Good morning, and welcome to Scotiabank's 2023 Fourth Quarter Results presentation. My name is John McCartney, and I'm Head of Investor Relations here at Scotiabank. Presenting you this morning are Scott Thomson, Scotiabank's President and Chief Executive Officer, Raj Viswanathan, our Chief Financial Officer, and Phil Thomas, our Chief Risk Officer. Following our comments, we will be glad to take your questions. Also present to take questions are the following Scotiabank executives: Aris Bogdaneris from Canadian Banking, Glen Gowland from Global Wealth Management, Francisco Aristeguieta from International Banking, and Jake Lawrence from Global Banking and Markets. Before we start, and on behalf of those speaking today, I'll refer you to slide two of our presentation, which contains Scotiabank's caution regarding forward-looking statements. With that, I will turn the call over to Scott. Thank you, John, and good morning, everyone. This month marks the completion of my first year in this role as president. I'm pleased to have had the opportunity to spend the year listening to and learning from our shareholders, clients, and employees. I have seen personally the passion and commitment that Scotiabankers across the footprint have to making us a better bank. Our results for the year reflect a period of decelerating industry loan growth, as well as our own deliberate actions to focus on balanced growth and a thoughtful approach to improving the profitability of our businesses and client relationships. We've made significant progress on key initiatives that are fundamental to strengthening our balance sheet and improving our business mix. Both will be important as we embark on our next phase of growth. The bank reported adjusted earnings of CAD 8.4 billion or CAD 6.54 per share in fiscal 2023. Our return on equity was 11.7%. We believe our improved balance sheet strength and liquidity positions us to manage through potentially a more difficult economic scenario that could materialize. We took actions to strengthen our capital position to meet my January 2023 commitment to a CET1 ratio greater than 12%, up from 11.5% at this time last year. Raj will explain in more detail the impact of the regulatory capital changes, which began in Q2 and will continue to impact us in the future. We also bolstered liquidity over the course of the year, meaningfully improving the liquidity coverage ratio to 136%, up from 119%, and the net stable funding ratio from 111% to 116%. Importantly, we made progress focusing the organization on deposits. Deposits across the bank increased 9% year-over-year. The all-bank loan-to-deposit ratio improved to 110% from 116%, resulting in the wholesale funding ratio dropping 100 basis points year-over-year to 20.6%. 2023 reflects early success in our enterprise-wide focus on thoughtfully growing both sides of the balance sheet. In keeping with our commitment to ensure the bank is well positioned to manage through periods of slow growth and uncertain macroeconomic times, we have significantly increased the allowance, allowances for credit losses throughout the year across all portfolios by approximately CAD 1.1 billion, mostly in performing allowances. As previously announced, in conjunction with our strategy review process, we made adjustments to our global workforce in the fourth quarter. This productivity effort reflects a continuation of the bank's long-term commitment to achieving positive operating leverage while ensuring the appropriate resource allocation in support of our future growth initiatives. Turning to our economic outlook, our base case assumption is that economic growth will continue to moderate in the near term in North America. Higher interest rates are having central banks' desired economic impact, which we are seeing through moderating inflation and our own clients' behavior. Recognizing that rates could remain elevated for the foreseeable future, we do expect some interest rate easing in North America later next year, which will be a tailwind to our profitability. Our international banking markets experienced more notable impacts of higher rates, given an earlier and more rapid tightening response to inflation this cycle. Chile and Peru are currently in the midst of modest economic contractions and have seen central bank easing this past quarter. Economic growth is expected to rebound in the region later next year. Mexico has consistently seen GDP growth beyond expectations, currently forecast to deliver 3.5% growth this year and 3%+ growth again next year, significantly outpacing the sub -1% growth expected for Canada and the U.S. We expect consumer spending to moderate as this higher rate environment persists, leading to the very modest growth in our Canadian economic forecast. Our current balance sheet strength, structural interest rate positioning, and deliberate approach to loan growth reflect our cautious near-term outlook. We look forward to sharing detailed business line strategic plans with you at our upcoming Investor Day, so I will be brief today with a few updates on each business. In Canadian Banking, the performing ACL build materially impacted our profitability in Q4. However, I was encouraged by progress in certain key operating performance metrics. Deposits, up 10% year-over-year in Q4, outpaced loan growth in the Canadian bank for the fourth consecutive quarter, resulting in notable early progress on reducing our loan-to-deposit ratio, which moved from 138%- 125% over the course of the year. Solid net interest margin expansion of 21 basis points, benefiting from higher deposit growth, loans repriced at higher rates, and business mix changes driven by more balanced loan growth across products. In retail, growth in the Scene+ loyalty program continues to outpace expectations, surpassing 14 million members this quarter. The program continues to accelerate as a strong customer growth engine, responsible for over half our new-to-bank customers in the recent quarter. New day-to-day account acquisition is up 6% year-over-year, aligned to our commitment to grow everyday banking relationships. Tangerine delivered another year of strong earnings, a result of its strong deposit position, and continues to widen its lead as J.D. Power's number one ranked bank in its class for retail banking client satisfaction for the 12th year in a row. Global Wealth results this quarter reflect the impact of more challenged market performance in recent months and the resulting impact on investment industry fund flows, which have been negative throughout 2023. We continue to broaden what is already a very robust product offering, with the announcement last month of a new alternative asset partnership with Sun Life to bring a more complete offering of private credit, real estate, and infrastructure products to our high net worth clients. We have a differentiated wealth offering in Canada through our Total Wealth Advice model and a unique international opportunity that our team is delivering on. Our International Wealth Management business delivered double-digit earnings growth again this year. Our Global Banking and Markets business has delivered resilient results in a challenging year for capital markets businesses, while continuing to add product capabilities and sectoral advisory expertise. Loan growth has moderated considerably in recent quarters as our GBM team continues to take a more targeted approach to client selection, with a focus on industries and geographies where we can deliver higher returns and more multi-product value add to our clients. We continue to target deeper client relationships and leverage our footprint to grow our business. International Banking had a solid 2023. Results were negatively impacted by higher PCLs and moderating capital markets activity, offset somewhat by encouraging margin expansion and continued momentum in our deposit-strong Caribbean franchise. Deposit growth in Q4 continued, up 3% quarter-over-quarter and 9% year-over-year. This, combined with a more disciplined approach to loan growth, has seen our loan-to-deposit ratio improve from 140%- 129%. Despite inflationary pressures, International Banking held expense growth to a modest 3% on a constant dollar basis for the year, as a result of continuous efforts to rationalize our operations and further digitize the bank. International Banking continued to deliver positive operating leverage. Our 2023 financial results reflect a year of transition, economic transition in the markets in which we operate, and transition within the bank as we prepare for our next phase of growth. We are seeing early signs of progress across the bank on the strategic priorities previously outlined that will lead us to more consistent earnings growth over time. More specifically, client primacy, earning a greater share of the client wallet with a focus beyond the balance sheet. Disciplined capital allocation, managing resources with a view to value over volume, and operational excellence, a continuous focus on productivity, process simplification, and a relentless effort to build