Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the RBC 2024 third quarter results conference call. Please be advised that this call is being recorded. I would now like to turn the meeting over to Asim Imran. Please go ahead. Thank you, and good morning, everyone. Speaking today will be Dave McKay, President and Chief Executive Officer, Katherine Gibson, Interim Chief Financial Officer, and Graeme Hepworth, Chief Risk Officer. Also joining us today for your questions, Neil McLaughlin, Group Head, Personal and Commercial Banking, Doug Guzman, Group Head, Wealth Management and Insurance, and Derek Neldner, Group Head, Capital Markets. As noted on slide one, our comments may contain forward-looking statements, which involve assumptions and have inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially. I would also remind listeners that the bank assesses its performance on a reported and adjusted basis and considers both to be useful in assessing underlying business performance. To give everyone a chance to ask questions, we ask that you limit your questions and then re- queue. With that, I'll turn it over to Dave. Thanks, Asim. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us. Today, we reported third quarter earnings of CAD 4.5 billion, or adjusted earnings of CAD 4.7 billion, underpinned by strength across our largest businesses. Canadian banking net interest income was up 26% year- over- year, or 11% excluding the impact of HSBC Bank Canada, which I will speak to shortly. These results were driven by higher interest rates and strong volume growth. Asset management and wealth management revenue growth was underpinned by over 15% growth in fee-based assets over the prior year, as well as higher transactional revenue. Capital markets reported revenue of CAD 3 billion while generating pre-tax, pre-provision earnings of CAD 1.2 billion as we continued to win market share in key products amidst rising fee pools. Our continued focus on improving productivity drove all-bank operating leverage of 2%. Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings growth was 16% year-over-year, or 8% excluding HSBC and adjusting for specified items. Credit quality remains strong. We reported a return on equity of 15.5% or adjusted ROE of 16.4% on the foundation of Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 13%. Strong earnings generated significant 70 basis points of capital this quarter, or 26 basis points net of dividends and RWA growth. This is more than what we earned in the first half of the year, underscoring the capital-generating power of our diversified business model. Our premium ROE positions us to continue deploying our growing capital base towards client-driven RWA growth and returning capital to shareholders while maintaining appropriate capital buffers. As always, we look at the intrinsic value of our business when determining the level of buybacks. As we remain well-positioned to compound growth in book value per share, which was up 11% year-over-year, we expect an increasing level of buybacks over the coming quarters to continue providing long-term value to our shareholders. I will now provide an update on the recent acquisition of HSBC Canada, which contributed earnings of CAD 239 million, or adjusted earnings of CAD 292 million, excluding specified items. Results this quarter benefited from the accretion of purchase accounting marks, CAD 90 million of cost synergies achieved, and CAD 156 million of underlying earnings, including higher-than-expected Stage 3 PCL. Having realized annualized run rate savings to date of approximately 50% of our stated target, we are confident we will achieve our expense synergy goal of CAD 740 million per year. We also remain impressed by HSBC Bank Canada's fundamentals, including the strength of the franchise and the balance sheet we acquired. Employee and client engagement is high, and our combined sales force continues to rebuild lending origination pipelines, which had narrowed ahead of our extended close. While still early, we see encouraging client activity and opportunities for revenue synergies across the enterprise. HSBC Bank Canada retail clients are being referred to our Canadian wealth management business and are now benefiting from our deep investment management and planning capabilities. Existing RBC retail clients are also benefiting from new product and service capabilities, including foreign currency accounts. Our combined commercial banking clients are poised to benefit from the upcoming expansion of our trade finance and global cash management offerings. Before discussing our business results in greater detail, I will provide my perspective on the macro environment, where the U.S. has outperformed a softening Canadian macro backdrop. In Canada, higher interest rates and rising unemployment are impacting consumer spending and business investment. This, in turn, has led to a moderating non-shelter inflation and lower GDP per capita. In contrast, U.S. inflation remains above the targeted range. However, there are signs that the restrictive interest rate policy is stabilizing super-core inflation measures. While the U.S. labor market remains resilient, declining job openings and rates of attrition point to some weakening. The short-term divergence of monetary policy between the Bank of Canada and the U.S. Federal Reserve is expected to narrow ahead of expected and accelerating U.S. interest rate cuts, with positive implications for yield curves. While there's a higher degree of geopolitical uncertainty and volatility, our diversified businesses are well-positioned for the macro-driven shifts in the operating environment. We expect to see the benefits of lower short-term interest rates and capital markets activity, constructive equity markets, availability of credit, improved debt serviceability, and the flow of money from deposits into investments as we continue to provide our clients with valued advice and solutions amidst a complex backdrop. We're also delivering on our strategic priorities across our largest businesses and geographies, including expanding our funding and transaction banking capabilities. Starting with Canadian banking, where core deposit growth remains central to our client acquisition strategy. While one quarter doesn't make a trend, total banking account deposits grew faster than GICs on a sequential basis. Furthermore, we are beginning to see retail clients augment their portfolios with diversified investments, such as mutual funds. We remain well-positioned to retain and capture this money in motion following the ongoing shift in the interest rate outlook and client sentiment. Within personal banking, total deposits were up 21% from last year or up 8%, excluding HSBC Canada. We're having our strongest year-to-date acquisition volume, with new-to-bank checking acquisition up over 20% year-over-year, driven by value propositions such as RBC Vantage, strong client acquisition in the newcomer segment, and partnership referrals. Our leading digital channels continue to deliver award-winning experiences to our clients, a key indicator of client satisfaction, which in turn, is important to the health of our franchise. We're proud that RBC ranks number one in customer satisfaction in both the J.D. Power 2024 Canada Banking App Mobile Satisfaction Study and the Canada Online Banking Satisfaction Study as well. Our proprietary loyalty program also won multiple awards this quarter at the Loyalty360 Awards, including the Platinum Award for brand-to-brand partnerships, a foundational element of Avion Rewards. Credit card balances were up 13% year-over-year or 11% excluding HSBC Canada. While Canadians are spending less, our total client spend was up 7% from last year, including higher airline spend. Mortgage growth was up 12% or a modest 3% excluding HSBC Canada. We remain disciplined in our approach as we look to strike a balance between consistent through-the-cycle growth and spreads amidst intense competition. Houseful, an RBCx venture, provides a differentiated growth channel as we look to move up the client acquisition funnel in our client's home buying journey. In our leading commercial banking franchise, deposits were up 25% year-over-year or 12% excluding HSBC Canada. Business loans were up 43% from last year, or 14% excluding HSBC Canada, largely from increased activity from our existing clients. We are seeing gains in market share across all segments and priority industries as our clients benefit from the recent investments in our frontline capabilities and coverage teams. Turning to capital markets, where we reported pre-provision, pre-tax earnings of CAD 1.2 billion this quarter, or CAD 4 billion year to date, above our annualized guidance of CAD 1.1 billion per quarter. We generated CAD 3 billion in revenue this quarter, with half of this coming from