Good afternoon and good morning to everyone. Welcome to Nestlé's first quarter sales conference call and webcast. I am Luca Borlini, Head of Nestlé's Investor Relations. Today, I am joined by our Chief Executive Officer, Mark Schneider, and our Chief Financial Officer, François Roger. Mark will start with the key messages. François will follow with a review of the first quarter 2021 sales performance. We will then open the lines for your questions. Before we begin, please take note of our disclaimer. Now I hand over to Mark. Thank you, Luca, and a warm welcome to our conference call participants today. As always, we appreciate your interest in our company. We are pleased to report an exceptionally strong quarter to you today. In a nutshell, we saw a rebounding level of business in China based on a very low level of comparison last year, gradual recovery in our out-of-home business, and continued strong demand for retail and in-home consumption around the world. I was particularly encouraged by our progress in pricing, as many of our input costs are increasing. It was reassuring to see that these pricing steps did not stand in the way of a positive market share development. In line with our expectations, e-commerce continued to thrive with a growth rate of 39.6%, bringing our e-commerce sales to 14.5% of total Nestlé sales in Q1. My sincere thanks go to the entire Nestlé team. The challenges related to COVID-19 and global supply chain pressures are daunting, and the team navigated the situation in an outstanding manner to deliver this exceptional growth. Just like in operations and sales, we did not miss a beat in our strategic projects, from research and development to digitalization to portfolio management. Regarding portfolio management in particular, I would like to point your attention to the new strategic direction of our Nestlé Waters business, which is becoming quite visible now. With the sale of Nestlé Waters North America and the acquisition of Essentia, the sharpened focus on international premium brands, local natural mineral waters, and differentiated healthy hydration products, such as functional water, is taking shape. From a smaller and more focused base, our Nestlé Waters business is now well positioned to capture growth opportunities with discerning consumers around the world. Regarding financial metrics, we are confirming our 2021 guidance today. In light of the exceptional growth in Q1, our guidance may appear to be conservative to you. Our confidence level of getting to an organic sales growth rate of more than 4% has certainly increased on the back of our Q1 performance. We are not aware of any material items that might stand in the way. Our cautious revenue growth guidance at this point is mainly based on two reasons. First, the level of comparison for the second half of the year is going to be significantly higher. Second, we wanted to have one more quarter of visibility with regards to the COVID recovery before we revisit our 2021 growth guidance. While we will not discuss cost and margin items in this Q1 conference call, I would like to caution against excessive margin growth expectations based on this strong sales growth. We now see broad-based inflation across our various commodities, packaging materials, and transportation costs. Not all of these items can be hedged, and our hedging cover for a number of commodities will run out over time. We're raising prices where appropriate, usually there's a time lag associated with pricing. We are on top of the situation, my raising this issue should not give you alarm. I just wanted to caution against excessive expectations on the margin front, please stay close to our guidance level during this turbulent time. Before turning it over to François, I would like to comment on how Nestlé is supporting COVID-19 vaccination efforts. As you know, community support has been a key priority for us from the beginning of this crisis, right next to keeping our workplace safe and maintaining business continuity. From the onset of the pandemic, we have provided community support around the world in many different ways. The focus of this work has now shifted from addressing immediate emergencies and needs to providing help and support on vaccinations. There is an urgent need to advance equitable access to vaccines, particularly in low-income countries. We're not a medical firm, but we have unparalleled logistics and geographical reach to offer, in addition to direct financial contributions and donations. Needless to say, all of this has been and will be in strict compliance with all applicable healthcare regulations and in close coordination with government authorities. Widespread vaccinations are the best way to overcome this pandemic, and we advocate for everyone getting vaccinated in line with public health priorities. With this, let me hand it over to François for a detailed review of our Q1 results. Thank you, Mark, and good morning or good afternoon to all. Let me start with the highlights for the first quarter of 2021. Organic growth was 7.7% with increases from all three components, volume, mix, and pricing. Real internal growth was strong at 6.4%. Pricing contributed 1.2%, strengthening significantly versus the prior year. Net acquisition reduced growth by 1%. This largely relates to the divestments of Herta Charcuterie, Yinlu, and U.S. ice cream, which were partly offset by the acquisitions of Freshly, Vital Proteins, Lily's Kitchen, and Essentia Water, to name a few. Foreign exchange had a negative impact of 5.3%, reflecting the continued appreciation of the Swiss francs against most currencies. The exchange rate dynamic improved during the quarter, with the impact turning neutral in the month of March. Sales for the first three months were CHF 21.1 billion, a 1.3% increase versus last year on the reported basis. Overall, the acceleration in organic growth in the first quarter was driven by four main reasons. Early signs of recovery in out-of-home channels, increased contribution from pricing reflecting input cost inflation, further market share gains across most categories, particularly in coffee and pet food, and finally, a rebounding level of business in China due to a low base of comparison last year. This slide illustrates the development of our sales by geography and includes both our zones as well as our globally managed businesses. Organic growth was strong in all geographies. Growth in AOA was helped by low base of comparison in China. Pricing was positive, particularly in the Americas and EMENA, reflecting our ability to offset currency appreciation and input cost increases. Turning