Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the TMX Group Limited Q4 2023 Financial Results Conference Call. At this time, all lines are in a listen-only mode. Following the presentation, we will conduct a question-and-answer session. If at any time during this call you require immediate assistance, please press star zero for the operator. This call is being recorded on Tuesday, February sixth, 2024. I would now like to turn the conference over to Mr. Amin Mousavian, VP, Investor Relations and Treasury. Please go ahead, sir. Thank you, Lara, and good morning, everyone. Thanks for joining us today to discuss the 2023 fourth quarter results for TMX Group. As you know, we announced our results late yesterday, and copies of our press release and MD&A are available on tmx.com under Investor Relations. This morning, we have with us John McKenzie, our Chief Executive Officer, and David Arnold, our Chief Financial Officer. Following the opening remarks, we'll have a question-and-answer session. Before we begin, I would like to remind you that certain statements made during this call may relate to future events and expectations and constitute forward-looking information within the meaning of the Canadian securities law. Actual results may differ materially from these expectations, and additional information is contained in our press release and in periodic reports that we have filed with the regulators. Now I will turn the call over to John. Well, thanks, Amin, and good morning. Thank you all for dialing in today to discuss TMX Group's financial results for the fourth quarter of 2023 and the full year. Now, our record 2023 results included important contributions from all across our business. While our primary focus is always on the long term, our quarterly discussions serve as an important progress report, and David will talk about the quarter shortly. In my comments this morning, I want to highlight the key drivers of our success in 2023, including significant accomplishments across our business areas, as well as the outstanding progress we made during the year to advance TMX's long-term growth strategy, capped off by a game-changing acquisition closed on the first business day of 2024. Now, turning now to TMX's performance. TMX's positive results are no accident. Sustained growth during 2023 reflects the power of the enterprise we have built over the last 20+ years, a deep, diverse, and resilient business model. Importantly, over that time, we have implemented an organizational mindset and a commitment to seeking out strategic opportunities to ensure our continued long-term success. As we reflect back on a year of significant milestones and business achievements, 2023 already appears far off in the rearview mirror, and our eyes are firmly fixed on the road ahead. We're most enthusiastic about TMX's future and how the strategic steps we took during 2023 to accelerate the evolution of TMX and the investments we have made in our burgeoning global information business will enable us to better serve our growing client base and range of stakeholders around the world. Now, TMX reported full-year revenue of CAD 1.19 billion, a 7% increase from 2022, driven by double-digit growth from GSIA, which includes TMX Trayport and TMX Datalinx, as well as higher revenue from Derivatives Trading and Clearing, excluding BOX. In the face of persistent challenges across much of our operating environment, we reported four consecutive quarters of year-over-year revenue growth. Increased revenue was partially offset by the impact of lower capital-raising activity on our listings business, as well as decreased revenue from Equities and Fixed Income Trading as a result of lower trading volumes on the Toronto Stock Exchange, TSX Venture Exchange, and Alpha. Adjusted diluted earnings per share was CAD 1.46 for 2023, a 2% increase from 2022. Our total operating expenses increased 10% when compared to 2022, reflecting costs related to investments we have made in the business, including TMX VettaFi, SigmaLogic, Wall Street Horizon, as well as expenses related to BOX. We also incurred strategic realignment costs in 2023, as well as higher headcount and payroll costs, including merit increases and higher costs related to our short-term employee performance incentive plan. David will take a closer look at these expenses in his remarks to follow. Now, moving on now to our business areas. Revenue from GSIA was CAD 419 million in 2023, a 16% increase from 2022, reflecting higher revenue from TMX Trayport and TMX Datalinx, including colocation. 2023 was an outstanding year for GSIA. It's our fastest-growing segment and a driving force of TMX's overall success. Both TMX Trayport and TMX Datalinx delivered double-digit revenue gains year over year. TMX Trayport's revenue grew 23% compared to 2022, or 17% in pound sterling, driven by a 9% increase in trader subscribers, annual price adjustments, and the impact of a favorable FX rate. We continue to build on TMX Trayport's success in connecting energy traders to premier execution venues and clearing houses across world power and natural gas markets. We added 28 new clients to our core Joule network in 2023. Looking ahead, TMX Trayport's growth strategy is focused on opportunities to support growth and demand for quantitative and automated trading approaches in existing as well as new markets. Global climate markets are rapidly evolving, and we are working to strengthen our aggregation solution with a newly launched WebScreen and the onboarding of new brokers, exchanges, and data providers to our platform. TMX Datalinx revenue grew 11% year-over-year due to higher revenue from data feeds, colocation, benchmark and indices, and enterprise agreement renewals, as well as a favorable FX impact from a stronger U.S. dollar. Revenue for the year included $7.3 million from Wall Street Horizon, which was acquired in November 2022. Last month, we completed the acquisition of VettaFi, a U.S.-based indexing, digital distribution, analytics, and thought leadership company. As we articulated back in December when we announced the deal, this acquisition fits squarely with TMX's disclosed strategic, financial, and transformational objectives. TMX VettaFi adds a leading platform in a large and growing market to TMX's information business and a team of proven talented individuals with an innovative and entrepreneurial spirit. The newly combined TMX VettaFi team is working to assess the scale and scope of our joint capabilities and to make clients aware of the opportunities ahead. While it is early days, our people have had the benefit of 12 months of experience working together since we made our initial and minority investment in the company in January 2023. TMX VettaFi key attributes include an index calculation engine that provides data on more than 300 indices, a large number of international clients who stand to benefit from access to TMX content, and advanced digital distribution capabilities to effectively amplify an ETF issuer's distribution to a network of advisors. In addition to the acquisition of VettaFi, TMX Datalinx continues to build on its broad suite