All right, I think this is our last presentation before lunch. And Nadim Hirji, Group Head of Commercial Banking at BMO, welcome to the stage. I look forward to a more focused discussion on commercial banking. Of course. So where do we start off here? I guess the obvious place is the outlook. And BMO, along with other banks, at least Q4 of last year and maybe a little bit in Q1 as well, they're talking about the outlook for loan growth. And it was, you know, back half is looking more optimistic. Is that still the case today? Yeah. When we said the back half, we looked at, look at on both sides of the border. To start in the U.S., we've been facing pretty muted loan growth. And it's been, you know, on average, I think most, most of our peers have been anywhere between -1% and +1%, basically. And we've been sort of flattish the entire year. The loan growth dynamics in the U.S. have been very different than Canada. With the new government coming in and talking to customers, sentiment was positive, sentiment was pro- business, less regulation, less taxes. And so client sentiment would have, you know, made us believe that the latter half of the year in the U.S. will show signs of momentum and an increasing loan growth. I would say that today when I talk to customers, there is still optimism in the U.S. as to where the economy will go. Having said that, the uncertainty that we're all talking about is creating churn around inflationary pressures, higher for longer rates with the Fed, which is causing that optimism to become a bit more of cautious optimism. I would say, Gabriel, that in the latter half of the year, I still believe that in the U.S. we'll see positive loan growth. The magnitude of that positive, I think, has probably come down than what we had thought two months ago. In Canada, we are actually experiencing strong loan growth over the course of the year. For BMO, we were up in commercial just over 7% year-over-year. Pipelines were strong, interest rates coming down, consumer confidence going up, inflationary pressures coming down. All signs would have showed that we would continue to see momentum in the high single digits as we move through the rest of 2025. Over the last 45 days, 60 days, that has definitely changed. When we look at customer sentiment in Canada on the commercial side, it does not mean execution of deals is not happening, but the volume has definitely slowed down. Many customers are pausing to get some more certainty before they make commitments on M&A transactions or new investments, working capital. Everybody's holding very tight. Liquidity is good for many of our clients. We're not seeing, you know, like during COVID we saw, you know, revolvers getting utilized and drawn down. That's not happening right now. This is different than the COVID phenomenon for sure. Definitely the sentiment is very cautious in Canada right now. I still think though that we will have positive loan growth in the back half of the year in Canada. I do not think though that we're going to have loan growth in high single digits in Canada in the back half of the year until we get more certainty. In the U.S. you could possibly see the high single digits? I don't see high single digits in. The U.S. on either side. I guess the theme that's come up a lot more with a positive underlying tone, albeit a longer term one, is the Canadian economy could be, you know, animal spirits could be revived because of what Trump's done and, you know, given us a bit more motivation to build our economy with more resiliency. Is that, you know, that's, I guess, a far off driver of loan growth for Canada and for BMO? I think it's a fair one, actually. I think this has been a wake up call in some ways for some of the economy and some of our customers. I am hearing customers talk about how do we get more, I don't want to call it protectionist, but how do we get more manufacturing, how do we get more productivity? Which is a nice thing to talk about. Right, because productivity in Canada is something that frankly has been lagging. The wake up call I don't think is a bad thing. I think that we can get more productive in Canada. I think that it can lead to more loan growth and more opportunities in Canada. It's a shot in the arm, but it's not an overnight. This will take years that we see impacts in terms of impacting our loan growth before we would see it. Yes, I do see it impacting it over the long term. Now, can't talk about commercial lending at BMO without bringing up the credit experience over the past year and a half. I guess, you know, it's an interesting comparison. There were prior years, I'm going back five, six, seven years maybe, where BMO was growing the commercial loan book in the U.S. at 10% to 15% and it got a lot of attention. Ultimately there was no, you know, the fear around that growth being too high didn't really manifest itself in any, in any credit issues. I guess 2021, 2022 were, if you look at loan growth in that period, it's more like 5% to 6%. Then we got the credit issues. My question is, you have made adjustments to the origination strategy. Could we still see very high loan growth like we did in prior years? Maybe not 15%, but you know, teens with, you know, better credit performance? Yeah, I do think we can. I mean the challenges that we faced in majority of fiscal 2024 as you said, you know, were, you know, if you look at the themes that we had, they were around the 2021 era, plus or minus. There were cash flow- based loans for the most part, enterprise value or enterprise lending type deals with larger hold positions than perhaps we normally would have taken. A confluence of events happened over the last four years where higher interest rates made the leverage levels hard to maintain in terms of debt servicing. At the same time, many of these companies were facing issues around consumer preference changes post-COVID creating