Please stand by. Your meeting is about to begin. Please be advised that this conference call is being recorded. Good morning, and welcome to the BMO Financial Group Q2 2022 Earnings Release and Conference Call for May 25, 2022. Your host for today is Christine Viau. Please go ahead. Thank you and good morning. We will begin today's call with remarks from Darryl White, BMO CEO, followed by Tayfun Tuzun, our Chief Financial Officer, and Patrick Cronin, our Chief Risk Officer. Also present to take questions are Erminia Johannson from Canadian P&C, David Casper from U.S. P&C, Dan Barclay from BMO Capital Markets, and Deland Kamanga from BMO Wealth Management. As noted on slide two, forward-looking statements may be made during this call which involve assumptions that have inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from these statements. I would also remind listeners that the bank uses non-GAAP financial measures to arrive at adjusted results. Management measures performance on a reported and adjusted basis and considers both to be useful in assessing underlying business performance. Darryl and Tayfun will be referring to adjusted results in their remarks, unless otherwise noted as reported. With that, I'll turn the call over to Darryl. Thank you, Christine, and good morning, everyone. We continued to deliver good financial performance this quarter, driven by broad-based customer loan growth in our North American P&C and wealth businesses and solid results in our market-sensitive businesses. Second quarter adjusted earnings per share improved to CAD 3.23, with continued positive operating leverage and strong pre-provision, pre-tax earnings growth of 6%. Year to date, PPPT is up 12%, driven by strong revenue growth and continued expense management that includes targeted investments for future growth. With operating leverage of 3.3% and an efficiency ratio of 54.7% year to date, we are delivering on our commitment for positive operating leverage for the year. This morning, we also announced a dividend increase of CAD 0.06 to CAD 1.39 per share, an increase of 5% over last quarter and 31% over last year. We continued to strengthen our capital, including executing the planned equity issuance, and are well-positioned to support both client-driven balance sheet growth and the Bank of the West acquisition. ROE remains our key area of focus, guiding our strategic investment decisions as we manage the bank and our businesses for sustained profitable growth. Year to date, ROE was 17.2%, up from the same period last year as we continue to drive initiatives to improve the profitability of our businesses. These consistent results demonstrate the ongoing value of our advantage business mix, including strong contribution from our U.S. segment and the dynamic execution of our purpose-driven strategy. Our strategy is designed to deliver sustained performance through the cycle, including disciplined capital allocation decisions. Our ongoing investments in talent and technology have delivered resilient performance through the pandemic, and we believe will drive sustained performance in a rising rate environment. The current backdrop presents both risks and opportunities for our customers and for the bank. In the face of some economic uncertainty, our long-standing track record of superior risk management through the cycle has proven to be resilient in protecting and growing the bank. It's underpinned by a strong risk culture and consistent risk appetite with a well-diversified commercial portfolio that is 85% secured, the vast majority of which has a sole or lead customer relationship. Now, with pandemic restrictions largely lifted, the economy is growing and businesses and consumers continue to adapt. Investments in our North American growth strategy, in climate transition, and in digital advancements position us to capture these opportunities as we support our customers in navigating the changing environment. As the eighth largest bank and a top five commercial lender in North America, we're uniquely positioned to advise our clients on both sides of the border as the trend to re-globalization accelerates. As supply chains shift, North American businesses are investing, automating, and building back inventories. With double-digit commercial loan growth in both Canada and the U.S. this quarter, we're already seeing these dynamics play out. We're further benefiting from ongoing investments to expand our commercial presence, to add talent, and extend product and digital capabilities that are attracting new clients and strengthening existing relationships. Our capital markets and commercial banking teams together are accelerating efforts to successfully partner to deliver world-class capital market services to our mid-market commercial clients. Our one client, one bank approach is a clear differentiator for existing and prospective clients. We've also positioned ourselves for the unprecedented investments that will be needed to catalyze climate action and shift to a cleaner energy production. We're leading key financing activities, leveraging our climate institute and energy transition teams to be our clients' lead partner in achieving their energy transition goals and our collective ambition for a net-zero world. BMO Capital Markets is a Canadian leader in sustainable financings, including ranking as the top underwriter of ESG bonds and the number one sustainability structuring agent. In addition, our agreement with Export Development Canada will bring innovative, sustainable finance solutions to Canadian exporting businesses and help them transition from carbon-intensive operations to those that can eliminate or significantly reduce emissions. As the market share leader in ESG ETFs in Canada, we continue to expand our innovative suite of products, including a climate-focused solution, and are also seeing strong flows in our sustainable mutual funds. We're innovating for the future with an intentional digital-first strategy poised to capture the shift to advanced digital experiences. We've laid the groundwork with sustained investments in technology that are driving loyalty, efficiency, and growth by delivering leading employee and customer experiences that power real financial progress. For example, we're continuing to roll out enhancements to our online banking experience in Canada, making it faster and easier to use. We recently ranked first in the Insider Intelligence Canada Mobile Banking Emerging Features