the U.S., our second home market and an important element of our growth strategy. Investment banking revenue was up 36% from last year, benefiting from a recovery in global fee pools and a more than 40 basis point gain in market share, notably in M&A. We are seeing also early signs of success and client wins in a recently launched U.S. cash management platform, where we will look to add further capabilities. RBC Clear was awarded the best overall bank for cash management, United States, from the Global Finance 2024 awards. Global Markets reported CAD 1.4 billion in revenue this quarter, down 1% from last year, as our equities business was impacted by legislative changes to the dividends received deduction under Canadian federal measures. Looking forward, we have a robust M&A pipeline as our continued investments in people, product capabilities, and client coverage, combined with an increasingly constructive environment, is driving more active client dialogue amidst secular trends. However, market volatility could slow the velocity for moving deals from announcement to close. In contrast, this market volatility can continue to act as a constructive tailwind for our sales and trading businesses, a demonstration of the strength of our diversified platform. Moving to our wealth management segment. Assets under administration and Canadian wealth management were up 20% or nearly CAD 100 billion from last year, increasing to a record level of over CAD 650 billion. RBC Dominion Securities, part of our Canadian wealth management franchise, was named the highest-ranked bank-owned investment brokerage in Canada in 2024 Investment Executive Brokerage Report Card. This is the 18th year in a row that RBC has won this prestigious honor. Assets under administration in our U.S. wealth management platform also reached a record, up nearly $74 billion or 13% year-over-year, to a record AUA of nearly $650 billion. Furthermore, loans and deposits in our U.S. wealth management franchises reported strong year-over-year growth this quarter. Our U.S. wealth management advisory business are the second largest contributor to U.S. dollar results. RBC Global Asset Management's assets under management increased $100 billion or 18% from last year to an all-time high as well, benefiting from robust equity markets and increasing inflows to higher-yielding fixed income funds as interest rates begin to decline. RBC GAM also gained market share in retail mutual funds, as it generated positive net sales in a quarter where it appears the industry is tracking to net redemptions. In conclusion, we continue to execute against our stated strategies to generate premium ROE and growth. As part of the journey, we recently announced a few key executive appointments. First of all, I would like to thank Doug Guzman for his leadership and for the pivotal role he has played leading RBC Wealth Management from strength to strength and insurance over the years. In addition, we look forward to welcoming Erica Nielsen, Jennifer Publicover, and Sean Amato-Gauci to the next quarterly call as group heads of personal banking, RBC Insurance, and commercial banking, respectively. We will also continue to invest to drive diversified growth across client segments and sources of funding, while maintaining our focus on efficient capital allocation, prudent risk management, and improved productivity. Furthermore, as it relates to our broader U.S. footprint, we are focused on improving the connectivity across our three platforms. Katherine, over to you. Thank you, Dave, and good morning everyone. Starting on slide eight, we reported diluted earnings per share of CAD 3.09 this quarter. Adjusted diluted earnings per share was a record CAD 3.26, up 15% from last year. These adjusted results included net earnings from HSBC Canada of CAD 292 million. Turning to capital on slide nine, our CET1 ratio was strong at 13%, up 20 basis points from last quarter, mainly reflecting internal capital generation net of dividends. This was partly offset by net credit migration in wholesale portfolios and strong growth across our Canadian banking and capital markets portfolios. We also initiated share repurchases this quarter, buying approximately 480,000 shares for CAD 73 million. Moving to slide ten, all bank net interest income was up 17% year-over-year, or up 19%, excluding trading revenue. These results were largely driven by the addition of HSBC Canada, as well as higher spreads and average volume growth in Canadian banking. All bank NIM, excluding trading revenue, was up one basis point from last quarter, mainly driven by tailwinds in Canadian banking. This was partly offset by changes in asset mix in capital markets non-trading portfolios, as well as lower earnings on residual capital, reflecting the close of the HSBC Canada acquisition. Canadian banking NIM was up eight basis points from last quarter. HSBC Canada drove four basis points in NIM expansion this quarter, mainly reflecting the full quarter benefit from the accretion of purchase accounting fair value adjustment. Core Canadian banking NIM was up four basis points sequentially. NIM benefited from improvements in product mix, including strong growth in core deposits. This quarter also included a favorable benefit from treasury-related activities. In addition, the benefits from our tractored core personal banking deposit portfolio continued to flow through. However, these benefits were partly offset by competition for deposits and mortgages, as well as the dilutive impact of the BA CORRA migration. Looking forward, we expect fourth quarter Canadian banking NIM to be down a couple of basis points sequentially, reflecting the continuation of headwinds noted this quarter. This is in line with our prior guidance for higher NIM in the second half of the year. Moving to slide 11, non-interest expenses were up 11% from last year, excluding HSBC Canada integration costs and the impact of amortization of intangibles, adjusted expense growth was 9%. Further, excluding HSBC Canada run rate expenses and other macro-driven factors, such as FX and share-based compensation, core expense growth decelerated to 5% year-over-year. The bulk of core expense growth was driven by higher variable compensation, reflecting strong results in capital markets and wealth management. Looking forward, we continue to expect all bank core expense growth, in addition to HSBC Canada run rate expenses, to be at the top of the mid-single digit range for the fiscal year, with volatility within the range largely driven by movements in variable compensation. Given the uncertain macro environment, we remain vigilant in controlling costs and running the bank efficiently. Turning to taxes, the non-TEB effective tax rate was 16.5% this quarter, or an adjusted tax rate of 20% on a taxable equivalent basis. Going forward, we expect next quarter's adjusted tax rate to be towards the higher end of our full year guidance of 19%-21% on a taxable equivalent basis. Broadly, our guidance for fiscal 2025 effective tax rate is similar to that of the fourth quarter, as Pillar Two income taxes may arise in relation to jurisdictions where our operations have an effective tax rate below 15%. Turning now to our Q3 segment results beginning on slide 12. Personal and commercial banking reported earnings of CAD 2.5 billion. Canadian banking net income was up 17% year-over-year. My following comments will now exclude any impact to Canadian banking from HSBC Canada. Canadian banking's earnings were up a strong 8% year-over-year. Net interest income was up 11% from last year, reflecting higher spreads and robust volume growth. Non-interest income was up 5% year-over-year, reflecting the benefits of market appreciation and increased client activity, which together drove higher mutual fund distribution fees, as well as higher service revenue and FX revenue. Year-over-year growth was also impacted by the prior year's CAD 66 million retrospective HST on payment card clearing services. Expenses were up 5% from last year, helping to drive a 4.9% operating leverage and underpinning a leading 39% efficiency ratio. Turning to slide 13, Wealth Management's earnings were up 30% from last year, as market appreciation and net sales continued to drive strong performance in our wealth management advisory and asset management businesses. These factors were partly offset by higher variable compensation. In light of emerging industry developments around pricing dynamics for advisory sweep deposits, we note our total U.S. wealth management cash, cash sweep is approximately $30 billion, of which the majority is in non-advisory accounts. Since the beginning of the rate hiking cycle, our pricing has been well above industry averages, particularly as it pertains to our largest wealth management relationship. As such, we do not anticipate making any material