of multi-asset class data and analytics solutions, and to look for ways to address challenges across our global client base. Further to our global benchmarking and indices strategy, TMX played a very important role in Canada's transition to a new commercial interest rate, participating in the creation and delivery of the new Term CORRA benchmark. The new transaction-based and risk-free benchmark gives industry participants complete transparency on both the data sources and CORRA Futures traded on the Montreal Exchange and the methodology used to arrive at its rates. In December, we launched the TMX ESG Data Hub, which delivers data and analytics from premier providers to investors to help inform ESG-based investment decisions. The new hub is designed to help solve data quality, consistency, and accessibility challenges that are inhibiting investors from adopting and incorporating ESG factors into the investment process. Now I'd like to turn to derivatives, another significant contributor to TMX's success in 2023. Derivatives Trading and Clearing revenue, excluding BOX, increased 13% year-over-year, driven by higher volumes traded and cleared on MX and CDCC. The positive impact of the pricing changes, which came into effect in January 2023, and a one-time reduction in 2022 related to the termination of a market-making program. MX total volume grew 15% compared to 2022 in a complex macro environment, with continued inflationary pressure and central bank activity. Overall, MX performance highlights included 22% higher volumes in interest-related products, 14% higher volumes in ETF options, and an 11% increase in equity options traded when compared to 2022, driven by record volumes in the fourth quarter. Liquidity and key products also grew substantially, as year-over-year overall open interest at December 31, 2023, was 17% higher than at the end of 2022. In terms of our recent product development initiatives, we have seen exceptional growth in our CORRA Futures product, or CRA, as the market enters the final stages of the transition from CDOR to the Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average, or CORRA, planned for June 2024. Our three-month CRA contract surpassed the benchmarks in volumes traded and open interest during the fourth quarter for the first time. Investor interest continues to grow in MX's two-year and five-year Government of Canada bond futures contracts. Volumes increased 83% in the CGZ or two-year contract, and 21% in the CGF or five-year contract, year-over-year. Lastly, last week, we celebrated 150 years of the Montreal Exchange. I'd like to take a moment to thank everyone throughout our history who have contributed to the success of the MX. Now, moving on to Capital Formation. Revenue was CAD 268.2 million, a 3% increase from 2022, reflecting higher revenue from TSX Trust, and partially offset by lower revenue from additional listing fees due to a decrease in the number of financing transactions and dollars raised on Toronto Stock Exchange, and a decrease in total financing dollars raised on TSX Venture Exchange. Revenue from TSX Trust, which is shown as other issuer services, increased by 26% when compared to 2022, driven by higher net interest income due to higher rates and activity. 2023 proved to be a challenging year for many of our listed issuer clients and prospects here in Canada and around the world. Macroeconomic factors, including a high interest rate environment, inflationary pressure, both had a negative impact on capital raising conditions. But despite these conditions, 2023 featured some important success stories and competitive wins for our unique two-tiered ecosystem, which continues to build on its track record of facilitating growth. 12 companies graduated from TSX Venture to TSX during 2023, adding CAD 4.3 billion in new market capitalization to our senior market. And we also welcomed more than a dozen uplistings. These are companies that are already public, coming from competing markets, to our market in 2023. An additional in CAD 5.6 billion in market cap, including two leading companies in the North American cannabis space, TerrAscend and Curaleaf. We remain a formidable competitor for listings among our exchange peers, outside of Canada and inside. TSX and TSX Venture ranked third amongst our global exchange peers by the number of new listings, international listings for 2023. Since Toronto Stock Exchange created the ETF prototype in 1990, we have worked in close partnership with providers to bring unique investment opportunities to a broad retail audience in support of the growth of the industry. Today, we have near 1,000 ETFs listed on TSX from 40 providers, including 114 new ETF listings in 2023, representing more than CAD 380 billion in assets under management. The industry continues to expand, offering investors access to new asset classes, including high interest savings accounts. Net new flows into the Canadian ETFs totaled CAD 38.4 billion in 2023, compared to outflows of CAD 57 billion from the Canadian mutual fund industry. Our deep commitment and long-standing connection to the ETF community is yet another reason we are so excited about our recent addition. CI Funds recently announced the launch of two new ETFs tracking customized underlying indices created by TMX VettaFi. This is an early indication of the power of the combined enterprise, Capital Formation, TMX Datalinx, TMX VettaFi, working together to deliver unique, tailored solutions to meet the needs of our clients and expand the marketplace. Now, through all turns of the market, in keeping with our purpose, TMX is focused on building stronger, more adaptive, more responsive, and more competitive, and it starts from the foundation up. In keeping with the commitments we made to our stakeholders under our Venture Forward initiative in 2023, we began the rollout of a new TSX Venture Passport listing process, an initiative designed to accelerate the listing and capital raising timeline for qualified new listing applicants, creating a path for entrepreneurs to go public, raise capital, and achieve liquidity while upholding TSX Venture listing standards. We continue to look for ways to innovate across our markets. In 2023, we took important steps forward in our equities trading strategy with the launch of Alpha X and Alpha DRK, our new lit and dark order books. The initial features of the new platforms are designed to improve execution quality and provide trading clients with new cutting-edge functionality. Longer term, Alpha X and Alpha DRK will enable our markets team to deploy adaptive strategies to further enhance the overall trading experience. And we've also advanced plans in the development of a U.S. equities trading initiative aimed at improving execution quality for buy-side clients south of the border as well. The development of this technology is well underway, and while we are looking to potentially launch by the end of 2024, obviously these are pending regulatory approval and as progress on our initiative. Now, in closing, I want to recognize the extraordinary efforts of our people. TMX is an innovation story with a proud 170+ year