Good morning. My name is Sylvie, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to CWB's fourth quarter and fiscal 2023 financial results conference call and webcast. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question during this time, simply press Star, then number one on your telephone keypad. If you would like to withdraw from the question queue, please press Star then number two. Thank you. I will now turn the call over to Chris Williams, Assistant Vice President, Investor Relations. Please go ahead, Chris. Morning, and welcome to our fourth quarter and fiscal 2023 financial results conference call. We'll begin this morning's presentation with opening remarks from Chris Fowler, President and Chief Executive Officer, followed by Matt Rudd, Chief Financial Officer, and Carolina Parra, Chief Risk Officer. Also present today are Stephen Murphy, Group Head, Commercial, Personal, and Wealth, and Jeff Wright, Group Head, Client Solutions and Specialty Businesses. After our prepared remarks, they will all be available to take your questions. As noted on slide two, statements may be made on this call that are forward-looking in nature, which involve assumptions that have inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from these statements. I would also remind listeners that the bank uses non-GAAP financial measures to arrive at adjusted results. Management measures performance on a reported and adjusted basis and considers both to be useful in assessing underlying business performance. I will now turn the call over to Chris Fowler, who will begin his discussion on slide four. Thank you, Chris, and good morning, everyone. In the challenging economic backdrop of 2023, we delivered financial performance that confirmed the strength and resilience of our strategy as the best full-service bank for business owners in Canada. Our clients continue to choose CWB for a differentiated level of service through specialized expertise, customized solutions, and faster response times. Our people take the time to understand our clients and their businesses and work as a united team to provide holistic solutions and advice. The unrivaled experiences that our teams provide for Canadian business owners is what separates us from the competition, and I'm thankful for our team members' continued efforts during a challenging environment. I'm proud that CWB placed in the top 25 of this year's best workplaces in Canada for the 2nd year in a row, and we were recognized as Waterstone Human Capital as having one of Canada's most admired corporate cultures for the 4th time. This recognition reflects our team's dedication to go above and beyond for our clients in challenging environments by rapidly adapting to changing conditions. During the quarter, we executed changes to reorganize our operations to drive priority activities that take full advantage of our investments in modernized technology, digital capabilities, and further leverage our enhanced credit decisioning tools and policies. Through these changes, we realized efficiencies in our banking center footprint, operational support functions, and administrative processes, which has resulted in a reduction in the size of our team by approximately 150 people. We intend to reinvest most of these savings to support our differentiated client experience, the launch and growth of our new commercial digital cash management platform and enhanced payments capabilities, and increase our client-facing presence in Ontario, all while delivering strong, positive operating leverage. With these changes, I'm confident in our ability to deliver strong financial performance in a potentially volatile environment, while our teams continue to deliver an unrivaled experience to business owners and their families. As noted on slide five, while the external environment dampened financial results through the first half of the year, we successfully adapted by targeting lending opportunities to optimize returns within a prudent risk appetite and continuing to enhance our client offering while prudently managing our discretionary expenses. With continued low levels of credit losses supported by our secured lending model, prudent underwriting practices, and proactive loan management, our financial performance improved as the year progressed. We exited the year with strong earnings momentum, increased capital ratios, and a resilient balance sheet. We're well-positioned to create value for our investors in the year ahead as we continue to win relationships with business owners and their families. Turning to slide six. Our targeted approach to lending opportunities provided strong growth in our strategically targeted, targeted portfolios and geographic locations. As we've noted before, general commercial lending represents a broad section of the Canadian economy that we believe is underserved by other banks. We had strong success across the country by targeting our loan growth in this strategically important segment. We delivered 10% general commercial loan growth in the last year, which produced strong risk-adjusted returns and supported an increase in net interest margin as the year progressed. We continue to enhance our offering through an expanded partnership with Brim Financial to offer new business credit cards, and we're preparing to launch a commercial digital cash management and payments platform for our commercial clients in the near future. These enhanced capabilities support our ongoing efforts to convert our clients from single product to broader full service relationships and capitalize on the opportunity to increase our market share in the mid-market commercial segment. Our focus on risk-adjusted returns in the current environment limited origination volumes across our commercial real estate portfolios. We saw fewer new commercial mortgage opportunities this year that met our criteria, and new origination volumes were more than offset by scheduled repayments.... In our real estate project loans portfolio, we experienced a lower than usual volume of new project starts from top-tier borrowers, which were more than offset by