Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to Nokia's second quarter of 2023 results call. I'm David Mulholland, Head of Investor Relations, and today with me is Pekka Lundmark, our President and CEO, along with Marco Wirén, our CFO. Before we get started, a quick disclaimer. During this call, we will be making forward-looking statements regarding our future business and financial performance, and these statements are predictions that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may therefore differ materially from the results we currently expect. Factors that could cause such differences can be both external as well as internal operating factors. We have identified such risks in the risk factors section of our annual report on Form 20-F, which is available on our investor relations website. Within today's presentation, references to growth rates will mostly be on a constant currency basis. On margins, we'll be referring to our comparable reporting. Please note that our Q2 report and the presentation that accompanies this call are published on our website. The report includes both reported and comparable financial results and a reconciliation between the two. In terms of the agenda for today's call, Pekka will give a quick overview on our financial and strategic progress in the quarter. Marco will then go into a bit more detail of some of the key factors impacting our outlook before Pekka concludes with our outlook for 2023. With that, let me hand over to Pekka. Thanks to everybody for dialing in today. We highlighted in Q1 that we were starting to see signs of the economic environment impacting customer spending, already in the second quarter, we saw some of those signs materializing as started to impact our sales outlook also in Network Infrastructure. We still achieved flat year-on-year sales in the quarter as we continued to benefit from market share growth. Despite the regional mix headwinds that are impacting our Mobile Networks business, we achieved a 38.8% gross margin and an 11% operating margin. Considering the 40% drop in North America and even adjusting for the EUR 80 million catch-up net sales in Nokia Technologies, that was a pretty resilient result. If we look specifically at Network Infrastructure, you do see some divergence in the trends in the business. In IP Networks, we saw some weakness primarily related to CSP spending in North America, which led to the 11% drop in net sales. In Fixed Networks, we are seeing two primary effects. Firstly, we are facing some headwinds similar to related to our fixed wireless access business, which till today, remains sensitive to a small number of customers. Then secondly, as we see some inventory digestion, primarily of consumer premise ONT devices. In Optical Networks, we saw a further strong performance of +16% as we continued to benefit from the improved competitiveness of our products and market share gain. In fact, while we are seeing weakness elsewhere, our expectations for Optical this year is one area that has actually improved since the start of the year. In summary, networks, we saw some project timing effects on revenue growth after years of substantial growth, but the business remains well supported as it executes on its substantial backlog. From a profitability perspective, the business performed very well. Positive product mix, notably within Fixed Networks and proactive management of our costs as the sales outlook deteriorated, meant we were still able to improve our operating margin in NI by 160 basis points to 13.1%. As we look forward, whilst we see some short-term challenges impacting the business, particularly with a softening environment for CSP spending, we remain highly confident in the opportunities ahead for our Network Infrastructure business. In optical, we continue to believe we are gaining market share, and with the customer traction of both PSE-V and now lately with PSE-6s, we are very optimistic about the potential to continue to grow in this business. In fixed networks, we understand there might be some concerns that we are now seeing some slowdown in sales, which is why we want to make it clear, as you see in the chart, that the decline is primarily related to fixed wireless due to its sensitivity to a small number of customers. In fiber, after 2-3 years of significant growth, we are now seeing some moderation in growth rates and some short-term inventory digestion, but the outlook remains strong for this business, with a number of government subsidy programs in both the U.S. and Europe only just starting to benefit the market. In IP Networks, while the uncertainty in CSP is impacting demand currently, we have been making great progress in expanding into enterprise and web scale, which has increased from 13% to now over 20% of IP net sales. We believe we are in a strong position to make further progress into web scale into 2024. This diversification should help improve the structural growth opportunities for our IP Networks business, given the enterprise and web scale TAM is expected to grow at around 6% CAGR, compared to the 1% growth for CSP customers. Mobile Networks saw a 5% growth in constant currency year-on-year as a result of the continuation of the rapid development of 5G in India, where we continued to gain market share. These were partially offset by the expected decline in North America as customers continued to evaluate their spending plans and deplete their inventories in the quarter. gross margin declined year-on-year, reflecting the regional mix. Given the slower pace of recovery in North America, we now expect the gross margin to only improve towards the end of the year. With respect to operating margin, a decline in operating expenses, reflecting swift action on cost discipline, meant that we achieved 7.9% operating margin, an improvement on Q1. During the quarter, Mobile Networks also launched a series of new products, including