Good morning or good afternoon all, and welcome to the Legal & General Annual Results Call. My name is Adam, and I'll be the operator for this call. If you'd Good morning or good afternoon all, and welcome to the Legal & General Annual Results Call. My name is Adam, and I'll be the operator for this call. If you'd Good morning or good afternoon all, and welcome to the Legal & General Annual Results Call. My name is Adam, and I'll be the operator for this call. If you'd like to ask a question during the Q&A portion of today's event, you may do so by pressing star followed by one on your telephone keypad. I will now hand you over to Nigel Wilson to begin. So, Nigel, please go ahead. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining Jeff and I on this call, and I hope you all enjoyed the video. We feel as though we delivered what we said we would deliver in 2020. Our operating profit is flat, our dividend is flat, and our balance sheet is in a stronger position than when we went into the pandemic. We're very excited about the prospects for future growth. We feel as though the agenda in the U.K. and indeed in the U.S., and as you'll have seen, we're announcing Kerrigan is moving to Asia. The prospects for future growth are increasing for the group. We remain totally committed to our dividend policy, which we articulated last year, and we're feeling very confident about our capability to deliver an exciting future here at Legal & General. The first question is from Andy Sinclair, and Andy. Thanks morning, Nigel and Jeff. Three for me as usual, if that's okay. Firstly, it was just on new business margin, and the annuity is really strong. Just really wondered if you could give a bit more color on that and how we should be thinking about margins for 2021. Secondly, it was on LGIM flows. Very nice and a tough year, but just really wondered if you could give us some color on the pipeline, how has 2021 started so far, and your different regions, different geographies. And thirdly, just actually on the Solvency II review, kind of post-Brexit. We've probably heard quite a lot during this results season that risk margin change is nice, but probably not a game changer. But the expansion of the matching investment could be quite helpful. Just really wondered, firstly, if you agree, and secondly, if you could tell us, practically speaking, what does that really mean? Would you be looking at investing in different assets that you aren't able to at the moment, or is it just different treatment for similar assets? Just some color there would be really helpful. Okay, Andy. Jeff's going to take the first one, I'll do the second one, and we'll do a double act on the third one. Hi, Andy. Yeah, new beginning margin, new business margin, as you say, yeah, looks strong. A couple of things going in there. One we can take credit for, which is very much good asset sourcing from the team, traded well when the spreads are wider around credit. Obviously, just pricing well, and we play across the whole market from the smallest deals to the largest, and we can really focus where we think there's margin. And so, we benefited from that asset sourcing and that pricing and doing everything well, the reinsurance, etc. And then it was just longer duration as well. So, there was quite a lot of business in there that was significantly longer duration than 2019. We talked about that at the half year. That's just a business mix thing. But generally, margins are up across the business. Yeah, will that be repeated? Well, obviously, duration will be what it will be, but we certainly believe we have competitive advantages in sourcing assets, and that stands us in good stead to both rise the volume and achieve good margins. And I'm sure we'll cover that further in other questions. Yeah, on LGIM, we had GBP 20 billion of net inflows last year. I think that was a very solid year, and it's a slight contrast to lots of our competitors. How are we thinking about the world at the moment? I mean, America had net outflows last year, which is very unusual for America, and that was some technical reasons rather than market reasons. America's got off to a good start this year, good inflows already. We're increasing the product offering in the United States. Again, it's very much about, Michelle's strategy is very much about modernizing, diversifying, and internationalizing. Another good example of that is in Europe, where we're increasing our presence across Europe. We're expanding our sales force across Europe. We're seeing very strong demand for our ETFs across Europe. And in general, we're nudging towards moving into higher priced, higher margin products. Asia, we've been in Asia for a long time, 10 years. We've got what I'll say is a strong foothold. We haven't made as much progress there as personally I would have liked over the last 10 years. And moving carrying it across to Asia is certainly a signal of our intent in Asia, not just within LGIM, but right across the board. And here in the U.K., DC pension flows are continuing to be very positive. We had a fantastic year in 2020, and we've got off to a great start in 2021. As you heard, this is a very high growth market, and we're market leaders in that with GBP 113 billion of AUM on, we hope, in the next few years to increase that to about GBP 300 billion of AUM as the market grows from GBP 400 billion to GBP 1 trillion here in the U.K.. In terms of Solvency II, our industry's had a really good pandemic in many ways. I mean, you saw our cash collected at 99.99%. Our strategy, which we very much led on, is investing in different types of direct investment assets. We're very pleased that the regulator has been very positive on affordable housing and build-to-rent housing. And there's a general theme that the Treasury, the regulator, and ourselves are all aligned, that our industry, and I think that's all in our industry. I think if you ask of Phoenix and Aviva and M&G, you get a very similar response right now. See, there's an enormous demand in the U.K. for the capital that we have, and there's a greater array of investment opportunities. Climate change is a huge opportunity for our industry, indeed for the whole economy. We in our industry can play a much bigger role, and we intend that Legal & General will play the biggest role in that specific development. So what has really pleased me is the fact that the regulator, the central governments, the