payouts associated with the timing of successful project completions. Our disciplined risk appetite and our conservative approach over many years has developed loan portfolios with strong credit profiles. On a sequential basis, our total loans remained relatively consistent with last quarter and included 1% growth in general commercial loans, offset by a reduction in our real estate project loans and commercial mortgage portfolios. Consistent with the continued execution of our geographic diversification strategy, Ontario loans grew 10% annually, driven by very strong 17% growth in the general commercial portfolio, supported by our Markham and Mississauga banking centers. In January, we'll cut the ribbon to open our new banking center in Toronto's financial district, and we plan to open our Kitchener location later in the year to continue to build brand awareness in Ontario and capitalize on a significant growth opportunity in the province. I'll now turn the call over to Matt, who will provide greater detail on our fourth quarter financial performance. Thanks, Chris. Morning, everyone. I'm starting on slide 9. Compared to the prior year, branch raised deposits decreased 1%, as a 9% increase in fixed-term deposits was more than offset by a 5% decline in demand and notice deposits. In addition to the continued shift from notice and demand to fixed-term deposits that we saw through the year, branch raised demand and notice deposits also declined due to our intentional exit of select higher cost, non-full service client relationships earlier this year. Branch raised deposits declined 1% during the quarter, as an increase in term deposits was more than offset by lower demand and notice deposits. Overall, branch raised deposits represent 56% of our total funding. Over the last 5 years, we've grown our branch raised deposits by about 11% on average. That's outpaced loan growth of about 7% on average over the same period. Growth in branch raised deposits this year was muted in a disrupted and volatile environment. For next year, we expect gradual momentum in branch raised deposit growth as the year progresses, following the full launch of our digital commercial cash management and payments platform. Our sequential earnings performance is shown on Slide 10. Common shareholders' net income decreased 7% and diluted EPS decreased CAD 0.06. That's primarily due to the non-interest expenses we incurred related to a reorganization of our operations in the current quarter that had a CAD 0.13 negative impact to diluted EPS. These costs have been removed from our adjusted performance metrics. Our focused performance delivered strong financial results this quarter. Pre-tax, pre-provision income increased 4%, and adjusted EPS increased CAD 0.06. Higher net interest income increased EPS by CAD 0.03. That was driven by a three basis point improvement in net interest margin, and an increase in non-interest income benefited EPS by a further three cents. Higher adjusted non-interest expenses reduced EPS by two cents. Our provision for credit losses declined this quarter, and that contributed four cents to EPS, and a higher effective tax rate reduced EPS by one cent. Performance compared to the same quarter last year is shown on Slide 11. Common shareholders' net income increased 14% and diluted EPS increased eight cents, primarily due to higher revenues and a lower provision for credit losses. Compared to the same quarter last year, pre-tax, pre-provision income increased 8% and adjusted EPS increased six cents. Higher net interest income increased EPS by 13 cents, primarily due to 4% loan growth and a seven basis point improvement in net interest margin. Lower non-interest income reduced EPS by $0.03. A lower provision for credit losses contributed $0.02 to EPS. A higher effective tax rate reduced EPS by $0.01, and the incremental shares issued under our ATM program earlier this year had an isolated impact of reducing EPS by $0.03. As shown on Slide 12, total revenue increased 3% on a sequential basis. Net interest income increased 2%, driven by a three basis point improvement in net interest margin. The 13% increase in non-interest income was primarily due to higher foreign exchange revenue that reflected a strengthening US dollar in the quarter, and was partially offset by lower wealth management fees due to market value declines that reduced average assets under management. Slide 13 breaks down our NIM performance in the quarter. NIM benefited six basis points from the repricing of fixed-rate assets at higher market interest rates, which more than offset the increase in deposit costs this quarter. Lower impaired loan interest recoveries reduced NIM by two basis points. The remaining items impacting NIM, which primarily related to lower loan-related fees, reduced NIM by one basis point. Average liquidity levels were relatively consistent with the prior quarter and did not contribute to the sequential increase in NIM. We anticipate a relatively stable policy interest rate fiscal 2024, with the potential for policy interest rate reductions in the latter part of the year. That's on the assumption that core inflation continues to decline to reach Bank of Canada's target level. Based on the assumption of a more stable interest rate environment, our net interest margin is expected to gradually increase over the next year from our fourth quarter NIM of 2.4%. We expect that to reflect the continued growth in asset yields that we expect to outpace the growth in funding costs, and we'll continue to target loan growth that optimizes our risk-adjusted returns. On Slide 14, we've provided a more detailed view of our adjusted expenses. Our adjusted expenses exclude the costs incurred for the reorganization initiatives this quarter, which were recognized primarily in salaries and benefits, and the costs related to the accelerated amortization of AIRB assets recognized in the fourth quarter last year, which were recognized in premises and equipment costs. Adjusted non-interest expenses increased 2% sequentially and supported positive operating leverage of 3.3% this quarter. Adjusted non-interest