history at the forefront of industry progress. It's a story of leadership and strategic vision, rooted in purpose to make markets better and empower bold ideas. TMX story is written by the tremendous people, past and present, who have held tightly to the primary commitment to serve our clients and stakeholders across our markets with excellence and integrity. Together, we look forward to the work ahead as we write the next chapter for the 170 years to come. With that, I'll pass it over to David. Thank you, John, and good morning, everyone. Our results for the fourth quarter continue to reflect our commitment to invest in long-term growth and the strength of our diversified business model. It was another excellent quarter with revenue of CAD 301.5 million, representing a 9% growth compared with Q4 of last year. Now, as you will recall, our income tax expense decreased in Q4 of 2022 due to the reversal of a prior year tax provision, with a CAD 0.07 impact on earnings per share. This is why we are reporting a 16% decrease in our reported diluted EPS this quarter of CAD 0.31, compared to CAD 0.37 in Q4 of last year. Now, our adjusted diluted earnings per share increased 6%, reflecting higher income from operations of CAD 7.3 million, driven by higher revenue across all of our key operating segments. A little later in my remarks, I will speak to our successful efforts to contain expense growth and how we maintained our expense discipline in the second half of 2023 by keeping our second half expenses in line with the first half while continuing to invest in growth. Turning now to our businesses, which saw year-over-year revenue increases across all key segments, and I will start with those that experienced the largest increases. It was another record revenue quarter in our Global Solutions, Insights and Analytics segment, which grew by 15% this quarter, driven by contributions from both TMX Trayport and TMX Datalinx. Revenue from TMX Trayport was up GBP 4.4 million, or 17%, driven by a 9% increase in trader subscribers, in addition to our annual price adjustments and growth from our data analytics and algorithmic trading platforms. On the heels of a strong pound sterling this quarter, TMX Trayport was up 24% in Canadian dollars. Revenue in our TMX Datalinx business grew by 8%, driven by increases in subscription-based services, revenue contribution from Wall Street Horizon, which we acquired in November of 2022. The Term CORRA benchmark, which was launched in September 2023, and the impact from price adjustments we have spoken of in prior quarters. In the Derivatives Trading and Clearing segment, revenue grew by 12% this quarter, with double-digit growth from both our MX and CDCC businesses as well as BOX. Derivatives Trading and Clearing revenue, excluding BOX, was up 11% in the quarter, driven by a 20% increase in Montreal Exchange and CDCC volumes, and the positive impact from pricing changes, which came into effect in January of 2023, somewhat offset by an unfavorable product and client mix. Revenue from BOX increased 15% this quarter, driven by record volumes, which increased 21% from Q4 of last year, and was somewhat offset by a lower rate per contract due to the implementation of a new pricing structure in Q3 of 2023, which increased volumes and market share, however, these came at lower yields. In addition, BOX's equity options market share was 8% this quarter, which is notably a record high and a 1% increase both year-over-year and sequentially. Equities and Fixed Income Trading and Clearing revenue was up 5% compared with the fourth quarter of last year, reflecting an increase of 7% from our CDS business and a modest 2% from our Equities and Fixed Income Trading business. The CDS revenue increase was driven by higher interest income on clearing funds held for short, short durations and higher fees due to increased activity across event management, custodial, and eligibility services. This was somewhat offset by lower exchange trading volumes, which has been the theme throughout 2023. The revenue increase in our Equities and Fixed Income Trading and business reflected higher fixed income trading revenue from higher activity in Government of Canada bonds and swaps. The increase was somewhat offset by a 13% decrease in the overall volumes of securities traded on our equities marketplaces. Trading volumes were down across all of our marketplaces, namely 14% on TSX, 13% on TSX Venture Exchange, and 9% on Alpha Exchange. There was also a decline in our combined equity, combined equities trading market share for TSX and TSX Venture listed issuers, which was approximately 63% this quarter, down 3% from Q4 of 2022. The decline was primarily due to two factors. As many of you know, we operate the only Market On Close or MOC facility in Canada. In Q4, we saw lower volumes, not only in Canada, but in the U.S. and European markets on closed facilities as well. While these declines do cause a decrease in reported market share, they have not materially impacted our revenue due to the pricing structure in place. Of note, volumes since December have normalized to a similar level compared to the same period in 2022. Secondly, a recent shift in the Canadian marketplace, with volume increase in under CAD 1 securities, for which we have a lower market share compared to over CAD 1 securities. This too should have a minimal impact on our revenue, given the lower amount of revenue earned on the volume of trades in under CAD 1 securities. In Capital Formation, revenue in the segment was up 3% this quarter, primarily driven by an increase in both the number of additional listing transactions and an increase in the total number of financings on TSX. This was partially offset by lower initial and sustaining listing fees on the TSX and TSX Venture Exchange. Turning now to our expenses. Operating costs in the fourth quarter increased by 12% compared to last year on a reported basis, and 5% when excluding the following items. First, we incurred CAD 5.7 million in compensation and benefits expense this quarter related to strategic realignment changes to streamline our organization and create capacity for further investment and growth. These changes are expected to generate annual savings of approximately CAD 4.2 million starting in Q3 of this year. Second, there was an increase in expenses of CAD 5.5 million in the fourth quarter related to VettaFi and Wall Street Horizon, of which CAD 5.1 million related to the acquisition-related costs of VettaFi. As you may recall, Wall Street Horizon expenses were only partially included in Q4 of 2022, as we had made the acquisition in November of 2022. So the balance of the variance is simply the delta in OpEx, given the stub period in Q4 of 2022. Third, Q4 last year included CAD 4 million related to AST integration, which has since been completed. And finally, there was a CAD 3.4 million expense accrual in BOX Market's results for services provided by BOX Exchange. As a reminder, BOX Exchange is the national securities exchange responsible for regulating and monitoring the activities of BOX Market. Normalizing for inflation and foreign exchange