changes to our pricing of advisory sweep deposits. City National generated $77 million in adjusted earnings this quarter, or $115 million, excluding the impact of losses on non-core investments. The non-core losses taken this quarter are consistent with our efforts to realign City National's path forward. Turning to our capital markets results on slide 14, pre-provision, pre-tax earnings of CAD 1.2 billion increased 18% from last year. Corporate and investment banking revenue was up 23% from last year, reflecting strong municipal banking activity, as well as continued market share gains across most major products, amidst a recovering fee pool and the FX and the impact of FX translation. Global markets revenue was down 1% from last year, as headwinds in credit trading and equity derivatives trading were partially offset by higher debt underwriting and stronger results for rates, foreign exchange, and commodities trading, as well as the impact of FX translation. While business momentum remains strong, we note that the second half of the year, and in particular, the fourth quarter, tends to be a seasonally slower period for capital markets. Turning to slide 15, insurance net income of CAD 170 million was down 21% from last year, driven by lower insurance investment results. It is important to note that the results in the prior year period are not fully comparable, as we were not managing our asset and liability portfolios under IFRS 17. Importantly, our core business performance was strong, reflecting improved claims experience and business growth across the majority of our products. To conclude, our strong business performance drove a 16.4% adjusted ROE this quarter. Looking forward, we expect to maintain our medium-term objectives, including an ROE of 16%+ and diluted EPS growth of 7%+, while maintaining strong capital ratios. With that, I'll now turn it over to Graeme. Thank you, Katherine, and good morning, everyone. Starting on slide 17, I will discuss our allowances in the context of the macroeconomic environment. During the quarter, the economies of Canada and the U.S. both softened. In Canada, relatively weaker consumer demand, higher unemployment rates, and the impact of elevated interest rates are continuing to weigh on consumers and businesses. In response to the softening economic backdrop, and with the expectation that inflation rates will continue to edge lower, the Bank of Canada cut the overnight rate for two consecutive months this quarter. This marks the first set of reductions in rates since the current rate hiking cycle began in early 2022. In the U.S., slowing inflation and an uptick in the unemployment rate means the risk of interest rates remaining at current levels is also beginning to ease. Across these two economies, macroeconomic uncertainty has overall reduced. With this backdrop, we saw credit quality continue to weaken this quarter, with net credit downgrades and elevated watchlist and delinquency rates. These outcomes are in line with our expectations for where we are in the credit cycle, and consistent with last quarter, we added reserves on performing loans, reflecting weaker credit quality and portfolio growth, partially offset by more favorable scenario weights as we gain more confidence in our base case scenario. Across our portfolios, we took a total of CAD 42 million of provisions on performing loans this quarter. This marks the ninth consecutive quarter where we added reserves on performing loans, resulting in a total ACL of CAD 6.1 billion. Moving to slide 18, gross impaired loans were up CAD 353 million, or 3 basis points this quarter, primarily due to increases in Canadian banking. Commercial new formations were driven by relatively large impairments in each of the real estate-related and forest product sectors. In capital markets, a decrease of CAD 354 million this quarter is mainly due to lower impaired loans in the real estate-related sector. Reduction reflects CAD 442 million in foreclosed properties related to real estate loans that are now accounted for as investments. Despite higher formations of gross impaired loans this quarter, turning to slide 19, you can see provisions on impaired loans were down CAD 49 million relative to last quarter. Higher provisions in Canadian banking were more than offset by lower provisions in capital markets and wealth management, with capital markets provisions down CAD 65 million compared to last quarter. In our Canadian banking portfolio, provisions were up CAD 32 million, driven by higher provisions in commercial banking, residential mortgages, and other personal lending. All quoted figures thus far have included the HSBC Canada portfolio. On its own, the portfolio contributed CAD 81 million to provisions on impaired loans, mostly due to the two larger commercial formations noted earlier. Despite the elevated impairments in PCL this quarter, we remain confident in the overall credit quality of the loans we acquired from HSBC Canada. The HSBC Canada portfolio reflects credit characteristics that are in line with or better than the associated RBC portfolios and drives scale and diversification benefits. On slide 20, we provided some additional details on our overall commercial real estate exposure. The sector has generally been performing well, but pockets of weakness have surfaced based on property type, with office properties being more sensitive to post-pandemic impacts. With respect to the larger commercial real estate impairment referenced earlier, our borrower owned interest in and operated a number of properties in the office property sector. This is the first meaningful office-related default in our Canadian portfolio, with a more elevated exposure that arose from the combination of HSBC's and RBC's portfolios last quarter. Overall, our exposure to Canadian office commercial real estate loans represents less than 1% of our total loans and acceptances, and most of our loans are typically benefit from amortization and additional recourse outside of the properties held as collateral. As I noted in the previous quarter, impairments and losses have been consistent with our expectations and are well within our risk appetite. We continue to be prudently provisioned for our exposures to the sector, with our downside provisioning scenarios reflecting a reduction in commercial real estate prices of 25%-40%. To conclude, while we are pleased with the lower provisions on impaired loans this quarter, we still expect provisions to remain elevated and continue to increase going into and throughout 2025. We continued to prudently build reserves on performing loans, reflecting the credit outcomes of the softer macroeconomic environment we are currently experiencing. Moving forward, credit outcomes will continue to be dependent on the magnitude of change in unemployment rates, the direction and magnitude of changes in interest rates, and residential and commercial real estate prices, and as always, we continue to proactively manage risk through the cycle, and we remain well capitalized to withstand plausible, yet more severe macroeconomic events. With that, operator, let's open the lines for Q&A. Thank you. We will now take questions from the telephone lines. If you have a question, please press star one on your device's keypad. You may cancel your question at any time by pressing star two. Please press star one at this time if you have a question. There will be a brief pause while participants register for questions. We thank you for your patience. Our first question is from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America. Please go ahead. Good morning. I guess maybe a question for you, Dave. I think I heard you say that we should expect a pickup in buybacks, given how you view the intrinsic value of the stock. So I guess the question is on capital allocation. One, correct me if I'm wrong, but I'm not sure, unless something macro-wise goes wrong, why Royal should be earning a lower ROE than the 16% you reported this quarter? And if the stock continues to perform well, maybe trading north of two times price to book, we've seen this with the likes of JP Morgan in the U.S., where would you rather accumulate dry powder to fund organic growth next year, leave some room for M&A? Just how are you thinking about capital allocation, given the capital that the bank is accreting and the possible uses and your patience to allow capital to build in the near term? Thanks. Thanks, Ebrahim. A very important question, and I think the answer to your question is yes, to the points you made, that we're of such significant capital generation, organic capital generation capabilities, as I referenced the seventy basis points this quarter in building, that we'll have the luxury of doing both. So I do believe in the strategy that there is no half-life to capital, you can only misspend it. So accreting capital on our balance sheet for future strategic optionality is part of the plan, and you should expect that it could run up as we prepare for the next leg of growth. At the same time, it offers us the luxury of buying back shares. So we will return capital through buybacks because, you know, we look at our intrinsic value, we look at the opportunities these franchise have to continue to build on the momentum that you see now, and we're very excited about that, and you saw that in the results this quarter. So the plan is to do both. The plan is to continue to buy back shares, to return capital, to drive a premium TSR, which is very important in the short term and medium term, as well as provide, you know, an opportunity to build on the balance sheet, to deploy capital into the right target. But we're gonna be patient like we were with HSBC. We're gonna look for the right thing, and we won't make a mistake, and I, I hope we've earned your trust that that's how we deploy capital, and we'll do it smartly, all with the goal of outperforming on Total Shareholder Return. Very clear. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Meny Grauman from Scotiabank. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. A question for Graeme, just on the impaired PCL ratio, 26 basis points, this quarter, below the average historical loss rate. So I'm just wondering, can you... In your view, has this ratio peaked, and or are we still likely to head back above the historical loss rate... loss rate, the average historical loss rate as you look forward? Yeah, Meny, thanks. It's a good question, an important one. Certainly, you know, I think we're very pleased with the credit outcome this quarter. I think when we go back to kind of where I got at the beginning of last year, that we were looking at kind of 30-35 basis points for the year, I would say, you know, through the first half of this year, we were certainly trending in line with that, and I would still say I think that is still a fair range to be kind of thinking about. We've outperformed at this range. I would say that outperformance this quarter is certainly attributable to wholesale. Both Capital Markets and City National came in kind of lower than previous quarters and our expectations. Again, that's positive, but on wholesale, it is more volatile quarter to quarter. And so I wouldn't read that into you know, a definitive indication that we've now turned the corner. You know, in aggregate, when we look going forward, you know, the trends on retail are still negative. You know, we're still seeing that increase across almost all products. Overall, I would say, though, that the timing of that has kind of been more prolonged than we had originally anticipated. So we do see it kind of growing through you know, 2025. And I think the peak is probably less acute than maybe we were thinking about kind of at the beginning of this year. But there are still significant headwinds there. You know, unemployment is still on the rise. We think we're getting closer to peak unemployment now, but it is still on the rise. And we still see a consumer who faces a lot of headwinds with the current rate environment. Yes, rates have come down, but many of these consumers still haven't faced the full impact of kind of the repricing of their mortgages and the associated payment impact that comes with that. And so, you know, those are all factors that leave us still quite cautious, through the end of this year and going into next year. But nonetheless, kind of very pleased with the, performance we saw this quarter. Thanks. And just as a follow-up, you talk about the peak on the retail side being lower than what you originally expected. Is that just a commentary on rate cuts, or is there something else? Again, on the retail side, unemployment is the number one factor always, right? And that, the unemployment has just, it's played out in a slower manner than we had really anticipated. It's allowed clients, I think, to... You know, I think also clients there have been more resilient with their cash and their liquidity they had coming into this, provided a, more of a buffer than we had maybe appreciated. But, you know, I think the trends are still, they're still significant there, and particularly on the unsecured products that we see will really drive that in 2025. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from John Aiken from Jefferies. Please go ahead. Good morning. I was hoping you could give us a little bit of insight in terms of the integration going on with HSBC. I mean, obviously, we're seeing the financial benefits, but are you able to talk about some of the metrics like cross-selling to HSBC clients or customer attrition? I mean, I'd love to hear it on an absolute level, but basically, I'm assuming against what you had planned for would probably be a little more reasonable. Yeah, John, thanks for the question. It's Neil. Listen, you heard in Dave's comments, I mean, we've been really pleased with the fundamentals of the business. We're seeing these clients come in, get really engaged, you know, with our branch network. We're seeing good mobile adoption. We're seeing appointments really pick up, and renewals, I'd say, come in the way we'd really hoped. What I can say about client attrition is it's well within the estimates when we had put the transaction together. A lot of work to make sure we're reaching out to these clients. Obviously, not to say that there's no attrition, but it's something we're feeling quite comfortable with, from what we're seeing right now. I think on a positive sign, we're seeing a lot of these clients come into existing RBC branches to renew these products. These two portfolios are starting to really commingle quite quickly, and we view that as a real positive for the client. It's just increased convenience overall. For the question on cost synergies, I'd say there's three buckets we would really look at in terms of the revenue synergies, there'd be three buckets. One would be to what you spoke of, which is cross-selling RBC products to HSBC clients. I think we're feeling we're off to a good start. But right now we are really spending time getting to know these clients, anchoring the relationships. But I'd say early green shoots, we're seeing very strong flows early on into Dominion Securities, into wealth management. We've already seen over CAD 100 million of AUM come in from these clients. So I think it's a good example there, but we would see opportunities to cross-sell things like credit cards, where we have a real strength. Small business was something they weren't, I'd say, really focused on, where we're a market leader. Second category would be where we're seeing our ability to sell some of the new products we built for HSBC into our legacy portfolio, and I think a couple would jump out. I think trade finance would be an example. Some of the sophisticated cash management products, the upper end of our corporates, and the foreign currency accounts Dave mentioned, and there's a good example there. We've already sold 7,000 of those to our RBC customers, so you're starting to see those new products come into the legacy portfolio. And then maybe the last bucket we would look at in terms of revenue synergies would just be new clients acquired from the previous HSBC sales forces. They, you know, we would say there wasn't as much growth pre-close as we would have hoped, but they are holding back some of these transactions, and we're starting to see these pipelines build quite well. I'll leave it there. Great. Thanks for the color. I'll requeue. Thank you. The following question is from Paul Holden from CIBC. Please go ahead. Thank you. Good morning. Since we've entered the rate cutting cycle, certainly in Canada and probably soon in the U.S., just wondering if there's anything you can point to or how you're thinking about sort of the NII and earnings sensitivity to rate cutting, sort of beyond the simple disclosed NII sensitivity? Like, is there any nuances why this cycle maybe could be different than past cycles because of some of the, you know, funding mix shifts we've changed, et cetera. Anyway, some additional thoughts would be helpful. Thank you. Good morning, Paul. It's Katherine. It's a great question, and a lot of moving parts in connection with that. So I'll actually step back and give a bit of holistic view of the items that we're thinking about that could have potential impact in NIM, covering off both Canada and the U.S. So let's start with the interest rates. On the Canadian side, we're expecting to see strong tractor benefits continue to flow through, and this is really showing the advantages of our structural low-cost beta core personal banking deposits. We're seeing swap rates roll on, roll off about two hundred basis points if you look at, you know, where