Benchmark for 2022. The ranking reflected the strength of select emerging features offered on the BMO mobile banking app, with top marks in the categories of digital money management, account management, and alerts. We continue to modernize our technology through cloud. For example, we're converting to a proprietary platform to support risk management analytics, which makes forecasting loan loss scenarios ten times faster, more integrated, and cost-effective. Our people are key to our success and our winning culture. Early adoption of technology and innovation has given us the ability to attract and retain the talent that will transform banking and create efficiency for modernizing our platforms. We're actively growing in key technology hubs in Canada and the U.S., including in cities where the Bank of the West has locations. Bank of the West will further enhance our natural advantages with complementary retail wealth and commercial businesses, a strong sustainable lending team, digitally active customer base, and dedicated, talented employees. Tayfun will provide more detail on our integration planning process and the revenue synergies that our combined businesses are expected to deliver. As we continue to grow the bank, we're steadfast in our purpose-driven commitments to a thriving economy, a sustainable future, and an inclusive society. We're proud to have been recognized by the Ethisphere Institute as one of the world's most ethical companies for the fifth consecutive year. This quarter, we announced a CAD 5 billion commitment to support women business owners in Canada, recognizing the impact they have on our communities and the importance of helping them access the capital they need to grow their businesses and through them, our economy. To conclude, we have a proven dynamic purpose-driven strategy for growth that is underpinned by superior risk management and robust capital, and we're well-positioned to deliver sustained performance in any environment. I'll now turn it over to Tayfun. Thank you, Darryl. Good morning, and thank you for joining us. My comments will start on slide 10. Second quarter reported EPS was CAD 7.13, and net income was CAD 4.8 billion. Adjusting items this quarter are similar to last quarter and include revenue of CAD 3.6 billion pre-tax from fair value management activities related to the acquisition of Bank of the West to mitigate the impact of higher interest rates on the expected goodwill and capital at closing. The details of adjusting items are shown on slide 36. The remainder of my comments will focus on adjusted results. On an adjusted basis, EPS was CAD 3.23, and net income was CAD 2.2 billion, up from CAD 2.1 billion last year, driven by strong Pre-Provision, Pre-Tax earnings of CAD 2.9 billion, up 6%, reflecting good year-over-year revenue growth across our diversified businesses and disciplined dynamic expense management. Efficiency improved to 55.6%, and return on equity was 15.7%. Total PCL was CAD 50 million, and Pat will speak to these in his remarks. Moving to the balance sheet on slide 11. Average loans were up 9% year-over-year and 3% quarter-over-quarter. Business and government loans increased 10% year-over-year or 13%, excluding the impact of declining balances in our non-Canadian energy portfolio and deconsolidation of our customer securitization vehicle, reflecting strong commercial loan growth in Canada and the U.S. Consumer balances were up 9% from the prior year, reflecting strong growth in our Canadian P&C and wealth businesses. Average customer deposits were up 7% year-over-year, with growth across all operating groups. Looking ahead, we expect continued strong loan growth in our P&C businesses in the high single digits on a year-over-year basis, reflecting strong diversified pipelines. Turning to slide 12. Net interest income was up 9% from last year and up 12% on an ex-trading basis, with growth across all operating groups. Adjusted net interest margin ex trading was up five basis points from the prior quarter, reflecting the impact of rising rates, declining excess liquidity levels, and lower low-yielding assets in capital markets. On a sequential basis, margin was down two basis points in Canadian P&C and up one basis point in U.S. P&C, reflecting higher deposit margins offset by lower loan margins and loans growing faster than deposits. In the second half of the year, NIM in both our P&C businesses and at the all bank level is expected to widen given the rising rate environment. Moving to our interest rate sensitivity on slide 13. Overall, our interest rate risk management approach has worked very well protecting our NIM in the low rate environment, and now we remain well-positioned for the rising rate environment. A 100 basis point rate shock is expected to benefit net interest income by CAD 635 million over the next 12 months. Although still early in the rate hike cycle, to date, our deposit pricing and stability has tracked in line with or better than our model assumptions. If deposit betas are 10% lower than what we have assumed, then the benefit under a 100 basis point rate increase would be higher by approximately CAD 50 million. Turning to slide 14. Non-interest revenue, net of CCPB was down 3% from the prior year and down 9% on an ex-trading basis, primarily due to the impact of divestitures and lower underwriting and advisory fees given market conditions. Sequentially, net non-interest revenue was down 11% or 9% ex-trading, primarily due to lower underwriting and advisory fees, lending fees and securities gains. Moving to slide 15. Expenses were up 2% from the prior year. We delivered positive operating leverage of 1.8% this quarter as we continue to reinvest savings from divestitures into targeted areas to drive revenue growth, including sales force expansion and technology. Sequentially, expenses were down 5% primarily due to lower employee related costs, driven by stock-based compensation for employees eligible to retire that are expensed in the first quarter of each year and the seasonality of benefits, as well as the impact of three fewer days in the current quarter. As we look ahead, the moderation in our year-over-year expense growth is expected to continue into the second half of the year, including the impact of rising compensation expenses. After delivering positive operating leverage for eight quarters in a row, we continue to expect positive operating leverage for the year. Moving to slide 16. Our capital position