impacts, fourth quarter expense growth reduced further to a nominal 1% increase compared to last year, and is primarily due to high employee performance incentive plan costs and targeted growth investments. Now, looking at our results sequentially. Revenue increased CAD 14.2 million from the third to fourth quarter, reflecting higher revenue across all of our key operating segments. Operating expenses in Q4 were up CAD 11.3 million, or 7% from the third quarter, primarily due to CAD 5.7 million related to the strategic realignment costs I mentioned earlier that we incurred in Q4, as well as increased acquisition and related costs of CAD 5.1 million related to VettaFi, partially offset by lower estimated regulatory expenses for Box due to the catch-up recorded in Q3. Adjusting for these items, operating expenses increased 2% sequentially, mainly reflecting high employee performance incentive plan costs. Some of you may recall from previous quarters, we had indicated that second half expenses would be in line with our first half of the year's expense run rate. With 2023 now behind us, I'm pleased to report that our second half of the year expenses were 1% lower than the first half, after removing the impact from strategic realignment costs, VettaFi acquisition costs, and regulatory expenses from BOX. We have made positive progress on three key transformational measures in 2023. First, our revenue outside of Canada was 41%, up 1% from a year ago. Second, Global Solutions, Insights and Analytics revenue, as a percentage of total revenue, was 35%, which is up 3%. And finally, recurring revenue as a percentage of total revenue was 53%, up 4%, as we have, for the first time, crossed over the 50% threshold as we march on towards our 2/3 goal. Looking ahead to 2024, the addition of VettaFi will further accelerate the progress on our key transformational measures, and I'm very much looking forward to reviewing those results with you in Q1 of this year. With the inclusion of VettaFi in our 2024 results, we expect our effective tax rate for 2024 to be approximately 26.5%, which is roughly 0.5% lower than our current rate. Turning to our balance sheet, in the full year of 2023, we spent CAD 79.9 million repurchasing approximately 2.8 million of our common shares under our normal course issuer bid program. On December 31st of last year, our debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio was within the target range at 1.7x, and we also held close to CAD 420 million in cash and marketable securities, which was CAD 245 million in excess of the CAD 175 million we target to retain for regulatory and credit facility purposes. In the fourth quarter, we redeemed our CAD 250 million Series B debenture with a combination of cash and commercial paper. Now, on January 2nd of this year, subsequent to the reporting period, we completed the acquisition of the remaining approximately 78% common units in VettaFi. The transaction was financed with $963 million in term loans, maturing approximately 12, 18, and 24 months from closing. Now, following the transaction, our pro forma debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio increased to 3.4 x, and we have a deleveraging plan to return to our targeted range of 1.5-2.5 x within two years, based on our proven track record and our diversified business model's ability to generate free cash flow. Last night, our board approved a quarterly dividend of CAD 0.18 per common share, payable on March 8th to shareholders of record as of February 23rd. In the fourth quarter and for the full year of 2023, we will have paid out 49% of our adjusted earnings per share, which remains at the very top end of our target payout ratio of 40%-50%. That now concludes my formal remarks, and I would like to turn the call back to Amin to moderate our Q&A period. Thanks, David. Lara, would you please outline the process for the Q&A session? Sure, so thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, we will now begin the question-and-answer session. Should you have a question, please press star followed by the number one on your touchtone phone. You will hear a three-tone prompt acknowledging your request. Should you wish to decline from the polling process, please press star followed by the number two. If you are using a speakerphone, please lift your handset before pressing any keys. We have our first question coming from the line of Nik Priebe from CIBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Okay, thanks for the question. So you've communicated the anticipated spend towards the build-out of a U.S. cash equities trading venue. I think I might have caught this in your prepared remarks, but I just wanted to confirm: Did you indicate an expectation that the platform would be operational and revenue generating towards the end of the year? I was just thinking about this more of a multi-year initiative, but you can let me know if I'm wrong there. No, we didn't indicate that. I mean, we would expect to be operational and revenue generating in the new year, the next year. We are working towards being ready at the end of this year, but obviously, I'd like to take... That, that takes into account also the ability to deliver the platform, but also regulatory approvals, which you know, are not inside our control completely. So, at this point, we're not giving guidance in terms of what we would be go live and revenue producing, but wanted to give you the sense in terms of this kind of reflects what we think is the best case of the build-out cost related for us to get there. Understood. Okay, no, that's helpful. And then, I was wondering if you could just elaborate a little bit on the value proposition to Canadian institutions participating in the U.S. cash equities marketplace. Like, you know, what features of this new platform would incentivize them to post liquidity on this new trading venue as opposed to, a competing alternative trading system? Yeah, I mean, one of the ways to think about it is actually in context with the launches that we've done this year on Alpha X and DRK. So in each of those cases, what we are building is a- higher quality order execution capability. And so very much for both buy side and the sell side, supporting them, dealing with larger block, where you're looking to minimize execution impact, maximize execution quality. So some of this is capability that we've been building in Canada already, that we see the opportunity in the U.S. to provide similar services there to both the U.S.-based sell side and buy side, and candidly, the cross-border activity from the Canadian buy side and sell side that have operations both in Canada and the U.S. And so in working this out, our team has been very actively dialoguing with clients on both sides of the border to understand their needs, and it is a client-driven solution. So that's the way you should think about it. It's building off capabilities we've been building and dialogue we've already been having with clients on both sides of the border. Understood. Okay, that's great. I'll, I'll requeue for now. Thank you. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Étienne Ricard from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Thank you and good morning. With improving optimism on Capital Formation, what appetite are you seeing from potential new issuers to come to market, as well as timeline on the return of the IPO market? And, and if I can add just one more question, specifically on the innovation sector, how, how is your pipeline in this sector comparing relative to, let's say, a year ago? Yeah, that, that's a great question, and it's one of the ones that makes me regret that we report every quarter, and we can't have this conversation just every six or 12 months. I'm gonna start at the back end and work my way back towards the front of the question. And I might have been dialoguing this with our team. The pipeline for new issues remains really strong in multi-sectors, including the technology sector. So the technology sector pipeline, in our long-term pipeline, remains very robust. And our team, in terms of kind of what I'll call the short term, when you're talking to companies that are working on an IPO or a capital-raising initiative, there are substantial depth of conversations that are coming, but there's not visibility as to when. That's one of the pieces I've got to be candid on. It's very difficult for us to have visibility as to when those transactions can come to market and when the confidence in the market is going to be there to support them. And that's not a Canada issue, that's a, you've seen that in the U.S. as well, you're seeing that around the world, so it's not a unique piece to Canada. So unfortunately, that's gonna be the best guidance I can give you. We do have a very deep and robust pipeline, but in terms of the timeframe of when that can come to market is, you know, your guess is almost as good as mine on that. That's why you've actually seen the efforts that we've been making throughout the last year or so to really identify where there are actual public companies, either on Venture or other markets, that could be well served by moving up to the TSX, and we've been actively working on helping those companies make that transition. So if you go back to my comments today, you'll see the, kind of the stats on that. Between both graduates and bringing listings on from other marketplaces, we've brought over 25 companies to TSX in the last year. You don't see those as IPOs, but they build into the base of public companies that can trade and raise capital with us in the future. So it's still a really important feeder system, even if a traditional IPO is still not ready yet to come to market. Okay, understood. And just to circle back on the expansion in the U.S., how do you think about the capital intensity looking beyond 2024? And what sort of returns on the investment are you targeting for this initiative? Yeah, I mean, we're gonna be able to be fairly limited in terms of what we can share with you there, because also this is commercially sensitive in terms of what we're actually producing. But you can take to note that we would have done a full business case on that, with risk-adjusted returns that we thought were compelling to do the investment. And when we get closer to go live, we'll be able to give more guidance in terms of what does that actually economics look like in terms of kind of run rate impact and where we see the market opportunity, when we get there. But it is premature to do that today. Thank you very much. Thank you. We have our next question coming from the line of Geoff Kwan from RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. I have a question on, on CDS. I mean, since you had acquired it, I think you've been, you know, trying to, or I guess in more recent years, trying to, be able to adjust prices up, and I think probably also get rid of that rebate, maybe not as much success as you would have liked. I'm just wondering, how realistic is it that you might be able to make some progress on this front over the next year? I think it's actually very realistic. I mean, one of the reasons that we haven't moved as quickly on the pricing reforms, and, you know, those actually were filed a year or so ago. But, you know, part of the reason that it hasn't moved forward is because we're actually not at end of job in terms of delivering the technology. And so, you know, I'll remind folks that, our technology program and reinvesting in all the capabilities was deferred as we gave way for the market to move towards T+1 settlement. Now that program is underway, it's on track. It is still expected that North America will do that transition in May. And then shortly after, we will restart with the industry, the testing, towards kind of the final runway, to going live on the Post Trade Modernization product. So in parallel with that, we're in discussions with the industry and the regulators currently about revising that, the proposal to remove the rebates, and I expect you'll see that come to market in 2024. When that does happen, are you able to describe, you know, kind of the magnitude of the pricing change now? Is it a matter of kind of getting the return on investment that you've had and then maybe a component of not having been able to move much on price over the past, you know, five, 10 years? Yeah, when we're at a point of publicly filing it, we'll be able to do exactly that. ... Okay. Just maybe if I can ask one last question is, Sure. The equity market data subscribers, I'm just wondering if there's any line of sight, whether or not the declines you've seen in recent quarters may have troughed in Q4, or whether or not there still might be some further pressure in upcoming quarters. Can you just repeat that, Geoff? 'Cause we – you cut out in the first part of that sentence, so we didn't – we heard equity markets, but we weren't sure. So do you mind repeating? Yeah, sorry. It was just on the equity market data subscriber counts. It's been coming down the past couple of quarters. Just wondering if Q4 might be the trough, or whether or not you have any line of sight, whether or not there still might be a little bit of pressure there in the near term. I mean, that's, as always, that's really driven by, you know, industry seats, employment in the industry, things like that. And it tends to lag the market. So we don't get visibility in terms of forward-looking ability, in terms of what the clients are doing. But this is certainly a piece where we, you know, should we start to see some turn in terms of market volumes, activity, intensity, IPO activity, and interest, that would be tailwinds behind equity subscribers going forward. So that's the best guidance I can give you because we similarly don't have the visibility going forward. Okay, thank you. We have our next question coming from the line of Ben Budish from Barclays. Please go ahead. Hi. Good morning, and thanks for taking the question. John, or maybe David, I was wondering, just kind of following up on your last answer there in terms of guidance, is there anything you can share with us in terms of modeling out the next year, whether it's price adjustments to Trayport, your expectations for sort of expense growth, excluding... You