swap rates were three to five years ago. Rate impacts to a cut would mostly impact the non-tractored portion of our low beta deposits, and this is roughly about 1/3 of the CDN NII sensitivity types of movement in that short end of the curve. The other item that you would have seen in our commentary for the last few quarters now, impacting NIM would be around intense competition, you know, pricing for deposits as well as mortgages, and we expect to see that continue as we go forward. Neil might want to add to that after, and then we're also, you know, client-driven on mix shift and, you know, keeping an eye on that as interest rates move. We've seen with interest rates increasing the shift into GICs, a significant portion moved in, and so as that, rates come down, the expectation is that we will see a flow out of GICs. Stepping back, though, on that, we would expect that Canadian banking with the lower GICs, we would see a negative impact to net interest income, but tying into Dave's comments, the diversification of our business really stands strong here. The expectations with those flows, given the strength of our wealth management business, we would be seeing those flows move into, wealth management, so net-net, really looking at that as flat across the organization in that environment, and then you referenced the U.S., so just a quick call-out on City National. It has been an asset-sensitive business, and in connection with that, we have been putting on forward hedges to protect us in the down rate environment. And so that is expected to take volatility out of the number as we go forward. Okay. That's helpful. I mean, there's a number of things you gave us to think about in Canada. My read, based on the answers you provided, I think maybe less NII sensitivity from rate cuts than we might see based on the disclosed numbers. Is that a fair takeaway then? Yes. Yeah. Yeah, that's a fair takeaway. Okay, perfect. Thank you. Thank you. Our following question is from Doug Young from Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. Just on City National Bank, just hoping to get a little bit of color. You know, you talked about the back of the adjustment, you know, earnings $150 million. Can you quantify, you know, the performing loan allowance release, you know, the non-core losses, maybe a little more detail? And I guess where I'm trying to get at is this kind of a reasonable jump off spot? Like, have you turned the corner? It seems like, you know, the progress in the last two quarters is moving in the right direction. Just I hope to get some color on that. Good morning. Yes, so Katherine will start, and then I'll make a comment. Yeah. Thank you. I'll start by answering your question on the specifics on the non-core impairment charges that I talked to. These are related to steps that City National has been taking to simplify the business, and it's really to focus on, you know, the areas that have that higher return. So it's really tied into our comments that we've made previously around City National focusing on that normalized path to higher profitability. So with that, I'll turn it over to Dave. Yeah, maybe I'll just step up a bit. So we are working on a number of initiatives, including, you know, simplifying the business, and that meant exiting some of the ventures we had, exiting some of the, you know, ancillary businesses that we don't view to be core to the long-term franchise. And it's really important to simplify this franchise and focus on customer segments. So we took, you know, two charges this quarter to do that. That'll have a positive accretion to earnings over the coming quarters and years. In addition, we're down almost, like, 500 FTEs, so there's been a significant cost take out. You know, we have an opportunity to continue to reduce costs in the franchise, and we're focused on that. But a big part of this is the cost that we've allocated, significant costs we've allocated to kind of building out our operational infrastructure, our risk infrastructure, remediating the public consent order. All of that is embedded into our current run rate, and that will start to come off as we achieve our milestones in 2025 into 2026. So it's a very significant and heavy cost absorption to move this bank to heightened standards, and we're well on that path. So, you know, that's embedded in the current run rate. We've also seen a bit of runoff in the balance sheet. We've done that intentionally. We're continuing to raise deposits. We're looking at moving off low-yielding assets. There's a significant number of still low-yielding assets on the balance sheet, and we're trying to replace them with higher-yielding assets and more importantly, with deeper relationship clients. We have a lot of single-service clients on the balance sheet with low yields, and the team's done a very good job of moving some of those non-growth assets off and then, you know, going after clients. So the pipeline's building to do that. So all that points to an ability to build on kind of where we are going forward. Well, maybe just, sorry, go ahead. It's Graeme. I thought I'd jump in, too, because I think embedded in your question, there was just a bit of understanding on their PCL and the dynamics there. Maybe just to decompose that into two parts. So there was a release on their kind of performing PCL. That was a byproduct of a couple of things there. One, certainly in our overall forecast, we have accelerated some of the rate cut expectations in the U.S., and so that's had a positive impact in kind of how we kind of think about the projection of future losses. That did offset some softer assumptions we had in the U.S. around unemployment and GDP. And then additionally, the weight, the scenario change, weighting that we talked about earlier also benefited, kind of how we're thinking about City National's, loan losses going forward. Additionally, this quarter, City National kind of again came in lower than some of their previous quarters and their actual impaired losses. You know, overall, again, I think the portfolio here is performing well, but as I said, other portfolios, wholesale is a bit more volatile quarter to quarter, and we you know, continue to remain cautious there. I think overall, the performance this year has been a bit better than we expected. I think coming out of last year with the regional bank issues, there was a concern there, and the client portfolio there has been more resilient than expected, but we're still in a cautious situation there. Okay, and then just second, there's been a steady decline in market risk RWA over the last, call it, three quarters. Is that, is that intentional? Are you, are you taking down risk in capital markets? You know, I'm just hoping you can elaborate maybe a bit on that. David, do you want to? Sure. Yeah, thanks, Doug. The short answer is no, there hasn't been any material shift in our risk appetite or purposely taking risk off. Obviously, there's, you know, various points in time where in the trading business, we're mindful of volatility or different economic or geopolitical events, but broadly, our risk appetite has remained fairly similar. As always, we're looking at our business and finding different ways to optimize around capital as we focus on continuing to support and improve our ROE. So there's a number of different initiatives that have helped address that tactically, but overall, no meaningful shift in our risk appetite or approach. Appreciate the color. Thanks. Thank you. Our following question is from Sohrab Movahedi from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Okay, thank you. I think the question will probably be directed at Dave, Graeme, and maybe Derek. I think the cautious tone I heard, Dave, around the macroeconomic environment, and I think Graeme basically suggested that we will have some sort of an elevated, perhaps PCL outlook. But I'm just trying to kind of better understand if that's just being uber conservative, given the comments that, but you still plan to also do some buybacks. And whether or not if a declining rate environment, even if it's coming at us, you know, at the pace that it is, is actually going to be, you know, a steepening yield curve. Like, I think that's going to be really additive to Derek's business as well here. So can I just better understand the degree of conservatism I think that Graeme is placing in the PCL commentary, and and Derek's outlook for pre-tax, pre-provision, especially in the capital markets, and how that dovetails with buybacks and pace of buybacks and your view of intrinsic value, please? That's a great question. So yes, we have done a very good job of putting caution into our statements today across the board, and not just risk, but to your point, the momentum in our franchise is very strong. The opportunities to continue to deliver strong growth