continued to strengthen with a Common Equity Tier one ratio of 16%, up 190 basis points from the prior quarter. As shown on the slide, the increase largely reflects the impact of the common share issuance and management of fair value changes related to the Bank of the West acquisition, as well as strong internal capital generation. The cumulative impact of the fair value management actions of 90 basis points is expected to be offset by higher goodwill on closing relative to our assumptions at announcement. Source currency risk-weighted assets were higher, reflecting growth in our lending businesses and the impact of the Basel III capital floor adjustment in the quarter. Before moving to the operating groups, a quick update on the Bank of the West acquisition shown on slide 17. We look forward to closing the transaction by calendar year-end, and our teams are making good progress in preparing for a successful integration. While we shared our cost synergy targets at announcement in December, since then, we have been working to identify revenue synergy opportunities across our businesses. The opportunities identified reflect leveraging BMO's strengths in a larger, very attractive footprint, including our digital first and relationship-based approach, and an expanded product and service offering for our combined client base. Based on our initial expectations, we expect to be able to achieve Pre-Provision, Pre-Tax synergy opportunities in the range of $450 to $550 million over the next three to five years, with approximately 60% of that driven by our commercial and capital markets and 40% by our personal and wealth businesses. We are on track against the assumptions announced in December, including capital generation and expense synergies. Moving to the operating groups and starting on slide 18. Canadian P&C delivered net income of CAD 941 million, reflecting Pre-Provision, Pre-Tax earnings growth of 11%. Revenue was up 11% from the prior year. Higher net interest income reflected good balance growth and stable margins, while non-interest revenue increased across most categories reflecting higher customer activity. Expenses were up 11%, reflecting investments in the sales force and in technology, with year-over-year growth expected to moderate in the second half of the year. Average loans were up 10% from last year, driven by continued strength in residential mortgage lending and 13% commercial loan growth. Deposits were up 7% year- over- year and flat sequentially. Moving to U.S. P&C on slide 19. My comments here will speak to the U.S. dollar performance. Net income was CAD 465 million, up 7% from the prior year, with 5% growth in pre-provision, pre-tax earnings. Revenue was up 5% from last year, reflecting good growth in net interest income. Expenses were also up 5%, primarily due to higher employee costs and technology investments. On the balance sheet, excluding PPP loans, average loans were up 13% from the prior year, including strong commercial loan growth of 14%. Average deposits increased 4% year-over-year and declined modestly from the last quarter. Moving to slide 20. Wealth management net income was CAD 315 million, down from CAD 329 million last year. Traditional wealth net income was CAD 248 million, with good underlying revenue growth of 5%, excluding the impact of divestitures, reflecting higher net interest income from strong deposit and loan growth and higher average client assets, partially offset by lower online brokerage transaction revenue compared to last year. Insurance net income was CAD 67 million, reflecting more favorable market movements this quarter. Expenses were down 9% due to the impact of divestitures, partially offset by investments in the business. Turning to slide 21. BMO Capital Markets net income was CAD 453 million compared to CAD 565 million in the prior year. Revenues increased from last year, with investment & corporate banking revenue up 3%, primarily due to higher corporate banking-related revenue, partially offset by lower underwriting and advisory revenue. Global markets revenue increased 1%. Revenues both in global markets and I&CB declined from the record levels in the first quarter, reflective of the market environment. Expenses were up 11%, mainly due to investments in the business, including higher technology and talent costs. Turning now to slide 22 for corporate services. Corporate services net loss was CAD 111 million compared to a net loss of CAD 120 million in the prior year. To conclude, we continue to deliver good operating performance across our diversified businesses and expect the dynamic management of the business in a changing economic environment will continue to serve our shareholders well and deliver long-term growth. With that, I will turn it over to Pat. Thank you, Tayfun, and good morning, everyone. We were very pleased with our risk performance again this quarter and saw continued improvement across many of our key portfolio metrics. The strong performance reflects the combination of disciplined risk origination from prior periods and strong risk management disciplines through time. Starting on slide 27, the total provision for credit losses was CAD 50 million or 4 basis points, up from a recovery of CAD 99 million or -8 basis points last quarter. Impaired provisions for the quarter were CAD 120 million or 10 basis points, and while this was up from very low impaired provisions of CAD 86 million or 7 basis points in Q1, impaired provisions remain well below pre-COVID levels. Similar to last quarter, the strong impaired loan performance is due to low formations and low delinquency rates. We recorded a release on the provision for performing loans of CAD 70 million this quarter. We did recognize the potential for economic headwinds by increasing the weighting of our adverse scenario, as well as reducing parts of our economic outlook in our base case scenario. This was offset by positive credit migration again this quarter, as well as a reduction in the judgment we have been applying specific to COVID-related uncertainty. Given the strong credit profile of our current portfolio and our forecast for impaired losses, we remain comfortable that our CAD 2.29 billion of performing loan allowances provides adequate provisioning against loan losses in the coming year. Turning to the impaired loan credit performance in the operating groups, we saw low loss provisions across all business segments again this quarter. In Canadian personal and