basebands, radios, and network management and optimization solutions that will drive better performance, lower energy consumption, and brings the power of artificial intelligence to Mobile Networks. Cloud and Network Services grew 2% on a constant currency basis, mainly driven by core networks and enterprise solutions. Gross margin declined slightly. Pleasingly, operating margin improved year-on-year, 290 basis points, as a result of lower OpEx and other operating income items. At the end of June, Nokia reached an agreement to transfer cloud infrastructure portfolio to Red Hat, and starting in Q1 2024, we will adopt the Red Hat platform as our primary reference cloud infrastructure platform for new customers, gradually transitioning existing customers over from Nokia's core networks portfolio. Over 350 Nokia employees are expected to transition to Red Hat to provide continued roadmap evolution, deployment services, and support on behalf of Nokia to its customers. One thing to highlight is that just a couple of weeks ago, we signed a long-term patent license agreement with Apple. Obviously, the terms of the deal are confidential, but it is one of our longest deals, and we are delighted with the outcome. Nokia Technologies saw a 10% increase in constant currency net sales, driven by EUR 80 million of catch-up sales related to deals signed in the quarter. Excluding these net sales would have been on a similar level to Q1. We were pleased to sign a number of licensing deals in Q2. Considering our current base of agreements, we now see that our net sales annual run rate would be EUR 1.1 billion from January 2024, subject to any other material developments. We also continued to renew our industry-leading patent portfolio, reaching the milestone of 5,500 patent families declared as essential to 5G. Enterprise sales had another successful quarter, with growth of 27% in constant currency, a key pillar of our strategy. We continue to make good progress towards our near-term target of having at least 10% of our sales from enterprise, which reached 9% on a last 12-month basis. We continued strong growth in both enterprise verticals and in web scale. We remain confident of our opportunity to grow here, as I already mentioned. We now have more than 635 customers in private wireless and added nine new customers in enterprise. With that, I will now Marco to go into a bit more detail on our financial performance. Thanks, Pekka, good morning from my side as well. Looking at our net sales performance by region, are driven again by the rapid ramp-up sales in India, which increased significantly year-on-year in Mobile Networks, but also saw growth in Network Infrastructure. In Europe, sales grew by 11%, even excluding the increase in tech, which is recorded in Europe, and we had strong business growth. The growth in Middle East and Africa was mainly driven by Cloud and Network Services and Network Infrastructure. There were declines in Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Greater China, with mixed performance across the business groups. The 4% decline in North America was a result of declines across all business groups as inventory digestion continued and CSPs re-evaluated their spending plans. In summary, Q2 reflected the trends we had expected to see with rapid India ramp-up being offset by slowdown in North America. If we now move to our P&L performance in the quarter, our comparable operating margin declined 120 basis points year-on-year. As expected, we saw the negative impact from regional mix continue in the quarter as India sales grew strongly and North America continued to be weak. However, overall margins were rather resilient, benefiting from both quick actions in cost discipline that we took across the businesses, as well as the Nokia Technologies' catch-up net sales. We also saw a year-on-year increase in operating income. This was mainly related to hedging, in addition to income from the sale of certain digital assets in the quarter. If we now turn to the operating margin performance by business. As we already mentioned, we were pleased to see the margin performance given the headwinds of growth and regional mix. While Pekka already touched upon many of the drivers, the increases in net and Cloud and Network Services and Nokia Technologies were offset by the decline in Mobile Networks margins. Group common was a net negative on a year-on-year basis, so this is mainly related to venture fund positive that we had last year of EUR 40 million, compared to a negative revelation of EUR 10 million this year. Moving to our cash flow performance in the quarter, we ended quarter two with EUR 3.7 billion of net cash, sequential decline of roughly EUR 600 million. Our free cash flow in the quarter was negative EUR 380 million. As you can see on this slide, the main driver for the cash burn in the quarter was related to performance-related employee variable pay, which is included in the liabilities line within networking capital. Otherwise, there were small movements in both receivables and inventories within networking capital. We also returned EUR 250 million of capital to shareholders through our increased dividend and our ongoing share buybacking program. Perhaps most importantly, we believe our strong balance sheet, including the EUR 3 billion net cash, provides us with a firm foundation to navigate this period of uncertainty. The final slide for me before Pekka updates you on our outlook for 2023, I wanted to revisit a slide that we showed at the start of the year around our cash conversion. We continue to expect the end of the year with a free cash flow conversion of 20%-50% of comparable operating profits. However, through the first half, we have seen some slight adjustments within this envelope that we wanted to point out. The two main items are net working capital, which has continued to be a use of cash this year, reflecting the large 5G deployments in India