know that gives a bit of wiggle room. I think you're pretty familiar with the ratios it means. I think the message is that, like, we don't want to take on risks, also not on the leverage side. When we think about investment grades, we look at our numbers, we look at our projections. We do take into account also some volatility that we know intrinsically we have in Umicore. We have metal prices that are difficult to predict. I would say the strategy is very much to stay investment grade. We believe that is important for the business that we are. I think we're seen by our customers, and OEM customers are very important to be a reliable partner, so that goes also into the financing. Investment grade is what we're aiming for. Definitely, if we look at the projections that we're making today, taking into account all of the investments and all the cash flow generation, we're comfortable that we have that in front of us. The second question on E&ST earnings, I think it's a bit too early to give guidance. That was not really the purpose. However, what we said is that we do not expect for the segment for E&ST to show a significant uplift over that period. We're not excluding growth. It's just that I think also look at the consensus expectations. We felt it was the right thing to do to guide you to that reality, which is that we don't expect a significant uplift at least in the short term, so for 2022 and indeed going into 2023. We'll provide, as you know, typically the directional earnings guidance comes in in February. After the first quarter, we typically quantify that. I think that's also the intention for next year. Thank you. Can I just come back with one follow-up on that? Mathias, I think you said that the JV will be positive from a return on invested capital versus WACC point of view. Is that from year one or is that gonna be at some point after the start in 2025? It would be great if this could be from year one, but it's the same logic like for every industrial ramp-up is coming into play that first you need to come to a critical scale before you can do that. My answer is not no, it will be not from year one, but we expect based on the you know scale, we can already plug this on because this is not just a standalone thing. It's coming on top of the Umicore existing businesses. We will be able to have a quite fast way towards this value creation situation. Okay. Thank you. Thank you very much. We do have time for one more question. It comes from the line of Adam Collins from Liberum. Please go ahead. Yeah, hello. Just some very quick ones, actually, just a few. We haven't talked about LNMO. What role is that gonna take in terms of manufacturing and where will you do that? Secondly, on back to the joint venture, is it right to assume that it's likely to be a 50/50 share of CapEx and profits? So sort of a straight joint venture share. And then just in terms of the kind of rough rule of thumb to understand what the tonnage might be from the European projects that you're talking about. You're talking about 160 GWh longer term. In the past, we've been guided to a rule of thumb of around about 1.7 KG per kilowatt hour. Is that the right assumption? Yeah. Thank you very much. I'll start again with the last question. We would more guide you to 1.4-1.5 as a relevant factor that you could multiply with the 160, that you come in the right range. But now what is this joint venture a 50/50 joint venture, another one? I cannot comment on that at this point in time, unfortunately, but we will of course disclose that once the joint venture contract is signed. For the first question, could you repeat the question? It was not transmitted properly, I think. It was something with LNMO, but it was not clearly audible. Yeah, I think that one was in relation to what you're saying in terms of the expansion midterm in North America, likely to be perhaps Canada because of its characteristics. Is that likely to be under an OEM partnership model again? That's too early. It's too early to say that, unfortunately. Of course, we have several routes into that and several strategies that we're looking into now. If you recall, our first mover advantage that we have in Europe was based on an initiative from Umicore. You know, there are several discussions we have with OEM, so it's too early to say what's the right setup and what will be the model that we start with. This also I have to tell you that I cannot sell you anything more right now. It is not yet fixed how we will do that. Sure. The question actually was about LNMO from memory, and what role that's gonna play looking forward in your business. You talk about the- The high manganese formulation. The high manganese, of course. This is of course also when I talked about the mix of chemistries that we have earlier today, and we don't discuss about LNMO or not. We discuss about the mix and the portfolio of chemistry. Of course, this is also a very important element that we have. I said earlier, we do not want to be dogmatic on a chemistry. It's important for us to understand what is the trend in the market in terms of needed technologies. Especially as one colleague mentioned earlier, we want to be not in a position that we have obsolete CapEx that is not fitting anymore to a change in trend. That's why we are putting a lot of emphasis in flexibility of our systems going forward. This chemistry plays a major role into it going forward. What will be the exact market share projection to 2030 of the different chemistries, we are starting to have a picture. We would like to share this picture with you in the next Capital Markets Day, you know, or maybe even earlier than that. I think we have a good base for the continued discussion to see how these different elements are evolving. May I just check one thing? Did you say earlier that you expect China factory utilization to be 80% in 2023? If so, what cathode materials will you be deploying in that China factory? The 2023 number, yes, about 80% is what I have mentioned today. The cathode material will be mainly on the mid nickel side, but we will start also with high nickel applications with Chinese customers that we are going forward. This 80% still will be mainly mid nickel, but with an increasing share of high nickel. In 2024, I think we will even reach the tipping point to high nickel also in China. Thank you very much. We have no more time for questions, so I will hand you back over to the host. Okay, very good. Thank you very much for the very relevant and detailed question. It was a good discussion and we of course would be very, very happy, and you saw that, to share even more details on the joint venture with you. I have to apologize again that at this point in time we simply cannot, but you can be sure that we will be doing that as soon as we are able to do so. Of course we take very seriously your remarks on the consistent messaging that you expect from us going forward, which I think the more and more the market is stabilizing, big trends are emerging and the big partnerships that we are doing, we will be, as a whole market will be much more coming into that mode, and we have clearly heard your message. We will, going forward, really like to exchange with you on our next capital market day, that the date we will announce, but as I said, it will be around mid next year. Of course, the two topics that we would like to discuss with you in the next year is of course, our strategy on the RBM side. Not only that, because also the Umicore strategy in itself, our vision for 2030, we put a lot of energy in that right now to develop that, and I would be happy to share it with you. Especially also in the light of the dynamic that you see in the market with companies that make announcements also on similar fields that we have seen in the last months and also just yesterday. It would be very good for us to get also your input on that and make sure that you understand our rationale and strategy forward. Thank you very much again for that good session. I personally thank you for having me here the first time, and I'm looking forward to continue that now in the next weeks and months to come. Thank you very much. If we don't speak before, have a good and safe Christmas period. Looking forward to talk to you next year. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for joining today's call. You may now disconnect your handsets. Hosts, please stay on the line. Thank you.