business banking, impaired loan losses were CAD 79 million, flat relative to Q1. The U.S. personal and business banking business had impaired loan losses of CAD 1 million, down from CAD 4 million in the prior quarter. Consistent with prior quarters, strong credit performance across our P&BB businesses was driven by low delinquency and insolvency rates. In our commercial and corporate businesses, we also saw strong credit performance. In Canadian commercial, we reported impaired loan provisions of CAD 7 million, down from CAD 21 million last quarter. Our U.S. commercial business had impaired loan provisions of CAD 34 million, up from a net recovery on impaired loans of CAD 1 million last quarter. Our capital markets business also had strong impaired loan credit performance this quarter, with impaired loan losses of CAD 1 million. On slide 29, impaired formations were low again this quarter at CAD 333 million, leading to a gross impaired loan balance of CAD 2.1 billion or 41 basis points. Both formations and gross impaired loan rates continue to be well below pre-COVID levels. Despite some challenging market conditions, trading risk performance was good again this quarter with 1 loss day, as you can see on slide 31. Despite continued volatile markets, our trading risk performance so far in Q3 has been consistent with Q2. In terms of the outlook, while the pandemic is not over, the economic impacts continue to diminish, which along with our strong credit performance, makes us confident that we can manage through current or emerging headwinds. With that said, our base case economic forecast is for continued economic growth, and should that transpire, there remains modest room for continued releases of the performing loan provision. As I have previously guided, we do expect our impaired PCL rate to drift slowly back up to a level more consistent with our pre-pandemic experience, which was consistently high teens to low twenties in terms of basis points. While it's difficult to predict the timing of when that level will be reached, given that the current portfolio credit metrics remain quite strong, I would expect that normalization to start towards the end of this year or into fiscal 2023. During the past two years, we have continued to strengthen our risk management capabilities, including automated and data-driven risk mitigation and management processes. In the face of macroeconomic and geopolitical risks, these capabilities, together with a strong current risk profile, strong liquidity and capital levels, a well-diversified portfolio and an adequate allowance. We're confident that we can continue to both manage future risk and support future growth. I will now turn the call back to the operator for the question and answer portion of the call. Thank you. We will now take questions from the telephone lines. If you have a question and you are using a speakerphone, please lift the handset before making your selection. If you have a question, please press star one on your device's keypad. You may cancel your question at any time by pressing star two. Please press star one at this time if you have a question. There will be a brief pause while the participants register for question. Thank you for your patience. The first question is from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Good morning. Good morning, Ebrahim. I guess, question, Tayfun. So, one, you mentioned margin expansion in both P&C and consolidated bank. If you could quantify that a little bit for us. And then, in particular, just talk to us a little about U.S. deposits in terms of, is there any subset of the growth that you've seen in the last couple of years where you expect deposit outflows? And just how do you expect the behavior of deposits? I mean, you mentioned about deposit betas, but given just the magnitude of rate hikes we're gonna see in the U.S. in the second and the third quarters, just give us a trajectory of how quickly you think deposits begin to reprice and how you all are thinking about just the risk of deposit outflows on the back of that. Thanks for the question, Ebrahim. I'll start with the latter part of your question, and I'll come back to the NIM question. In terms of deposits, outflows as well as deposit pricing, we are pretty much on target, on model with our expectations in this environment. You know, we have been expecting first the deposit growth to slow down and then starting in the U.S., we were expecting to see outflows. As both rates are increasing, we're still seeing you know, opportunities that our clients have to place the money elsewhere in their commercial businesses, as well as in personal banking. You can see the numbers on a quarter-over-quarter basis. Deposit growth either slowed down flat or some declines in the U.S., very much in line with what we expected. I suspect that as the central banks continue to aggressively increase interest rates, deposit betas are going to move up. You know, it's difficult to necessarily move the dial all the way to the end and say whether they will end up higher than the last rate cycle, but it is likely that they will end up higher than the rate cycle based on what we see today. In terms of our numbers, what guided us when we said we see a NIM expansion into the second half of the year, and I will extend that also into 2023, all of it is in line with what we have modeled. I do expect NIM to meaningfully expand from here in Q3 and in Q4. We may see something close to what we have seen this quarter in our ex-trading NIM, which was five basis points in the next couple of quarters. Based on the rate increases that we are expecting, I think we will continue to see the expansion into 2023, which when you put it all together with our guidance of, you know, high single digit loan growth this year, potentially moving into even next year, that bodes very well for net interest income growth. You know, we had 9% growth here year-over-year this quarter. You should see that number to remain very strong for the rest of the year as well as 2023. Got it. Just one follow-up, Tayfun. I understand the hedging to mitigate the goodwill impact at deal close. Does a larger goodwill also imply that the purchase accounting earnings will be higher than you expected as a result the EPS accretion, if you add that, will be meaningfully higher than what we announced, or am I missing something? No. Everything else equal, the higher rate mark will move more into the future quarters after we close the transaction. Can you quantify how much higher would that be if like things were at quarter end, if the deal closed at quarter end? Assuming that, you know, we have a CAD 3.5 billion pick up this quarter on top of about CAD 500 million last quarter, assuming that basically is the change in the rate mark itself, all of that money would be accreting back to income. The rate mark will be higher by that much. Got it. That'll come through the life of those loans. Yeah. Got it. All right. Thanks for taking my questions. Thank you. The next question is from Meny Grauman from Scotia Capital. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Hi, good morning. Just a question on Bank of the West. Bank mergers in the U.S. are facing more scrutiny. I think you have a hearing scheduled for July. Just wondering, is it reasonable to expect a delay or a timeline for the deal close, and why or why not? Meny, it's Darryl. We don't expect a delay. I would say to you everything that we thought might happen over the course of the year when we announced the transaction on the 20th of December is basically playing out according to expectations, including our capital raise, including the submission to various regulators, including the process as we see it. The meeting that you're referring to in July is a public meeting. It's not a hearing, it's normal course that was expected as well. As we sit here today, we don't really have any. It's kind of boring for you, I know, but we really don't have any update relative to what we've said before. Things are playing out as we expect it to, as we expected them to, and our best guess remains exactly what we said when we announced the transaction, which is that we would close towards the end of the calendar year. Got it, Darryl. Yeah, boring is, I guess boring is good, all considered. Just a question on capital, probably as it relates to the deal. When you announced the deal, you talked about 11% or higher. Given how, you know, the world has developed since then, should we be thinking about the higher part as being more operational now? How are you thinking about capital on deal close? Yeah. I mean, Meny, I'll give you my sense, and Tayfun might want to comment here. We did say that. We said that we expected, based on our models at the time, that the first quarter post-closing, we would be at 11% or higher. As we look at the developments over the five months that have followed, and we look at our models going forward, we stand by that. In fact, if anything, we might be a little bit ahead of that by some of the capital actions, including the equity issuance, which was a little higher than we went out for. When we look at where we are at closing and then post-closing that 11%, you know, as I said, we stand by it. In fact, it could be a little better than that. It could be 11.5% in the first quarter or something like that. Tayfun, would you add to that? Yeah, I mean, those are just going back to your question. They really don't relate to necessarily our worldview of what the world will look like at the time. That's just, you know, where we see our capital ratios to be looking at the movements today. We have not necessarily increased our capital target, management target at this point. Just to clarify, if you were at 11%, you would be comfortable with that, the regulator would be comfortable with that as far as you understand it? Yes. That's, that'd be our expectation today. Yep. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. The next question is from Scott Chan from Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Thank you. I'm sticking to the Bank of the West theme or update. Tayfun, you talked about PPPT of CAD 450 to CAD 550 million over the next three to five years, with the split with commercial and personal. I assume that is all majority incremental revenue. Is that cumulative as you kind of already talked about the expected cost synergies within the transaction? Yeah. This is, Scott, it is net revenue synergy, so there's going to be some expenses associated with it. This is a net number that we are projecting, and we are projecting that to be a run rate increase, you know, after three to five years. It's not necessarily over a five year period of time, a cumulative number. When we get to towards the end of that time period, we expect to add net revenues between CAD 450 to CAD 550 million. Just one more comment, as you can appreciate, because of legal restrictions, we don't have full access to their client information and data. Our teams have done a lot of work around, you know, our products compared to their products, their markets, et cetera. This is actually a very good perspective on, you know, the uptick in our performance as we expect. You know, I have to say that I am optimistic that, you know, once we actually get full access to their client base, this number has, you know, potentially more room on the upside. Okay. The 40% personal and wealth, is that more weighted to the latter in terms of wealth management, you think? It's about even actually, to be honest with you. It's even between personal banking and wealth management. Okay. Thank you very much. Yeah. Thank you. The next question is from Gabriel Dechaine from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Merci beaucoup. Yeah, Darryl, I just want to follow up on your comment there. Sounds like you might be expecting an 11% to 11.5% post-close quarter one ratio. You know, that's surprising, I guess, considering the backdrop. I mean, it's a lot different than what we had in December, of course. Are you know, we've all got our estimates for internal capital generation. Are you anticipating to, you know, pull some strategies out of your back pocket, like securitization activity or portfolio sales or anything of that nature? Or you're still anticipating getting there or even better than the 11% in normal course? Yeah. Gabe, you know, I should course correct if I miscommunicated earlier. I think I heard you say that that's different from what we expected three months ago. I'll be clear, that's exactly what we expected three months ago and five months ago when we announced the transaction. The message we're trying to give you today is that we are unchanged in our perspective of the capital outcome post the transaction after the first quarter. You know, the only tweak I would make to that is, if anything, a little bit more capital based on where the models have come in and the outlook that we've