and their impact of receivables and inventories. The second item is around the gap between Nokia Technologies' operating profit and cash, which is also reported in net working capital. Originally, we expected this to be slightly positive in 2023, and given the deals that we have signed thus far in 2023, we now expect cash flows to be meaningfully higher than operating profit. Some of the new deals we've signed are coming with some modest prepayments for what would have otherwise been received in 2024. Considering there are still a number of details to work out here, we will give you a more quantitative outlook later in the year. Our long-term mission to have greater alignment between operating profit and cash remains unchanged, and we would expect to move towards much greater alignment from 2025 and onwards. Beyond this year, we continue to expect significantly strong cash flow in 2024 as we work towards our longer term targets of 55%-85% conversion. With that, let me pass it back to Pekka to go through our revised outlook. Thank you, Marco. Let me start by talking about how we see the dynamics unfolding in our market in 2023. We have mentioned a few times already that we see the current macro uncertainty really impacting customer demand this year as inflation and rising interest rates create a greater focus within CSPs on short-term cash flow. This is primarily impacting our Network Infrastructure and Mobile Networks addressable markets. I want to be clear that this is an industry-wide challenge we face right now, and particularly within CSPs, and the changes we have made are primarily related to North America. We now forecast 1% constant currency growth in our Network Infrastructure addressable market, down from +4%, -2% in Mobile Networks market, also down from +4%, and our outlook for CNS addressable market remains unchanged, that's +3%. While we have clearly seen a deterioration in the outlook for our markets in 2023, it should be remembered that there are a number of dynamics that clearly support the need to invest in many of our key end markets, which I wanted to revisit. For all of this short-term uncertainty, one thing remains clear, data consumption growth will continue. According to Bell Labs consulting study, data consumption is forecast to grow at between 20% and 30% CAGR through the end of the decade. Considering all of the data-rich applications we see, such as generative AI and also new augmented reality devices coming? We see data consumption growth is a given. Second, if we look at how 5G has been deployed on mid-band sites across the world, excluding China, we still see plenty of potential. Approximately only 25% of sites now have 5G mid-band deployed on them. While penetration rates vary by region, even in markets like North America, where significant deployments have already been made, the region is only 55% complete. Other regions like Europe, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa, are still in the very early stages. Still significant investments needed around the world. Looking at fiber penetration, you will see that there is still substantial amount of fiber that needs to be deployed around the world. Perhaps even more importantly, once that fiber is laid, investments will continue for that same fiber for many years to continually drive higher capacity on these lines. Turning to our full year outlook that we revised last week. We reduced our net sales outlook for 2023 to EUR 23.2 billion-EUR 24.6 billion, from the prior EUR 24.6 billion-EUR 26.2 billion. Proactive action by our business groups to manage cost is largely mitigating the impact to our operating margin, and hence, we only narrowed the range to 11.5%-13% from the prior 11.5%-14%. You can also see in our report, we have also revised the assumptions by business group for 2023. The main driver here has been around the macro challenges that I've already explained in my commentary. In the second half, we expect these trends to continue to impact our business, meaning we now see second half net sales broadly similar to the first half in both Network Infrastructure and Mobile Networks, with some sequential improvement visible into Q4. Thank you, Marco and Pekka. With that, let's start the Q&A. As a courtesy to others in the queue, could you please limit yourself to one question and a brief follow-up? Maria, could you please give the instructions? Thank you. We will now begin the question and answer session. If you're also viewing the webcast, please remember to mute the audio on your computer before asking your question, as there is a 30-second delay. To ask a question, you may press star, then one on your telephone keypad. If you are using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing the keys. To withdraw your question, please press star, then two. I will now hand the call back to Mr. David Mulholland. Thank you, Maria. We'll take our first question today from Alex Peter from Société Générale. Alex, please go ahead. Good morning, thank you for taking my question. I hope you can hear me well. Yes. Yes. Thank you. Excellent. My first question would be on the good OpEx discipline that you demonstrated in your second quarter that protected margins very well. Do you have any specific new restructuring measures in place? If so, are there any upfront costs that we should be aware of? Are you using previously planned and provisioned restructuring budgets? Do you see from here any need for a more comprehensive new restructuring plans in the coming quarters? That will be my first one, and then I'll have a follow-up. Thank you. Thank you, Alex. I wanna point out also that the 5% reduction on year-on-year in OpEx is mainly coming from FX. Excluding the FX, it is largely stable, despite, of course, the economic environment where we are in. In terms of the actions, I just wanna highlight that we have taken different actions on short-term, when it comes to hiring, travel, and