a culture that will give us competitive advantage, better, faster, and at a lower cost, all underpinned by a strong balance sheet, ample liquidity, and appropriate allowances for credit losses. I'm encouraged by the franchise strength across our businesses. We are recognized again this year by The Banker magazine with both the Bank of the Year in Canada award and the Global Award for Banking in the Community, recognizing our Scotia Rise program and the positive impact it is having in our communities. The bank is also a recognized leader for our commitment to fostering a more sustainable and inclusive future for our stakeholders. We are recognized by Global Finance with five awards for leadership in sustainable finance, including Global Leadership in Sustainability Transparency and Best Bank for Sustainable Finance in Canada. We continue to build on our position as an employer of choice. This year, we were recognized as one of the best workplaces in Canada by Great Place to Work, and we are once again included in the Bloomberg Gender Equality Index for a sixth consecutive year. Going forward, as we focus on execution of our strategy and a cohesive enterprise-wide mindset to meeting the needs of our clients, we've also made important senior leadership additions to the bank. I'm confident in this strengthened leadership team as we focus on the future and our plans to deliver sustainable, profitable growth for our shareholders. I would like to sincerely thank Glen Gowland for his contributions since joining the bank over 20 years ago. I am delighted that we will continue to benefit from his expertise as he transitions to the role of Vice Chair, reporting directly to me. As previously announced, Jacqui Allard will assume the role of Group Head, Global Wealth Management, on December 1st this year. I realize 2023 has been a difficult year financially, but the actions taken have been decisive, deliberate, and necessary. A strong balance sheet, a relentless focus on becoming more efficient, and appropriate allowances will set the bank up for success going forward. As I look to 2024, I am confident earnings will increase, driven by benefits from the productivity initiatives and a more stable rate environment. We look forward to sharing our new strategy at our Investor Day on December 13. With that, I will turn the call over to Raj for a detailed financial review of our results. Thank you, Scott, and good morning, everyone. This quarter's net income was impacted by adjusting items of CAD 289 million after tax, or CAD 0.24 of earnings per share, and about six basis points on the Common Equity Tier 1 ratio, all of which were recorded in the other segment. This consisted of a CAD 258 million restructuring charge relating to workforce reductions, a CAD 63 million charge related to the exit of certain real estate and service contracts, a CAD 159 million impairment charge to the bank's investment in Bank of Xi'an, a CAD 114 million impairment of certain software. These were partly offset by a $ 319 million gain from the sale of the bank's 20% equity interest in Canadian Tire Financial Services. The full year results were also impacted by the $ 579 million Canada Recovery Dividend recorded in Q1 2023. All my comments that follow will be after adjusting for these items and the usual acquisition-related costs on a year-over-year basis, unless specified otherwise. Starting on slide five on fiscal 2023 performance. The bank ended the year with adjusted diluted earnings per share of CAD 6.54, and a return on equity of 11.7%. Revenue was up 1% and expenses increased 9%, resulting in negative operating leverage of 8.3% for the year. Provision for credit losses were $ 3.4 billion in 2023, approximately $ 2 billion higher, of which over CAD 1 billion was performing allowance build. Phil will speak to this later. Canadian Banking earnings were $ 4 billion, down CAD 757 million or 16%, primarily due to higher provision for credit losses that increased by $ 1.2 billion, while revenues grew a strong 7%. International Banking earnings were $ 2.5 billion, down 4% on a constant dollar basis. Revenues were up $ 710 million, or a strong 7%, while provision for credit losses increased $ 638 million. Global wealth management earnings of $ 1.5 billion were down CAD 126 million, or 8%, as a result of the very challenging market environment. Canadian wealth was down 12%, impacted by lower fee income, while international wealth earnings grew 19%. Global Banking and Markets reported earnings of $ 1.8 billion, down CAD 143 million or 7%. Even in a slow capital markets environment, revenues grew 7%, but expenses were up 15% to support business growth initiatives. The provision for credit losses were higher by $ 167 million compared to the prior year. The other segment reported a net loss of $ 1.4 billion compared to a loss of CAD 229 million in 2022. The higher loss of approximately $ 1.2 billion was due to lower revenues, driven by higher funding costs and lower investment gains that were partly offset by higher income from liquid assets. The segment had some offsetting benefits from a lower provision for taxes and lower non-interest expenses. The bank's earnings in 2024 are expected to benefit from strong net interest income growth, while non-interest revenues are expected to grow modestly. Loan growth is expected to be modest. However, we expect the benefits of repricing to support net interest margin expansion. Expense growth is expected to moderate, largely in line with inflation, as strategic investments are mostly offset by efficiency savings. The bank expects to generate positive operating leverage in 2024. The bank's earnings are expected to improve marginally this year, despite higher PCLs and a higher tax rate, with first half profitability improving from the current quarter and the second half of the year being stronger than the first. Moving to slide six for a review of the fourth quarter results. The bank reported quarterly adjusted earnings of $ 1.7 billion and diluted earnings per share of CAD 1.26. The return on equity was 8.9%. Net interest income was $ 4.7 billion, up 1% year-over-year and 2% quarter-over-quarter from a six basis points margin expansion from higher lending margins and business mix changes, including deposit growth across all business lines. Deposit growth outpaced loan growth again this quarter, resulting in a loan-to-deposit ratio of 110%, compared to 116% in the prior year. Non-interest income was CAD 3.3 billion, down 3% year-over-year, mainly due to lower trading revenues and investment gains, offset by higher fee and commission and wealth management revenues. The provision for credit losses increased CAD 437 million, or 53% from the last quarter, driven by higher performing loan provisions, which were CAD 454 million this quarter. The PCL ratio was 65 basis points this quarter, of which 23 basis points were performing PCLs. Quarter-over-quarter expenses were up 4%, mainly from higher technology costs, performance-based compensation, and professional fees. Expenses increased 10% year-over-year, or 7%, excluding the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation, reflecting higher staffing-related costs, technology costs, and performance and share-based compensation. The productivity ratio is 59.5% this quarter, an increase of 340 basis points quarter over quarter. The effective tax rate was 14.7% this quarter, compared to 17.6% a year ago, driven by higher tax-exempt income and higher income from lower tax jurisdictions, partly offsetting an increase in the bank's treasury tax rate and lower inflationary adjustments. Moving to Slide seven, the bank reported a Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 13%, an increase of approximately 30 basis points this quarter. Net internal capital generation was 19 basis points. The sale of our 20% equity interest in Canadian Tire Financial Services contributed 16 basis points, and the dividend reinvestment plan contributed 11 basis points. This was partly offset by 10 basis points impact from the restructuring and one-time items, and the - 8 basis points from the fair value impact of available for sale securities. Risk-weighted assets were $ 440 billion, flat quarter-over-quarter, as the decline in book size was offset by the impact of foreign exchange. The estimated impact from the adoption of the Basel III reforms is approximately 75 basis points in Q1 2024. The 2.5% increase of the capital floor to 67.5% is approximately 45 basis points, and the implementation of the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book is approximately 30 basis points. In addition, the bank's liquidity coverage ratio improved to 136% and was significantly up from 119% last year. The net stable funding ratio also improved at 116% from 111% in the prior year. The capital and liquidity ratios are expected to remain strong in 2024, with our plan to manage our Common Equity Tier 1 ratio in the 12.5% range. Turning now to the Q4 business line results beginning on Slide eight. Canadian Banking reported earnings of $810 million, a