to the distribution of growth between developed and emerging markets, we return to a more typical pattern compared to last year, with significantly higher growth in emerging markets. Organic growth in developed markets increased to 5%, reflecting strong RIG across all regions. Pricing turned positive. Growth in emerging markets accelerated to 11.4%, supported by broad-based improvements, with BRIC markets and Mexico individually and collectively growing at a double-digit rate. Let's now look at the breakdown of sales by channel. Organic growth for retail sales was strong at 9.2%, reflecting sustained demand for at-home consumption. Going forward, retail sales are expected to moderate but remain at higher levels than in 2019. We believe that some changes in consumer behavior are here to stay, such as increased working from home, pet parenting, and the search for health and immunity benefits. Within retail, e-commerce saw sustained growth of 39.6%. E-commerce now accounts for 14.5% of total sales. This growth is built on solid foundation and investments over the course of several years. The recent acceleration in e-commerce penetration reflects our ability to adapt to rapidly evolving consumer needs. Sales declines in out-of-home channels moderated, with significant improvements in Asia and Latin America. A recovery of out-of-home back to 2019 levels is expected at the earliest in 2022. Let's now look at the results of our operating segments, beginning with Zone AMS, where we saw high single-digit growth with a high base of comparison. Sales were CHF 8.2 billion, with organic growth at 7.2%, based on strong RIG of 4.8% and an increased pricing contribution of 2.4%. This strong growth reflected broad-based market share gains led by pet food, coffee, and dairy. North America grew at a mid-single-digit rate, supported by strong RIG in most product categories with solid pricing. Frozen food, coffee, and creamers all grew at a double-digit rate. The newly acquired Freshly business also delivered strong double-digit growth based on distribution expansion and increased consumer loyalty. Purina PetCare delivered mid-single-digit growth with continued momentum in e-commerce and premium brands, particularly in wet cat, snacks, and veterinary products. Latin America delivered double-digit growth, supported by increased pricing and positive contribution across geographies, particularly Brazil and Mexico. By product category, the key growth platforms were dairy, Purina PetCare, and coffee. Our performance in PetCare was robust, with particular strengths for Dog Chow. The region also benefited from new production capacity coming online in Mexico. Nestlé Professional saw slightly positive growth based on significant improvements in Brazil and Mexico. Turning to Zone EMENA, sales were CHF 5.2 billion. Organic growth was 4.4%, based on strong RIG, supported by both volume and mix. Pricing turned positive, contributing 0.6%. The zone continued to see broad-based market share gains led by coffee, pet food, plant-based food products, infant nutrition, and water. Each region posted positive growth with strong momentum in Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The key growth drivers were coffee, Purina PetCare, and culinary products, fueled by continued momentum in e-commerce and new product launches. Sales of ambient dairy in the Middle East and North Africa grew at a double-digit rate, supported by strong growth in Nido. Infant nutrition posted negative growth due to consumer stockpiling in March of last year and lower birthrate in the context of the pandemic. Water and Nestlé Professional reported negative growth, with an improving trend towards the end of the quarter. Moving next to Zone AOA, with sales of CHF 5.1 billion. Organic growth reached 9.1%, led by China, which was helped by a low base of comparison. Outside of China, the zone grew at a mid-single digit rate. Pricing increased by 0.3%. China posted double-digit growth, supported by a recovery in out-of-home channels and the timing of Chinese New Year. Most product categories saw strong growth, with continued momentum in e-commerce and a robust innovation pipeline. Nestlé Professional saw a strong rebound in sales, with broad-based contribution across categories, particularly dairy. Growth in infant nutrition turned positive, helped by a low base of comparison for Wyeth and positive growth in NAN. The rollout of new products focused on lower-tier cities is on track. In addition, we have expanded distribution for ILLUMA A2 and ILLUMA Organic. Southeast Asia posted low single-digit growth in a difficult economic environment. Positive sales development for most product categories were partially offset by sales decreases in out-of-home channels and infant nutrition. South Asia recorded double-digit growth with positive contributions from Maggi, Nescafé, and KitKat. Sub-Saharan Africa grew at a double-digit rate based on strong sales development from Maggi, Milo, and Nescafé. Japan posted mid single-digit growth led by KitKat and Starbucks products. Sales in South Korea grew at a strong double-digit rate driven by coffee. Oceania reported low single-digit negative growth due to a high base of comparison. Overall for the zone, the largest growth contributor by product category were culinary, dairy, and coffee. Infant nutrition posted slightly negative growth but gain market share in South Asia and Africa. Growth in Nestl é Professional turned positive led by China and Japan. From this quarter onwards, we are reporting Nespresso and Health Science separately to provide you with better transparency. Nespresso saw sales of CHF 1.6 billion. Organic growth which 17.1% based on strong RIG of 16.3% and pricing of 0.8%. Growth was based on strong momentum for e-commerce, continued expansion of the Vertuo system, and strong demands for Original line capsules. By geography, the Americas, EMENA, and AOA all contributed positively to growth. North America was a standout with continued double-digit growth on market share gains. After this strong start to the year, we expect growth to moderate as we cycle a higher base of comparison in the second half of 2021. During the quarter, we announced an investment of CHF 117 million in our Avenches facility, on top of the CHF 160 million investment for our Romont facility, communicated in July 2020. Finishing with Nestlé Health Science, which reported sales of CHF 0.9 billion. The business grew at a high single-digit rate, driven largely by RIG of 9.4%. This growth was fueled by continued momentum in e-commerce, new product launches, and distribution expansion. Consumer care