expenses compared to the prior quarter reflected higher capital taxes and the impact of customary seasonal increases in certain expenses, partially offset by lower spending on strategic projects and our actions undertaken during the year to manage our staffing levels through natural attrition and limit our discretionary expenditures. We also benefited from a scientific research and experimental development, or SR&ED, investment tax credit realized in the quarter. Compared to the same quarter last year, we held the increase in adjusted NIEs to just 1%. Most of the planned reorganization activities that Chris referenced in his opening remarks have occurred to date. Further reorganization activity is expected to be limited within fiscal 2024, and costs incurred through these activities will continue to be excluded from adjusted financial results. Reorganization activities undertaken provide us with optionality and agility in how we manage our operating expenses next year, so we can invest in our organizational priorities, support our differentiated client experience, and drive positive operating leverage. Our capital ratios and the drivers of our CET1 increase are shown on slide 15. Our CET1 ratio increased 30 basis points to 9.7% this quarter, primarily reflecting retained earnings growth and a reduction in risk-weighted assets. No common shares were issued under the ATM program this quarter. With continued confidence in our earnings power, our board declared a common share dividend yesterday of CAD 0.34 per share, which is up CAD 0.01 from the dividend declared last quarter and CAD 0.02 from the dividend declared last year. I'll now turn the call over to Carolina, who will speak further on our credit performance. Thank you, Matt, and good morning, everyone. Beginning on slide 17, total gross impaired loans decreased CAD 16 million or 6% from last quarter and represented 71 basis points of gross loans, 4 basis points lower than prior quarter and 25 basis points higher than prior year. In line with expectations, our gross impaired loans are returning to more normal levels from a very benign conditions in the prior year. Despite the increase over the last year, gross impaired loans still remain 13 basis points below pre-COVID-19 levels in the first quarter of 2020. Gross impaired loans were lower than last quarter, driven primarily by lower new formations, and we also continued to resolve impaired loans without incurring significant losses. We expect the total balance of gross impaired loans to continue to fluctuate as our overall loan portfolio is reviewed regularly, with credit decisions undertaken on a case-by-case basis to provide early identification of possible adverse trends. The level of gross impaired loans does not directly reflect the dollar value of expected write-offs, given the tangible security held in support of lending exposures. Our strong credit risk management framework, including well-established underwriting standards, the secure nature of our lending portfolio with conservative loan-to-value ratios, and a proactive approach to working with clients through difficult periods, continues to be an effective in minimizing realized losses on the resolution of impaired loans. I would also note we have minimal exposure to unsecured personal lending or credit card. This is demonstrated by our history of low write-offs as a percentage of total loans, including some past periods of volatile economy. As Chris and Matt have noted, we have taken a targeted approach to lending, with a focus on strong risk-adjusted returns in the current environment, which has supported the resilience of our credit profile. Turning to slide 18, the increase in the performing loan allowance from last quarter primarily reflects continued prudent provisioning, recognizing the uncertainty in the macroeconomic forecast, and drove a performing loan provision for credit losses of 3 basis points this quarter. Our provision for credit losses on impaired loans was CAD 7 million, equivalent to 6-8 basis points this quarter, which remains below our five-year average of 14 basis points. Looking forward, we expect that the sustained impact of higher interest rates will result in increased borrower defaults and impaired loans next year. Consistent with our experience in prior periods of all time, our prudent lending approach supports our expectation that our provision for credit losses will be within our historical normal range of 18-23 basis points next year. I will turn the call back to Chris Fowler for his closing remarks and outlook. Thank you, Carolina. Turning to slide 19. As the year has progressed, our teams drove improved financial results through targeted loan growth and disciplined expense management. Our secured lending model and disciplined underwriting continued to produce credit losses below historical averages. As we look forward in fiscal 2024, we expect the impact of elevated interest rates to continue to work through the economy. Economic growth is expected to be weaker in the first part of the year before expanding in the latter half of the year. Against this expected economic backdrop, we've taken action to support our expectation of continued strong financial performance, delivered by more streamlined operations, while we continue to invest in organizational priorities and deliver a differentiated experience to Canadian business owners. Before we open the lines for our Q&A, I'd like to thank each of our team members for their efforts during a challenging environment... Through their efforts, we've built a strong, resilient bank, and we're well positioned to create value for our investors in the year ahead. With that, operator, let's open the lines for Q&A. Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, if you would like to ask a question, please press star followed by one on your touch-tone phone. You will then hear a three-tone prompt acknowledging your request. If you would like to withdraw from the question queue, please press star followed by two. If you are using a speakerphone, you will need to lift the handset first before pressing any keys. Please go ahead and press star one now if you do have any questions. Your first question will be from Doug Young at Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. Maybe, Matt, just first on NIMS. I know you've kind of framed this in a certain way in the past in terms of, you know, increases and where you think about exiting, you know, the next year in terms of NIMS. And I know your guidance was exiting fiscal 2023, about, where we did exit. Is it fair to kind of read into your discussion around NIMS in fiscal 2024, that, you know, we could and should expect, assuming no change in interest rates or anything, that you could exit fiscal 2024 around 2-2.5%? Is that a fair assumption? Yeah, I mean, there's lots of embedded assumptions there. But if I take yours, which is the primary one, that interest rates are relatively stable. Yeah, just the organic composition of our book and how it churns through. What you should see are gradual increases through the year, maybe a little more in the early half of the year, but I think the back half will still see some benefit. And, yeah, I'll give you a similar guidance to last year in that in Q1, we'd expect to start within the 240s, and if everything works according to plan, we'd be exiting the fourth quarter somewhere in the 250s, all else being equal. And, Matt, as I think of just some of the items this quarter, you know, the asset liability repricing last quarter was four basis points. This quarter, it's six basis points. Obviously, it's moving in the right direction. You know, is that six basis points about like, when I think about the evolution of the NIM, that's kind of reasonable, or is there upside to that? And there was two unusual items in there around impaired loan, interest recoveries, and loan-related fees. I guess that's relative to last year, but I'm just trying to get a sense of what those are. Yeah. I'll unpack each of the pieces. So on the reprice of assets versus liabilities, that's 6 basis points, a little bit higher than I might have expected when we were chatting last quarter. The reason why we outperformed there, really disciplined on deposit costs. You know, not overly robust asset growth in the quarter, so when we're thinking about the liability structure, we could be very choosy, very picky. We absolutely took a view to enhancing our net interest margin and really trying to get that maximum spread in the quarter. We had the optionality to do that, and we did so. We didn't put up as strong of a, call it, headline branch raised deposit growth numbers as we would have liked, and we had opportunities to do so. But when it came down to driving profitability, the broker market actually performed really well. Costs were reasonable, so we leveraged that and drove a bit of NIM. So that probably a little bit higher at six basis points than I'd expect kind of on a run rate, but not by much. On the impaired loan interest recoveries, and that's compared to last quarter. Last quarter, I'd say maybe a little bit higher than usual, and this quarter, we usually have some, and we had virtually none this quarter, so that's likely a bit of a drag to NIM this quarter that I wouldn't necessarily expect to continue. And then on the fees, that was expected. I presumed that was coming down. Last quarter, we had a bit of a one-off driving incremental fees, and this quarter we didn't have that, and I'd expect that to continue just flat from here on the fee line. Okay. Just a second on costs. You know, you did the restructuring costs, and it seems to be consistent across the banking world, but the savings aren't going to hit the bottom line. So I'm curious, what actually can you quantify what the savings is? Maybe talk a little bit more about what you're planning to invest it in. But yeah, when I think of like considering the NIM outlook, like is it reasonable to think of a non-interest expense ratio that falls below what you used to target as below 50%? Can we kind of put that together for fiscal 2024, fiscal 2025? Yeah, the reorganization, I mean, it was just that. The intent was, the primary intent wasn't necessarily to reduce the run rate of our costs. It was to give us capacity to make the investments we wanted to make, through the next year. You know, we have two branches opening in Ontario. We have a pretty robust outlook for growth, in Ontario and want to support and grow that market. So it's really investing in physical infrastructure and sales capacity, in the province. We have a commercial cash management digital platform that we're launching and, of course, want to support that, when the time is right, with sales capacity and sales effort. And the piece we really want to keep our foot on the gas because this is our competitive differentiation, is the client experience we're providing, and we just absolutely wanted to make sure that continued to be top-notch. So this was less about reducing run rate of cost and more about taking the cost platform and allocating to highest and best use. But some of that reorganization, you know, a modest percentage of that is ultimately falling to the bottom line. But, you know, if I quantify it, if you took that basket of cost overall, I'd probably estimate it at, you know, 80% of it we're reinvesting, 20% of it we're letting fall to the bottom line. It allows us to, to drive the level of earnings we want to drive next year, on a pre-tax, pre-provision basis. You've, you've likely done the math and worked backwards to it and see that's a pretty strong number we're, we're targeting. And I, I'm not sure we quite get down to the sub-50% efficiency ratio we, we would have targeted. But we'll, we'll deliver robust, positive operating leverage that gets us, maybe not quite to that level, but I'd say in the ballpark. Okay. And then just last thing on capital, why did the RWA decline quarter-over-quarter? I mean, I know the loan balances didn't move much, but is there something in the new Basel rules, or was this just mix that went through there? And then if you can also quantify, I think there's some expert credit judgment in the management or in your performing loan