are there, so one, to your point, if you look at ROAs and you look at the opportunity, you know, we've seen secular low margins, historic low margins in some of our largest businesses, like mortgages, and that business is earning, you know, a third of what it used to earn. Part of that's the rising rate environment and the difficulty of managing a mortgage business in a rising rate environment. Historically, margins have been much stronger in a declining to stable rate environment as we can fund and hedge that business and that customer pipeline much more effectively. And, you know, given some of the dynamics around funding in the industry, maybe better discipline comes back into the overall competitive environment. All that would be quite accretive, as you can imagine, to our overall profitability in ROA. So there are some secular opportunities as we look at our business in a lower rate environment. As spend could increase, consumer spend could increase as we release more disposable cash flow from debt service into consumption in the economy, that can, you know, benefit a number of areas, from savings to your credit card business. To your point, capital markets activity, as I called out in my prepared comments, with a lower short-term rate environment, you can see more M&A activity, you can see more capital investment, both in the corporate lending book and the commercial lending book. So all that, you know, can stimulate a nice rebound in the economy and a soft landing. We're still calling for a soft landing in the economy, and I think that that is the backstop, both in Canada and the U.S. We're calling for positive growth. We're not calling for a recession. We're calling for lower interest rates and a flatter yield curve. And therefore, they all with the hedging that Katherine talked about, which is very important to reduce the downside impact of rates on our overall balance sheet, you know, we are in a position to absorb this volatility and continue to perform strongly going forward. So I think we are just trying to express, and I was going to leave this to my closing comments, but your question is so important. We are trying to express it's uncertain and it's volatile, and the consumer has not repriced their mortgages, to Graeme's point. So there are some unknowns out there that we're trying to manage, but we feel we can manage them quite well. But we want to make sure you're, you're cognizant of, we haven't landed this plane on the, on the economy yet, and we still have to do that, but we want to, we want to express that, in our, in our caution. So hopefully that helps. It's super helpful. Graeme, if you had to probability weight, if you're going to be increasing the weighting to the base case higher or lower in your IFRS 9 modeling in 2025, knowing what you know today, what would it be, do you think? I won't handicap that. I mean, that's an assessment we do each and every quarter based on all the facts we know at that time. And so I really struggle with getting into this, you know, what do I expect my future expectations to be like? We, you know, at each quarter, we try and do the full assessment of the risks and uncertainty out there, and we take the appropriate actions and embed those into our assumptions and allowances accordingly. And so, you know, I think this quarter, the shift in the allowance weights is really reflective of the fact that, you know, as we've seen with the Bank of Canada cutting rates, it's just, you know, there's more certainty that inflation has been brought within control and, you know, the uncertainty associated with that higher rate, higher inflation environment is now kind of less likely out there. And so that was kind of really driving our weight shift this quarter. But as to how that kind of reflects in future quarters, we'll assess that at the time. Thank you for taking my questions. All right. Good question. Thank you. Our following question is from Mario Mendonca, sorry, from TD Securities. Please go ahead. Good morning. Two quick things I wanted to clarify that I didn't quite follow on the call. First, Katherine, you talked about, I think it was you, talked about the sweep accounts in the U.S. and the bank not feeling a need to adjust rates there. Could you just maybe speak to that first? Sure. We just wanted to be really clear to the street that our pricing on these sweeps, which is about $31 billion in, $30 billion in the U.S., that from a competitive perspective, we feel that we're very well placed. And in relation to any questions about pricing changes, given that competitive positioning, we're not expecting to see anything materially going forward. Helpful. And then, Graeme, one other thing that I want to clarify. You, on page 18, you referred to CAD 452 million reduction as some certain loans were converted to investments. Did I read that? Did I listen to that correctly? What was going on? Yeah, that's correct. I mean, we've, there's a series of commercial real estate loans that we had impaired a number of quarters ago. As part of our work out there, we've foreclosed on those and effectively taken ownership of that. And so we just wanted to highlight that that moves out of the impaired loan category into an investment category. Just wanted to be very transparent about that, but all consistent with our workout thesis and recovery thesis there. So those get mark to market going forward then? Not mark to market per se. They get held as investments and accounted for, consistent with that. Yeah, Katherine might have more to add on that, accounting treatment there. I can just add on quickly. Graeme nailed it, and think about it as those have just come onto our books now, and they're sitting there as assets versus loans. So think about it as commercial properties that's sitting on our books. Mario, it's Doug. Just on the sweep. This is Doug Guzman. Just back on the sweeps. From a business perspective, I think it's important that you understand what's behind our position today, which, as Katherine points out, is a very different one than those who are feeling some pressure, is that we made a judgment some number of quarters ago that with rising rates, the right balance was to allocate some of that rising rate to our customers. So we have come into this period of discussion on this topic with rates that our clients are experiencing that are higher than our competition. And so that leads to us obviously paying attention to this because it's getting a lot of attention. But to Katherine's point, we don't feel like we need to make a big adjustment because we'd already made that adjustment in our customers' favor some number of quarters ago. Okay. And then a more broad question for, for Dave. Canadian investors are probably too polite to say it, but they've kind of lost patience with large U.S. deals that do nothing but destroy value. And I'm not suggesting that City National was one of those. It wasn't large enough, I think, in the context of Royal, to do much damage. But clearly, the U.S. deals in the last little while have not been good for Canadian shareholders. So in your response to Ebrahim, when you were talking about capital allocation, what I'm getting at here is, would the bank consider a large transformative transaction in the U.S.? Or when you think about allocating capital to the U.S., is it all about fixing City National, maybe buying something small that might enhance value there? What's your thinking about allocating capital to the U.S. going forward? It's a great question. It's a very large marketplace. It's a highly intensely competitive marketplace where the profit pool shifts, and it's, to your point, generally, banks in all industries have been quite unsuccessful in making them work. So we are highly cautious at the end of the day. So there could be tuck-in opportunities. As far as a large transformational, I think we've learned a lot through the City National ventures to how to run a bank in the new changing environment. I would say it's a very high bar to clear. At the end of the day, to get everything right and a very complex bar, you have to be incredibly sure-footed about your synergies. When we first moved on City National, we didn't have anything in the United States, right? It was our first step into the market, and therefore, our synergies were growth. And, you know, the market changed on us as far as the regulatory environment and the whole construct, and we've had to adjust to that. You know, you need a stable market and a stable set of rules to invest in, and we don't have that yet in the U.S. We're very conscious of the dilutive impact, and therefore, the bar for us to do anything inorganic in the U.S. is very high. You just saw us allocate CAD 13.5 billion of capital to Canada through HSBC. Pretty strong signal that we were incredibly sure-footed on that acquisition, and it