know, I think you've given us some help with VettaFi in terms of the revenue contribution and the margin, but otherwise, sort of the normalized pace of expense growth. Anything else that you can share just in terms of kind of fine-tuning how the next year should shake out? Hey, Ben, it's David. So what I'd guide you to is... I appreciate we just released the information late last night, but throughout our reports, you'll see both pricing changes summarized in various different places. So I'll guide you to have a look at that, and if it doesn't quite address, you know, what you're after, you can reach out to investor relations after the fact. What I can tell you is relating to expenses, right, is we've tried to isolate the items that are most notable. In addition, you know, as John touched on with the earlier question, we've provided some guidance as to how much we intend to spend in increased operating expenses as we expand into the U.S. But what we've always said is, and we don't provide, you know, de facto expense guidance, is that we try and maintain the, you know, the increases to either limit them to the rate of inflation or slightly below. And so given where inflation is headed in 2024, it's kind of in that, you know, low single- to mid-single-digit kind of range. And then if you had to layer on kind of the roughly 1.5%, expense growth on a reported basis, if you were to factor in what we've disclosed for the U.S. expansion, that kind of puts you in a ballpark in terms of the expense increase. What I will leave you with, though, Ben, which is very important, is that both our budgets and our forecasts for 2024 have positive operating leverage in them when you look through, obviously, some of these, you know, one-time in nature items. Yeah, and the piece I'll add to it, more on the top line is, you know, our budgeting, our planning, our long-term strategic growth, they're all in line with the long-term guidance we've given around the strong growth, the market growth areas of our businesses. There's no visibility in terms of deviating from that, and particularly now that the business, as David said, is now more than half in our recurring revenue streams, which are also strong growing streams. They should become easier for you to model and predict. And then I'll give you just a couple, you know, highlights as we start the year off, you know, kind of interesting pieces. You'll see in the MD&A disclosure, we've given some guidance around sustaining fees. That's a big part of Capital Formation in terms of the impact of both some pricing changes and market values and market caps, you know, kind of in line with previous years and previous year in all respects. But then, you know, flip on the Trayport side as well, you've got continued flow through of CPI changes, and anecdotally, I'll share with you that just from the team this week, I've had updates on four clients that have all renewed with us at Trayport, multi-year, three- to five-year agreements, all with material uplift in terms of their, you know, revenue and investment commitment to Trayport. So, really positive indicators early in the year. Okay, that's all very helpful. Thank you. Maybe one follow-up. Just at a high level, you know, a U.S. broker recently announced their plans to enter Canada. Just curious, like, what's your sort of your take on the current state of of retail, you know, participation in the market in Canada? Do you think there's anything perhaps cultural, that's kept it at lower levels than, say, the U.S.? And what are your sort of thoughts on how that could evolve over the next few years? I think it's less cultural, and it's actually more about the, you know, the kind of the advance of the services and the tools. So, you know, actually having more competition and more innovation in providing solutions to retail investors could be a positive for more retail participation in the Canadian marketplace. I think we would tend to be lower than where the U.S. has developed. And there's some products in Canada that are not as well penetrated as the U.S., so things like, you know, option trading is largely institutional in Canada, where it's very active in terms of the retail market in the U.S. So as you have more brokers and platforms, bring more innovation, you'll start to see more distribution of both option trading, more distribution of more ETF products, all things that can drive more retail participation, because products that are more designed for retailers and provided that extra distribution. So I only see it as a positive for the Canadian market because we are underdeveloped versus the U.S. market. So seeing that kind of innovation come north is gonna be good for us. Got it. Thank you very much. We have our next question coming from the line of Graham Ryding from TD Securities. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning. Just wanted to maybe dig in a little bit on, Trayport. We're seeing, you know, outside of, I guess, the, the annual, contractual CPI increases, but you're seeing some solid trader growth. And then, you know, maybe just can you flag some of the key factors that are still supporting pretty strong momentum there, in that overall business? What, what would you attribute the, the growth, the growth to? Yeah, thanks, Graham. It's multifactor. So, you know, even picking up on my comment just a minute ago, when we talk about client renewals and uplift, all those client renewals are taking additional seats. So they're actually expanding their usage of Trayport throughout their shop. And every case is different. It may be that they are expanding to different asset classes, different geographic points, but they're expanding the usage. You'll also know from our comments the number of new clients we added just in 2023, almost 30 new clients, and so that was driving, you know, subscriber growth as well, and we continue to see that demand into 2024. And the reason being is multifactor. So you're, you know, continuing to add new product on Trayport, and these could be things like, you know, an electricity distribution point or a gas distribution point, or further use and development of things like the Japan-Korea market as more of that comes online. But also as we add more asset classes and more geographic distribution, you know, so we're continuing to work and building out, as I said, more in terms of renewables, more in terms of climate, more in terms of getting more oil brokers involved in the platform and continuing to build out in the U.S. market as well. So that's what I mean by it's multifactor, and it gives us the confidence that we're going to continue to have that kind of strong, high single, low double-digit growth rate for the foreseeable future. Okay, great. Was your expansion in the U.S. a material factor this year in driving growth? It was an important factor, but it actually wasn't material in terms of the overall growth, because the growth was so strong across all those factors. Okay, understood. And the other one I just wanted to dig into a little bit was the growth that you're seeing in options, both on ETF and the equity side. I think it was up 10% in 