Good morning, and welcome to BMO Financial Group's Q4 2023 Earnings Release and Conference Call for December 1, 2023. Your host for today is Christine Viau. Please go ahead. Thank you, and good morning. We will begin the call with remarks from Darryl White, BMO's CEO, followed by Tayfun Tuzun, our Chief Financial Officer, and Piyush Agrawal, our Chief Risk Officer. Also present to take questions today are Ernie Johannson, Head of BMO North American Personal & Business Banking, Nadim Hirji, Head of BMO Commercial Banking, Alan Tannenbaum and Dan Barclay are representing BMO Capital Markets, Deland Kamanga from BMO Wealth Management, and Darrel Hackett, BMO U.S. CEO. As noted on Slide 2, forward-looking statements may be made during this call, which involve assumptions that have inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from these statements. I would also remind listeners that the bank uses non-GAAP financial measures to arrive at adjusted results. Management measures performance on a reported and adjusted basis and considers both to be useful in assessing underlying business performance. Darryl and Tayfun will be referring to adjusted results in their remarks, unless otherwise noted. I will now turn the call over to Darryl. Thank you, Christine, and good morning, everyone. Our results this year reflect the fundamental strength and diversification of our businesses, driven by record revenue and ongoing momentum in Canadian personal and commercial banking and the contribution of the Bank of the West. We delivered good performance in a challenging economic backdrop with net income of CAD 8.7 billion in fiscal 2023. Adjusted earnings per share were CAD 2.81 for the fourth quarter and CAD 11.73 for the year. Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings grew 5% for the year, driven by 16% growth in revenue, reflecting both organic growth across our businesses and the benefit of acquisitions. Revenue was up 10% in Canadian P&C, 43% in U.S. P&C, and 5% in each of wealth management and capital markets. We continue to have a strong capital position with a CET1 ratio of 12.5%. For the year, return on equity was 12.3%, and return on tangible common equity was 15.8%. This morning, we announced a dividend increase of CAD 0.04- CAD 1.51 per share, a 6% increase over last year. This year, we made significant progress against our consistent strategic priorities to continue to grow and strengthen our bank and enhance customer service and invest in communities. We closed and integrated strategic acquisitions, advanced our digital-first capabilities, and increased our focus on delivering interconnected one client experiences. With the successful conversion of Bank of the West, which I'll expand upon in a moment, BMO is the most integrated North-South bank on the continent. For our customers joining from Bank of the West, this means an upgrade to the strength and breadth of their bank, with access to new capabilities, products, and services to help them make financial progress. When we enter a new market, we commit to making progress for our clients and communities. Our BMO EMpower 2.0 plan is set to deliver more than $40 billion to support underrepresented communities and organizations across our U.S. footprint, including loans to minority-owned small businesses, community reinvestment in real estate, affordable housing, and neighborhood revitalization. We also completed the acquisition of AIR MILES, with nearly 10 million active collectors who will benefit from the stability and rejuvenation of the most recognized loyalty program in Canada. Since we closed in June, we've added already 50 new partners and introduced robust new features, including an updated travel booking platform and a mobile app, leading to four consecutive months of new collector growth and increased engagement. Our relentless focus on putting customers first and supporting their financial goals with innovative digital experiences and expert guidance continues to be recognized, including being ranked first by J.D. Power in both its 2023 Canada Retail Banking and Online Banking Customer Satisfaction studies, with the highest scores among Canada's largest banks. This type of recognition, combined with the continued strong customer loyalty, reinforces the trust our customers place in us, and it's translating into results with strong customer acquisition and deeper relationships. We've had consistent performance in our flagship Canadian P&C business, with PPPT growth of 10% this year, reflecting pure leading revenue growth in our retail bank, strong market share in our premier commercial bank, and an ongoing focus on efficiency improvement. In addition, our One Client strategy has momentum, and we've set a strong foundation to grow and deepen relationships between personal, wealth, commercial, and capital markets clients through our integrated approach and product offering. The conversion of Bank of the West in September was highly successful. We welcomed 2 million new customers, converted 2.7 million accounts and over 300 systems, and re-enrolled over 90% of active digital users within the first week. We completed the rebranding of over 500 branches, now serving all customers with one unified BMO brand.... This was a large and complex acquisition, requiring exceptional planning and integration across the BMO and Bank of the West organizations, evidence of our ongoing excellence in execution, a key competency at BMO. Our record of improved profitability and efficiency, combined with strong organic growth and successful acquisitions, set the foundation for this expansion. Now, we are at the starting line to realize the full benefit of our expanded scale, leverage our position as a top 10 U.S. bank, backed by the strength of BMO's full $1.3 trillion dollar balance sheet, a key differentiator relative to our U.S. regional competitors. We're executing against a proven playbook, and we're uniquely positioned to gain share in our new home markets. And momentum is already building, with PPPT growth in our U.S. segment of 27% this year to $4.1 billion, doubling from 5 years ago. Bank of the West customer activity is accelerating as we expected. For example, we've seen a 3x increase in checking accounts sold digitally on our platform, and we've completed thousands of trades and transactions between Bank of the West clients and our capital markets businesses. With cost and revenue synergies identified and well underway, we are poised to continue to deliver strong performance. 