drove very significant shareholder value. And we have opportunities in a highly fragmented kind of U.K. wealth space to build on Brewin Dolphin as well against small tuck-ins. So to your point, I guess I'm trying to guide you. We don't feel we need to bet the organization on a U.S. acquisition. We didn't do that with City National. That was a very conscious part of the strategy. We decided to go with low financial risk, higher operational risk strategy to reenter the U.S. commercial and banking space. Obviously, to your point, it's low financial risk, but the operational risk has been challenging, but we're getting a handle on it, and we're going to drive, you know, as we've talked about, a strong return for our shareholders over time. We don't need to do a transformational acquisition, but if one lined up to a very, very high bar, I can't say never. But the bar is incredibly high, and we don't see anything on the horizon. Thank you. Our following question is from Gabriel Dechaine, from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead. Hey, good morning. A couple questions here. First for Derek. Can you talk about the, you know, credit performance in your U.S. leverage finance portfolio? I think it's around $20 billion, the stuff you keep on balance sheet. And, you know, how those credits are behaving in this higher rate environment. And then, on HSBC Bank Canada, for Neil, last quarter, you showed the balances at close versus where they were when the deal was announced, showed some deterioration, and we don't have that disclosure anymore, and I'm just wondering what if that decline has stabilized, and maybe we've got a bit of growth on legacy HSBC, if you will. And then, City National Bank, what's the outlook for loan growth there? The balance has been pretty flat for a few quarters. I know there's some macro challenges and all that, but, you know, what's your timing expectation of when that loan book can start growing again? Thanks. Sure, Gabe, it's Derek. I'll start with your question just on the leverage lending portfolio. You're correct. Our, that's, that's around CAD 20 billion, and the majority of it is in the U.S. Overall, we're very comfortable with it. A few things behind that. First, we've been very focused historically on managing the size of that, so it's modest in the, in the overall size of our balance sheet. But importantly, our holds by single name, we've generally kept quite modest. They're approximately CAD 35 million each, at, at the more risky rating categories. And so, over a cycle like we've just gone through, where you've had economic weakness impacting different industries, and you've had higher rates that have obviously impacted the interest burden that some of these companies face, where we've run into any kind of PCL, it's very modest given the small hold size we have. As well, it's a very diversified borrower group. About half of it is corporate, half of it is sponsor backed, and within that, very diversified across sectors. And so, I think as you've seen over the last 18-24 months, as we've gone through a more challenging cycle, we've taken some PCL related to that, but I think it's all been within expectations and quite manageable. And so we're overall very comfortable with how it's performed, as well as the outlook as we look out to 2025. As far as City National growth, overall, the industry growth has been very, very low over the you know last number of quarters and year. And that's just you know the higher rate environment has suppressed overall investment and demand among the sector as you would expect. And as rates start to come down, you would expect that growth to restart again. So for us, it was again more focused on moving and not renewing lower yielding assets to reinvest those deposits and that capital into higher growth higher return assets. We're building out teams to do that, and we're pretty excited about the opportunity under Howard and Greg to really build out a stronger commercial franchise, mid-corporate franchise in the United States. And, you know, our deposit raising strategies, whether it's from RBC Clear to our cash management ability at City National, are a really important part of that. So I would say we've remained focused on growth and managed growth. I think we can add profitability while doing that. Dave, it's Neil. I'll just maybe add a couple comments. Your questions about the HSBC volumes. Probably the biggest movement we saw, and we commented on this last quarter, was some non-revenue generating business deposits. Part of that related to some intercompany deposits they were holding to settle up with Mastercard. Another bucket was non-revenue generating deposits for the CIBC account they were holding for the government. Which I made a comment both on the mortgage book and the GIC book. We are seeing this commingling of the portfolio, so keeping these clients from, you know, going to other channels, going to branches and to other transits. It is getting more complicated already. So we have seen some of that movement, but I think the important thing to take away is both in terms of the client numbers, whether it's the consumer or the commercial or the volumes, these are. We're both tracking these well within the estimates when we put the original CAD 1.4 billion fully synergized number to the market. Thank you. All right, thanks. Thank you. Following question is from Jill Shea from UBS. Please go ahead. Good morning, team. Thanks so much for taking the question. I just wanted to touch on capital markets with the pre-tax, pre-provision coming in at CAD 1.2 billion and above that guidance range of the CAD 1.1 billion. Realizing you noted the seasonality into Q4, but just wondering if you could touch on the overall backdrop and deal flow, as well as, any color on the momentum in your market share gains and how that might play into the earnings power of the business over the medium term. Sure. Thanks, Jill. So in terms of the environment, I would echo some of Dave's comments that if I set aside very short term, which I'll come back to, but I look forward to 2025, I think the environment overall feels very constructive. Obviously, with interest rates coming down, access to capital being strong, CEO executive confidence in the economic outlook improving. A number of fundamentals are in place that, you know, we have been seeing driving increased activity, and we expect that to continue into 2025. Part of that as well, that, you know, has been commonly spoken to, is just the amount of dry powder available among private equity firms, as well as, after a slower period the last couple of years, a desire to monetize some existing portfolio companies. So all of which speak to increased activity. And then from a trading business perspective, there's, you know, a healthy amount of change and volatility, both economically and geopolitically, that we think is gonna continue to drive very good activity among asset manager clients. So as we look out to 2025, you know, we think the strength we've seen this year continues, and we have a fairly constructive backdrop. My only caveat, as you mentioned, is there is seasonality to this business. Q4 tends to be seasonally a softer quarter, in particular, given the month of August, which tends to be one of the slower months of the year, just with clients away and activity a little bit more muted. This year, we'll see. We've obviously got the U.S. election and some other events that we'll see what impact that has on activity. So you know, we would just temper the enthusiasm a little bit as we go through the fall period, but overall, for 2025, we think the fundamentals remain very strong. Your other comment, I think, was just on market share. Again, we've been very pleased that the investments and strategy we've been driving over the last number of years, this doesn't happen overnight, have been translating into market share gains across both our investment banking and global markets business. We feel good about that momentum and fully anticipate we can continue that as we look into next year. Perfect. Thanks for that. Thank you. Our following question is from Matthew Lee from Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead. Good morning, guys. Thanks for fitting my question in. So cost management this quarter was really good across pretty much every business. And maybe when we consider the HSBC synergies, and some pretty good trends in the market-related businesses that you've outlined, is there any reason why RBC positive operating leverage shouldn't be sustainable over the medium term? And then maybe as a follow on, are there any particular areas of investment that could maybe weigh on operating costs when we think about 2025 against 2024? Thanks. Maybe I'll start, it's Dave, and then I'll hand it to Katherine for some more detailed comments. But we