ACL. Can you quantify what that would be? Thank you. Yeah. So on the first one, on the RWAs, you're right. When you look at the loan growth quarter-over-quarter, you see a larger RWA decline, if you assumed a kind of a similar mix in terms of what was on the book, quarter-over-quarter. But for us, the growth we targeted in Q4, you would have seen stronger growth in the portfolios that happened to attract a lower risk-weighted asset density. Now, that's strategic, that's intentional. We're looking at optimizing risk-adjusted returns, so you naturally target those portfolios with the lower risk-weighted asset density, and that's general commercial would be the primary source of growth. Portfolios we didn't grow, that actually shrunk quarter-over-quarter, commercial mortgages, that's higher risk-weighted asset density, and especially the project lending. Within there, commercial real estate project development that attracts a very high risk-weighted asset percentage. Having that portfolio decline was helpful to the decrease in RWA. It kind of amplified it compared to the reduction in loan growth. Then outside of just that, that composition of growth, we did take a fairly deep dive on that real estate project lending book. When we adopted the new CAR guidelines, you know, a lot of it was reclassifying loans from a regulatory perspective in a different way than we had before. Much more granular, more data points to look at. That transition, if we had a loan and it was in that real estate project lending portfolio, we just—we didn't have fully solid data to support a lower risk weight. We erred on the side of a higher risk weight, to be conservative, and then as the year progressed, we accumulated better data and supporting information from our clients. Ultimately, we're able to reclassify some of these from that higher 150% risk weight bucket down to the 100%, because we had the data to support that classification. That caused a bit of the RWA decline from Q3 to Q4 as well. On the second one, on expert credit judgment. Last quarter, I believe someone asked me about this, and I gave the view that, you know, within our performing loan allowance, we had the expert judgment of relative to our base case. We thought the economy, and therefore our credit losses, had more downside potential than upside potential. This quarter, we've maintained that view. We continue to believe the economy has more downside than upside relative to a pretty benign base case. So we've maintained that judgment. That's why you've seen, despite a small decline in our loan balance quarter-over-quarter, you've seen an increase in the performing loan allowance. We continue to be prudently provided on the performing loan side. Appreciate the color. Thank you. Thank you. Next question will be from Gabriel Dechaine at National Bank Financial. Please go ahead. Hey, good afternoon. Sorry if I missed this, but a quick one on loan growth. Did you give any targets or expectations for that in 2024? Yes, we did. We're looking at sort of mid-single-digit% growth in loan growth. Okay, great. Yeah. Expect similar to this year, like, much stronger growth in general commercial. You know, that's one where we're looking at fairly robust growth there. It's strategically important, big opportunity. That's, that's where we have the differentiated experience. You know, we'll grow strongly there. It's the commercial real estate portfolios where you'll continue to see fairly low growth and in some quarters, perhaps continuing to go negative in some cases. Okay. Then on the expenses, and I'm you know, similar line of questioning to what Doug was asking about there, and I'm trying to interpret your comments. I know you're reinvesting, and it's not like, we're cutting costs and it's all going to go to the bottom line. I get that. Can I simply assume that the restructuring will allow you to make the investments that you're planning on making, needing to make, this year, while also maintaining, you know, expense growth at your, you know, trajectory, current trajectory? I mean, this quarter was pretty flat, but full year basis, you were firmly in the mid-single digits. Is that more or less what we should expect? ... Yeah, that'd be my expectation for next year. You know, assuming that our outlook on revenue holds, I mean, that's about the level of expense growth we target. We have a lot of flexibility and some of what we're reinvesting. You know, we have optionality on when we decide to do that, if we decide to do that. So I think what you'll see from us is being pretty agile to what we see on the revenue side and making sure we drive earnings and drive the positive operating leverage we're committing to. But yeah, you know, the outlook, that would be on the non-interest expense side, you know, mid-single digits would be about a good kind of base case starting point. Okay. And then the last line of questioning is around the NIM and the outlook. One more granular question: is there any-- I know you've seen most of it take place this year, but the securities portfolio, you know, are there any maturities coming up? And, you know, which quarters would they be heaviest where we could notice that in the NIM? And then on the guidance, you're saying 2.40s in the first half or whatever, and then exit in the 2.50s, and then your overall guidance of, you know, gradually increasing. Is that predicated on the Bank of Canada not doing anything, just holding flat? What happens to that outlook if, you know, rate cuts are, you know, first half of the year as opposed to second half of the year, or at all? Yeah. So, yeah. So on the first one, the securities portfolio, we, we still see, pretty good volume of repricing occurring in the first half of the year. Okay. So there'll be, and still quite a differential between the coupon of the maturing and even with some of the downward movement in bond yields, there's still quite a positive discrepancy in yield between what's rolling off and what we'll bring on. So that will, in the first half of the year, that will be a key driver of that asset liability pricing differential that's positive to