posted double-digit growth, with strong contribution from Garden of Life, Vital Proteins, and Persona. Growth was supported by innovation and sustained momentum in e-commerce. Garden of Life and Vital Proteins continue to expand internationally and are now sold in 30 and 13 markets respectively. Healthy aging products grew at a double-digit rate, led by BOOST in North America, Nutren in Brazil and Asia, as well as Meritene in Europe. Medical nutrition saw mid-single digit growth, with robust sales development for acute and adult medical care products, particularly Peptamen and Compleat. By geography, the Americas grew at a double-digit rate. EMENA and AOA reported mid-single digit growth. Looking now at product categories, we saw strong growth in all segments, with the exception of infant nutrition and water. Most categories saw market share gains, with particular strengths in coffee, pet food and dairy. Within powder and liquid beverages, coffee grew at a double-digit rate, supported by Nespresso, Nescafé, and Starbucks products. Coffee at home continued to see double-digit growth. Out-of-home and on-the-go channels were still negatively impacted, with some improvement in the quarter. Sales of the total Nespresso system, including Starbucks by Nespresso, grew by more than 20%. The month of March marks the two-year anniversary of the launch of the first Starbucks products outside of North America. Total sales from Starbucks products reached CHF 716 million in 70 countries in the first quarter, with a 15% CAGR over the last two years. We are not done yet, and we see further significant growth opportunities. Cocoa and malt beverages grew at a mid-single digit rate. PetC are continued to see outstanding growth supported by e-commerce, strong demand for science-based products, and the expansion of innovative business models with Tails.com, Lily's Kitchen, and Terra Canis. In prepared dishes and cooking aids, growth was broad-based by region and brand, backed by new product launches and increased digital engagements with consumers. Frozen and chilled food combined grew at a double-digit rate, driven by Stouffer's, Lean Cuisine, and the recently acquired D2C businesses, Freshly and Mindful Chef. Vegetarian and plant-based food products continue to deliver strong double-digit growth. Ambient culinary grew at a high single-digit rate based on strong sales development for Maggi across geographies. Nutrition and Health Science saw slightly negative growth. Organic growth for infant nutrition was - 4.4%. The return to positive growth in China was more than offset by sales declines in other markets due to consumer stockpiling in March last year and lower birth rates in the context of the pandemic. We continue to roll out new products in all segments. Key highlights include the launch of NAN Supreme Pro in Mexico, the first infant formula with a combination of five HMOs, and new pediatric and maternal supplements. Within baby food, Cerelac delivered robust growth, and we have already discussed Nestlé Health Science. Milk products and ice creams grew in double-digits, supported by sustained demand for home baking products and fortified milks. Growth was held by higher pricing, particularly in the Americas. Ice cream saw very strong growth, supported by premiumization and a focus on key brands. Confectionery recovered to double-digit growth driven by chocolate. Momentum in baking products and tablets continued. The improved contribution from gifting and impulse products was helped by the timing of Easter and Chinese New Year, as well as early sign of recovery in out-of-home channels. Waters saw negative growth, reflecting continued disruption to out-of-home channels and on-the-go consumption. We are focusing on differentiation through our international brands and functional waters, as evidenced by the recent acquisition of Essentia Waters and the launch of products such as Perrier Energize, a caffeinated sparkling water. Waters saw market share gains. Let me now hand over to Luca for the Q&A session. Thank you, François. With that, we move to the Q&A session. We open the lines for questions from financial analysts and investors. Please limit yourself to no more than two questions. The first question is from Guillaume Delmas at UBS. Please go ahead, Guillaume. Thank you. Good afternoon, Mark, François, and Luca. My first question is on prepared dishes and cooking aids, because in Q1, you reported 9.9% RIG against what I thought was an incredibly challenging comparator. I think in Q1 last year, you probably benefited in that division from some stockpiling. Trying to understand how your RIG came in almost in double-digits in that first quarter. Is it down to share gain, category growth accelerating, maybe you expanding into new segments? Probably more importantly, how should we think about the next quarters for this business? My second question is on the Nescafé capsules for Nespresso machines. I think you started this innovation initially in Oceania last year. You're now rolling it out in Spain. My two questions on this, could this initiative become properly global, or is it more about some markets where you have identified some gaps in your offering? And secondly, what cannibalization effect do you expect, if any, from this? I'm thinking in particular potential risk to Nescafé Dolce Gusto or, maybe the Starbucks capsules. Thank you. Good afternoon, Guillaume. I will take the first question, and Mark will take the second one. On prepared dishes and cooking aids, indeed, we had a strong performance. We grew at a double-digit rate based essentially on RIG, in spite of the fact that we had some decline in the out-of-home channel. Growth was broad-based by region and product segment. It was held by continued strong demand for increased home cooking and a shift from out-of-home to in-home consumption. It was the case last year, as you said, in Q1. It was the case again this year. It is true that it is growth on growth to a certain extent, but, I mean, we still have certainly some positive impact from COVID there. Innovation and increased digital consumer connection has certainly helped to elevate the role of home cooking and provided certainly their share of contribution. By segment, we had a high single-digit growth on frozen, which essentially came from Stouffer's meals and Lean Cuisine in retail, and frozen grew close to double-digits. It is true that this was a very strong momentum. The momentum that we had last year was actually more in the months of March, while this year, I mean, it was for the full quarter. Chilled culinary grew in strong double-digit growth as well, and ambient culinary grew in strong high single- digits. Guillaume, let me comment on the Nescafé capsules. You're right. We tested this in Australia and also in the Netherlands, then we proceeded to roll out in Spain. So far, the results are very encouraging. One of the reasons why we wanted to test extensively is exactly what you mentioned. We wanted to be sure that there is no excessive cannibalization. In that regard, the results were incredibly encouraging. I think the beauty of our brand architecture is that we have very defined target groups here between the original Nespresso brand, the Starbucks brand, and now Nescafé. Based on what we know today, we're certainly eager to also look at other markets where there might be an opportunity. Next question is from Celine Pannuti at JPMorgan. Please go ahead, Celine. Yes. Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for taking my questions. My first question is on the guide on the margin front. You are guiding for moderate margin increase. I was wondering whether the top-line performance and the operational delivery from a volume standpoint would lead to further EBIT. If that case, are you going to reinvest? Is that what you are trying to say when you are talking about moderate? Is it just a question of not yet having the visibility on how long this strong performance will be and maybe looking at the margin performance guide later on in the year? My second question is on your strong performance in the retail environment. I don't know if you have mentioned it on the call, but are you able to say what is the growth rate of the category and how you think you perform in terms of market share? Thank you. Celine, thanks. On the margin, we're trying to be helpful, but I don't have very much to add to my prepared remarks. That is, clearly, we saw that some of you may come to the conclusion that based on the strong sales growth, that there is also an excessive margin upside in place. It is important here to look at the inflationary environment out there on commodities, on packaging materials, on transportation costs. This is a very volatile environment right now, very low visibility, lots of surprises happening. Again, we will take pricing action. As you've seen, we have taken some pricing action already. It's important to stay very close to the margin guidance that we have given you for the year in February. Good afternoon, Celine. On retail performance, we had a very strong one, indeed, 9.3% in Q1, which saw further acceleration from where we were last year in any quarter. Difficult to say exactly what is the growth of the market, but that being said, we saw a certain improvement in our market share. Just to give you a little bit more color, we have been gaining market share in about 63% of what we call our business cells. Cells is a combination of the geography and the category. 63% is one of the best levels that we have seen basically since 2013. We have been holding market share in about 6% of the sales, and as a consequence, we have been losing market share in 37%. Once again, this is certainly a strong improvement versus what we have seen over the last couple of years. If we talk geography, we saw a clear improvement and acceleration in market share gains in EMENA and in AMS, I would say, across categories. If we look at it by category, we see clear market share gains in coffee, in PetCare, in dairy, ice cream, water even. Even in water, we have a declining business, but because of the COVID-19-related situation, we saw market share gains as well in confectionery and Nestlé Health Science. So it's relatively across the board, both by geography and category. Next question is from Bruno Monteyne at Bernstein. Please go ahead, Bruno. Hi, good afternoon. I'm a little bit confused about the pricing information. On the one hand, I can see the acceleration of pricing impact driven by 50 basis points to 1.2% this year. It looks like pricing is coming through. Now when I look at the DM versus EM split, it looks like all the pricing sits in emerging markets. I would imagine that most of the pricing is offset of currencies in emerging markets. The reason I'm asking is, to what extent are you also seeing pricing coming through for the higher input costs, whether that's packaging, plastics, food commodity costs, the transport? Is that starting to come through or is that too early? If it still has to come through, would it be fair to expect another 50, another 100 basis points as we see the full impact of these more input cost increases price in developed markets? My second question is on infant nutrition. Just as China is going positive again, now the rest of the world goes negative. It feels like a hard one to catch. If you were to strip out the impact of the stockpiling last year, is there still enough momentum outside China to return to positive growth? Is the impact of lower birth rates so big that actually we might see negative growth for the rest of the year? Thank you. Let me take, Bruno, the first question. On the source of inflation, first of all, it is true that there is one item contributing to it, which is the currency depreciation in emerging market, because we had significant currency depreciation last year, and there is always a time delay till it hits our P&L. It goes beyond that. We clearly see input cost inflation, which is back with price increases for commodities, packaging material, and transportation costs. We are hedging and forward-buying to cover some of this exposure, but it only delays the impact for a few months. In addition, hedging is mainly available for key agricultural commodities, but it does not really apply for packaging material and transportation, whose price fluctuations goes immediately to the P&L. Obviously, the main way to address input cost inflation is through price increases, and our strategy has been the same over the last couple of years, is to offset over time the input cost inflation that we receive through price increases, even if we are absorbing some of the inflations through productivity gains, industrial efficiencies and product mix and innovation. We will see more probably coming from the input cost inflation as we progress into the year, maybe a little bit less currency depreciation because we start seeing things stabilizing. The contribution from input cost inflation is significant, including in the developed world. If we see, for example, in EMENA, we start having positive pricing where we had been in negative territories for a few years. You clearly see some traction there in EMENA as well as in the U.S., same story. Bruno, if I could build on that. I think