got today. As far as actions are concerned, the second part of your question, we're continuing along in the normal course. The balance sheets are being absorbed in the way that we expected them to, and the customer behavior is what it is. As you see the loan growth, we completed the equity issuance. The drip is in place, as you know, and it's coming in a little bit stronger than we had modeled. All told, it round trips to basically what we had expected all along, if not a little bit better. That's the message we're trying to leave you with. Yeah, I know. Maybe I misworded it. I meant the environment may have gotten different, not necessarily your messaging. It's consistent despite that change. Okay. Now about expenses and Tayfun, I believe I heard you recommitting to a lower expense growth rate in the second half because I've got the you know the Q4 you were guiding to a flat expense growth for the full year. Q1, you bumped that up to 1.5%, and now you're not changing that. I just, this quarter we had what, 2% expense growth, a bit above that if you exclude variable costs. Nothing on the wage inflation side that might actually nudge expense growth a bit higher than what we thought three months ago. Yeah. Thanks for the question, Gabe. So, just to set up the environment, obviously, as I said, this was the eighth quarter in a row that we delivered positive operating leverage, and we are committing to that. I mean, it may not be every quarter, but that's our commitment over reasonable periods of time. We did have 2% quarter-over-quarter increase. My comment about the second half, you know, continuing a more moderate expense growth into the second half of this year relates to the fact that, when we started ramping up our investments in technology and sales force, that happened more in the second half of last year. Therefore, we knew that the first half of this year was going to be a bit more challenging. Now going into the third and fourth quarters, you should see similar numbers that you saw from us this quarter, that 2% type of number. You know, a relatively more modest expense growth. In that number, I should say that last week, we did announce a salary adjustment for our employees between level two and level seven of 3%. We are seeing, you know, more inflation on the salary side and we made that adjustment last week. My outlook does include the impact of that increase. Which is an incremental amount to our discussion back in February. As you reminded us, we did guide to about a 1.5% year-over-year expense increase, excluding performance-based compensation. With this increase, we're now going to take our expense outlook year-over-year, excluding the impact of performance-based comp to about 2.5% because that sort of is the incremental amount. We are seeing more movement in salaries. At the same time, we maintain our commitment to positive operating leverage. We're spending a lot of time internally, you know, assessing the magnitude and the returns to our investments, and we'll ensure that, as you know, we watch the revenue environment, we dynamically manage our expenses accordingly and still achieve that positive operating leverage. Okay. 1.5%, 2.5% now. Correct. Thank you. Thank you. The next question is from Doug Young from Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead. The line is now open. Thank you. Good morning. Just in U.S. banking, it seems like there was a sequential slowdown in commercial loan growth, and I do get that it probably bounces around a bit, so maybe there's nothing in there. But I'm curious as to what you're seeing and then what the pipeline is telling you from a loan growth perspective over the coming year. Maybe you can kind of sprinkle in just in terms of utilization rates, where they stand today and where you expect them to kind of migrate to. Sure. This is Dave. Actually, in our commercial business in the U.S., we had almost 3% quarter-over-quarter loan growth on the commercial side. Very positive there and close to 14% if you exclude ex-PPP year-over-year. Really strong and it continues to be strong. It's strong across both geographies and our sectors. Particularly, you know, there's been inventory build which has increased our utilization and that's despite very, very low utilization in one of our businesses, two of our businesses, our truck financing and our auto financing. Overall, though, utilization continues to go up as clients build their inventory and see a pretty positive near-term future for the back half of the year. I would not characterize it as slowing down. I would say it's continuing to go up. The last thing I'd say about this is really over the last eight quarters. We've had one quarter where we've actually had lower loan growth, and that's including the PPP. We've continued to build throughout this entire period, adding new customers, growing geographically, adding to our sectors. I'd say it's really, really positive. Tell me if I didn't answer your question completely, if you've got any follow-up. No, well, it's given the macro backdrop, you know, we get lots of questions on, you know, what is gonna happen with commercial loan growth, and it just doesn't feel like, you know, in your discussions and your comments, and you're kind of talking to clients constantly, if there's any real change in the outlook, is that a fair characterization? I'd say a couple things. There's certainly more uncertainty given some of the continued issues that we all know about, supply chain, inflation. But the demand for our clients' products still is outstripping supply. So they're still growing, they're trying to keep up. And the other part of it is there continues to be, both in Canada and the U.S., more movement to onshoring, less reliance on foreign sourcing. More capital expenditure to improve productivity through our manufacturing businesses, and still a growth. I think the North American market, the U.S. and Canada, is gonna continue to be pretty positive. I don't know economically, you know, if there's a downturn that's obviously gonna impact us. In the near term, we really don't hear that from our clients. They're still trying to grow and catch up in some cases in terms of still lower inventories. Just, you know, the sequential decline in non-interest revenue in the U.S., can you break that out a little bit? Like, I think I'm assuming that's a result of lower investment gains, or you know, can you talk a little bit more about that? Sure. It's not investment