decrease of 31% year-over-year, due to higher provision for credit losses and higher non-interest expenses. Year-over-year revenues grew 6%, while expense growth was 9%. Average loans and acceptances were in line with prior year and down 1% from the prior quarter, while the mix changed. We saw continued growth in our higher-yielding portfolios as business loans grew 11%, personal loans grew 3%, and credit cards increased 18%. This was offset by a decline of 4% in residential mortgage businesses. We continue to see deposit growth, primarily in term products, with average deposits up 2% quarter-over-quarter. Year-over-year deposits grew 10%, and the loan-to-deposit ratio improved to 125 basis points sorry, 125% from 138% last year. Net interest income increased 8% year-over-year as deposits grew a strong 10%. Quarter-over-quarter margin expanded by 12 basis points, benefiting from asset repricing and intentional changes in business mix. Non-interest income was in line with last year due to lower banking fees, mostly offset by higher insurance revenue. Expenses increased 9% year-over-year, primarily due to higher personal costs and inflationary adjustments. Quarter-over-quarter expenses were up 4%. The PCL ratio was 63 basis points, an increase of 36 basis points quarter-over-quarter from significantly higher performing loan provisions. Looking forward to 2024, deposit and loan growth is expected to moderate from 2023 levels. This, along with improving net interest margins, is expected to drive revenue growth. Solid revenue growth in retail, including Tangerine, is expected to continue, while business banking revenues are expected to moderate. The segment will grow expenses in line with revenue growth while balancing strategic growth investments. Turning now to Global Wealth Management on Slide nine. Earnings of CAD 333 million declined 10% year-over-year, as strong 8% growth within international wealth was offset by Canadian wealth results declining 12%, largely due to lower average assets under management. Revenues grew 3% year-over-year, due primarily to higher brokerage revenues in Canada and private banking revenues within our international business. Expenses were up 11% year-over-year, driven by higher volume-related expenses and technology costs. Spot assets under management increased 2% year-over-year to $ 317 billion, as market appreciation was mostly offset by net redemptions. Assets under administration increased 5% over the same period to $ 610 billion from higher net sales and market appreciation. Investment fund sales in Canada continued to be under pressure, with approximately $ 60 billion in net redemptions over the last year. Under this backdrop, Scotia Global Asset Management investment results continued to perform well against their benchmarks. International Wealth Management generated earnings of $ 52 million, driven by higher revenues from business volume growth. AUA and AUM grew 12% and 16% respectively year-over-year. Global Wealth Management expects to deliver revenue growth in 2024, driven by retail mutual fund volume growth, solid growth across our Canadian advisory businesses, and continued expansion across key international markets. Earnings are expected to grow in line with recovering market conditions and strong new business volume growth. Turning to Slide 10, Global Banking and Markets generated earnings of $ 414 million, down 14% year-over-year. Capital markets revenue was up 9% year-over-year as global equities grew 25%. However, business banking revenues declined 5% as loans were flat year-over-year. Net interest income was down 19% year-over-year as a result of higher trading-related funding costs and lower corporate lending margins. Non-interest income grew CAD 95 million, or 11% year-over-year, primarily due to higher fee and commission revenue, partly offset by lower trading-related revenue. Expenses were up a modest 3% quarter-over-quarter, mainly from higher technology costs and the negative impact of foreign exchange. On a year-over-year basis, expenses were up 12%, due mainly to higher personal costs and technology investments related to business growth. The provision for credit losses increased 13 basis points quarter-over-quarter to CAD 39 million, mostly on performing loans. The U.S. business generated strong earnings of $ 228 million. GBM Latin America, which is reported as part of the international banking segment, reported earnings of $ 251 million, down CAD 63 million from a record third quarter, with lower earnings in Chile, Peru and Mexico due to lower capital markets activities. In 2024, in capital markets, revenue growth will be led by FICC, while business banking is expected to grow fee-based revenues. Expense growth will be focused on key investments in priority segments and markets. Earnings in GBM LatAm are expected to moderate in 2024 to more normal levels from the elevated earnings in 2023 and the impact of reduced capital allocation. Moving to slide 11 for a review of international banking. My comments that follow are on an adjusted and constant dollar basis. The segment reported net income of $ 570 million, down 12%, or CAD 75 million quarter-over-quarter, primarily from lower earnings from GBM LatAm of $ 63 million. Revenue was up 3% year-over-year, driven by higher net interest margins. Year-over-year loan growth moderated to 2%. Mortgages were up 7%, while business banking decreased 1%. Deposits grew a strong 9% year-over-year and 3% quarter-over-quarter. The loan to deposit ratio improved by over 1,000 basis points year-over-year to 129%. Net interest margin expanded eight basis points quarter-over-quarter from asset margin expansion and business mix changes. The provision for credit losses was 119 basis points, or $ 512 million, up a modest one basis point quarter-over-quarter. Expenses were up 3% year-over-year due to inflationary pressure, partly offset by the benefits of cost reduction initiatives. Expenses were up 2% quarter-over-quarter, driven by technology expense. Operating leverage was positive for the year. Looking ahead to 2024, revenues in international banking are expected to benefit from loan growth and net interest margin expansion. Expenses are expected to grow at a lower rate than revenue, reflecting expense saving initiatives. Earnings are expected to be impacted by higher provision for credit losses and a higher tax rate. Turning to slide 12, the other segment reported an adjusted net loss attributable to equity holders of $ 487 million. That was higher by CAD 188 million compared to the prior quarter. Revenue was lower than last quarter by CAD 222 million. Higher interest from liquid assets was more than offset by increase in funding costs. Also contributing was further improvement in our liquidity levels, which comes at a net cost. Revenue was also impacted by minimal investment gains and lower income from associated corporations and unrealized gains on non-trading derivatives. This is partly offset by lower taxes and non-interest expenses. In 2024, the other segment loss is expected to remain elevated, as funding costs are expected to remain at these levels for most of the year, with significantly lower investment gains. We will see improvements in this segment as rates decline toward the second half of 2024. I will now turn the call over to Phil to discuss risk. Thank you, Raj. Good morning, everyone. We continue to strengthen our balance sheet by increasing our ACL ratio from 71 basis points to 85 basis points this year. With this, we have now increased our allowances for credit losses by CAD 1.1 billion in 2023, with CAD 780 million of this increase from performing allowances. Given the macroeconomic backdrop of higher unemployment levels, higher for longer interest rates, and upcoming renewals of fixed rate mortgages in Canada, we have focused on strengthening the balance sheet, including a further increase in performing allowances this quarter of $ 440 million, leveraging expert credit judgment for Canadian Banking and global banking and markets; higher quality originations with a focus on affluent in international, and higher credit quality in business banking; shifting business mix to a more secured across our footprint. Finally, a continued focus on building performing allowances in international, resulting in approximate $ 200 million increase over the past six quarters. This improved ACL coverage provides us with a solid foundation to manage through periods of slow growth and an uncertain macroeconomic environment. It is important to note that while delinquencies are still within historical norms, consumer health in Canada continues to weaken, and we expect households may continue to experience financial pressure through 2024, with the build in ACL addressing this. In business banking, we are not seeing increased defaults due to high quality of our portfolios. However, we are increasing our coverage ratio given the expectation of continued elevated interest rates and the potential impact on client performance. Moving to slide 15, the quarter-over-quarter PCL increase was