also we benefit from supply chain costs. Considering the change in our outlook, we also have seen benefit from lower variable pay across. Of course, the discipline will continue into second half of this year. I also wanna point out that the operational model that we have with decentralized responsibilities to different businesses, the business leaders in these entities are seeing and taking actions whenever they are seeing need for them. The speed of actions are fast in this new model that we have. What comes to any future restructurings, we will be obviously continue to evaluate our cost base in light of the demand outlook that we have. Do you have a follow-up, Alex? Yes, thank you very much. It's very clear. My follow-up would be on the sheathing problem at U.S. fixed operators in their last mile copper network that we heard about in recent days. Now, I'd just like to hear your take on this situation. Is this a big liability with a lot of cleanup and legal costs for major operators in North America that may put a pressure on their ability to spend on CapEx? Or is it, on the contrary, in your view, a catalyst for a thorough fixed access overhaul, that should be beneficial to you as the market leader in this geography and this market area? Thank you. Yeah, thanks. Thanks, Alex. I mean, I'm of course, aware of this reporting, we've been following the story, however, we don't have enough information to really be able to comment your question. Of course, environmental impact must always be a priority, and I also note that the companies mentioned in the reporting have issued robust statements in response. A specific answer to your question in terms of the impact should really come from the U.S. operators and not from us. We cannot comment that. Thanks a lot. Thank you very much. We'll take our next question from Francois-Xavier Bouvignies from UBS. Francois, please go ahead. Hi, thank you very much. I have two quick one, and one is very high level. Pekka, you mentioned in the video, and in fairness, you are not the only one, Ericsson as well, your competitor, is talking about this data traffic as a driver of demand and investment in the future. You have this chart as well of data traffic. Now, if we take a step back and look in the past, I mean, the data traffic has been quite strong. I mean, and yet, the revenues, you know, has been barely growing for Nokia as a whole at the group level. Of course, you have different mix, but you saw differences of data traffic and, you know, revenues, basically growth. This is true as well for Ericsson, in fairness. Is it the right way to look at data traffic as, you know, a growth driver for the business? Or maybe what could change in the future that you could monetize more the data traffic? Maybe that's my first question. Very high level. Okay. I mean, obviously monetizing the data traffic is a highly significant question for operators, and through that, also for us. It is fair to say that operators have not been particularly good in monetizing their data traffic and data traffic growth in the past. Now, of course, there are new tools available, like 5G slicing and different types of industrial applications. We certainly hope and we work with operators to help them to monetize it better this time. There is another angle to this question, too, which actually does not have that much to do with the monetization itself. If simply the data traffic continues to grow, operators, if they want to stay in the business, they will have to continue to invest. This is the reason why we believe that this slowdown in investments in some parts of the world, especially in North America, has to be primarily a question of timing. If one particular operator would not continue to invest, their competitors would. This is a highly relevant question, both in mobile networks and also in fixed access. In North America, especially when the new funding is available for the Broadband for All programs, there will be even more competition between operators who are scrambling to offer new services as quickly as possible, once the funding gradually gets available. The monetization question is a relevant one, but we believe that investments will be driven by the growing data traffic, even in the case, which would be unfortunate, where operators would not be able to significantly better monetize the growth in the future. Thank you, Francois. Do you have a follow-up? Yes. Thank you. very clear, Pekka. The second one is on the 25% of 5G deployed on the mid-band. Again, very consistent with what your competitors are saying. You have this interesting chart about the penetration by regions, and, you know, North America seems to be more than 50%. We would assume that most of the deployment would be from excluding North America, you know, India, I see Middle East, Africa, Latin America, which as we see this year, you know, the mix seems to be negative on inside, you know, the ex-North America. Does it mean that from a mix perspective, as we look going forward, this negative mix should continue, you know, in the medium term, as, you know, the growth is coming from other than North America? Thank you. Well, if you assume that the end result, it would be that every market would be at X%, of course, this will not go to 100%, but it will go much higher compared to where it is today. Of course, if the end result would be the same everywhere, then your conclusion would be correct. We are suggesting that even the North American market is far from complete. That's why we are expecting recovery also in that market, at the same time, when the deployment will continue in other parts of the world. Thank you, Francois. Okay. Thank you. We'll take from Sébastien Sztabowicz from Kepler Cheuvreux. Sebastian, please go ahead. Hello, everyone, thanks for taking my question. What are the assumptions behind your guidance for 2023, notably on the margin front? Do you assume to