lessening demand of their product or service. You get a combination or a confluence of events that happened at the same time. We had larger exposures as I mentioned, and it just kind of came together during the course of the year. We have made some changes, as you mentioned, to our underwriting policies, not our risk appetite, but to some of the underwriting policies. You know, the diligence processes, larger deals with cash flow- based, especially newer customers, you know, needs to have higher signing authority and things like that and more proactive risk management as well. I do think you can have loan growth that's disciplined and we've shown that in the past. As you know, we've had a very stellar record on our loan losses in both Canada and the U.S. and a stellar record of loan growth in Canada and the U.S., so I do think it can happen. We have seen it happen. I agree with you that I don't think I would look at it as a 12% to 15% loan growth. Can you get mid to high, mid single digits? Yeah, absolutely. I guess Q4, you're still confident that Q4 was the peak for, for loan losses, for formations, loan losses? I mean there was some improvement in Q1, but that's still. We're through the, I guess the eye of the storm. Is that the right analogy? That's fair. Yeah, I do believe that we saw Q1 come down. It was fairly stable, I would say, in Canada, but we saw a decreasing amount in the U.S. We've gone through the portfolio that we've talked about on the earnings call. We've been very diligent in going through the portfolio, trying to understand the themes of what happened. Do we have other stuff in the portfolio that mimic those themes? And if we do, are we watching them properly, doing diligence on it, putting the impairments on where we think appropriate? We still have migration obviously into watch list and impaired. That's not. I mean, there's still migration, but the pace of the migration has definitely come back a bit. GIL formations, of course, we had a large watch list for over the last three or four quarters from last year. You do see some of that going into GIL. What we are seeing going into GIL today is a little bit different than what we saw in the last four quarters. Obligations are not too high a hold, less cash flow- based and more collateralized obligations where we feel comfortable that we would not be taking the level of PCLs that we did in fiscal 2024. With what we've put into the impaired basket, with what we've got in the watch list that we can see, we stand behind what we talked about in our earnings call that we'll see the PCL numbers moderating as we go through the year, getting to more normalized levels as we head into fiscal 2026. I'm saying that barring tariffs and how. That plays out. Bringing it back to Canada and bringing it back to the growth question. I mean, I don't know if you can give a perspective on line utilization rates. Are they running? The previous speaker said they're normal, but I guess it's just new lines aren't being asked for. What's the, you know, is there an illustration there about how there's maybe some pent up credit demand just waiting for the right moment? Yeah, we saw in our book, we've seen on the Canadian side utilization rates of our revolvers up slightly year-over-year, maybe just slightly under 1% but they're still at fairly low levels compared to pre- pandemic. In the U.S. utilization levels have been flat to down for the most part. Some of that is the demand side of it, but some of it is the companies have actually become much better at working capital management. You know, the supply chain issues that folks faced have kind of subsided and gone away. The need to hold large inventory levels has gone away and the ability to, you know, downsize your inventory, create more working capital, has created good liquidity on the balance sheets and basically has affected us on both sides. Where even deposits were being used to pay down the lines is higher cost of credit, more expensive. We pay down the lines with our deposits. Better working capital management. We pay down the lines. Right. We saw it on both ends and I do not see that changing in the near term. Okay, now this is a, it's more directed to the U.S. but feel free to throw in the Canadian business in there as part of the discussion. There is an ROE trajectory that the bank, or target anyway, that the bank has and there are several components of achieving that. One of them is balance sheet optimization. Maybe explain a bit more what you mean by that. You know, simplistically it's okay, we'll get rid of these some loans and try to replace, but there must be more to it than that. Yeah, if there's a, you know, it seems to be more of a U.S. discussion, but if there's anything in Canada, that'd be great as well. Yeah, I mean that doesn't mean we don't optimize in Canada obviously, but you're right, it's more of the ROE is more of a U.S. equation. If you want to go specific to balance sheet optimization, it's the entire balance sheet, not just the loan side of it. If you look at our U.S. funding mix on the deposit side, we have a higher cost of funding than many of our peers do, which affects our ability to get to a 15% ROE. Part of optimization is looking at the deposit mix that we have. We need more retail deposits in the U.S. than we have today. A focus of our retail network is going to be to increase our customer acquisition numbers, our checking and savings, the day-to-day operating deposits in order to help fund the commercial bank. Because in the U.S. the commercial bank is the largest part of the U.S. segment. Secondly, within commercial where we do have a good, you know, chunk of deposits, but if you peel it back, there is a segment of the deposits which have low liquidity value. They're high dollar deposits with very low margins attached to them. That's affecting our ROE. We are surgically looking at our balance sheet