2023 saw growing challenges in the global economy, impacted by weaker financial conditions and compounded by the escalation of geopolitical crises. While the rate of inflation has fallen from four-decade highs, further progress towards normalization could be impeded by persistent inflation and weaker global demand due to higher costs of border-borrowing. The potential for an economic downturn remains, both in Canada and the U.S., with higher risks north of the border. At BMO, we have a clear plan to respond to the environmental shift, which we began to anticipate much earlier this year. We've remained vigilant in controlling what we can control. As Tayfun will comment on shortly, we're exceeding our planned cost synergies at Bank of the West and now expect run rate synergies to be over $800 million, almost 20% higher than our initial estimate of $670 million, and largely in our run rate by Q2 of 2024. On the revenue side, a high impact marketing campaign is in place across our expanded footprint, driving strong brand-aided awareness, leading to thousands of new appointments with our customers and supporting revenue synergies in line with our expectations. Additionally, actions we announced and started last quarter on efficiency initiatives to optimize legacy BMO workforce, real estate, technology, and procurement, are expected to result in additional run rate savings of CAD 400 million and be largely in our run rate by the end of 2024. We continue to focus on strengthening return on capital through our disciplined dynamic capital allocation decisions, including the winding down of our indirect auto portfolio and our focus on one client experiences to deepen customer relationships. Combining these actions with our long-term track record of superior risk management and the full run rate of our acquisitions should differentiate BMO from peers in fiscal 2024 and beyond, driving positive operating leverage and setting us up to compete from a position of strength, regardless of the environment. Our consistent performance enables us to put our purpose into action, to boldly grow the good in business and life, and support a sustainable and inclusive future. We continue to advance our ambition to be our client's lead partner in the transition to a net zero world through industry-leading sustainable finance and energy transition solutions. This year, we ranked first in the sustainability-linked loan market and launched one of the first sustainability-linked deposit offerings in North America. As I look ahead, we are focused on a consistent set of strategic priorities and are squarely focused on disciplined execution to deliver sustained performance against our medium-term financial objectives, including delivering positive operating leverage. This year, we've added - pardon me, this year, we've added return on tangible common equity of over 18%, as we believe it to be an important measure of our performance across our capital structure. As the bank best positioned to serve more clients across the Canadian and U.S. economies, we're confident in the power of our integrated North American franchise and our strategy to help clients make real financial progress. BMO will continue to leverage opportunities to drive progress across all our home markets. I want to thank our employees, our customers, and shareholders for their commitment to BMO, and I will now turn it over to Tayfun. Thank you, Darryl. Good morning, and thank you for joining us. My comments will start on Slide 10. Before moving to the quarter's results, I would like to update a few of the financial metrics on the acquisition of Bank of the West. With the benefit of almost 10 months of operating a larger scale integrated U.S. business and a very successful conversion now behind us, we are in a better position to assess the full strategic and financial value of the acquisition and give you a refreshed financial outlook. First, we are pleased with the core performance of Bank of the West, despite a more difficult U.S. banking environment than we anticipated coming into this year.... As a result, we are confirming our 7% net EPS accretion, reflecting our updated outlook for the performance of our underlying business and the contribution from Bank of the West. Second, as Darryl mentioned, with the benefit of directly assessing the resource allocations across the combined franchise, we now expect run rate cost synergies of over $800 million by fiscal 2025, significantly higher than the previous $670 million estimate. The increase is driven primarily by a reassessment of technology and operations resource needs. We expect to achieve almost all of these run rate benefits by February 2024. We have realized $220 million of these benefits in 2023, with an additional $550 million benefit to be realized in 2024. Integration costs are expected to be approximately $1.9 billion, reflecting higher expenses associated with the later than originally anticipated closing date, higher contract termination costs, and pre-conversion expenses, which were instrumental in executing one of the most successful integrations in the industry. We remain confident in delivering revenue synergies of $450 million-$550 million, although timing may be one or two quarters later than initially planned, given a more muted near-term environment for U.S. banks. Customer acquisition has remained robust even during the pre-conversion period, and we are encouraged by early wins. Similarly, we've maintained strong sales force retention during this time. We are processing significantly more transactions through our existing digital platforms, and we see meaningful opportunities to improve both sales productivity and client penetration in each of our business groups, supported by stronger connectivity between businesses to serve the full needs of our customers. We are confident in achieving an incremental $2 billion in run rate pre-provision, pre-tax earnings by the first half of 2026, resulting from the acquisition. Turning to Slide 12. Fourth quarter reported EPS was $2.06, and net income was $1.6 billion. Adjusting items are shown on slide 40 and include acquisition-related impacts for integration costs and amortization of intangibles, which decreased net income by $433 million and $88 million, respectively. The decrease in reported net income reflected these items, and the gain on fair value management actions related to the Bank of the West acquisition in the prior year. The remainder of my comments will focus on adjusted results. Adjusted EPS was CAD 2.81, down from CAD 3.04 last year, and net income was CAD 2.15 billion, up 1%. Revenue increased 19%, with good organic growth and the benefit of acquisitions. Expenses increased 26%, primarily due to the impact from acquisitions. PPPT of CAD 3.2 billion was up 9%, driven by strong growth in our Canadian PNC and capital markets businesses, and the addition of Bank of the West. Total PCL was CAD 446 million, including a CAD 38 million provision for performing loans, compared with a total provision of CAD 226 million in the prior year. Piyush will speak to these in his remarks. Moving to the balance sheet on Slide 13, average loan growth was 18% year-over-year, driven by Bank of the West and good growth in Canadian PNC and capital markets. Sequentially, period-end loans were up 4% or 1% on a constant currency basis. Business and government loans were up 2%, with growth across all operating groups. Consumer loans were up 1%, driven by mortgage growth in both Canadian and US PNC, partially offset by declining indirect auto balances. Average customer deposits increased 20% year-over-year due to the Bank of the West and higher balances in Canadian PNC and capital markets. Sequentially, period-end deposits were up 4% or 2% on a constant currency basis, with growth in Canadian and U.S. PNC and capital markets offset by lower balances in wealth management. Turning to Slide 14. On an X trading basis, net interest income was up 16% from the prior year, and net interest margin was up 2 basis points, driven by Bank of the West and higher margins in Canadian PNC, largely offset by higher low-yielding asset balances for liquidity purposes in corporate and continued pressure from deposit migration. Net interest margin was down 2 basis points from last quarter, driven by higher margins in U.S. PNC, more than offset by lower net interest income in corporate services. In Canadian PNC, NIM was unchanged from