NIM. Okay. In the back half of the year, the momentum continues. It's less from the securities portfolio, more just from the continued repricing of the loan portfolio, slightly longer duration in that loan book. So that's going to keep that momentum going, but maybe at a slightly more modest pace than the first half of the year. On Bank of Canada, it's less of an impact than it used to be. The way we're matched on variable rate assets and liabilities, it's not a perfect match. You know, we do see some modest NIM drag, just if the Bank of Canada policy rate declined, we would see a little bit of a NIM headwind, but certainly not to the extent we would have seen in years past. And then on the... It kind of depends on what the yield curve does. What we saw on the way up when interest rates were increasing is deposit costs reflecting bond yields. I mean, they shot up and basically front ran the Bank of Canada rate increases. If we see that on the way down, there's a scenario where if bond yields go down, deposit costs follow, like GIC rates follow closely. That could actually be a temporary catalyst to NIM until it eventually churns all the way through. So on the outlook for fiscal 2024, even thinking about the possibility of Bank of Canada doing some earlier than expected rate cuts, it's not something I'd circle as a big risk to NIM in 2024. As long as spreads perform and behave, we'll be okay on the NIM. Okay. Well, thanks, and thanks for rescheduling the call to accommodate the OSFI folks. And yeah, Merry Christmas. Same to you, Gabe. Thanks, Gabe. Thank you. Next question will be from Darko Mihelic at RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Thank you. I actually just had one quick question, maybe an update on AIRB. Yes. Well, so last year we talked about the replacement of our models, which we put in place and did some rescoring on our commercial real estate portfolio last year, so we're very happy with the outcome of that. So in this year, we have the full deployment of the BRRs across our footprint and put them all in place. So we're happy with the progress we're making and the improvement it's giving us in how we can work on our loan management risk rating our portfolio effectively. And we're obviously going to be tracking where the kind of the capital story goes, how the regulators are treating AIRB versus standardized. Our focus in the scheme of this all is that we want to be able to issue a loan with the same ROE for the same risk rating as the large banks. That's our focus. We're happy with the progress we're making. So just to, just to confirm, though, you know, when I read... I'm an avid reader of your annual reports, and as I go through, the focus has changed. It's no longer seeking approval, it's just using the tools. Is that how I should interpret this, Chris? That's where we are at this point. We are making sure the tools that we have in place are delivering exactly what we want them to deliver. Okay. All right. Thank you. Thank you. Next question will be from Sohrab Movahedi at BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead. ... Okay, thank you. I just wanted to talk a little bit about the restructuring initiatives. I'm just curious, Matt, Chris. Can you just talk a little bit about how much experience you guys have with restructurings and what sort of disruption there could be here to some of the growth plans that you've kind of articulated for the bank next year? Sure. Well, we took as we came into fiscal 2023 and kind of looked at the expense revenue profile, and we zeroed in, of course, looking to maximize revenue and in a challenging environment, and then thinking what the cost directive had to be on that. So zeroing in on our expenses, very, you know, very proactive in how we manage that. And with that, we kind of said, "What's a sustainable model for how do we think about the future, and how do we deliver the bank to the clients in the way that we're looking to, from a branch footprint perspective, from how we look at our operational processes and how we deliver that?" So that was the framework that we had for thinking about a reorganization of how we deliver the bank, and that's what we've done. As we've looked at how do we make sure that we've got the right responses, the right turnaround times, and the right footprint that allow us to take advantage of the opportunity in Ontario and really support our ability to drive revenue and be the agile bank we're looking to be. Does it have a, like, as you kind of emphasized, maybe to Darko's answer, focused on more application of the tools as opposed to seeking approval, like, does reprioritizing those sorts of initiatives contribute to the restructuring charge? I'd say it was an enabler of some. I wouldn't say it was a large enabler of the ability to reduce some of the headcount, but a lot of the tools we've implemented are allowing our teams to adjudicate and score credit and just doing things like evaluating risk ratings for borrowers in a more efficient manner. Less manual processing there. I mean, that was a lot of the focus, was try to make it simpler and easier for our teams to facilitate credit. And we saw good gains from that. So that's maybe less in the front lines, more in that sort of middle office credit support function. It used to be in the branches. We pulled it out to regional hubs, and we've now been able to reduce that to a central processing hub. A lot of the tools we've put in place are allowing that team to operate, you know, more efficiently, and so we were able to harvest some of the savings there. That's sort of the immediate benefit. It's not reducing the extent we use the tools, it's more just an elevated way we manage credit risk with more efficient tools to do so. Okay. So it, it doesn't necessarily suggest that, you know, maybe I'm willing to take another basis point of PCL because I'll have a lower expense ratio, just kind of over the- No. Over the cycle, for example. Thank you. No, that's correct. Yeah. Did you have any further questions? Rob, did you have any further questions? Oh, no, sorry. Sorry about that. That's all for