going by customer. Where we have deposits like that, where they're transactional, non-relationship, no other ancillary services attached to it, we're removing those deposits as they mature and replacing them with more core operating deposits. How do you replace them with core operating? It's not a flick of a switch obviously, but we have tactical ways of doing it. One, our scorecards for our account managers in how they get incented, look at liquidity value of deposits, look at operating deposits as we go forward into fiscal 2026. That way, they're incented more and more to focus in on those deposits. You know, you also have to look at the segments that we play in within our businesses. One of the segments that we are focusing in on in the U.S., or we term it Emerging Middle Market, which effectively is clients with sales, call it $50 million and lower, loans in the $1 million to $10 million range. These are great accounts. These are accounts that are high ROE, low PCL, low operating deposits, sticky and one- bank clients. We get to refer them to our retail or wealth franchise as well to create those one client opportunities. We have a very, very low market share in the U.S. of that segment. We have a pretty good market share in Canada and we have a good middle market business in Canada. In the U.S. it has not been a focus. We are refocusing on increasing that. We're drawing in new talent, we're actually installing new technology in order to be best in class. Once we're done by the end of this year, within that business you need volume, you need velocity, you need simplicity. That's what you need to earn the right to win that business. By the end of this year we will have technology that will give us the ability to adjudicate in two days and fund in seven and I'll put us best in class. Secondly, in our treasury side, we have launched what we call Online Business Banking Lite, the Lite meaning it is our normal portal for online business banking, which is cross border by the way, but it is a lighter version, it is mobile ready, it is simplistic, it is cheaper, and it is designed for that particular segment and differentiates us from the competition. We are also putting in bundled pricing in our Treasury and Payment Services, making it again less complicated, more easy and simplistic for our clients in that segment to deal with us. Putting all that together, that will also increase our proportion of the core sticky cheaper operating deposits to help the funding mix. These are the mid- market business operating deposits. As far as the retail component for deposits, do you have capabilities there or is that going to require a substantial investment? No, we've got the capabilities, but it will require two things. It will require investment in terms of increasing our retail network presence, which we will do, especially our new core markets on the West Coast, especially in California. We will look at putting more investment there and doubling down. It is also about productivity within those branches that we got with the Bank of the West acquisition, productivity meaning gearing ratios, revenue per FTE, sales per FTE in those branches. If we look at our statistics and data, we have significant value contribution that we can achieve if we can get those branches to operate at the same level as the rest of our U.S. branches that we have in the Midwest—Chicago, Illinois, and Wisconsin. There is a gap in how those branches operate. If we can just take the formula that we have and apply it into the branches that we now have in the new West markets, that increases our retail. What is that revenue per FTE gap? I don't know it offhand material. I guess I'm segueing into the Bank of the West discussion because I did detect a bit more optimism on the revenue synergy side in some of the recent comments. I mean, it's been a tumultuous few years globally. Where do things stand now with regards to delivering those revenue synergies and how are we going to actually see them? Because if it's hard to evaluate them as an outsider, you just look at the total U.S. segment and you see a revenue line. I can't really tell how much of that's coming from your business as usual versus oh, they've been successful in delivering revenue synergies. Yeah. In terms of how is it coming along? You're right. It's been since we had the acquisition, the couple years have been tough. The muted loan environment, the deposit mix shift, the look at Silicon Valley Bank and coming down and it all kind of happened at the same time. Timing could have been better. What we that was then, this is now. What I would say today is technology conversion is done, branding. If you've been to California recently, BMO is significantly in the marketplace all over. It's become a household name. With that, we've been able to attract really good talent into the business as well. We've changed leadership. We have in fact. The new Head of U.S. Commercial Banking is based in Los Angeles. Tony came in from JPMorgan. He actually just started last week. I feel comfortable that we've installed the talent base that we need for the growth. If I look at what indicators would tell me that the growth is coming, there's a few. One is new client acquisition. If I look at new client acquisition in the Western markets over the last quarter, it actually matches, if not exceeds, many of our core markets in the U.S. now in terms of new client acquisition. If I also look at the businesses that we've put in, the investments that we've put in. We put ABL capability, stuff that we do all day long in other markets. Now we have the ability in California. ABL capabilities, Equipment Finance capabilities. We put in a Media Finance team in the LA market that we have in Toronto right now that does very well. These are all investments that we're making that create product and service capabilities that Bank of the West never