primarily driven by the performing allowance build, which was 23 basis points. This compares to four basis points last quarter. The build was primarily in Canadian Banking. As a result of the increased ACL, our total PCLs in Q4 were CAD 1.26 billion, including CAD 454 million in performing PCLs. Total PCLs were up CAD 437 million quarter-over-quarter. This translates to a PCL ratio of 65 basis points. Impaired PCLs trended higher at 42 basis points compared to 38 basis points in Q3. Canadian Banking total PCLs were 63 basis points. Quarter-over-quarter, total PCLs increased by CAD 393 million, resulting in a total PCL of CAD 700 million. CAD 414 million or 37 basis points of the PCLs were related to performing allowance build, of which CAD 240 million was for Canadian retail and CAD 174 million was for business banking. Retail customers in Canada continued to spend less on discretionary goods and more on essential items year over year. Overall, spending has continued to slow as total debit and credit card spend fell 3% quarter over quarter and remained flat year over year despite inflation. Variable rate mortgage customers continued to spend less than their fixed rate counterparts, with total spend down 11% year over year, while spending for fixed rate customers is only down 5%. Additionally, delinquencies continue to trend up across all products in Canada. 90 day delinquency levels were three basis points quarter over quarter to 25 basis points, and were up 10 basis points year over year. Quarter over quarter, we saw a deterioration in HELOCs and auto, increasing nine and six basis points, respectively. In Canadian business banking, we are cognizant of uncertain macroeconomic conditions. Included in our ACL coverage is an additional build for our real estate portfolio, which includes impacts to collateral values. Our exposure to U.S. real estate is largely to investment-grade borrowers, and as disclosed in the investor presentation, our U.S. office exposure is immaterial. Global Banking and Markets provisions for credit losses were CAD 39 million or 11 basis points this quarter and included a performing allowance build of CAD 30 million. Total PCLs in international banking were CAD 512 million, or 119 basis points, up one basis point from the prior quarter. Total retail PCLs decreased CAD 17 million quarter-over-quarter to bring the PCL ratio to 211 basis points, driven by lower allowances in increases in Colombia and Chile. Performance in these markets have started to stabilize, with improving macroeconomic outlooks. Central banks have paused interest rate hikes in Colombia, and in Chile, they have started reducing rates. Mexico continues to perform within expectations, supported by resilient underlying economic fundamentals. Headwinds persist in Peru, with delinquencies remaining elevated and GDP contracted. Peru entered a recession and will likely be further impacted by the upcoming El Niño. Contingency plans and loss mitigation tools are ready and have been deployed where needed. Looking to fiscal 2024, we expect a challenging environment will persist for consumers and businesses. Canadian GDP growth is expected to remain muted, and inflationary pressures on households is expected to persist with the outlook for rate cuts uncertain. We expect PCLs in 2024 to be in the 45-55 basis point range, assuming no significant changes to our expected economic scenarios. With that, I'll pass the call back to John. Great. Thanks, Phil. Operator, could you open the lines for questions? Thank you. Please press star one at this time if you have a question. There will be a brief pause while participants register for questions. We thank you for your patience. Our first question is from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America. Please go ahead. Hey, good morning. So, I guess maybe, Raj, you went through a lot in terms of the outlook for next year. I just want to make sure we heard you right. It sounds like you're guiding for PTPP to be up, either year over year and from fourth quarter levels, given revenue growth should exceed expense growth, and revenue growth driven by NIM expansion. So if you don't mind, just quantify the level of margin expansion you expect at the all-bank level if we don't see any action from Bank of Canada from here on. And what's the expense growth that we should think about would be the right way, for 2024, either year over year or relative to fourth quarter expense run rate? Thank you. Thanks, Ebrahim, we'll start. Margin expansion should continue for the whole bank in 2024, Ebrahim. Couple of reasons. One is repricing of our loans has already commenced, as you saw this quarter. Frankly, you saw it in the last couple of quarters across our portfolios, and that should continue in 2024. We know our deposit margin contribution to 2023 will be muted in 2024 because there's been lots of deposit growth, and I said in my prepared remarks that deposit growth is expected to be, you know, lower than what we saw in in 2023. ... the net of it is, you should see pretty decent margin expansion from where we finished Q4, 2023, both in the business lines as well as across the bank, like you pointed out, with the Bank of Canada and the U.S. Fed expected to stop rate increases. Obviously, if they do increase, it'll be a headwind to this bank. So I think margins will be a good news story. That's where we expect net interest income to grow next quarter, in my prepared remarks, what I talked about. Expenses is, you know, Q4 tends to be seasonally higher. I think it's not unusual for us. Like Q1 next year will be higher because we have what we call eligible to retire costs that comes through our business lines, which gets, you know, recorded in Q1 across our employee base. But for the whole year, like I mentioned, we expect to generate positive operating leverage for the bank, i.e., revenue growth exceeding expense growth by some margin. We know that the Canadian bank has to invest, so there we think our revenue growth will be strong and offset the expense growth that is expected, yeah, as we look forward. International Bank will continue to generate positive operating leverage as it did this year. And the wealth and GBM businesses, you know, it depends a bit on the markets, but I think for the whole bank, we expect to generate positive operating leverage. Expense growth will be significantly lower than what you saw this year, you know, adjusted for FX. Like I said, it was about 7% for the whole year, and next year we're gonna benefit from the productivity initiatives that we took as well. You know, part of it is expected to come through in 2024, and the full year benefit should come through in 2025. So all that points to an expense growth I would call in the low end of the mid-single-digit range, is what we expect next year. That is helpful. Thank you. Just on a separate question, Raj, you laid out the 75 basis points impact to CET1 from the Basel FRTB CVA changes and the floor factor in 1Q. So as we get to 2025, remind us where you want to be on CET1 as we think about the DRIP. Are there any actions that you can take to materially optimize the balance sheet to reduce that drag, either on the market risk side or on floor factor? Thanks. Thank you, Prem. I think as far as capital ratio goes, we'd like to run around the 12.5% range for the rest of 2024. And the DRIP is a contributor to that, without any doubt. A lot of the actions that you referred to on muting loan growth, you've already seen it. You've seen our, you know, we've been targeted about where we want to deploy our capital, and we've been pulling back capital from certain parts of the business where it has not been providing the appropriate returns in a capital-constrained environment with higher cost of capital coming at us. So 12.5% is what we expect to run for 2024. Obviously, it also depends on what OSFI will do and some of the other regulatory changes that can come across starting December 8. We want to be prudent. We want to run at 2.5%, and we'll revisit all the actions that we need to take or not, as we see how the regulatory environment evolves through 2024. Beyond that, we'll talk about it at Investor Day to see what is the right capital levels that this bank should be running at. But for 2024, that's what you should expect from us. Got it. Thank you. Thanks. Thank you. The following question is from Gabriel Dechaine, from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. I just want to, you know, put a fine tune on the outlook commentary there and, you know, heard a few things from, you know, Scott and then the MD&A, of course. You're suggesting that earnings growth will be marginal in 2024. That's off of the full year adjusted base from 2023, I assume. And if we're, you know, looking at it from an earnings per share standpoint, you know, you've got marginal earnings growth, then you've got the DRIP, which might be, you know, ongoing for the full year. We're probably gonna see lower than marginal EPS growth. Is that, you know, a reasonable interpretation? No, I think, Gabe, I'll