are very much focused on overall bank operating leverage. I think we have a real opportunity to continue to reduce costs. I think we've, you know, we've come off a period where our costs were elevated. We put a lot of effort into HSBC, and now we're very focused on the overall cost structure to run this business. I would say there are secular technology opportunities to reduce costs, particularly when you look at generative AI and how we're gonna start deploying that more at scale in the organization. So I think as you look at hedges we've done from a macro perspective and a declining rate environment, our focus on cost, the momentum we have, is an important part of not only business level leverage, operating leverage, but trying to maintain that for those reasons at the top of the house. You know, Katherine, do you want to add any comments? Just a couple of things that I would add on, just more re-emphasizing that we are constantly looking to optimize our structural efficiencies to support that strategy of creating long-term value. And many of those actions are already reflected in our run rate from a cost efficiency, as well as the investment necessary to drive those efficiencies. So really just going back to reinforce the guidance that was included in my speech for our expected NIE growth as we finish out fiscal 2024. And then to your question about kind of looking broader, I would just hold off at this point in time. Obviously, we've got the drivers that suggest the momentum we have will continue going forward, and look, you know, in Q4 to give a bit more prescriptive guidance on the expected NIE growth as we move into 2025. All right. Thanks a lot. I'll leave it there. Thank you. We have time for for one more question. Our last question is from Lemar Persaud, from Cormark Securities. Please go ahead. Yeah, thanks. My question's for Graeme. I'm wondering if you could talk through the comment you made on the timing of peak retail credit losses. I think you mentioned you see it growing throughout 2025. I would've thought that maybe you'd suggest that we could see the peak in the next kind of quarter or two as we see the benefits of rate cuts playing out, but it sounds like you're thinking the peak is sometime beyond 2025. Can you clarify that? And then also, is it because of your view on unemployment continuing to move higher despite the benefit of rate cuts? And yeah, we're just wondering if you could provide some color on that. Thanks, so largely, there could be a couple pieces to tie together there. Yeah, I think you kind of got to the answer there a little bit yourself, which is certainly unemployment's a big driver of that, and, you know, we're seeing unemployment kind of peak out in the latter half of this year and kind of early next year. And then there's kind of a lag effect as we see that translate through to, ultimately, to impaired loans and PCL. So that's certainly a factor that kind of is, you know, driving the direction of retail as we see it. And then certainly the rates piece, I think everyone again focuses on, yes, we've had some rate cuts, and those have been beneficial, but that doesn't mitigate kind of rates as a headwind for many of these consumers, that when they go to reprice their mortgages, yes, it's maybe not as acute in terms of the payment shock as they were facing when you know, we saw rates where they were last quarter or two quarters ago, but there still is a payment shock that many of these consumers will face, and the, you know, the big repricing schedule there really goes from, you know, 2025, 2026 and into 2027, so there's gonna be... That will contribute to the overall kind of profile as well. Appreciate the time. Thank you. That concludes the Q&A session. I would now like to turn the meeting back over to Mr. McKay. Thank you for all those great questions. I'd like to sum it up by kind of circling back on three points and points that came up in your conversation. First, just to reiterate, you know, for us, momentum across all of our core franchise, customer franchises is very strong, from retail to commercial, to capital markets, to U.S. wealth, to Canadian wealth. We're seeing CNB on its path to create more shareholder value and getting back to a positive growth contributor to the organization. So the core of the business performed very well, as you saw. Add to that strong execution against HSBC. We're on our cost trajectory. We're confident of that. We've got revenue synergies to add to that, that we'll be able to articulate more clearly over the coming months, to you, and therefore, you know, we feel very good about how we're executing through 2023. And to Neil's point, we inherited a fantastic franchise, but one that was hampered by a very long-dated regulatory close, and therefore, the momentum had really slowed in the overall HSBC business. We've got over 2,000 frontline-facing employees that we're turning on now to, whether it's private banking employees, commercial, strong commercial business, retail, are getting back into building pipelines and building client flow that they normally do, and we'll start to benefit from that. So feel very good about how the customer franchises are performing. The reason I highlight all these awards is that we're investing in creating value, continuing to deliver premium value to our clients and executing, and that's why I spend so much time on talking about awards to you. Second thing is, you've heard some very cautious comments from us. I think Sohrab asked a great question and tried to bring that. It's just a little uncertain out there, and we're trying to express that, that we are operating with confidence in an uncertain environment, and we're moving forward. It's hard to see exactly how fast rates come down, and it impacts consumers, but we wanted to be just a little bit cautious there. We've moved through some. Over the last year, we've moved some capital markets PCL, but it's, you know, it's mitigated. You always see capital markets PCL in the early part of an economic cycle and then retail in the back half, and I think the storylines are playing out largely there as well. You've seen us take some proactive hedging to help perform well through a down rate cycle. You've heard us talk about the benefits of a lower rate cycle to the flows in our business, so overall, while cautious in our overall macro perspective and the impact on the business, we may retain confidence in our overall operating position within that. The third thing to Mario's question on investing capital. We are highly aware of the challenges in the marketplace of investing in the U.S. marketplace. It's for that reason that we've really chosen to focus on the core customer segments that we're focusing on. It's by design, whether it's corporate institutional, where we've served for many, many decades, and we're growing capital markets franchise, whether it's the high net worth and ultra-high net worth franchises we're serving in the wealth franchise that we can build on there, which is kind of lower PCL and lower volatility. In the City National franchise, which is, you know, high net worth, kind of private banking clients and then very strong entrepreneurial commercial clients that have performed very well over multiple cycles from a PCL. All that strategy is designed to produce higher ROE, relative higher ROE, not as high as Canada, obviously, but lower volatility on the credit side through a cycle. We don't see any change to that. So when it comes to the important question of deploying capital, I think I probably should have said first, we have no change to our customer strategy. We are not gonna pursue mass consumer in the United States for all the reasons I've talked about for the last decade, and we continue to view that. So do not fear that we would allocate capital to something that's not core to what we do today. That, that limits the number of opportunities very significantly going forward to focus on the core customer segments we do today. And we're very aware of the challenges of driving long-term shareholder value from M&A. We are highly opportunistic in Canada. It's working out fantastic. We had to seed City National for long-term growth, and we'll continue to execute on our mission there and deploy capital. We will look to tuck things in, but I don't want to leave any impression that we think we need to deploy significant amounts of capital to transform the organization. We really feel we can execute organically going forward across all our businesses to drive, you know, the strongest total shareholder return with the lowest volatility, which is core to our investment thesis. So they're really, really great questions, and thank you for your time today, and we'll see you next quarter. Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time, and we thank you for your participation.