resign the unlicensed Chinese smartphone OEM that you have there, to reach your margin guidance for this year. Could you please make an update on your litigation today with Oppo and Vivo? Where are you standing? The second question is on the pricing condition. On the pricing, do you see any change in pricing dynamics now that the market is getting a little bit weaker, or you still see all fixed stable pricing condition? Thank you. Yeah, thank you. What comes to Oppo and Vivo litigation and negotiations, those are continuing, and we remain confident that we will have a positive outcome on those as well. Of course, we are working on to resolve these disputes as soon as possible. As you've seen also, there's been several court cases like Germany, UK, India, Brazil, and Netherlands, which have ruled in our favor in the past year. The trend is quite clear here. What comes to our current outlook assumptions, we say in the for the technology part, that we expect largely stable operating profit in 2023. This is assuming that we will close these disputes also. That said, we will continue to prioritize protecting the value of our intellectual property over achieving a certain timeline. Remember also that we will have catch-up payments in this when this are solved. At the same time, we are very confident that we see opportunities in the new growth areas, in the technologies like video streaming and audio and IoT, and automotive, and so on. When it comes to pricing, I mean, in our market, there are always some case-by-case basis, you know, cases where there are irrational pricing actions by some competitors. In the big picture, no, we have not seen such a thing. What I would like to point out is that we actually have an interest to increase pricing discipline in our industry, in order to not only protect our gross margins, but also to push them up and at least make sure that all the inflation and other costs are paid to prices, and then we gradually, structurally improve them also going forward. Thank you, Sebastian. We'll take our next question from Artem Beletski, from SEB. Artem, please go ahead. Yes. Hi, thank you for the presentation and also taking my question. I would like to ask about North America and this 40% decline in Q2 year-over-year. Could you maybe provide some color whether there has been any significant differences between main segments, or so basically Mobile Networks or NI? Just looking at the past quarter, has there been any significant shift what comes to the pace of decline in the region? Thank you. Mm-hmm. Well, thank you. Thank you, Artem. The, um, uh, the, the weakness, uh, was clearly visible in both businesses, uh, but, uh, the decline was, uh, uh, slightly greater in Mobile Networks and in, uh, Network Infrastructure, uh, slightly, uh, uh, less. Uh, so, uh, when we talk about the... And this is, this is Q2, and then when we talk about the outlook, we see, as I said, we see some recovery in the second half of the year, but it will be slower than previously, uh, expected. And, and, uh, well, I already discussed the reasons that customer spending plans are increasingly impacted by high inflation, rising interest rates. What we are clearly seeing, and you can see this in operators' public statements also, is that they have strong actions going on to optimize their free cash flow for this year, often connected to their financial covenants and so on. One lever that they are pulling is their short-term CapEx, which is not connected to the mid to long-term investment needs as we see them. After a few years of heavy investment in North America, it is natural in these conditions to expect or then see some normalization. We do continue to believe that it is a question of timing. Once again, slightly more on the Mobile Networks side, slightly less on the NI side. Did you have a follow-up, Artem? Yes, thank you. I would continue on the regional discussions. What comes to this astonishing growth in India, what you also recorded in Q2. Have you any insight when do you expect the India market to peak in terms of basically investment activity? I mean, of course, 355% growth is not something that you should expect to continue forever. It has been an incredible growth period in India. Of course, the investments continue, but we would expect there to be a moderation in the second half. The overall result, I guess, will be that 2023 will be an exceptional year in India for sure. We will see some other normalization in 2024, but we have to remember, if you compare this to the past, that we have taken market share because we broke into, in big time into Reliance Jio, which was 100% Samsung previously. Despite the fact that there will, of course, be normalization, in 2024, we believe that, the, in a way, the new normal, the new run rate that we will see for our business in India, will be clearly higher than what was the case before. Thank you, Artem. We'll take our next question from Daniel Djurberg from Handelsbanken. Daniel, please go ahead. Thank you, David, and hi, Pekka and Marco. Yeah, a question on you can say other early high-margin 5G countries, such as Japan and South Korea, et cetera. What do you see there in the outlook? Looking at KDI, KDDI, for example, it seems that they are doing some kind of, you know, 5G 2.0 rollout, me at least. Also, if you can comment a bit on Western Europe and the trend in the replacement of Chinese gear would be interesting. Thank you. Okay. Thank you, Daniel. If I take the Asia Pacific question first, I mean, we are in a strong position in many of the operators there, including KDDI, and we are seeing some improvements in the outlook over the next 12 months. Too early to quantify, of course, but it is going to the right direction. In Europe, we did have pretty good growth, there we are taking market share. I think we have all the possibilities to continue to take market share in Europe. We have to remember that, of course, there