you are seeing, as you look at various quarterly updates, a very consistent picture here from our peers as well. Obviously, that is not lost on the public consumers and retail partners. I think that's giving us hope here that pricing action, where appropriate and where warranted by the cost increases, is possible. Look, on China nutrition, we didn't get into specific guidance here. The key messages are, I think we are seeing initial signs of progress on the work that we have described to you as part of our February conference call. The one picture we saw in China, but also many other key geographies, is simply depressed birth rates. At the beginning of this pandemic, there was this question, was the pandemic going to lead to a baby boom or a baby bust? It's very clear that in most geographies, birth rates have been coming down. You can imagine with economic uncertainty and health-related uncertainty, for many potential parents, this may not have been the best time to either start or expand their families. Some of this will relieve itself. Again, as you know, we're a long-term player here. We have seen in key geographies, good market share development, which I think is giving us hope. Obviously, this category has its ups and downs, and in an unusual circumstance like the pandemic here, these ups and downs are more pronounced. Next question is from Warren Ackerman at Barclays. Please go ahead, Warren. Good afternoon, Mark, François, Luca. Warren here at Barclays. Two from me as well. First one's on pet food. I think almost 9% growth in the quarter. That's up against a 14% comp in Q1 last year. Can you tell us what the growth was in the U.S., Europe, LATAM? You said LATAM is very strong. Maybe give us some color on what kind of e-commerce growth you're seeing. I'm just trying to get a sense of how big the share gains are, and what benefits you're getting from, say, personalization in pet food or maybe even the IVC investment in pet clinics, because that number is pretty exceptional in pet food and how we should think about it for the year. The second one is just around channel mix. One of the things that I'm a bit confused by is that you're seeing retail sales stepping up quite markedly in the first quarter compared to the full year, but you're also seeing the out-of-home decline stepping up as well. It looks like just consumption's going up or calories are going up, people just eating more. Is that the right way to read it? Is that something that you think as a trend can sustain for any kind of prolonged period of time, or do you just think it's a timing effect? Just be interested in any kind of color on this kind of channel mix, because it seems a bit odd from the outside. Thank you. Warren, maybe I can start with the second one and then hand it to François for the first one. Just to be clear, with the out-of-home, year-over-year, we're down. The reduction is just less pronounced than it was in some quarters last year, most notably the second quarter last year. It's certainly better than the full year, but year-over-year, nonetheless, we're down. I think what we're seeing still is a world that spends a lot of time at home and consumes a lot of their food and beverages at home. This is where our retail strength and at-home consumption strength is coming through. Warren, good afternoon. On PetC are, we posted high single-digit growth with strong performance across markets and segment. On the top, as you say, of a strong quarter into Q1 in 2020. It was across markets and segment. The growth was supported by continued focus on premiumization, personalization and innovation, very much what we have been doing as well over the last couple of years. Our digital ecosystem and the expansion of innovative business model, I would mention there Tails.com, Lily's Kitchen, Terra Canis, they have remained an important growth driver as well. You talked of market share. Where we have been gaining market share is especially through e-commerce across geographies there. Talking of the category dynamics, we stay with an attractive category dynamics with the market growing at a strong mid-single digit rate. It was the case before COVID-19, and certainly the pandemic has led to increased pet parenting, and this is certainly helping as well. As you know, in developed market, this is very much about innovation, while in emerging market, it's much more about calorific conversion, and we expect that to continue in both cases. We are obviously investing significantly to support that as well. You may have seen that we are putting significant CapEx to support the growth and the needs there. North America, just because I think you wanted to get some color. We grew mid-single digits, which was on a very high base of comparison already last year, and we were in double-digit elsewhere. Okay. Thank you. Next question is from Jon Cox at Kepler. Please go ahead, Jon. Good afternoon, guys. Congrats on that Q1 figure. It looks, I think, the best in about 10 years. Well done. A couple of questions for you. Just on the inflation side of the equation again, I wonder if you can sort of give us an idea, excuse me, how much you think your agri or agri logistics basket will rise this year compared to last year, just to give us a ballpark figure. Just on the gross margin for this year, do you think that a mixture of pricing and also the ongoing efficiency programs you have will be enough to offset the higher inflation costs? Do you think that actually the gross margin will actually be lower this year? Just an add-on to really your comments about you expect more elevated levels of in-home consumption to last indefinitely. I wonder where you sort of get that idea from, what you think you're looking at in particular. Just an add-on to that, what does that mean for your, say, baby food business? I'm not talking about formula, I'm talking about baby food. It seems that when people are home, they spend a lot more time maybe making baby food rather than buying it off the shelf. Any thoughts you have on that at all? Thank you. Jon, let me start perhaps on the second one, I'll share with François the answer to the first one. When you look at at-home consumption now, remember this pandemic is not over yet. Many people, as a precautionary measure, are still spending a lot of time at home or do a mix between the time they spend at home and time at their workplace. This is not a full return to normal yet, with very few exceptions. I think it is natural that elevated consumption trends are continuing. As you look at forecasts for the rest of the year, this pandemic has surprised us a few times, but if we're assuming