gains at all. There are no investment gains in our P&C business. There never are. That's mostly a Canadian issue. The issue, though, is in our first quarter, and really particularly in December, we had very, very strong syndication gains. That's, as you recall, at the end of the last year, a lot of transactions try to get done before calendar year-end. That hit us in the first quarter, and we were up probably 15% or 20% in that business. The syndication business is very strong for us. That's really what the decline was. I think our more normalized NIR would be what we hit this quarter. There'll be some ups and downs, but we have a lot of other parts of that business. Our M&A business, our treasury management business, those are all fee related. I think it's still pretty positive, but that was the one issue. It's not securities gains, but it is syndication fees in our loan business. Okay, great. That's clear. Thank you very much. Thank you. The next question is from Paul Holden from CIBC. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Thanks. First question is regarding inflationary borrowing. Excuse me, borrowing cost pressures on commercial clients. We've seen a number of public companies come out with disappointing margin numbers. Just wondering if you're seeing any early indications of profit pressures on your customers. Secondly, sort of how are you monitoring for that going forward? Hi, it's Pat. I'll start, and then, maybe others can jump in. I would say the short answer to your question is no, we're not really seeing that yet. In fact, we're seeing the opposite. We're seeing this quarter, again, we saw a positive credit migration across the wholesale portfolio and broad-based in virtually every sector. That's been a continuation of positive migration that we've seen over the course of the past six quarters in the wholesale business. The early signs in credit migration in terms of impaired formations, you would have seen impaired formations extremely low again this quarter and, in fact, way below pre-COVID levels. That's another sign that would suggest that, you know, we're not seeing those kinds of things happening. Now, with that said, obviously we're guiding towards a normalization in rates, and I think some of the wage pressure, debt service cost pressure and energy cost pressure is one of the reasons why we think that normalization will occur. There's always a lag to that, and that's why we're forecasting it to happen towards the end of this year and into next year is probably when you'll start to see some of those effects. We don't see a material step function in terms of impact. We just see that as a catalyst to get us back to something that feels a bit more normal versus the really abnormally good conditions we're experiencing right now. Okay. Understand. Then I wanna go back to the discussion on CET1 and Bank of the West and from a little bit of a different angle. I think there's a plausible scenario where the forward-looking indicators could change significantly between now and year-end. Again, possible scenario, not necessarily the absolute scenario, but possible scenario. What would that do for CET1, just from the Bank of the West perspective? I understand what it might do to BMO CET1. With the credit reserves you've built into the acquisition, could that absorb higher credit density, or you might have to raise more capital to offset that type of scenario? Paul, you know, we only have a couple of quarters here ahead of us, so there's not a lot of time between now and closing. Yes, as you said, you know, things may change, conditions may change. You know, depending upon the analysis at closing date, those analyses are all performed at closing date, you know, the way they look at closing date. We talked about the fact that, you know, we have pretty much neutralized the impact of interest rates. The credit mark could get bigger. We could have a higher secondary reserve if conditions change meaningfully. I don't expect that to necessarily have a significant impact on our capital ratio, as we sit here today. We feel actually, and Darryl said earlier that our capital forecast is actually a little bit ahead of where we thought we were going to be when we announced the transaction back in December. You know, I feel comfortable that the numbers that we are looking at are quite adequate, even if conditions change a little bit here between now and then. Okay. Understood. I'll leave it there. Thank you. Thank you. The next question is from Mario Mendonca from TD Securities. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Good morning. Tayfun, just, maybe a quick detailed question. Those syndication gains that were a little lower in the US business this quarter, where is that reported in your fee income? Like, is that just in the line referred to as other revenue? I can't see. It's in lending fees, Mario. Yeah. Okay, I see it there. Thank you. That's why it was down. Okay. Now a more broad question. Looking at the nature of loan growth, commercial real estate construction's still pretty good or in fact improving again, and fairly strong growth into non-bank financial services companies. I would have thought with the environment changing in Q2, that growth in that area, so to financial sponsors and private equity, would have started to slow somewhat. What are you seeing that's continued to drive growth in financial services lending non-bank? And the growth in commercial real estate, what's driving that? Why is that sort of coming back strong? David, you want to take that one? Sure. Well, the commercial real estate continues to be a very good business for us on both sides of the border. But as you know, we're still on both sides of the border, pretty significantly underweight in that business vis-a-vis our competitors. It's been good growth, but it doesn't impact as much as it would with others as we grow there. It's still positive. We are still seeing, you know, good opportunities. I think it will probably slow down in some cases. On both sides of the border, we have really deep relationships with strong long-term real estate clients. I think that will, you know, that will still continue. Although there's certainly some slowdown in some businesses where we haven't been, you know, as active, so it won't impact us as much. As it relates to the financial side, I just wanna make sure you're clear on that. The growth in the U.S., and that's mostly in the U.S., is all in the investment