2023. Yet we're seeing equity trading volumes that I think were down double digits, so there's a bit of a divergence there. So maybe you could just sort of flesh out what is driving this sort of option activity that's benefiting your overall derivative volumes. Yeah, that goes more to the adoption curve. So when you look at the Canadian market in terms of option penetration, in terms of kind of the option trade relative to the underlying equity trade, we are still well underdeveloped as you compare that to the U.S., to the European, to the Australian market as comparison. So there's a lot of runway for continued option, option development and adoption, regardless of what the underlying equity market is doing. And a lot of that pickup, as I mentioned earlier, continues to be more institutional engagement, and as liquidity gets better in those products, it's easier for more institutions to engage with them. So it's still early days in terms of what we think the potential is for the option market, both on the single-name options and the ETF options, and we would expect that to be a strong contributor to long-term growth. Okay, understood. So it's more institutional adoption at this stage, still not. It's still not a retail. Yeah, primarily- story at this point. The primary support is coming from institutional. Okay, great. And if I could be greedy and just throw one more in. Just overall, David, we're estimating maybe the price increases are going to add about 2% to your overall top line growth in 2024. Does that sound, does that sound fair? Yeah. 1.5%-2% is what's in the disclosure, so you can... Somewhere in that range is fine, Graham. Okay. That's it for me. Thank you. We have our next question coming from the line of Brian Bedell from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead. Hi, great. Thanks. Good morning, folks. Thanks for taking my questions. Maybe just back to the positive operating leverage calibration for 2024. Do I believe the, you know, VettaFi adds or contributes to that positive operating leverage dynamic, but would you be able to comment on that budget plan excluding VettaFi? Is that still within your plan in terms of the price increases versus the expense growth, the positive operating leverage dynamic? And then, I guess, is in conjunction with that, if we do have a more difficult volume environment for whatever reason, is there flexibility or I guess, how much flexibility is there to keep expenses in check to maintain positive operating leverage? Thanks, Brian. It's David. So I'll handle the first part of your question, and then John and I will tag team on the second part. So yes, obviously, VettaFi helps, but it just makes the operating leverage greater. What we can tell you is that, absent VettaFi, so if you want to call it the organic forecast for us, also has positive operating leverage. Obviously not as much when you, the, you know, excluding VettaFi than, than you have when you include VettaFi. So yes, the short answer to your question is, our operating leverage is positive, excluding VettaFi for 2024. And then in terms of the levers and, and things that we can pull, I'll hand it to John and Amin. ... I mean, and so, take this for what it is, but I do think that we are starting 2024 with the basis of 2023 being a fairly weak baseline for trading activity, listing activity. And so it's a good baseline to build from, and we don't really foresee much additional pullback, even in a sustained down market, from what we saw in 2023. So I think we're starting from a positive spot. The second piece is, you will note in some of our commentary, we actually did make some structural changes at the end of 2023. So that's why we actually recorded some realignment costs, and that in terms of identifying where we could actually build additional capacity for 2024. And so, you know, actually taking out kind of 30-40 redundant positions in the organization, some of that will flow through into later into the year, was designed around creating exactly some of that efficiency you talked to, but also being able to then deploy that capital, that capacity, in funding the things that we're trying to do to grow. So that we can grow the organization, we can invest in where we're trying to build, while maintaining the positive leverage that David talked about. And so they are integrated strategies that way, to ensure that we can continue to build, but be efficient at the same time. And that's the challenge we give to every one of our team leaders. It's all about when you're looking to how you're going to invest more, is what can you identify where we can create efficiencies or there's redundancies or things that we're investing in that don't create the same value that they used to? And that's the first question that Dave and I will ask on any new spend: How do we actually fund that internally? That's really helpful. And then maybe just on the second question, just back to VettaFi. I think, John, you started off talking about the four different pillars of that joint capabilities, the index calculation, the international client base, and the digital distribution. If we do get any type of pullback in the ETF market pricing that might impact the ETF the index calculation, can you talk about your confidence of the low double-digit revenue growth profile in 2024? And then you also talked about the joint capabilities that you're, you know, talking to clients about in terms of the capabilities with TMX. Is that something that you think can accelerate, you know, that low double-digit growth, revenue growth rate from, you know, from the baseline coming into 2024? Yeah. So it's a yes and a yes, to be really quite clear. I see, and the team sees, a lot of upside in the index suite in 2024 and beyond, and for a number of reasons. The capabilities I've talked to, in terms of the index factory, is a very efficient platform, not just for adding new indices, but actually potentially bidding for ETFs to switch their underlying indices to a more efficient one produced by VettaFi. And so in the, you know, the pipeline and outlook for that business, we see, more adds than potential for deletes. And then also the ETFs that are in there already, I think actually, you know, some of the larger ones that are contributing to revenue, I think are ones that actually have positive upside when we're in a market that likely will start to see rates come down at some point, because there's yield opportunities in some of them as well. So there's really good products there, that are going to have tailwinds behind them, and the ability to launch new products directly and to switch ETF providers, from other providers, for the underlying indices, to VettaFi one. So there's a lot of growth room there, and we don't have a lot of concern about underlying conditions getting in the way of actually doing that expansion. And then to your second piece around the TMX, and the integration... I'll call them the kind of the revenue synergies, the integration opportunities. I mean, that's exactly why we did this, this investment. This is an interesting one where we see opportunities for interaction all