a steady recovery here, then it would mean that even for the balance of this year people will have spent more time at home than, say, in 2019. That's a fact, and that's pretty much pandemic driven. Beyond that, you have the whole notion of future at work, which you know gets discussed now a lot. More flexibility already signaled now by many employers post-pandemic when it comes to allowing remote work styles and at least a fraction of the work being then completed from home or remotely, not at the normal workplace. You pick your assumption of what that is going to be and for how many people. Clearly, in the 2020s, when it comes to our places of work and commuting habits after this pandemic, will probably look different to the decade before. Then, of course, there's a third aspect at work, which has started last year with the onset of the pandemic, and that is a consumer and retailer trend towards trusted and large brands. Of course, with our well-established brands, we benefited from that. Here again, you will have to pick your own assumptions, how long that will last and what it will develop into after the pandemic. As for now, we're still in the middle of this pandemic, and hence, it's not surprising that the same trends that helped us in 2020 are also at work in 2021. Jon, on inflation, the increases are taking place across the board, but it's more specifically on dairy, cereals, and packaging. I would add to that, obviously, transportation cost, which is sea freight, air freight, trucking costs, you name it. Obviously, on the part that has to do with agricultural commodities, as I said earlier, we have hedging in place and we have forward buying as well in place, which delays a little bit the impact. We will get some of this impact later in 2021. We will get some as well in 2022. This is not just something for this year. It will certainly be carried forward to next year as well. In terms of impact on our gross margin, as you know, we value gross margin as an indicator of the quality of our portfolio and our capacity to price and our capacity to manage our industrial base efficiently as well. Gross margin is impacted by a variety of factors, which include the mix pricing, cost efficiencies, and what we just discussed, commodities, packaging, material price movement as well. We are acting on our levers individually in order to improve our gross margin or stabilize it over time. We always try to offset the input cost increases, commodities and packaging material to start with, through pricing. It has worked over the last couple of years, so we are confident that we can do it as well. It may not necessarily work by quarter or exactly by semester, because as Mark said in his opening remark, there might be a time delay as well, which may lead to some specific pressure or benefit in a given quarter or in a given semester. Globally, this is our strategy, is to offset whatever we receive through pricing. Let me build on that just very quickly. What François described, from what we can see now, is very much a 2021 and to some aspect, also 2022 phenomenon. To what extent it'll reach longer than that, we don't know yet. It is about 2021, 2022 for now, and then we'll watch with you how input costs develop. The other thing, building on what François said last, that's very important to me, we're in a period now, which started last year with the onset of the pandemic and which will probably last another year or so, where you will have pretty strong gyrations from one quarter to another. Top line, gross margin, bottom line. This will not be your normal year-over-year steady comparison situation that maybe was offered in 2019 over 2018, or 2018 over 2017. That's just one thing where it's important not to overinterpret the latest information, but see it more in perspective and on a full year basis. Next question is from Tom Sykes at Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead, Tom. Yeah. Thanks, Luca. Good afternoon, everybody. I just wondered on coffee, please, could you give a little bit more detail on the share gains by geography and where these have been strongest, please? On the Nespresso, the food service part and also in out-of-home coffee for Starbucks, could you maybe just talk about the growth outlook there and whether there's been any restocking benefit at all ahead of a more broader opening up in later quarters, please? Also just on those geographies where there has been a bit more opening up, I guess following on from one of the earlier commentaries around the sort of double benefit of out-of-home improving and retail consumption being high. What are you seeing specifically in coffee in those countries which are opening up? Do you still get the same premiumization trends at home when that's been occurring, please? Yeah, Tom, maybe if I could start on that reopening part. I guess the one market that we look at very closely is China. There you're seeing a nice restart of the out-of-home activities, including, of course, coffee. That's going really well. It doesn't lead to major problems on the at home side. As you know, China is a market that still has very low per capita consumption of coffee. It's a little hard to draw conclusions from that, for the rest of the world. From what we've seen, in particular, Starbucks out-of-home bodes well for other markets. It's hard for us to tell to what extent restocking goes on or it's through pass-through consumption. That's pretty hard for us to guess. Tom, on your question on market share gains in coffee, that's relatively simple to answer. It happened across geographies, across brands and across segments. By segments, I mean portion coffee, soluble, roast and ground. It happened in the Americas, across Europe and in Asia. Across brand, I mean the three main brands that we have, Nespresso, Nescafé and Starbucks. No differentiation there, and very happy with that. Okay. Next question is from Jeremy Fialko at HSBC. Hello, Jeremy, please go ahead with your question. Hi, good afternoon. My two questions. First one is, the growth in emerging markets was pretty strong this quarter. Clearly there was the China factor, given the base there, but also, markets like India, Latin America did very well too. The, I guess, the health conditions in those markets are very serious at the moment. I suppose the question is sort of how worried are you that the sort of worsening health situation is then going to then sort of manifest itself in a worsening kind of consumption and economic situation over the balance of the year? Or has what you've seen in the second half of 2020 told you that the sort of health and economic