start, and, you know, Scott might have a comment or two on that. I think on an EPS basis, you should see growth, like marginal growth, right? From the CAD 6.54 that we reported this year. Right. The DRIP definitely increases the share count, as you point out, Gabe. Mm-hmm. That's inclusive on the comment that I made. If you just look at net income growth, it'll be greater than the EPS growth because, you know, the DRIP contribution, which- Yes. - tends to be between 8 and 9 million shares a quarter this year, and I suspect it will continue through in 2024, will be an offset. But offsetting that, we think we'll have marginal growth in the EPS. Okay, great. And then- Gabe, just let me make a couple comments on that. I mean, recognizing this has been a difficult year, it's, I think, the one-year anniversary, and we want to move quickly to address a lot of these issues around capital liquidity, costs through the restructuring charge, allowances, and we've done that. That gets you to CAD 6.54, and the guidance we're giving is conviction around growing earnings from here. Got it. That's important. That's an important message to take away. Okay, then, well, on the building allowances front, I mean, one way to look at it is you're, you know, being, quote, unquote, "conservative," and I think investors appreciate that. But the other way to look at it is that, from a performing ACL ratio standpoint, if I look at it, including mortgages or excluding mortgages, you're just at, your pre-COVID level, so it's a bit of a catch-up in that regard. As the outlook or if the outlook remains challenging, which undoubtedly will be, could we see additional, you know, you know, uptick to your performing ACL, like, beyond the, the run rate we had before Q4? Thanks, Gabe. It's Sal here. Great to, great to hear you, and thanks for the question. ... the, you know, we're, if I look forward to 2024, we've, we're guiding towards, and I, I said it in my prepared remarks, 45-55 basis points. Yeah. The portfolio that we have today, we like, and we've done a great job over the last few years, really building a strong portfolio. You know, there's still pockets where we need to focus on in the international bank, but we've really turned a lot of the portfolio that we had pre-pandemic is not the portfolio that we have now, especially with the strong focus on affluent growth in the international banking platform. You know, the change in mix shift from- Mm-hmm - unsecured to secured. And so that, that is giving a different profile. You know, we built these allowances because we were thoughtful about, you know, the macroeconomic outlook. We wanted to continue to strengthen the balance sheet, as both Scott and Raj said. And, you know, it's really a, a forward-looking perspective for us, but I'm not seeing a ton of weakness in our portfolios. We're gonna be mindful of the, the macroeconomic shifts throughout the years, the year, and if we, if we need to build further performing allowances, we will, but the portfolio is strong. Right. No, no, I'm not suggesting otherwise, just from a management standpoint, like where do you see the, you know, an increase in your ratio next year? Is it more from the impaired or more from the performing? It'd be more from the impaired, with the usual run rate of our performing allowances. Got it. Thank you. And, you know, happy holidays coming up. Thanks, Gabe. Thank you. Following question is from Mario Mendonca from TD Securities. Please go ahead. Good morning. This might be too simple, Raj, so maybe you could help me. The Fundamental Review of the Trading Book is going to be meaningful at 45 basis points. The next two years, is it appropriate to assume that the hit would also be about 45 basis points each year for the next two years as we get to the full 72.5 in 2026? Or is that too simple an approach to the equation? No, I think, the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book should not repeat, right? So it's a one-time hit, like you- I'm sorry, I was referring to the floors. Sorry, Raj, I meant the floors. My mistake. Got it. No, no problem. I think the floor, the mathematical calculation will tell you that, you know, in page 96, right, sub pack, we disclose what is our standardized risk-weighted assets. If it remained at those levels, yeah, 2.5% of that will be around the 45 basis points that you're referring to in 2025 and 2026, Mario. The flip side to it is, Mario, we'll continue to work on optimizing the portfolio. That's, that's what we've been doing through 2023, frankly, and we'll make some deliberate choices on how we allocate capital to the various portfolios to ensure we're getting paid for the additional capital that we have to put up. But at this time, that's probably the best estimate you have. Okay. This next question might be more for, for Jake, either Raj or, or for Jake. The fundamental review of the trading book, I mean, and it's in the title, it's fundamental. Is there anything in there that has you rethink Scotia's product suite throughout, throughout the company, LatAm or, or Canada? Does the fundamental review book, fundamental review of the trading book, have an effect on your, your appetite in that business? Yeah, I think you've heard it a couple of times, Mario. The new regulatory changes, whether it's FRTB or the floor, is making us be more thoughtful about how we allocate capital. And Scott may want to add in. Whether it's by business, by product, by customer, by segment, that disciplined capital allocation and very thoughtful, will be a plan moving forward. It doesn't lead to any exits of products at this stage, though. So we won't be changing the product suite materially. So Jake, you wouldn't then... The weakness in trading this quarter, you wouldn't tie that into the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book in any way, then? No, not at all. Okay, then my final question, if I could go to deposits for a moment. The loan deposit ratio has come down. It's meaningful. I, I've certainly noticed it, but I've also noticed, and, and you've described it clearly in your presentation, that it's coming primarily from term. Can you talk a little bit about your confidence that, that those term deposits that were gathered this quarter, maybe talk about where it's coming from. Is it digital? Is it otherwise? And your confidence that this is, this is gonna be sticky, this is gonna stay with you in the over the long term. Yeah, I'll start, Mario. It's Raj, on the, on the term deposits. You're absolutely right, right? It's customer preferences when you see this kind of rate increases over the short period of time. That's the right thing, what we would advise customers, frankly, and what customers want. But a little bit of data. As far as the retail bank in Canada goes, we've seen it both in the retail bank as well as in Tangerine. We've seen the shift to term. The deposits grew CAD 32 billion in the retail bank in Canada, and obviously a lot of it was term, right? About two-thirds of it came from term, as well as some movement between what we would call day-to-day accounts to term that happened through the year, which has significantly slowed down in Q4. You know, big, big increases in the beginning, little less right now. But the core deposit mix, what we call, you know, non-term, if you want to use such a phrase, is still, you know, meaningfully high. It's over 42% in the Canadian bank. Likewise, business banking, too, within the Canadian bank, there's a lot of shift to term as corporates and lowers see. You know, commercial accounts also want to benefit from the rate situation, and we have seen, you know, the term deposits in the commercial bank has become now about 26% of the book, which used to be about 15% prior to this. Tangerine, but like I referred to, again, core deposits is down to 65%. So Tangerine does have a lot of really good quality deposits, but it's down from 72% the previous year. So that tells you that there is same shift that we are seeing. Value customers, right, who are our Tangerine customers? We think that shift is likely slowed down quite significantly, perhaps even may have stopped now as we look forward into 2024. But a lot of the term that we've been taking, Mario, has been at the shorter end. You know, it's between the two and three year points as we sell more GICs and so on in that space, rather than perhaps in the five year term. Pretty much to match what we're doing specifically on the fixed-rate mortgage book, which happens to be between two and three years fixed rates. So we're trying to balance it out as best as we can, but we believe that the shift to term is likely slowed down, perhaps will stop in 2024. I guess the only thing I'd add, Mario, is what you don't see is the internal work to focus on client profitability and both sides of the balance sheet. And that kind of focus around incentives, how we're allocating our time, how we're allocating resources, how we're enabling the teams, is significant. And so this shift to deposits is not a one-year thing. It's a 10-year journey, and you're starting