me. Thank you. Thank you. Next question will be from Marcel McLean at TD Securities. Please go ahead. Okay, thanks. I'm just wondering if you could help us out. You've given us the guidance on loan growth and NIM, and on expenses with positive operating leverage. So probably back into it, but just on the non-interest income, I know it's been a little bit more volatile because of FX in there. Just wondering how we should be thinking about modeling that into 2024. Yeah, you're right. We, we definitely saw a bit of, an uptick in that kind of other category of non-interest income, within the, the fourth quarter. If I look at it on, on an annual basis, though, I mean, what you should see in that other non-interest income line, if you had completely stable foreign exchange between CAD and the USD, be about CAD 1 million a quarter or so, of processing, type fees for clients that, you know, is about the same as, as what you'd see on a full year basis in 2023. So flattish, there, if, if you saw, you know, no big FX movements through the year, would be likely a good assumption. On the other pieces, you know, I think you'd expect to see, you know, kind of in that mid-single-digit growth, sort of year-over-year percentage, through the categories. You know, wealth is one where there's an opportunity there. Good platform we've built, good opportunity for cross-sell, and referrals. So that, that's one we'd, maybe look to push on and target for slightly higher growth, and that's a continued focus for us. So, you know, in that mid-single-digit range is a good number, likely. Okay, thanks for that. Then just to take this AIRB point home here, just want to confirm. So we should not expect an OSFI approval even by 2025. Is that a fair statement? Yeah. As we work our way, we haven't set a timeline. What we've done is put in place the models that we're comfortable that we can run. It improves our risk management processes internally, and we're ensuring that all the steps we're taking are positive to how we can run the bank. ... Okay, excellent. Then last one for me, just any concerns on credit that maybe aren't showing up in the metrics yet, that you want to highlight, commercial real estate or otherwise? I think for credit, you know, we are very focused on the macroprudential story that is unfolding and, you know, kind of looking to what the impact of higher rates will be on different parts of the book. I'll pass it over to Carolina if she's got comments to add on that. Thank you, Chris. Yeah, no, as we've mentioned, you know, we are expecting some deterioration in our book, and we've been signaling that as well in the past quarters. We just haven't seen it translate into losses. When we see it, what has been happening really is this quarter, it's lower formations and really good resolutions of certain loans. So as the economy continues to deteriorate, we might see some slowdown of some of those resolutions, but nothing in particular that would signal a significant impact, besides where we're trending towards. Okay. Thank you very much. That's it for me. Happy holidays, guys. Thank you. Thank you. Next question will be from Meny Grauman at Scotiabank. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. I wanted to ask about the PCL ratio guidance of 18-23 basis points in the context of what you delivered this past year and in Q4, specifically 11 basis points. Just wondering how you see the PCL ratio guidance playing out over the year in terms of is this what's being contemplated sort of a gradual increase or something more dramatic? If you could sketch that out for me, that'd be helpful. Well, I'll, I'll start, and Carolina may have, may have some things to add. But, yeah, we're looking at that, that guidance on a full year basis and trying to pin it down to basis points in a quarter is a bit tricky because our impaired loan PCL, I mean, we evaluate this loan by loan, file by file, and it, it depends on what loans become impaired in a quarter. So it's, it's hard to pin down. So it's, you know, I think, a good annual number. Can I point to one quarter being higher than another? Is it a gradual build? You know, to be honest, I would have expected our PCL to be higher today than, than it has been. I think I've been talking on these calls about a return to our normal range of 18-23 basis points, and I think I've now been wrong three quarters in a row. It's a good direction to be wrong, I suppose. But just when we look at the underlying trends, we look at gross impaired loans, we look at defaults and delinquencies, like, everything's returning back to a normal level. Not necessarily elevated, but normal. And we would have expected a normal credit loss performance, but we just haven't seen that level of losses in our portfolio. You know, things that are going impaired, we're resolving fairly quickly and without significant loss. So that's good news so far. So a lot of this, it's a little more art than science. It's on the basis of assuming with all of our other credit metrics going to normal, our losses should too. You know, we'll see how the year progresses. But I mean, that's how we've done our guidance, and we'll generally be prudent and have been prudent when we're thinking provisions for credit losses. Perhaps some upside potential in our guidance if our credit losses continue to be benign. You know, we've guided to low- to mid-single-digit earnings per share growth. But that's on the assumption of going from, as you point out, sort of seven basis points of total PCL for the year. If we just get into the low end of our range, you know, that's a CAD 0.30 drag on EPS. We're absorbing that all and still delivering low- to mid-single-digit EPS. If our credit losses remain benign, now we're talking about delivering a level of earnings growth that's well in excess of the peer set and this guidance. So I'm not suggesting that's our base case, but that's how it's played out so far. So, we, you know, we'll keep an eye on it, and we'll update this as we go, obviously. Got it. And then just, going back to capital, just more broadly. Obviously, the capital story for CWB, changing