factors are perhaps going to be a little bit more sort of separate than they might have been a year ago? Second, just a very quick question. Within the 6% RIG that you delivered, could you roughly split that out between the volume component and the mix component? Which was the larger of the two? Thanks. Thanks, Jeremy. Let me address the emerging markets first. You're right, I think the rebounding of China is a big component of that. You're also right, we're watching with some concern the development of the pandemic in other large emerging markets. I think as long as you're able to operate and supply your products, the at home strength is a strong net plus for us. China stood out in that we had one of the most developed professional out-of-home markets there, and hence the hit there was harder at the time of the lockdown. In other emerging markets, the relative weight of the out-of-home business for us is not quite as strong. Hence, we believe as long as we can operate and deliver our goods, that we could still come out with very good growth numbers there. Now, having said that, as you know, later in the year, as we start to lapse some very strong quarters in those markets, the base of comparison there is going up as well. Jeremy, on your question on the three components of our growth, actually, I'm glad you asked the question because we have a very well-balanced growth in terms of between the three factors. If you look at it against the full year 2020, we are comparing one quarter against a full year. As you can see, we have accelerated our growth by a factor of 2x. If you compare on pricing, you have it anyway, it's 2x as well. On volume, it's around 2x. We had a strong volume growth and acceleration there. The beauty of it as well is that we continue to see mix improving again in Q1 as it did last year as well during the pandemic. It's a very healthy growth profile as well with the three component of organic growth contributing to it. Next question is from John Ennis at Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead, John. Yeah. Hello. Thanks for taking my question. I wanted to ask on coffee first. The 17% sales growth for Nespresso was, of course, a positive surprise. Can you help quantify how much of this was driven by new customer recruitment versus a higher frequency of usage per customer? As we progress through the year, do you think frequency of usage can persist? My second question is quite a broad one on the full year guidance. What would you need to see in order to raise the guidance? Is it simply a strong 2Q and visibility on reopening more broadly, or is there something specifically you are worried about or being cautious about with regards to certain categories or countries that you can highlight? Thanks. Thanks, John. Let me start with the second one and then hand it to François for the first one. I think you summarized it well. I'd like to see how Q2 is going and what we know in July about how the world is climbing out from this pandemic crisis. Those are, to me, the two major things to watch. I mentioned the fact that we have a steeper base of comparison in the second half, but that's a fact. We know that, it's not changing very much. It's those two that we're watching, and as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, there's no specific material bad news item that we're aware of here that we're trying to watch other than these two unknowns about the second quarter and how exactly we get out of the pandemic. John, on your question of the drivers of the 17% organic growth for Nespresso, it's a combination of increased frequency and increased penetration. It's not one or the other. It's clearly a combination of both. I would mention as well that it came, as you could see, across geographies because we had a very strong sales development in the U.S. Europe grew very nicely, and so did Asia. Very happy with that. We gained market share basically across geographies as well, as far as Nespresso is concerned, as a consequence of this increase of both frequency and penetration. Next question is from James Targett at Berenberg. Please go ahead, James. Thank you. Good afternoon. A couple questions from me. Firstly, just on the out-of-home consumption, so the 11.6% decline in Q1, can you talk about some color on how that trended through the quarter? Also maybe what the range of declines was on a sort of broader regional basis, where some regions were back in positive territory, were some significantly more negative. Any color on that would be great. Secondly, just on waters, following the U.S. disposal, could you give some color on what is the split of the business now between the premium, the sparkling and the functional products that you're focusing on going forward versus more mainstream products and should we expect further M&A to boost those areas as well? Thanks. If I could just start with the second one, James. On waters U.S., the split now is very much all in either premium or functional. As you know, we have a thriving business there with our international brands, Pellegrino, Perrier and Acqua Panna, and then we added Essentia to it, and we disposed of the rest. That's pretty much a pure play in that regard. James, as far as out-of-home is concerned, we do not want to comment by months. What I can tell you is that we should not be overexcited by it either, because the rate of decline has reduced by half because we were at around -25% in H2 last year, and we are at around -11% now. That being said, if you look at it in absolute value, it's not significantly better. The improvement is to a large extent coming from a better and easier comps to a certain extent. We are hopeful that the situation will improve because we start seeing some signs of improvement, to be more specific, in countries like China or Japan, for example. We start seeing some interesting development. We are not exactly at the level where we were pre-COVID, but we will get there probably one of these days. The situation remains, there's significant pressure in Europe as well as to a large extent in North America. Latin America is doing not okay, but it could be worse. It could be better as well. Next question is from Pinar Ergun at Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead, Pinar. Hi. Thank you for taking my question. You were recently cited in the media around your M&A ambitions. I appreciate you cannot disclose too much about this, but when should we realistically expect acquisitions to become a more meaningful driver of Nestlé's growth? Would you please remind us of the areas of interest for Nestlé when you think about external growth? Thank