to see the impact of that. I said in my opening comments, new day-to-day account acquisition up 6% year-over-year, seeing some massive engine for that. You're seeing the mortgage product, you know, mortgage profitability up in the quarter significantly as we actually bundle away from just a monoline mortgage opportunity. Real focus on auto in terms of cross-selling. So this last year has been foundation building in terms of getting that client for profitability focus across the organization, and that's going to pay dividends long term for us. Thank you again. Thanks, Mario. Thank you. Following question is from Paul Holden from CIBC. Please go ahead. Thank you. Good morning. I actually want to continue with that discussion point on deposit growth, because I hear the message that it remains important for the bank and totally understand why, and it should. But at the same time, you provided 2024 guidance that deposit growth will slow relative to 2023. And so I guess I just want to understand that message on slowing growth. Is it just because in 2023 you had outsized growth and just simply won't repeat at the same pace? Or is it related to pricing dynamics, maybe in the deposit market? Just help us maybe understand that 2024 guidance again, relative to the long-term importance of growing deposits. Completely. I'll start, Paul. I tried. I think the deposit growth, what we—you should expect from us, is to grow in line with loans, which is why we talk a lot about loan to deposit growth in this bank, both in the Canadian bank and in international banking. So that will continue. The reason I quoted the deposit growth to be muted is we're coming off a year where we grew deposits 10%. Okay, that's a lot. I talked about the CAD 32 billion in the retail bank and so on in Canada. We know that savings levels have started coming down in Canada. You know, inflation is a factor, so it's also about availability of cash with our consumers and so on. And if we expect to grow in the low single-digit range, which is what I think it'll be in Canada, specifically next year from the pro-profit plan, you know, numbers that we have, we think that's still a strong growth, considering that the loan growth is expected to be muted. So it's all about balancing both sides of the consumer balance sheet, and likewise, we're doing with commercial customers. It's about managing capital on the other side and likewise managing our liquidity ratios to ensure that we have stable deposits, funding our loan growth as we look forward. So it's--I wouldn't read it as significantly lower than 2023. I would talk about it as 2023 was a lot of growth, very targeted and deliberate, and we want to manage it appropriately in line with our loan growth. That's what you should see going forward. Understand. Okay. So this isn't, this isn't due to competitive pricing dynamics? No, I think we've been very, very thoughtful on pricing, Paul. I referred to the earlier call, earlier person's question clearly about managing both term as well as how we price both sides of the balance sheet, and that discipline that we expect to maintain. Okay, got it. Second question then is going back to the performing ACLs. So just want to understand a little bit better the mechanics in terms of what drove the increase. Is it, you know, changes in model inputs? Is it some additional management overlay? Is it a bit of both? Maybe you can kind of just walk us through the specifics in terms of why the ACLs went up this quarter. Yeah, there's, there's probably three things to look at there, Paul. Number one, you know, changes to models and from a higher for longer perspective, some changes as it relates to more pessimistic scenarios, but there was a significant amount of expert credit judgment that we leveraged in the quarter. Just given, you know, our thoughtfulness around where the economy is headed, the uncertainty around interest rates, and then, you know, looking forward in terms of how fixed rate mortgage customers are going to start to reprice in the Canadian, the Canadian environment over the next, the next year or two years. Okay. I'll leave it there. Thanks for your time. Okay. Thanks, Paul. Thank you. Our following question is from Doug Young, from Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. Maybe, Phil, just sticking with you, and I get your explanation around the Canadian performing allowance build. You know, I guess the question is, like, maybe you can talk a bit about why we shouldn't expect something similar on the international book. Is there, you know, various items that give you more confidence that you've already taken, the build, appropriate builds on the international banking book? Or maybe you can kind of just delve into why we shouldn't be expecting something similar there. Yes, thanks, Doug. Great question. We have been building ACL and performing ACL, particularly in international, over the last six quarters. It's around $200 million dollars. We have been thoughtful. We started building in Peru, for example, performing ACL about three quarters ago as we look forward to El Niño. If I look at the different markets, you know, too, we're starting to see some green shoots in Chile, 225 basis point reduction in interest rates over the last few quarters, and strong performance there. Chile remains a bit of a conversation point for us, but we're well provisioned there. Very happy with how things are going in Mexico. I'm very bullish about that market from a risk perspective. And so overall. And And I would also add, I think the shift in strategy that Francisco has brought, focusing on primary acquisition of primary customers, gives me a lot of great confidence from a risk perspective that we're moving the right way, as we look at building that franchise. Okay. And then just thinking about the... Looking at your stats on your macro assumptions for the Canadian book on slide 31, and I'm just really going to simplify this, and you can tell me if, if I'm way off base or it's a fair assumption. But in your current ACL for Canada, for the performing loan side, can we just assume that on the unemployment rate is about 7%-8%? Is that essentially, you know, within the, the probability weighting for the different scenarios? And, and then can you talk a bit about, I think, unemployment's one of the bigger drivers, you know, of this. Is it, is it 40% of the variables that caused the change here, or is it 50%+? I'm not sure if there's a way you can kind of quantify that. Yeah, I mean, unemployment rate has a significant impact on our models. But I would also look at the interest rate impact and that the result is higher for longer, particularly on some of the retail models. But again, I mean, if you step back and look at the overall build, it, like a good chunk of it or majority of it, frankly, was in the ECJ section. So a lot of this is our management decision to, you know, to create our thoughtfulness rather, on the macro and how we're moving forward in 2024. Can you quantify the Expert Credit Judgment, or is that something that you'd be willing to give? It's about... If I were to look, it's about 50/50 model and ECJ. And the ECJ will be more weighted towards the business banking side. And then, just a clarification. So my assumption that the unemployment rate built in here is that, you know, if I look at it and eyeball it, 7%-8%, is that reasonable? Yes, it is. Yep. Yes, it is. Okay. Thank you very much. Thank you. Following question is from Darko Mihelic, from RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Hi. Thank you. Good morning. I have some credit quality questions, but before I go there, I just want to clarify one thing. You mentioned in your remarks that you're planning to operate around 12.5% Common Equity Tier 1 range for 2024. What is your assumption there, with respect to the regulatory environment, whether or not, there's any pressure for higher capital? Darko, it's Raj. I think, we know the domestic stability buffer can be raised up to a maximum of 50 basis points. That's what's left in the framework. So that takes the minimum to 12% from a regulatory perspective, and that's why the 12.5%. I obviously have no insight into what will happen on December 8th or beyond in 2024, but it's a prudent way to manage it. More importantly for us, right, you'll hear more about it at the Investor Day, how we want to thoughtfully reallocate capital, which means we have to start the efforts well in advance of that, so that the strategy can be implemented in the timelines that we want to do it. Just to be clear, Raj, then what you're suggesting is, even if the DSB were raised, 50 basis points is considered to be an adequate buffer, even with the uncertainty in the environment? Yeah, from our perspective, we think it's reasonable. Obviously, if we see signs that we need to run a higher capital ratio, we will, Darko, but at this time, we think that's appropriate. Okay, thank you. Just a couple of quick questions for Phil on the credit. When we look at the increase in delinquencies in mortgages, could you maybe give us an idea, is