throughout the franchise. And so the relationships that we have, both with domestic ETF providers, global ETF providers, allows us to cross-sell services in both in terms of index provision, but also the digital distributions tools. We're actually going to be down in Miami for VettaFi's Exchange conference next week. This is the largest ETF conference in North America, and all the major players are there, and we're going to be using that as an opportunity to see where we can actually provide more solutions, solve problems for these clients. And then the piece that we're really excited about down the road, in terms of that interaction between the rest of the TMX franchise and TMX VettaFi, is the underlying datasets are all through this organization that could potentially be used to create new products. So be it, other equity data, other fixed income data, data we have in the clearinghouse, energy data we have in Trayport, all of them are potentially source data opportunities for creating new products. And when you create new products, we can create new ETFs that can be listed, they can be traded, we can build options on them. So it really is a full enterprise opportunity with the things we can build. That's great color. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Jaeme Gloyn from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead. Yeah, thanks. Good morning. First question, just on the Trayport. I noticed that North America contributed about 4%-5% of the revenues in 2023. Would you be able to, like, break out what strategies in North America are driving that? Is it the Nodal? Is it just winning some clients? I believe you've mentioned, like, Ontario, Alberta clients. Like, what's driving that North American lift, or most of it? You got it in the back half of your question there. It is adding clients. It's business development. So we've got an active business development team that's been building relationships, adding new clients, both on the broker side, the trader side, the hedge fund side, and, you know, kind of in our—as we're getting to spring training baseball time, as we said, it's, you know, it's single after single after single, to push those runs around. So, building the network, building the underlying liquidity takes time, and that's what the business development team there is doing. And, you know, great track record through 2023 of adding new clients. ... Got good, good to hear. In terms of the pricing action, several announced this quarter. Is there— is this, is this kind of it? Is this the, how it works with pricing actions? You, you implement and get approvals in, in the back half of the year for implementation in, in early 2024, or are there other, other actions you can take, sometime, you know, in 2024 to, to further enhance that, that revenue profile? No, it's a great question, Jaeme. So, it isn't a programmatic thing that we do just at the end of the year, right? It's really driven by where we position ourselves in the marketplace. We're also very sensitive to what is occurring in some of our clients' organizations. So, there are some challenging times that folks have had, and we're very thoughtful and deliberate in where we implement pricing changes. And as you did mention, many of them do require some form of regulatory approval, unlike, let's say, Trayport, which isn't regulated. And so we factor all of that in, but the most important thing is competitive positioning and what is actually occurring in the client franchise. You know, if folks are struggling, now is not the time to take price. Yeah, I'm gonna layer on David's point on competitive positioning and really value proposition. You know, just taking pricing is not a sustainable revenue growth strategy. You've got to provide value to the clients. And one of the pieces I thought was the most compelling story in 2023 from Trayport, as we've talked about the fact that Trayport has, you know, CPI built in the agreements. It was essentially a 7%-8% that was built into 2023. We also had the highest customer satisfaction recorded for that team through our annual customer satisfaction survey at Trayport of any previous year. The very direct and deliberate work of the team of engaging with the clients, understanding the value proposition, understanding their needs, and not just passing pricing through without that discussion around value and what we can continue to do for the clients, that's what's got to go together. It's always going to be, to David's point, competitive positioning, value proposition, so that's something that's supportable and sustainable. Okay. Just a quick comment on, you know, potential price increases remaining in the near term. Yeah. So to the extent we make any other changes later in the year, we will communicate those. But, the current pricing changes is what's kind of reflected in the reports we published today. Okay. Last one for me. Just, obviously, VettaFi, really nice transaction, you know, using a lot of leverage to get that done. How does this impact your view on the M&A market outside of VettaFi? Does this limit your ability to seek other targets? Are you seeking other potential targets? I guess, is the first question before that. And, you know, does the leverage level where you are today, you know, you have to probably issue some equity if you do something larger size. Does that... How does that really impact the outlook on future M&A here in the near term? Yeah, it really doesn't. The M&A in the near term and the long term is continues to be built on our strategy, as you know, as VettaFi was, so things that we identify that are going to accelerate our long-term strategy, we're gonna continue to do that. And as you said, we've got a lot of flexibility in our ability to fund things, because we actually haven't tapped our equity capacity at this point. And as David said in his remark, we already have an aggressive return to our target leverage approach, even with the leverage we've taken on. No impact in terms of our ambition going forward. Okay, great. Thank you. Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I'd now like to turn the call back over to Mr. Mousavian for final closing comments. Thank you, everyone, for listening in today. Before we close the call, I'm thrilled to announce that we will be hosting our 2024 TMX Investor Day on June 20th in a hybrid format with the in-person event in Toronto at our Market Centre. We hope many of you will be able to attend this event, which will feature a series of presentations, panel discussions, and product demonstrations, as John, David, and members of the senior leadership team will provide key updates on our global growth strategy and operations. Further details are posted at investors.tmx.com under our Shareholders Events section. If you have any further questions, contact information for investor relations, as well as media, is in our press release, and we'll be happy to get back to you. Until next time, goodbye. Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes your conference call for today. We thank you for participating and ask that you please disconnect your lines. Have a lovely day.