last quarter, as favorable balance sheet mix was offset by lower deposit margins due to the continued migration to term deposits. In US PNC, NIM was up 7 basis points, of which approximately 4 basis points was due to a one-time net interest income benefit offset in corporate services, with the remaining increase reflecting favorable balance sheet mix, partially offset by continued strong deposit pricing competition. On a full year basis, our overall net interest margin was up 8 basis points from 2022, driven by the impact of Bank of the West and the benefit of higher, longer-term yields, partially offset by pressures from higher deposit costs and low yielding asset balances for liquidity purposes. Moving to Slide 15. Based on the decision that we made early in the year to curb incremental expenses, our year-over-year underlying expense growth has continued to come down throughout the year. We also have announced additional expense management actions last quarter that will further improve our operational efficiency. This quarter included a $51 million charge related to the consolidation of BMO Real Estate that will reduce expenses in future periods. As a reminder, we expect to achieve run rate expense savings of $400 million from all these actions by early 2025, in addition to the Bank of the West cost synergies. The full year expense growth of 24% primarily reflected the impact of acquisitions and higher business development costs, as well as the flow-through from last year's investments in Salesforce and technology. On a normalized constant currency basis, underlying expenses increased 4%, excluding the impact of acquisitions, revenue-based compensation, and upfront charges to accelerate operational efficiencies. As we look ahead to 2024, we are confident in our ability to deliver positive operating leverage starting the second quarter, after we reach the first year anniversary of the closing of the Bank of the West acquisition, as well as for the full fiscal year. This excludes the impact of the estimated FDIC assessment charge of approximately $300 million, which we expect to recognize in the first quarter as an adjusting item. Turning to Slide 16, our capital position continues to strengthen with common equity ratio of 12.5%, up 20 basis points from the prior quarter. Internal capital generation and shares issued under the dividend reinvestment plan were partially offset by acquisition integration costs in the current quarter. We expect the combined impact of regulatory changes in the first quarter of 2024 and the FDIC charge to be approximately 25 basis points. Moving to the operating groups and starting on Slide 17. Canadian P&C delivered record net income of CAD 966 million, up 5% year-over-year. PPPT of CAD 1.6 billion increased 13%, partially offset by higher provisions for credit losses. Revenue of CAD 2.9 billion was up 13%, driven by 10% growth in net interest income, reflecting both strong balance growth and higher margins. Non-interest revenue increased 20%, primarily due to higher card fees, as well as the acquisition of AIR MILES. Expenses were up 12%, reflecting the inclusion of AIR MILES and higher employee-related expenses. Loans were up 6% year-over-year, with growth across both mortgages and commercial loans, and increased 2% from the prior quarter. Deposits were up 12% year-over-year and 3% sequentially across both retail and commercial businesses. We have strong momentum on both sides of the balance sheet, and while we expect some continued moderation in balance growth, we are well positioned for continued market share gains in our businesses. Moving to U.S. P&B on Slide 18. My comments here will speak to the U.S. dollar performance. Net income was $543 million, up 11%, and PPPT was up 18%, mainly due to the contribution from Bank of the West. Sequentially, revenue was relatively stable, with an increase in net interest income, mostly offset by a decrease in non-interest revenue. Expenses declined 3% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting lower severance and technology costs. Loans were up 48% from the prior year, driven by Bank of the West, and were flat quarter-over-quarter on an average basis and up 2% on a period-end basis, reflecting increases in both mortgages and business and government loans. Deposits increased 43% year-over-year and were flat sequentially on an average basis, and up 1% on a period-end basis. While the banking environment remains muted, we are well positioned to capture growth opportunities across our expanded footprint and outperform the market as conditions improve. Moving to Slide 19.... BMO Wealth Management net income was CAD 263 million, down from CAD 298 million last year. Wealth and asset management net income of CAD 213 million decreased 33% from the prior year. Contributions from Bank of the West and growth in new client assets were more than offset by lower net interest income due to migration to term deposits and higher expenses. Insurance net income was CAD 50 million, down from CAD 77 million in the prior year, driven by unfavorable market movements compared with the prior year. Expenses were up 12%, mainly due to the impact of Bank of the West and higher employee-related and technology costs. Moving to Slide 20. BMO Capital Markets had a strong quarter, with net income of CAD 492 million, up 36% year-over-year, and PPPT of CAD 620 million, up 39%. Revenue in global markets was up 12%, with strong equities trading activity, and investment in corporate banking was up 29% on higher M&A and underwriting activity. Expenses were up 9%, driven by higher performance-based compensation, technology, and transaction-based costs. Turning now to Slide 21. Corporate services net loss was CAD 311 million, compared with CAD 159 million in the prior quarter, and CAD 104 million in the prior year. Results reflect higher expenses, including the charge related to BMO Real Estate in the current quarter, as well as lower revenues. Looking ahead to 2024, we are encouraged by moderating inflationary pressures, lowering the need to increase policy rates in the U.S. and Canada. With a slower economic growth outlook, we expect loan growth in Canada to continue to moderate, and U.S. loan growth, which has lagged Canada in 2023, to gradually improve during the year. We expect the combined loan growth to be in the low to mid-single-digit range, along with similar growth rates in for deposits. Our NIM is forecasted to be relatively stable as the benefit of reinvestments at higher rates offsets continued deposit margin pressure. On the expense side, we remain confident that we will achieve positive operating leverage with low single-digit growth, reflecting the additional quarters related to the Bank of the West and AIR MILES acquisitions. In summary, in 2023, we delivered solid financial results while we successfully closed and converted the largest bank acquisition in Canadian history. We remained proactive in addressing challenges that largely related to the cyclical nature of our business and expect the actions that we have taken this year and our continued relative strength in Canada to support strong performance in 2024, with the added benefit of a larger scale operation in the U.S., which is a significant differentiation for BMO. I will now turn it over to Piyush. Thank you, Tayfun, and good morning, everyone. We had good risk performance this fiscal year, despite a challenging year marked by economic and geopolitical headwinds, supported