is always a connection to the overall economic activity. Some of the operators in Europe are not that strong in terms of their financial strength at the moment, which is clearly affecting their investments at the moment. We are taking market share. Fundamentals in Europe, if we compare that to the other parts of the world, is the fact that Europe is significantly behind 5G rollout, compared to many other parts of the world. Sooner or later, if and when Europe wants to take care of its competitiveness, Europe will have to start investing more in 5G. This is also something that I believe Brussels have understood very well, and we would assume that the various regulatory and other discussions would develop to a direction where more investments would be encouraged going forward, because this is clearly something that Europe would need big time. I agree. May I have a follow-up on IP Networks? I think you said that it's expected to grow with 6%, with hyperscale hyperscalers, while some roughly flat-ish or 1% with CSPs. Can you comment a bit on the competitive differences between these segments, i.e., your ability to get gross margins out of those two? Obviously, the different segments, operators, hyperscalers, and then various enterprise verticals in terms of IP routing, they vary. Our focus has clearly been traditionally in CSP routing, and namely within CSP routing, in CSP edge routing. Now we have two trends, which is also connected to our R&D priorities. One thing is that we are kind of leveraging our natural strength to expand from edge routing to core routing in CSP networks, and we have some really promising traction here. Sales cycles are often fairly long here. With the help of FP5 and the other new stuff that we have, I believe that we have good possibilities there. In edge routing, our market share is in the high 20s. In core routing, it is single digits. There is a lot of opportunities to improve there. This is one thing. The other thing is then web scalers, where we see a lot of traction. We are investing a lot in that in our R&D to not only increase our differentiation, but then also increase our added value. In relative terms, so far in web scalers, we have been using a larger share of merchant components compared to tailored silicon. We are investing a lot in this development at the moment, and gradually, we target to increase our share also in conventional enterprise routing. Also, they are starting from larger enterprises where carrier-grade quality, carrier-grade flexibility and security is required. The good thing for this is that looking at how the data security demands are growing in these networks, there is a trend in demand towards more carrier-grade equipment, which is clearly supporting our growth ambition. As I showed in that chart in the presentation, enterprise now represents 20% of our IP sales, while it was only 10% some time ago. This is, of course, a big difference when we compare ourselves to some of the key routing competitors that we have. They are much more enterprise driven, and that is clearly the direction we also want to take in this business. Perfect. Thank you, have a good- We'll take our next question from Simon Leopold, from Raymond James. Simon, please go ahead. Great. Thanks for taking the question. First, I wanted to discuss the longer-term expectations for operating margin. I think you've talked about getting, 14% or higher. I'd wonder if you could give us maybe a bridge, sort of like what you have on your slide 12, as to what are the primary elements that help you get to that in terms of issues like, resolving your IPR issues, geographic mix, product mix? If you could help us sort of walk to that, what gets you to 14% or higher? Thank you. Okay, thank you. This is, of course, a very large question, and it should, I mean, it is worth a deeper discussion that is what is possible right here. As a starting point, I would refer to the progress update that we provided in Q4, where we provided you with the aspirations we have for the operating margins across each of our businesses. Hopefully that provides you with some context. Then in terms of the bridge, if I comment the four businesses just very briefly, and then I'm sure that there is an opportunity to go deeper later. In MN, we have already meaningfully improved our product costs and general technology competitiveness, and that is, of course, fundamental to all of this, and that has been clearly going to the right direction. We are now receiving significantly better feedback from our customers compared to a couple of years ago. Now we're utilizing both the improved technology competitiveness and cost position. We have a clear ambition to gain market share and improve our scale, and of course, remaining disciplined on cost. These factors, combined with the maturing 5G product, with gross margins typically improving as these each generation matures, gives us a foundation for going after the double-digit margin target that we have for MN. In Network Infrastructure, we are very much focused on growth. We have strong product position, even in the challenging year we are seeing in 2023, as you can see from our margin assumption, which is 12%-14%, up to 12.2% last year, we are hoping to see some improvement. Beyond that, it is really comes down to achieving further scale and commercial discipline, especially in areas like Optical Networks and submarine networks. In addition to that, I already, as part of the previous answer, I talked about the strategy to expand in IP Networks. NI clearly going to the right direction, despite the short-term challenges we are seeing with some large customers, especially in North America, this year. CNS, we have been working through our portfolio rebalancing efforts. The latest one you saw, which was the partnership with Red Hat. This is putting us on a path to improve our margins in the business. Of course, we have a strong margin improvement