very favorably. And I'm just curious if you could update us in terms of what you're targeting in terms of the CET1 ratio. Are you looking to move above 10%, in 2024? How are you thinking about excess capital and where you're comfortable being right now, given your outlook for loan growth and RWA growth? Yeah, we're obviously very comfortable with our capital. We think the next year, and I just play out the guidance we've provided, if we're loan growth in mid-single digit, if it's strategically targeted as it has been, just mathematically, you end up with a CET1 ratio exiting the year in that 10% range. We also have the added benefit of that securities portfolio, which as a reminder, 100% of that unrealized loss counts against CET1 capital. So as those bonds mature and reprice, those losses come down through the year as well. Even if, you know, the yield curve doesn't shift downwards. So that, you know, that adds a bit as well. So it's... You know, coming out of the year, we're comfortably in the 10% range. That's obviously higher than we've been. Not bad to have that extra buffer right now with volatility in front of us. And if we found ourselves taking the view that we had excess capital, we've been clear on how we want to deploy that. Organic growth of the franchise, looking at strategic, accretive acquisitions. And then, you know, if we don't have compelling opportunities there, then, I mean, there are other ways we could look at returning capital to shareholders. But right now, I'd say not the right time to be talking about that, but perhaps that day will come, and that's how we look at it. That's clear. Thanks so much. Thank you. Next question will be from Paul Holden at CIBC. Please go ahead. Hi. I want to go back to the discussion on AIRB. Clear today that you're not applying with OSFI, but given your ultimate objective of being on a level playing field with the D-SIBs it does suggest you will apply for approval at some point in the future. Am I interpreting this correctly? Well, Paul, the approach that we want to take is to make sure, number one, that we have the right internal processes to run the bank and support our risk management, and being model-enabled absolutely helps there. So we are investing in those model-enabled opportunities for us. And then we do see a change in kind of the regulatory view of how they're thinking about the nature of AIRB versus standardized and sort of bigger influence of standardized. So our focus is just to make sure that the steps we're taking are positive to how we can run the bank and give us all the right sort of tools to allow us to, you know, maximize our efficiencies. Okay. Okay. So you won't be switching from a regulatory perspective, you'll be remaining on standardized going forward, is what you're telling us? Okay. Well, that's where we're at today. Absolutely. We are a standardized bank today, and we are working on investing and making sure we have all the right processes in place. Yeah. Okay. Second question is just going back to the discussion on PCLs and maybe taking the opposite end of the argument. So your PCL guidance is based on sort of the normal historical range, which, given today's conditions, makes sense, but the Canadian economy is not expected to perform in the normal range in 2024, and I think you've kind of alluded to that with some of your guidance. So why shouldn't the PCL number be higher than the normal range given the economic outlook? Now, a lot of the debate we've had, and of course, we run all sorts of stress tests, as you could imagine, thinking anywhere from soft landings to crash landings to worse, to really explore how volatile our credit losses could be. And I mean, what we find is that our secured lending model and who we lend to gives us a great deal of protection to the downside. So the other thing, and this is, you know, thinking through next year, because next year we believe there is some volatility from the higher interest rates that push us into what would normally have been that normal range. But how we've lent the last three years, if we're kind of benchmarking to pre-pandemic levels, and I've talked about this on a quarterly call in the past, I believe. But basically, you know, if that 18-23 basis points are historical normal range, when you get through maybe some volatility on the horizon and you're back to a more stable, steady Canadian economy, do we reset to that 18-23 basis points, or are we now talking about a lower range? Evidence I provide that could support that hypothesis is just if you look at the composition of our book, three years ago to today, you've seen a pretty considerable decrease in commercial real estate lending and predominantly in that project lending portfolio. We like the portfolio we have, but we've really been upscaling it to our top tier of borrowers. And a lot of those lower tiers have turned off over the years. Projects performed well as expected, but kind of pound for pound quality of the book today appears to be on an elevated level, and we could be talking about perhaps a lower normal range going forward. Again, probably too early to make that sort of a prediction, but that seems to be what some of our modeling suggests. We just need to see how this next year plays out and how we exit that year before we make any definitive conclusion on that. Okay. Okay, that's a fair and an interesting point, so thanks for that, Pat. I'll leave it there. Thanks, Paul. Thank you. With no further questions, I will now turn the call over to Chris Fowler for closing remarks. Thank you, Sylvie, and thank you all for joining us today. I'd like to take this opportunity to thank our shareholders for their continued commitment and support. We wish you and your families a happy and healthy holiday season. Thank you very much. We look forward to reporting our first quarter financial results in February. Have a great day. Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, this does indeed conclude your conference call for today. Once again, thank you for attending, and at this time, we do ask that you please disconnect your lines. Have a good weekend.