had. BMO Capital Partners, which is our merchant bank, gives us the ability to do equity investments and sub-debt investments. We're launching that now into not just the Bank of the West markets, but the entire U.S. market. This is a significant differentiator for us in how we attract business. You know, when I look at all of this, I feel comfortable that so long as we have a constructive economy in the U.S. that is positive momentum, we are in a good spot to accelerate the revenue synergies in Bank of the West. I guess that's answering another question I have in a way that, you know, to play devil's advocate, you know, California, which is, you know, the bulk of Bank of the West business, has growth challenges given demographic shifts and maybe the business environment isn't as friendly. They say, oh, maybe the revenue synergies aren't as appealing or whatever. It sounds more like you're just adding capabilities that Bank of the West didn't have. And the base is. You get a favorable base effect, if you will. Is that really the. There are two things there. One is customer acquisition, which I think that we're putting in the right people, the number of people and the talent that we need to get the new customer acquisition. Keeping in mind we have a very, very low market share in California. It is a very low market share. There is a significant opportunity to grow. The second thing is the existing customer base that Bank of the West already had and penetrating that existing customer base because the TPS capabilities that we've now got with BMO in California were not there. With Bank of the West, the wealth capabilities were not there, the capital markets capabilities were not there. These are all low- hanging fruit revenue synergies just by cross selling the existing customers, let alone the new customers. When you look at the market you mentioned California, is it still appealing? Is it still the right place to be? There's no doubt there's been some migration out of the California market into other areas like whether it's Nashville or Texas or Florida. There has been some of that. We cannot forget that the California market is the fifth largest economy in the world, we can't forget that California has a population base of Canada and twice its GDP. If you look at some of the data, it's still projected to be number one in terms of new companies being formed. If you look at the data in terms of the migration of people, generally it's been 35 and younger, household income of $75,000, migrating out, 60 and over migrating in with income of $150,000 or more. You get a population based shift I guess would be true. When you think about our wealth opportunities and deposit opportunities, you're actually getting a shift that is favorable within the market. Although I don't disagree with the net m igration comment. You brought up BMO Capital Partners. That's the merchant bank. Yeah, yeah, the merchant bank. That's the, we call it the private equity business. I guess you're lending but you're also co-investing. Is that the business? Yeah, so I wouldn't call it just private equity business, but there's a portion of that. So it's a $1.5 billion fund. It's all the bank's money, so there's no LP. So it's all the bank's money. It's housed within the commercial bank and we do a few things within it. So we do sub-debt into companies that we bank. So, you know, it's an added layer of debt and we get paid for the return for that added layer of debt that helps a company grow or perhaps acquire or do M&A. The second part of it is that it gives the ability for us to actually invest into our portfolio company. If there's a company that we really like and you know they've got a good growth trajectory or they have an M&A opportunity, there's only so much senior debt they can get and there's only so much equity the founder can put in. If we like the story, we can invest alongside them on a minority basis. This has given us over the years a few tactical advantages. One, the client becomes very sticky. Number two, if things work out, you get some decent equity gains out of it at good returns. Number three, it creates in the long term wealth and capital markets M&A opportunities for us. It's a great win, win, win. On the private equity side, there is a portion of the business where we invest equity into private equity. We will invest into private equity funds themselves and or with our private equity funds we will invest alongside their portfolio investments. Again, it creates sticky revenue, hopefully upside on a risk return basis. And because we're partnering, when that private equity firm five years down the road decides to exit the business, you know, we get a very, you know, we earn a decent shot at getting the M&A opportunity or the IPO opportunity. Got it. Just to wrap private credit. How is that affecting? I guess is there an opportunity there? I mean, I just think of it as displacing banks out of. Yeah, they're not going away. I think they're here to stay. I look at it as an opportunity. I mean, you know, they've done. They have taken some share. We are looking at, and some banks in the U.S. have already started doing this in a meaningful way, but we are looking at creating originate- to- distribute strategies where we partner with private credit, we become the distribution channel and we have the ability to underwrite transactions, lay off risk to the private credit partner within the risk appetite and be able to still have a portion of the deal and be the face to the client, maintain the relationship and earn all the fee revenue. I think there's opportunities to partner. Instead of a syndicated deal with other banks, it's the same type of loan, but different partner. You could syndicate and offlay risk to the private credit. You could do both. Anyway, that's been a very educational discussion. Appreciate you coming to Montreal. Thank you for having me.