targets going forward, as we communicated as part of the Q4 result. CNS, obviously, is a software business which is developing towards new business models such as as a service, software as a service. Finally, Technologies. Obviously, we plan to get back to the EUR 1.4 billion-EUR 1.5 billion run rate. We have to remember that this is a 100% gross margin business. There is a direct contribution from any additional sales. As Marco mentioned, what we need to get to that 1.4 to 1.5, remembering that we are currently at 1.1 now, after the latest deals that we have signed, 1.1, from the beginning of 2024. What we really need to get there is to finalize the smartphone renewal cycle, including finalizing or solving the ongoing litigations with Oppo and Vivo, and their expected continued progress in some of the growth segments where we have really promising stuff going on as well. These would take us to the 1.4 to 1.5. Roughly, I mean, these are the elements, in the bridge that would take us to that, at least 14% group margin. I understand there is a lot more detail that we could discuss, but unfortunately, we have to do that another time. Did you have a quick follow-up? Quick follow-up, please. In terms of the IP routing segment's relative shortfall this quarter and tough comp to the last year, what do you attribute that to in terms of issues like customers absorbing inventory, customer concentration, or changes in the competitive environment? Thank you. It is not the last one, it is not a change in the competitive environment. If anything, our relative competitiveness has increased in that. We have an issue with customer concentration. I think it's fair to say that we are still in this business, we are too dependent on a small number of large customers. Then when you see investment slowdowns in a particular region like North America and the largest operators there, the result is the one that you now see in the IP numbers. This is why it is crucially important for the future outlook for the IP business, that we do exactly what I was explaining earlier, that we need to diversify the customer base to enterprise verticals, to web scalers. What we need in that business is a larger number of customers, and with a smaller concentration or dependence on a small number of large customers. Thank you. Our next question from Joseph Zhou from Redburn. Joseph, please go ahead. Hi, I have two questions. Thank you for taking my questions. I'll go one at a time. Firstly, for North America, which had a huge decline, can you compare the current customer inventory level for Mobile Networks, comparing that to the Fixed Networks side? Also specifically within the Fixed Networks, the FWA versus fiber? I think your, one of your peers suggested that for the mobile side, the CSPs, their inventories have come down from up to 4 quarters at a peak to 1-2 quarters, which is a historical average now. Are you seeing the same? Are you seeing, you know, the inventory level at these customers at the kind of historical level now, or not yet? The first question. If I comment Mobile Networks, first, of course, we have been seeing the same trend. We saw progress in their inventory digestion during the second quarter. At some customers, we believe they have returned to more normal inventory levels already. There are other customers that are still slow on this, which will impact the second half. It is clear, but we do not believe that we are where yet. Of course, we have to remember, when you go back in with 2021 and 2022, you would have seen extremely strong numbers in Fixed Networks. That's why it's natural to expect some normalization in spending, and that's exactly what we are seeing right now. One of the main drivers, in the presentation, you saw the chart which kind of highlighted the relative contribution of different product segments in fixed access, is clearly fixed wireless access. In our case, that has been highly sensitive to a very small number of customers, and now, especially in North America. When those deployments are significantly more slow, there is inherently some volatility here. Overall, the demand for fiber is outlook is healthy across the world for fiber. That is clearly one of our strongest segments. We are market leader in optical OLTs. Over the coming years, we will start to see the benefit from government funding. I already referred to earlier, for example, to the BEAD program that the U.S. government is putting in investment of tens of billions that will benefit these investments. Did you have a quick follow-up, Joseph? Yes, just a quick follow-up on the Oppo Vivo situation, and there has been a recent court ruling by the Indian Delhi High Court against Oppo. It has ordered Oppo to pay the India portion of the last patent licensing fees. Do you expect this to materialize? What about the timing of this? Can you talk about the implications? Thanks. Yeah, thank you, Joseph. Yeah, that's correct. There was a positive outcome from India court. As I said earlier, we remain confident about that we will have a positive outcome of Oppo and Vivo negotiations and litigations, and we are working to resolve these disputes with both companies. I mentioned also earlier, that not only India, but other courts in different parts of the world, have had a positive outcomes for our part. We hope that the more we get these positive outcomes, the more clear to believe that we are seeing an approach and follow the patterns that are. I think it's really important what Marco said here, to understand that when it comes to Oppo and Vivo, we are not asking anything more than what we are asking from other customers. The deals that we have made this year with Samsung and Apple are on those levels, which we have assumed as healthy targets when we put together this EUR 1.4 billion-EUR 1.5 billion target for run rate for mobile. Not mobile, but for technology. Both of those deals are on a level that support