this predominantly coming from the ARM portfolio? And when we think about, you know, characteristics, are there any defining characteristics or trends that you could point out? I mean, I suppose it could be random, but my suspicion is there are some things that or there are some characteristics, and I wonder if you could just share those with us. And as I think about the fixed rate mortgage portfolio renewing in 2024, what we can sort of think about extrapolating from what we're seeing in the ARM portfolio into the fixed rate. I mean, any help on that would be very helpful. Thank you. Sure. And you know, you're spot on, Darko, because this is how we've been looking at things too, so happy to share. I mean, we have been seeing 91+ on the variable rate mortgage portfolio increasing year over year, and we've been monitoring that portfolio very closely. Maybe just a few little tidbits of information there. We still, you know, despite the fact that we've seen customer consumer deposits being decreasing or savings buffers decreasing, there's still a 2x payment buffer on the VRM portfolio today. As I said in my prepared remarks, we're also seeing for those customers with VRM their total spend is actually also down 11% year-over-year. So what we're seeing is those customers are feeling the pinch now, and they're making trade-offs. So, if I look at fixed, that payment buffer that I said was two for VRM is actually at 3.5 for fixed. And so the fixed-rate customer is holding on to a little bit more of a payment buffer. But we're very conscious of the fact that in 2024, we have about 10% of our fixed-rate portfolio is repricing, and that moves into 20% in 2025 and another 20% in 2026. So we're watching the consumer trends and the consumer behaviors in the VRM and being able to extrapolate some expectations of what may happen on the fixed rate book. Now, we are optimistic that we'll see interest rates start to decrease at the latter half of 2024, so that's built into some of our thinking as well. And then maybe lastly, I can't remember who asked me about tail risk at one of our previous discussions, but maybe just to give an update on where the tail risk is in the mortgage portfolio. You know, we have about, of the less than one million customers we have with mortgages in Canada, the tail risk is about 2,500 today, and that's up from about that's up about 200 customers quarter-over-quarter and about 1,000 customers year-over-year. Just to give you a sense of sort of people are, people are managing through, but they're making trade-offs and some choice and difficult choices, obviously. Thank you for that. And just to confirm, the way I should think about your variable rate portfolio customer, is that they have a higher FICO score, and generally underwritten a bit tighter than your fixed-rate portfolio. Is that still true? Yeah. I mean, we definitely at origination see higher FICO scores, but we also find the VRM customer tends to be a sophisticated customer because they've been playing the rate game within the market, so they're perhaps a little bit more savvy. Okay. And is there any other characteristic you can share, for example, postal code or something like that, higher delinquencies? Something... Is there anything else you could provide on any other defining characteristic here? No, it's interesting. I asked the question of my team last week, what are we seeing from a regional perspective? And there's no regional trends across the country on this. Okay, great. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Sohrab Movahedi from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Okay, thanks for going over time here. Just two quickies, hopefully. Phil, a couple of times when you talked about expert credit judgment, I think you mentioned business banking. Is there a specific pocket within business banking or industry group or particular area that's concerning you? No, I mean, our portfolio. We have a good portfolio. We've been conservative in our underwriting, and criticized for such at some points in time. But, you know, we are thoughtful about real estate, as I think everybody is in the market, and we have built specifically for real estate. As I mentioned in my prepared remarks, you know, we don't have any significant exposure in U.S. office. But we're thoughtful about, you know, the markets here in Canada, and we've been building appropriately on the performing side for that. But that would be specific to the Canadian business banking portfolio? Maybe- Judgment that was exercised? Correct. Okay. And, and Raj, I know, I know we've talked over the year, or past couple of years, I suppose, about the importance of, you know, moderation in, in the overall rate environment, just given the way you are positioned from an asset liability management perspective. Can you remind us if we were just going to take a shortcut and take a look at either the, you know, 10-year Canadas or the 10-year US, like around what sort of levels are you, you know, would you hit the inflection point where this drag turns into a, a positive? Like, I know it, it becomes less of a drag, I, I suppose, with, with declining rates. But what are we, what are we, what do we have our eye on? Do we want to get back down to a 10-year of 3.5? Is that nirvana? That'll be nice, Sohrab, as you know. I think, so we took some actions in Q2, right, in 2023, to position the bank to be appropriately, you know, depending on the rate situation, being higher for longer. And I think that's actually paid off in spades because we have done the right thing. It has reduced the level of drag we could have had otherwise, based on the positioning that the bank had prior to that. So today, we are positioned neutral to the rate curve in one respect, but the expectation is if the forward rates played out, maybe that's an easier way to think about it. So Sohrab, at this time, we're going to see some reasonably meaningful benefits to the net interest income line through 2024 and beyond. That's the best view we have at this time. But the 3.5% that you quote is when interest rates completely stabilize. And you know, how long that'll take is anybody's guess. I think the market's pricing is somewhere around 2025, from what I know, but these things do tend to change quite a bit. But at this time, I think we are, in my mind and in our minds, you know, positioned the best we can be based on the structure of our balance sheet and how we see the forward rates play out, which is being neutral to it at this time. Higher for longer, through good part of 2024, is likely going to be the outcome. And after that, as you point out, when rate cuts come, we are going to benefit. I appreciate that, colleague. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Mike Rizvanovic from KBW Research. Please go ahead. Hey, good morning. I wanted to go back to Phil, and I'm just looking for very high-level guidance here on one specific number. In looking at your mortgage book, I think you're sitting at a 49 loan-to-value. I'm just trying to better understand how much of that gets eroded by the process of taking over a home and selling it. Between commissions, legal, admin, any other costs related to that process, what's a good proxy that we should use based on a percentage of the home price? Like, is 10% a reasonable number? I get asked this question quite a bit by, by clients. I just want to get your insights on that. I can start by saying our recovery rates are quite strong in that portfolio, and that's why you don't see higher gross impaired loans coming off the secured portfolio. In terms of holding me to a certain number, I can't give you that number. Okay. Does 10% sound unreasonable? I mean, the commission alone would probably be close to half of that. It doesn't sound, it doesn't sound, unreasonable. Okay, fair enough. And then just in light of the Finance Minister's recent public comments about the renewal cycle, I, I wanted to also ask about the hardship rule, and should we now maybe assume that it will be applied more loosely when people do need it? Is it going to- I, I hear it's, it's kind of divisive. I hear people say that it's very difficult to get the hardship rule applied to your situation, and others say that it's, it's probably not so hard. Do you have any thoughts on that and, and how that might change in light of the Finance Minister's comments? No, I don't have any thoughts on that. I'm not going to comment on that right now. Okay. Then maybe just a quick one for, maybe for Raj. Just on the dividend payout ratio, you're a little bit north of 60%. I'm wondering, has anything changed for you? Are you comfortable holding to that level that's, you know, comfortably above your targeted 40%-50% range? If you're going to be in that high 60s range for an extended period of time, potentially, is that, does that raise any issues for you at all? No, Mike, it's Raj. I think, we do expect to be outside of the range, like you've seen in 2023 and 2024 as well, and we're quite comfortable with that. The payout ratio, we want to get back to 40%-50%, but we