by the strong risk management discipline across the bank. Starting on Slide 23, for the fiscal year, the total provision for credit losses was CAD 2.2 billion, or 35 basis points, including the initial provision for Bank of the West in the second quarter. Adjusting for this one-time charge, total provisions for credit losses were CAD 1.5 billion, or 24 basis points. During the year, we added close to CAD 1 billion to the performing allowance, which included the CAD 705 million initial allowance for Bank of the West and a performing build driven by portfolio credit migration and reflecting a forward view of the changing risk environment. Impaired provisions for the year were CAD 1.2 billion on 19 basis points, compared with 10 basis points in 2022, consistent with the expected trend to more normal loss rates. Turning now to the current quarter on Slide 24. Total provision for credit losses was CAD 446 million, or 27 basis points, compared with the provision of CAD 492 million last quarter. Impaired provisions for the quarter were CAD 408 million, or 25 basis points, up 4 basis points from the prior quarter, reflecting the lagged transmission of monetary policy tightening into the economy. Moving to slide 25. The provision for credit losses on performing loans was CAD 38 million, primarily reflecting portfolio credit migration, largely offset by an improvement in the forward view of our macroeconomic outlook, as well as a lower probability of a hard landing scenario. Given the credit profile of our current portfolio and our forecast for impaired losses, we are comfortable that our performing loan allowances provides adequate provisioning against loan losses, with about three times coverage on trailing four quarters impaired losses. Turning to Slide 26. Impaired formations were CAD 1.8 billion, and gross impaired loans increased to CAD 4 billion, with the largest increase coming from the business services, manufacturing, and commercial real estate sectors. While gross impaired loans increased from very low levels in recent quarters, the GIL ratio of 59 basis points has returned as expected to pre-pandemic levels. Despite the increase in formations in business and government lending in this quarter, we did not see large losses coming from them. About 12% rate of losses and formations reflecting either a collateralized position or the strong underlying credit structures. Given investor interest, we have included additional information on the Canadian mortgage portfolio on slide 28. Portfolio credit quality remains strong, with low delinquency rates of 15 basis points, average FICO scores of 789, and average LTV of 55%, all of which provide significant risk mitigation. With that said, we do expect that higher interest rates will impact borrowers when they refinance or renew. We continue to actively manage and stress test this portfolio, and given that the majority of our customers have multi-product relationships, our analytical insights indicate customers have the capacity to absorb higher payments. In fact, about CAD 16.3 billion of mortgages renewed in 2023 at higher interest rates, and these customers are demonstrating strong payment performance despite payment increases of just over 20% on average. A larger portion of our portfolio renews in 2026, by which time we expect interest rates will have moderated and customers will have had time to prepare. We are proactively reaching out to customers, particularly our variable rate customers. We've had a positive customer response to the outreach, resulting in a reduction in mortgages in negative amortization from prior quarter. As we look to the upcoming fiscal year, we have experienced the credit normalization that we were expecting. Given our current outlook for higher for longer rates and the lagged impact from these interest rate increases, we expect impaired loss rates to trend somewhat higher from Q4 levels in the range of low 30 basis points, still below our long-term average, and then improve as the rates start to come down and the economy begins to strengthen further. Given our strong risk management capabilities, the quality of our portfolio, and prudent allowance coverage, we remain well positioned to manage current and emerging risks. With that, I will now turn the call back to the operator for the Q&A portion of this call. Thank you. We will now take questions from the telephone lines. Please press star one at this time if you have a question. There will be a brief pause while participants register for questions. We thank you for your patience. Our first question is from Meny Grauman from Scotiabank. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. Piyush, I just wanted to follow up with something that you concluded with in terms of talking about, the guidance on, I believe, impaired PCL ratios, and you highlighted that you still think that you will be able to be below historic averages. I'm just wondering what gives you confidence, in, in that, the ability to, to be below the historic average even next year or this year, actually? Sure. Thanks, Meny. So, gross impaired loans obviously were up this quarter, up from a historically low levels of impairment from the last few, just coming out of the benign cycle and the pandemic. I think what we've done is we've gone ahead and looked at all of our portfolios and seen where there is particular stress and already accounted for those in the impaired book. So as I look at that pace of impairment, while there might be an increased formation, and that's why you see this increased formation, we think that the amount of impairment coming from those, as evidenced this quarter and our history over the last 30 years, we think that we are well adequately provisioned to be in that range of low thirties. Again, there is an implicit assumption that the economy is improving, as you're seeing, and interest rates will continue, at the end of 2024 to take, you know, so we start seeing cuts in interest rates by the end of 2024. So the economy has been holding up very well. You're seeing, positive revisions to economic forecasts, and I think these will play out to our benefit as we go into 2024. Just to follow up, in terms of sort of a higher for longer rate scenario, I mean, you talked about and you have this, the new disclosure, which is helpful in terms of the capacity of customers, of borrowers to absorb higher payments. But I'm curious how you think about the knock-on effects of that so they can absorb higher payments, but certainly there must be sort of a cost there to the economy and maybe to other parts of the credit book, especially on the unsecured side. So I'm just curious how you think about the knock-on effects of higher for longer, if the mortgage book can hold on, but what are the implications beyond that? Sure, Meny. So we are beginning to see that, in fact, in the unsecured book, which is why you're seeing delinquencies go up. But I think it's also important that customers are also adjusting to the new reality, and that's evident across, behavior patterns. Credit card spend has come down by about 4%, faster in the discretionary spend areas, and... but yet balances are still high. So we've talked about higher balances of about 30% coming out of the pandemic. Those balances are getting used up, but haven't gone down to zero. They're still about 12% higher than pre-pandemic.... You saw the statistic on savings, still very rich at about 5% savings rate, and there's also an increased amount going into investments. So there are buffer mechanisms as customers are adjusting, and this higher increased rate of delinquencies really is around what we expect for pre-pandemic, as well as what we would want for our risk appetite. So we are getting compensated for the underwriting we are doing on the revenue line to compensate for some of the increases. So it's evident there are weaknesses, but that weaknesses is compared to what you've seen as benign quarters of the last seven or eight coming out of the pandemic. Got it. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America. Please go ahead. Good morning. Maybe, I guess sticking on credit, just previous listening to you around the trajectory of the economy over the next year, it sounds like you're baking in some version of a soft landing, where things get a bit worse and start getting better by the end of the year. And so could you give sensitivity around, like, what happens, the level of visibility around, that guidance when you look at sort of cash flows within your commercial customer base, both in Canada and the US? Like, what gives you confidence and, and the, and, and insights into that, if you can, and maybe if Nadim can chime in on the health of the commercial customer base. And maybe, tied to that, you talked about that you've reserved for areas of commercial stress. In my view, we should see areas of stress widened beyond like office CRE or lower income FICO consumer into other categories as businesses go bankrupt, et cetera. One, do you share that view? And if so, what are the other areas of stress that you're watching right now? Sure. So there's a couple of questions, Ebrahim. Let me try and take one of those at a time. Your first one is just around provisioning and how-what we think about going forward. So look, we built about CAD 1 billion of provision in performing allowance for the year. And as you know, IFRS 9, it can be counterintuitive, but it's countercyclical. So over the year, we thought about what the forward forecast was going to be, including a higher weighting of a hard landing or of a severe recession, which, as you've seen over the last few quarters, the world has adapted and macroeconomic consensus has gotten better. If you don't think it's better, at least it's less negative, and so both of those are helpful. And so as we go into 2024, we've built those provisions to give us a coverage of about 54 basis points, which at this point of time, is 50% higher than pre-pandemic. A second metric, just to put that in perspective, is from a trailing four-quarter losses, even at 25 basis points that I just talked about, we are at about three times coverage. That would tell you it's very prudent or conservative, depending on how you take it. So we've thought about that, going into 2024. The last point I'll make, then I'll pass it on to Nadim, is by now we have reviewed every customer once or twice for the impact of their interest rates on their behavior pattern. And so you're seeing that in the risk-grading migration, you're seeing that in the flow to our impaired loans, and we've factored all of those in, even through our deep dives. In fact, previous quarter, when we took the big build, it was around sectors of stress, like commercial real estate, that the models did not pick up. That's already factored in, and, and you can see that in our performance in Q4. So Nadim, I don't know what you would add on commercial lending, what you're seeing. Okay, thank you. Poof! What I would say is very similar to what we talked about in the last quarter. We are seeing stress, of course, in the portfolio. U.S., the stress was earlier than Canada. We are seeing Canada having more stress than we did couple of quarters ago, but everything is absolutely in line with what we had expected. And when we talk to customers, they're looking at their PNL, they're managing their expenses, they are looking at labor rates, which have stabilized, in some cases, have come down. Shipping rates have come down, logistics is down, so they're seeing some margin relief there. So overall, when I look at the portfolio, we feel very comfortable that our customer base is solid. We do think there's going to be some more formations, which we have forecasted already, but the momentum is good. So in the US, we had said, recall last quarter, that we expect quarter-over-quarter loan growth to stabilize, or loan loss, or sorry, loan reduction to stabilize, and then positive into 2024. We were 1% down quarter-over-quarter in the US, but if you look at as at balances from June to October, we were actually up 1%, which is exactly what we had expected and wanted, and with solid momentum going into 2024 in the pipelines. Canada, as we had expected, did come down in loan growth numbers, but again, it's as we had said in the last call. And looking into 2024, we're seeing M&A activity starting to come back, pipelines are starting to improve, and so we continue to believe that we'll have mid-single-digit growth both in Canada and the U.S. If I was a betting person, probably slightly higher growth in the U.S. Understood. And maybe a follow-up, maybe for Tayfun or Darryl. Just strategically, when we think about the balance sheet, are we in optimization mode? Like, we've done some small business exits or portfolio exits recently. So maybe talk about, is there more to do? And just thought process around optimizing capital and the balance sheet and where we are playing offense in terms of taking market share, given the pullback, especially with the U.S. regional banks. Thank you. Yeah, in terms of capital allocation, Ebrahim, we're always on an on mode, right? So we have to constantly review our balance sheet and make sure that- ... allocation of capital to businesses is taking place for the best interest of our shareholders. So we'll continue to do that. We've done a very good job, I think, over the past couple of years in ensuring that we are allocating capital to its best use. In terms of market share gains, obviously, that, that is a strong point for us. And with the addition of Bank of the West and expanded footprint and a larger customer base, we do see significant opportunities. And the other point that I would make is we closed the quarter at 12.5%, a very strong capital position. We have a pretty modest impact in Q1 of the cumulative impact of the regulatory changes, as well as the $300 million FDIC charge. We feel good about our capacity for growth, and we will continue to look for opportunities to allocate capital to its best use on our balance sheet. Yeah, Abraham, it's Darryl. I'll just pile on. I can't help myself on the last part of your question on whether this puts us in a position to be a share taker. You know, if you go back to before we grew the bank in the U.S., that was always our objective, particularly in some of our wholesale businesses, and we did that pretty successfully relative to a competitive set that we judged to be pretty good, but in some cases, a little bit weaker than us. Now, you roll forward with the integration of our business, the balance sheet that we have in the U.S., $435 billion, the presence in 32 states, the digital bank across the entire nation. And, you know, there's really no other way to say this: we didn't do this transaction to not take share. We're good at it before, and we'll be even better at it afterwards. We're a top 10 bank, and the objective is to continue to take share, particularly as markets become more constructive, which has been our power alley in the past as well. And we've got the balance sheet to do it, because at 12.5-- you know, the competitors that we... You know them very well, the competitors that we will be looking to take share from don't have that capital ratio. That's helpful. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Gabriel Dechaine, from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. I'd like to follow on with that line of questioning, sort of, and Ebrahim touched upon the portfolio exits, I believe. None of this has been confirmed by the bank, I don't think, but sounds like you're getting out of auto lending and indirect auto lending in Canada and the U.S., and maybe the RV marine lending business in the U.S. Just wondering, what do you have to say about that scuttlebutt? And then, if there's some, you know, legitimacy to that stuff, is there a financial impact that we should be, you know, flagging earnings in particular? Yeah, so we don't comment on scuttlebutt and rumors, Gabe, as you can appreciate. Yeah. You know, I'll turn it over shortly to Ernie with her comments about the indirect auto loan business. We like the RV business. We have a large-scale operation in the US- Mm-hmm. with a number three market share that Bank of the West brought to us. It's a good business, and we have very good relationships with our dealers. We are not getting out of that business, no matter what- Okay. The scuttlebutt may say. So I'll, I'll leave it there, and then I'll turn it over to Ernie for the indirect auto piece. Yeah. Thanks. On the indirect autos piece, we're winding down that, that portfolio. So as you'd imagine, the impact over the next few years will be marginal in each year, and you can typically see an indirect auto book roll in about three years or so. So that'll be the end of it. I really want to reiterate, Tayfun's point around our marine RV business in the U.S. is a 30-year business that has a, you know, number three market share. It was attractive to us as we went into the Bank of the West arrangement, and we're committed to the ongoing originations of that program and are seeing good success as we speak right now. All right. Thanks for that clarity there. I was a bit surprised with that particular one because you sounded like you liked it, so clearing that up helps. And then on the capital front, the consolidated picture, clearly you're in a good position. And but if I look at the Call Report, you know, your U.S. subsidiary data, and I you know, exclude the AOCI opt-out, it looks a little bit you know, lower relative to you know, where you probably want to be. I'm just wondering if you're entertaining doing something along the lines of what one of your peers did as far as recapitalizing the U.S. business. I know, I know that picture doesn't give the full one of the U.S. operation, so maybe there's a missing link there, but, you know, what are your thoughts on that positioning? The answer to your question is an unqualified no. Okay. We actually feel pretty good about our capital position in the U.S. I think we are at 11.5 at the bank level, and a little bit below that at the holding company level. It's a number that actually is going to continue to accrete at a fast pace. Got it. Even with the AOCI, I think we feel pretty good about it. We are not planning to do anything in the U.S. that is similar to what some of our peer group banks had to do. Okay. Just a quick one here. I just want to confirm, you're reiterating the accretion guidance on Bank of the West, the 7% accretive to 2024. And, you know, if you can, you know, just state that, and then, you know, maybe the comment on the revenue, outlook for, for the business. You talked about, I think, $300 million or so of revenue accretion, not in that 7%. But, you know, the timing of that, execution would be, an interesting response. Yeah, Gabe, maybe I could help you with that. So the answer is yes, we are reconfirming the 7% accretion target that we talked to you about earlier this year. Second, secondly, I think a way to frame the second part of your question is around the $2 billion of PPPT that we had also held up to you all over the course of our discussion of this acquisition. There, we're also sticking with that number. Now, you might ask if your synergy number is higher, why isn't the $2 billion also higher? And there, I would say, confidence level has gone up. I think you know it's been our practice to estimate conservatively and then update the Street when objects become closer in the windshield. So at this point, I would say, the $2 billion that we put out to all of you includes, number one, the baseline contribution from their core business. Number two, the cost synergies, which have gone up, and our confidence level is, you know, virtually 100% on those. And then on the revenue synergies, if we get more confident as time goes on, we'll update you there as well. But this just goes to show you that we've got quite a bit of a room to hit that $2 billion number that we've talked about in the past by the first half of 2026. Okay, great. Well, December first, merry Christmas, if we don't talk to you before year-end. Well, while we're celebrating, I understand belated birthday wishes are in order as well, so happy birthday to you. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Our following question is from Doug Young, from Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead. I'm not going to wish him happy birthday again, so. Maybe the first question, 25 basis points, impact in Q1 from a combination of items. Just want to confirm what's in the 25 basis points. That's the FDIC, that's the FRTB, that's the CVA, and that's including the negative amortization mortgage impact. All of that is included in there. Is that correct? Yes, and the last one that I will add to that is the IFRS 17 transition as well. So everything is included in that number. Okay. So then if I think of 12.5 this quarter, you take a 25 basis points and assume organic 25, you're around 12.4, 12.5, call it. Is that, is that the range at which you're comfortable running at? Or, or I don't think you've talked about a kind of an operating target range for your CET1 ratio, but can you, can you spell out what you're comfortable with? Yeah, I think we, the comments that we made in the past is that we would be looking for a 50+ basis point type of cushion to regulatory guidance. So in that sense, I suppose next week we will get some more clarification from OSFI as to, you know, what they are thinking about in terms of the remaining 50 basis points of buffer left. But our overall management approach to it is to operate with, you know, in, in that 50+ range, depending upon what the regulatory guidance may end up being. Okay. And just lastly, on the gross impaired loan formations, and I get all the explanations that have come through. I'm hoping maybe you can kind of do a bit of a quicker, deeper dive. And you obviously had the formations; you didn't have a big PCL build. You talked about terms and conditions and collateral giving you confidence. Can you give a sense or a numeric sense of, you know, or an example of that, the term or the collateral that's backing this? Like, we can see loan-to-values for mortgages; like, we don't have good sense of that to the commercial side. I don't know if there's anything you can give concrete to give a little more confidence around that. Yeah, sure. So I think, you know, it broadly goes back to our