those targets, and that's why we feel that it's entire fair to require similar levels from Oppo and Vivo as well. Thanks, Joseph. We'll take our next question from Richard Kramer from Arete Research. Richard, please go ahead. Thanks very much. You know, you really clearly had visibility of the mix shift in mobile towards India and what that has done to the gross margin. One thing we haven't heard you talk about is the extent to which the new product portfolio you announced will bake in cost reductions that support a return or a resumption of the kind of gross margins we saw last year. In other words, is the gross margin recovery in mobile dependent on regional mix, or is there a product element to it with the new portfolio that you announced? I've got a quick follow-up on this. There is absolutely also a product element in this. There is procurement cost and procurement actions, obviously. There is fundamental R&D actions, and of course, of course, the new product generations that we have launched, they will continue to improve our cost position. I don't think that these regional differences in margin profiles will go away. The geographical component will also be there, but it's definitely not the only component. Okay. Then my follow-up is on, you know, you've talked before about the book-to-bill. Can you talk about where that stands in the enterprise side, given that you're still growing but lapping good growth numbers from a year ago, and you're increasing customer numbers? I'm just conscious that maybe these private wireless customers that you're announcing are much smaller deals, but maybe the book-to-bill extends much further into the future. Thanks. We have a healthy pipeline of opportunity and a good backlog. Of course, like in any business, there can be some swings up and down. We saw really strong, as you remember, Q1 in terms of the enterprise. Now, we saw some normalization, but, but this is the business that we expect to continue to grow. Our goal is to see continued double-digit growth in enterprise to reach us double, at least double-digit% of our sales. As you saw the rolling, in the rolling 12-month graph that we had, we are pretty close already to that. That's what we announced as a short-term target last January. I think the way I put it in the presentation in January was that, first we wanted to go to 10% and then to 20%, and then to 30%. This structural growth score is definitely expected to continue going forward. Okay, thanks. Thank you, Ritu. We'll take our last question from Sami Sarkamies from Danske Bank. Sami, please go ahead. Hi, thanks. Just wanted to get some color on the product segments for Network Infrastructure. We are now estimating 1% market growth and sales growth below the group average. Do you expect sales growth in any of the segments on a full year basis? At which segments should we expect a material decline relative to last year? I think you mentioned, for example, that you have become more positive on Optical Networks. Yes, I mean, if we don't really give a detailed guidance for the full year on the sub-segment level. What I can say is that if we look at how our expectations have changed during this year and also from Q1, our expectations for optical have increased while the macro environment has led to a deterioration in the outlook for IP and fixed. There is a structural change in our expectations within the NI business. Did you have a quick follow-up, Sami? Yeah, maybe regarding the new IPR deals that were recorded in Q2. How come this didn't sort of impact the IPR run rate? Thank you, Sami. We signed a number of deals during the quarter and different deals has a different starting point as well. That's why we are now saying that the annual run rate would be EUR 1.1 billion, considering the deals that we have signed during the quarter, instead of the EUR 1 billion that we had in the end of quarter one. That's how we. Of course, this is not considering additional deals that we haven't signed yet. Yeah. Okay, I'm just maybe wondering, this EUR 80 million catch-up payment that did that actually result in higher IPR run rate during the second quarter relative to what you had in Q1? This is a catch-up. This is referring to previous periods or other sales. That's why we are saying that it's the deals that we signed in the quarter that is. Mm. the EUR 1.1 billion run rate that we have now, starting from January, because of the different timings. The sum, Sami, the EUR 80 million is excluded from the run rate. That is the point here. Yeah, yeah, I understand that, but I meant that, did you have somewhat higher run rate in Q2 than in Q1? Yeah, based on the new deals that we signed in quarter two, the new run rate from first of January next year, would imply that the new run rate is EUR 1.1 billion. As I said, we have different starting points and different agreements, and that's why we are referring to first of January. Of course, our ambition is higher than EUR 1.1. That's why we are saying that this is subject to any other material developments, such as closing some of the outstanding litigation and renewal discussions that we have. Okay. Thank you. Thank you, Sami, and thank you everyone for joining the call today, and for Pekka and Marco Wirén for your time. Ladies and gentlemen, this does conclude today's call. I would like to remind you that during the call today, we have made a number of forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may therefore differ materially from the results currently expected. Factors that could cause such differences can be both external, as well as internal operating factors. We have identified such risks in the risk factor section of our annual report on Form 20-F, which is available on our investor relations website. Thank you all for joining us today. Thank you. Thank you. I don't think. The conference is now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may disconnect.