you. Pinar, yeah, you're right. There's probably a limit as to how much detail we can provide here. I think the key messaging was that we are coming out of a period with pretty sizable divestments. As you know, our interest in meaningful and well-fitting acquisitions had always been undiminished, and we've done some in the past, like think about Starbucks that we talked about today. We struck that deal three years ago, then two years ago we launched the products. It's not so much anything new on the acquisition side. It was more the signal that this period of large scale divestments that were also taking their toll on the top line, that that's over. There will be continued adjusting on the portfolio, but not to the same extent as you've seen specifically in the years 2019 and 2020. Look, when it comes to the areas of interest, obviously the high growth categories are of strong interest. We've also said repeatedly that across the full spectrum, if something is a good fit and strengthens us, yes, we are open. If you start ruling out acquisitions in a category you're in, you're basically saying you don't want to be in that category anymore. In the categories we're in, if something well-fitting comes along that really makes sense and advances our position there, yes, we'd be interested and open. Next question is from David Hayes at Société Générale. Thanks, Luca. Good afternoon, all. It's two from me. Firstly, just to mop up on some one-offs, and then I'm going to come back to Nespresso if I can. Just on the one-offs, I guess there's three that maybe stand out. Some people have talked about supply chain issues in the U.S. You don't seem to have seen any problems with that at all, given the numbers, but just wonder whether there was any dynamics there in the first quarter. Then there was the leap year effect, and then I guess there was the China New Year timing. I think you put that at 50 basis points when you talked about it in the fourth quarter. What was the impact around that level that you expected? The second question on Nespresso, can you just talk about the fourth quarter machine base dynamic? Have you got numbers for us at all in terms of was there a machine adoption boom because of the lockdowns that we've seen, and is that a big driver of the 17%? I'm surprised, or I guess it's a question, you talked about it slowing because of tougher comps, but according to our records, you talked mid-single digit for Nespresso all the way through last year. Is that wrong, or is there a different dynamic that means that 17% will slow through the year? Thanks so much. David, I will take the first question, and I think Mark will take the other one. There were no one-offs really in the quarter. Okay, we had some topics on comparison base, as you know, mainly for China, but no one-offs per se. Supply chain in the U.S., it's a difficult topic. It's a daily fight. Our teams are really fighting in order to make sure that we can supply the product, but no major disruption that we can refer to. The leap year on Chinese New Year, okay, there were some impact there, but you can consider that all of it was evening out between one factor and the other. You consider that between that and the timing of Chinese New Year, the timing of Easter, leap year, it's more or less a wash, so no impact net. Look, on Nespresso, we're trying to be helpful, but I also ask for your understanding that we can't go into more detail here when it comes to competitive signaling. I think as you saw from our step that we announced in February, we're already increasing the transparency around Nespresso very much, we would like to leave it at that. Unfortunately, we are getting close to the end of our call. We still have time for one last question. Please, Jean-Philippe Bertschy at Vontobel, please go ahead. Thanks. Good afternoon, gentlemen. I had as well one on Nespresso, but more at group level, probably with the consumer behaviors here to stay probably. Are you thinking of redeploying your capital and your resources in a different manner? If yes, how do you see the picture going forward? The second one is to see if the premiumization or premium segment continues to outperform the rest of the business in Q1, and if yes, if you can give us a number, please. Yeah. Jean-Philippe, I think on the second one, what we're seeing for Q1 is a continuation of the theme we've seen for last year in that premium is doing extremely well. The extremely affordable segment is also doing well and is probably more necessary than ever. Let's not forget, this crisis has led to enormous economic hardship around the world, and especially in emerging and low-income markets. Unfortunately, when it comes to some of the income gains and wealth gains that have happened in the previous decade, this pandemic has wiped out a lot of that progress. It sets us back several years. I think both of these ends were very important, are going to be very important going forward. I think one of the hallmarks of Nestlé under various brands, of course, is that it can really, in a meaningful way, serve both of these. Very much in line with previous downturns, we've seen that it's more like the mainstream mid-price segments that have seen some pressure. Premium continues to do well, and extremely affordable does well too. On Nespresso, maybe François, you can help out on capital allocation. Maybe Jean-Philippe, you could give us a bit more detail on what you're after. On Nespresso, basically, probably you have more home working from home. The shops is probably as well an issue. How do you see the capital allocation, resource allocation between professional shops and all of the digital? Okay, now I get it. Look, on that one, there's not much of a shift between Professional and the rest of the business because we assume that when the crisis is over, Professional will also have a thriving future there. Even before the pandemic struck, we've seen a steady acceleration on digital. The strategy of Nespresso has been pivoting more and more to that. That doesn't mean you don't need boutiques anymore. You still need them for activation, for customer service, and advice and sampling. What you don't need is a deep and dense network to cover geography. Over time, most people migrate to digital, and I think the pandemic has only accelerated that trend. There it's clearly tilting towards digital. With that, we come to an end of our session today. We thank you all for the interest that you have in Nestlé. Don't hesitate to call us if you still have outstanding question. IR is always available. Maybe Mark, you want to conclude? Thank you. See you next quarter.