risk culture and early problem recognition. And so when you recognize the problem early, you get a workout and a SAMU special team working with our bankers, helping rehabilitate clients. So the impaired portfolio, the formation itself is, it's a data point, but I think your question is a good one, which is: then how does that, how do you think about what's next? Because of the collateral or the structure, and I'll give you an example, when you have bankruptcies that are growing both in the U.S. and Canada, you automatically, the client, you mark the client and the exposure into a formation or into impairment. Then you look at your facility or our credit exposure, and in many of these cases, we have a fantastic team that does asset-backed lending. When you think of a large retail client that goes into bankruptcy, but we've got a very scientific way of looking at lending across a borrowing base, even though it's in bankruptcy, your losses are zero. It might be a large number in the formation. It's close to a zero when it comes to the impairment, which is why the confidence from the same thing goes across many of our secured portfolios. We've seen that even in our commercial real estate book, in some cases where a name goes in, but you don't need any provisions, only because there's plenty of value in that. I hope that helps in why the confidence around the formations versus impaired losses. Yeah. No, it does. I probably want to dig a little deeper at another time, but I appreciate the color. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Darko Mihelic from RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Hi. Thank you. Good morning. Just a couple of questions for some clarification, please. Piyush, with respect to the mortgage payment shock that's in your slide deck here on slide 28, what is the renewal rate that you're assuming for these payments in 2023? So the one on, that you see here on slide 28, that's just, the absolute amount that's maturing in that year. We've told you that the, renewal rate for 2023, which was about 6%, showed an increase of about 21% in payments.... If we haven't, given that detail on this slide, I'll tell you, if I look forward and we have all sorts of sensitivities, if rates didn't come down, they stayed constant, that 21% is in the same 20%-25% next year, and probably a little higher in the year 2025. The bulk of, as you see, the maturity is coming due in 2026. And then, Robert, to back that out, just to, you know, give you more perspective, we've looked at no income change of our borrowers and this higher payment, and that equates to about a 5% increase of their total income at the time of origination. So we can provide you more details, Darko, but at the end, what you see here is just the contractual maturity, and we've gone and done a lot of work around what it would look like at different payment rates. Ernie, would you add something? Yeah, I was curious. Your question is, is the percentage of customers who are renewing, because that's really high, as in 90% of our book will renew with us. So if that's part of your question. And so really the statement is that what we're seeing customers renew right now, they're facing an increase. They're able to handle that increase quite nicely. A couple of factors, as you know quite well, they were stressed at a higher interest rate when they were originated. We've seen an ability for consumers to adjust and be able to afford the increased payment, which is what you're also seeing on this slide, which is their regular payments went up 21% for consumers who are renewing this year, between the fixed and variable mortgages, and they are handling it. Yeah, thank you very much. I think my, my really question was that last bullet point. If you're suggesting that, you know, there's a 22% increase in the payment for the variable rate mortgage, what rate are they renewing at? There must be an assumption built in there, right? For, for- Right. The one thing, that last bullet point are exactly customers today in 2023. Okay. They're renewing at today's rate. Exactly right. Okay. Okay. And if, and if they did that in 2024, you were suggesting we would see similar sort of impact. Okay, fair enough. Correct. Correct. Okay. And then the second question along this same sort of line of questioning is: if the average is 22, what do the tails look like? So there must have been some customers with a significantly higher increase, and clearly, there would have been some with a very small increase. Is there any sort of distribution you can provide? Yeah, we do see people having to face a 30% increase this year. That'll get higher as we move into 2026, because we're assuming—if you assume no rate decrease, there would be customers who would potentially be facing 35% or 40% at that tail end again. But again, going back and you think about where they were stressed at and their current income, as we look at their cash flow in a variety of ways, we feel pretty confident that there is an appetite or an ability to be able to consume that increase or to handle that increase. And then, Darko, the same customers from our outreach programs have come back and are actually already prepaying voluntarily down quite a bit. So there are some who know it's a higher number. They're waiting for the rate decrease to happen, but we've got very positive outreach and customer reaction around the voluntary prepayment back to lower the neg ams. Okay, this is all very helpful, and I really appreciate the disclosure. I guess the last lingering question that we're all having around this is, yes, I can see the increase on average for the customers in 2023. Did they renew at a shorter term, and how much time before you suspect there will be some cracks, for people that are paying these higher payments? I think what we're seeing right now is renewing and renewing, obviously, into fixed-rate product and also into shorter durations because the anticipation of rate decreases, which is very prudent on the part of Canadians who are renewing. I just want to clarify as well, that if you think about that 40% increase, those are going to be smaller numbers at that tail end of it when you think about the increase that consumers are going to be facing on price, on the payment, I'm sorry. Okay. And underwriting today, just to finish off this discussion, but you're still growing your mortgage book, and presumably, you're doing originations. What does it look like today, versus four or five years ago? Are you looking at better GDS, TDS ratios? You know, is there anything you can point to that suggests that people that you're underwriting today at a higher rate, than you would have four or five years ago, are in fact in a... Are they putting down more down payment? Is the LTV lower? What can you tell us about the originations that you're putting on today? I'll, Ernie, I'll respond a couple of ways. So what we're seeing, obviously, is at a stress rate on top of the high rate that exists today, ensures that your customer has more robust cash flow and ability to pay. Our underwriting remains as prudent as it has been in the past, in the sense that we look at loan to value, we look at affordability, we look at their stressed rates that they can afford, with an increase in payment. So I would say our underwriting remains consistent. I think the market and interest rates have improved the quality of the customer simply because you have to be stressed at a higher interest rate. Are you happy with the spreads you're getting on mortgages these days? Yeah. Let me take two seconds on that. Our approach to mortgages and all our retail market share growth that we've experienced over the past few years is a function of our strategy around holistic conversations with customers and holistic relationships and growing new customers with those full relationships. So when I look at this business, I look at how many customers we have with primary relationships, which is leading right now in the industry, and also how much we're consolidating our relationships with existing customers. So it's not a mortgage strategy per se, it's a retail relationship strategy we're driving. I think we're going to try to fit in a couple more questions. If, if I could just ask the next people in the queue to limit it to one question, we'll try to take a few more here. Okay. Thanks, Christine. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Paul Holden, from CIBC. Please go ahead. Thank you. So limiting it to one question. The one I want to ask is on Bank of the West, and I want to make this clear, and I think I know what the answer is. But, you know, you've increased cost synergies, 20%, but EPS accretion is expected to be the same. Is that a function purely of the change in the macro environment, or has there been any change in customer, retention? There is actually no change in customer retention. We are actually very happy with both the client retention, you know, as well as employee retention. So this is really due more to the environmental factors that we have seen over the past year. Okay. And since I have a quick one, maybe I can sneak one more in. When does the DRIP discount come off? Well, look, I mean, as I said, we will find out soon, you know, what OSFI's intention is. We have this first quarter, we need to get through, the impact and make all these changes, and we will assess that during the quarter, and we'll come back to you and give you our perspectives. Great. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Mario Mendonca from TD Securities. Please go ahead. Tayfun, I think in your opening comments, you referred to $1.9 billion of integration costs. Could you just? Is that a forward-looking number, or has that already been incurred? No, that is, very largely behind us, so we have a little bit left, but, you know, a significant portion of that is already behind us. Okay, then real quickly, on the variable rate mortgages, the 62%, could you talk about what that number was last quarter? The 60% negative amortization, what it was last quarter, and why that number is so high? Your peers seem to be covering around 50, even less than 50. Yeah, so I think, our number, we've got paid down about by CAD 3 billion, so it is a little bit higher, as long as rates remain where they are, or they come down or they continue to come down over time. Why so high? Yeah, it's Ernie. Let me explain the why so high. If you'll remember, our acquisition growth occurred in a market where variable rate mortgages were the consumer preference. And so you'll see us having a higher proportion as a result of our growth. Growth rate took place in those years where that product was taken over a fixed rate product. So it's essentially a consumer preference that entered during our time of acquisition. Okay, then finally, look, I'm not sure if this is because I'm tired and the earnings season's gone on too long, but, I kind of hear this message that BMO could very well need more capital if the Domestic Stability Buffer is raised. Am I reading too much into your comments? No. Yes. I am? There's absolutely no... We don't need more capital. Okay. Okay, just felt that way, listening to some of your comments. Thanks again. Thank you. Our following question is from Mike Rizvanovic from KBW Research. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. Just wanted to go back to the mortgage renewals, and what I'm wondering about is, when I look at the expectation for the Bank of Canada overnight rate, it looks like 4 cuts in 2024, 4 cuts in 2025, and that would bring us down to a 3% overnight rate. And I'm assuming, and correct me if I'm wrong, but you'd be looking at a normal upward sloping yield curve. And if that is your expectation, then, you know, it doesn't seem like the five-year fixed rate would be much different than the 6% it is at today, because right now, the five-year Bank of Canada bond rate is at about 3.65, and then you've got to add that spread on top of that. So it doesn't seem like the expectations on the rate side are really conducive of providing relief on this mortgage renewal issue. And then in that vein, when I look at some of the originations done back in 2021, early 2022, like, the payment differential, just simple math, will tell you that it's somewhere around 70%-80% for some of your borrowers, and this is not just for BMO, but industry-wide. So any thoughts on that, any color you can provide would be super helpful. Yeah, it's Ernie. I'll just remark on your last comment. Our modeling would not suggest that, and we look at what the rate is that they took when they applied to the rate that they will be renewing at and don't see it going into that zone. So that's one point. The second point I would say is our expectation is that even if the rates stay the same, that we'll be looking at customers facing upward to about a 40% increase, in terms of at the max, or 45 at the max in that zone when they renew. So a little different from where your assumptions are, but we... Again, I'll come back to the fact that these customers were underwritten with a very strong performance, and we monitor them today for their increase in cash flow and what they have remaining, their capacity to pay. So feel very confident that these customers are able to absorb the increased shock, should there not be a rate decrease. Okay, so I'm not sure if there's maybe an embedded expectation of amortization extensions there and the hardship rule, but the 40% would be higher if I just look at just the straight math of originating at sub-2%, renewing at 6% or even in the mid-5s would be, in some cases, more than 40. So maybe we can take it offline, but I'd love to get more details on that. Yeah, we can do that. Thank you. Thank you. This is all the time we have for questions. I would now like to turn the meeting back over to Darryl White. Thank you, operator, and thank you all for your questions this morning. Before we conclude, I would like to take a moment to recognize Dan Barclay, who's in the room with us. After a 30-year career, Dan will be retiring next month. Dan's long track record of client service, ethical leadership, innovation, and strategic counsel have been key to the progress we're making across the bank for our clients. Dan, on behalf of all of us, congratulations on a remarkable career. Alan Tannenbaum is succeeding Dan and has hit the ground running. His appointment represents a very strong handoff from a high-performing business into a high-performing business. We are, at the bank, proactively positioned for future growth and confident in the power of our integrated North American franchise, with consistent and differentiated performance that will help our clients make real financial progress. Thanks, everyone. I want to wish everyone a happy holiday season, and we look forward to speaking to you again in the new year. Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time, and we thank you for your participation.