grade side of our business. It's providing capital for financial sponsors that are backed by capital calls. The growth that we've seen has been much more modest in where we're financing individual portfolio companies. That business will ebb and flow based on transaction activity. I wouldn't want you to assume that that business that's grown is not. That's all, the growth is almost all investment grade. Does that help? Yeah. Yes. I wasn't assuming that was leverage lending. I had a feeling it was still the high-quality stuff. But even that business, are there indications that activity with private sponsors or financial sponsors and private equity firms is starting to moderate? You know, it's a good question. There's still, as my partner, Dan Barclay, reminds me all the time, there's still a couple trillion dollars of unused capacity out there. It's probably slowed down a little bit since year-end, but we still see pretty good backlogs. The business in the commercial side is clearly more on the mid-market size, so not the mega deals. In that area, that continues to be a strong area. I think actually that will get probably more time with sponsors over time because the multiples in those businesses are a little bit smaller, a little bit lower. I think it could certainly slow down as activity does, but I would not underestimate the ability of our financial sponsor group, our clients, to continue to invest and do well. It goes up and down and it's at a good point right now. Does that help? Yes. Thanks. Awesome. Thank you. The next question is from Lemar Persaud from Cormark Securities. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Yeah, thanks. I just want to circle back to the net revenue synergies on the Bank of the West deal from CAD 450 million to CAD 550 million. Is that Canadian dollars or U.S. dollars? How's that expected to come in? More front-end loaded or back-end loaded? It's in U.S. dollars. You know, at this point, clearly there's going to be a ramp-up towards the back end of that time period. I think, you know, when you get to year three, you are going to have, you know, a sizable portion of that coming in through the run rate revenues. Again, as I said, if you can just give us a quarter or two, we will give you a more specific perspective on both the timeline as well as the dollars. Okay, that's fair. I guess just to clarify that, just 'cause you mentioned it was a net number, so this should be CAD 450 to CAD 550. I don't wanna beat it to death, but that should be in addition to the, I guess, CAD 670 expense synergy guidance that you guys offered at the time of the deal. Is that fair to suggest? That is correct. Okay. That's it for me. Thanks. Thank you. The next question is from Mike Rizvanovic from Stifel GMP. Please go ahead. Your line is now open. Hi. Good morning. Maybe just a quick question for Pat. Just looking at the historical performance on the PCL ratio for Bank of the West longer term, obviously a very different experience than what BMO's report in the U.S. business. I'm just wondering, when you combine that business, I'm not sure if the book has been sort of changed or will be changed materially to sort of gravitate more toward your comfort level on credit risk. What does that do to your PCL ratio in like a downward scenario if we do get a recession? Maybe it's on a run rate basis, is it incrementally positive, negative, or somewhat neutral? Yeah. Thanks for the question, Mike. Actually, I don't actually agree that their credit history is significantly different from ours. When I look at their provisioning rate over the course of time, you know, it's actually reasonably consistent. When we look at their credit profile as well, both in consumer and wholesale, we see it as very consistent with ours and a lot of overlap in terms of the sector exposures and even the weightings of sectors. We see pro forma, the weightings that we're gonna have in sectors will be reasonably consistent with what we've got actually right now. We don't anticipate making material changes. The only place that they have a slightly different exposure to us is in the RV and marine segment. That segment performed differently during the financial crisis, so maybe that's what you're referring to. But we like that business as well. We think it's a nice complement to the consumer portfolio. You know, I think I have to reiterate too, in both the consumer and the wholesale segments, you know, their starting position is the same as ours, which is a really, really strong credit profile, particularly in consumer. You know, we're not concerned at this point in time with the merger of their risk profile and ours. We see it as very similar, quite complementary, and don't anticipate making any material changes. It certainly would not affect my guidance in terms of forward PCL. Okay. It was actually the financial crisis period. You're saying that business is something that you still like, and I'm guessing I guess the adjudication in that business has changed over time? Yeah. It's hard for me to answer that question. As Tayfun said, you know, given some of the legal restrictions, we don't have deep detail on the history of that business. But, you know, we know a fair bit about it. And we've done a lot of due diligence on the RV and marine portfolio. We like the business, and we like their expertise there. They've got some really well-developed analytics, and so we would anticipate continuing to remain there and would not anticipate it materially affecting our risk profile going forward. Okay. That's helpful. Thanks very much for your time. Thank you. That concludes today's question- and- answer session. I would like to turn back the meeting over to Mr. Darryl White. Well, thank you, operator, and thank you all for your questions. I'll conclude very quickly with a few key themes. Number one, we continue to deliver good financial performance in the second quarter. Number two, we're strategically investing to deliver growth and efficiency over time. Number three, our superior risk management remains a differentiator, and we believe it will continue to be. Number four, we have an advantage business mix that's positioned to take advantage of the global trends that I talked about at the beginning of the conference call. Thank you all for participating in today's call, and we look forward to speaking to you again in August. Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time, and we thank you for your participation.