know it'll take a couple of years because we're going to go through the strategic refresh and how we want to thoughtfully reallocate capital. And to us, that's fine, because the 40%-50% range, to keep it there and hopefully achieve it in the next two to three years, gives us confidence that, you know, the earnings power is going to come back for this company, and therefore, the ratio will fall within the range. It's also our confidence that we're investing wisely and will continue to invest wisely looking forward to continue to, you know, reduce that payout ratio to achieve, like I said, the 40%-50%. So for one, we won't change it. We want to achieve that. It'll take us a couple of years, and we're quite comfortable operating outside the range until we get there. Okay. Thank you for the color. Thank you. Our following question is from Nigel D'Souza from Veritas Investment Research. Please go ahead. Good morning. Thank you for taking my question. I wanted to touch on the residential mortgage book and on the decline in the balances we've seen in that portfolio in Canada. Could you comment on how much of that was driven by an increase in discharges, perhaps from individuals who on the adjustable side, are experiencing payment increases and electing to sell the property instead of going delinquent, versus lower origination over the last, let's say, year and a half due to rising rates? Any color there would be helpful. Sure, Nigel, it's Raj. I'll talk to that. It is not about discharges and, you know, realizing on security and so on. Like Phil pointed out, the portfolio has been actually performing quite well. People are paying down, so it's not about delinquencies. It's more about our deliberate actions in response to slowing mortgage growth. I think that's, that's across the industry over here, so we're not unique. But we are taking deliberate action to improve the profitability as we ration out capital, as, you know, across the bank, not necessarily to the mortgage portfolio. So the 4% decline in the mortgage balances is not something that we are concerned about at this time. It's the approach that we want to take to ensure that we are thoughtfully allocating capital for the highest return that we can achieve from our, you know, for our investors from the loan book that we put out there. And it's about growing both sides of the balance sheet. We want to be sure that, you know, we have a multi-product relationship. It starts with the mortgage, which is a very important product for us. But the actions that we have taken, I think Scott referred to it, that we have net interest margin expansion in the mortgage book. Some of it driven by the actions we have taken, some of it driven by repricing, but it's not about quality of the book or any, any sort of delinquency that drove the decline, Nigel. That's helpful. Just following up on the provisions on the mortgage book, I think there was a comment on taking into account collateral values. Just trying to understand why collateral values would be at play given your healthy LTV ratios. It's only, from my understanding, the 2021, 2022 vintages that would be at risk of having a loan-to-value closer to 100%. So is that what you're expecting in terms of what you're modeling in? Why would those individuals be susceptible to default if they're not adjustable, given that the renewal is still a couple of years off? Sure. Yeah, just to, just to be clear, Nigel, the comment I made in my prepared remarks was related to business banking and our real estate, our commercial real estate portfolio, not the, not the mortgage portfolio. Okay, that's very helpful. Last, last question, just the 2024 outlook on EPS growth. Does that assume PCL is at the midpoint of your guidance, so 50 basis points for 2024? ... Yeah, that's about the assumption. I think Phil talked about 45-55. I think 50 basis points is a reasonable assumption to the EPS growth numbers I spoke about, Nigel. Yeah, that's it for me. Thanks. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Lemar Persaud from Cormark Securities. Please go ahead. Thanks. Maybe for Raj or Scott, I think you guys mentioned a more modest first half of 2024 and acceleration in the second half. Can you talk about what assumptions goes into that outlook? Like, is the recovery in, in the second half hinge solely on lower interest rates? And, you know, what happens if rates remain elevated? Thanks, Lemar. It's Raj. I think there's, there's two factors. I'll speak about the first half and how it relates to Q4. We want to be clear that Q4 really is like a CAD 1.50 quarter, right? If you, if you take out the ACL build. So building off that, we think you should see growth in Q1, Q2. One of the items is, you know, the other segment is expected to be slightly better than the $ 487 million that you saw this quarter, because there's a couple of one-off items relating to certain investments we had and lack of securities gains. So that should help with the first half. The second half is not hinging too much on interest rate declines. I think we have whatever the market has, you know, three rate cuts towards the latter end of 2024, which doesn't have a meaningful impact to the results. What it does have is two things. One is we're going to have a lot of the expense savings. We talked about the productivity initiatives, which kind of kicks in in the second half of the year to be meaningful because a lot of the exits are still going to be effective, you know, in the first half of the year. So that's a benefit. And the second thing is asset repricing. What you've already seen in the mortgage book in the Canadian bank, as well as in international banking, for that matter, that should continue to happen. Rate cuts are expected to be accelerated in the international banking space. You've already seen that margin expand this quarter. So those benefits will come in, in the latter part of the year, and that's why we feel like the second half will be better than the first half. Gotcha. That makes sense. And then maybe turning over to Phil, can you talk about what the biggest risks are for PCLs coming in above that 45-55 range? Like, based on where you sit today, would you suggest it's simply unemployment because that's obviously the most important input, but maybe you feel good about that assumption, and maybe it's the uncertainty in the path of interest rates. So maybe talk about the inputs that give you the most forecast uncertainty and keep you up at night. And then secondly, what geographies are you most concerned with? I suspect you're going to point to the international portfolio, but maybe it's domestic. Thanks. Thanks, thanks, Lemar. You know, obviously, whenever you look at Canada, and whenever you look at uncertainty, you have to look at unemployment. So you said you got it in one. I mean, we're very-- we're laser-focused on watching unemployment. We're also looking at the effects of higher rates. We're looking at the... You know, as I said in my earlier comments to Darko's question, you know, the variable rate mortgage portfolios and the fixed rate mortgage portfolios are performing very well right now. So I'm very thoughtful about trade-offs. So our customers making, you know, trading off, paying another product to pay their mortgage. So we're very focused on looking at payment flows off us outside the bank, and to see if customers are paying another product somewhere else, and vice versa. So, you know, looking at the data, looking at payment flows, looking at how customers are weathering the higher for longer, and obviously very, very focused on interest rates. In terms of geography, I think IB's stabilize from where it was last year. As I said, I'm bullish about Mexico. I think there's great opportunity there. Right now, we're very, very focused on what's going on in the Canadian market. Gotcha. And then is there any way that we can think about the top end for the ACL ratio? Like, I think you guys touched 125 basis points at the peak of the pandemic. There are 85 currently. Maybe it's just an unreasonably high watermark, just given that, you know, that was a health crisis. That's clearly not what we're going into now. Like, is there any way we can kind of size up, you know, what that ratio could look like over time? Yeah, listen, I think we're comfortable with where we are right now. And as we look at expanding our, you know, our business, as we look at our risk appetite, as we look at how our business develops, you know, we'll take the appropriate performing ACLs in line with business growth moving forward. And but I feel where we are right now is good. Yeah. Thanks for the time, guys. Thanks, Lamar. Thank you. We have no further questions on the line. Back to you. Thank you. On behalf of the entire management team, I want to thank everyone for participating in our call today. We look forward to speaking again at our December thirteenth Investor Day. This concludes our fourth quarter results call. Have a great day. Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time, and we thank you for your participation.