local governments, and indeed the Treasury are all very supportive of leveling up, building back better, the 10-point climate plan, and the role that our industry can play in helping deliver economic growth in the future. That's all I was going to say at a macro level, but I know Jeff wants to make one or two of the comments. Yeah, yeah, it's just that I think there's some misconception that somehow the insurance industry wants to increase risk with this flexibility around matching adjustment, etc., whereas actually it's being able to play in a bigger universe of assets. Nigel set out all the climate-related ones that are a key focus for us. By that, what I mean is there are some which have standard contract features, which just makes them ineligible, and the most obvious being things like prepayment risk. The big debate was, do cash flows have to be completely fixed, or can they be highly predictable? And just moving away from that completely fixed allows some flexibility to make sensible assumptions and lots of assets together to get diversification and allows you to compete with other funders on a larger pool of assets, not move down in the risk spectrum and take on more risk associated with it. Thank you. Next question's from Andrew Baker. No questions. We're expecting two or three from everyone, actually. Great. Thanks, guys. Good morning. I will stick with tradition and go with three as well. So first is on LGC. We saw about GBP 60 million negative from COVID in the first half due to the stopping in the housing operations. That was about GBP 40 million negative then in the second half. Can you just help explain what the driver of the second half impact was there? Then on LGI for the GBP 110 million provisioning in 2021, you're able to give a little color on what you were assuming in terms of U.S. excess deaths and any timing between first half and second half, if possible? And then finally, you're able just to provide an update on potential longevity charges in the U.S. RBC framework and any impact you might see on the U.S. PRT market as a whole if these do come in. Thank you. One on Jeff. I'll answer the first one, and Jeff will answer the second and third one. On the first one, of the GBP 100 million CALA accounted for GBP 84 million, the rest of it is largely in part of that was in affordable housing, which again got resolved to do with construction delays in the housing industry, and that was more by accident than by design. I don't think the government really meant for the housing industry to get closed down quite so much. And as you've seen in the latter half of 2020 and certainly in the first two months of 2021, the demand for housing has been very strong, and forward orders in the housing business are at all-time high at more than 50% right now. Jeff? Yeah, just on the LGI point, the GBP 110 million, as you rightly point out, the vast majority of that is in respect of potential claims in the US. We just thought that was prudent given the range of potential outcomes in the US. They're starting to make better vaccine progress, etc. We work directly off the industry and population projections, so that sort of figure would take you out to originally it was April, but it actually looks like that figure would take you out now to around about June time, which is when they would see this trailing off to an underlying core number of deaths in the base scenario, so the IHME projections around that. It may well have headroom. Of course, there's prudence in that we're not allowing anything for any potential offset in deaths in the annuity portfolio in U.K. and U.S.. And so we're comfortable that's prudent, but we think it's a sensible thing to do with that level of variation that's possible in the U.S. from here to, say, the summer. And then just on the longevity, yeah, I understand it's moving forward. It's an industry body. I believe the biggest holder, longevity risk, PRUFIN, is heading that up in terms of the individuals for the committee. There's a reasonable distance to go around that. We're in the discussions. In the same way, when Solvency II came in in the U.K., companies adapt. They'll deal with it, whether reinsurance is a solution, whether it's fully retrospective or only on new business going forward, we'll see. But the industry will deal with that as and when it happens. I mean, we price off economic capital ourselves, which obviously includes allowance for all these risks. And so we would expect to just simply flow through, see what happens, and adapt to the market. Okay, thank you. Next question, John Hocking. Yeah, morning, everybody. I've got three as well, please. Firstly, on the capital strain in the U.K. PRT, I think Jeff, in your presentation, you said it's around 4%. Given the margin that was very strong last year, should we expect that to get a little bit tougher in 2021? All things being equal. Second question on LGIM. Just on the flows, I appreciate it was a tricky year last year, and the U.S. looked exceptional. You've settled down into what seems like a sort of lower level of net flows than historically. I think if you go back a few years, you used to sort of run pretty sustainably, sort of 4%-5%, net, new money a year. Is that a level that you can expect to get back to, or is there a new strategy here of more going for sort of margins over volume? That's the second question. And then the final question, just on the sort of budget, with a higher tax rate coming in from 2023, to what extent does that change your capital generation plans in the sort of back end of the strategic plan you put out last year? Thanks. Jeff, you want to take the first one? I'll take the second, and you can do the third. Yeah, no problem. Yeah, it comes up. I mean, it was actually better than the 4%. So it certainly sits in between three and four. It was probably one of the lower strains. The team performed extremely well on that, and we were obviously very conscious of capital usage given the level of uncertainty through last year. They did benefit, as I said, on the margins from very good asset sourcing, good use of reinsurance. They're a very smart team that adapt to whatever the type of liabilities that are coming to us to optimize that metric. So we've historically delivered in and around that level, whether it's three and a half or four and a half. We anticipate being able to maintain that sort of level in and around that sort of 4% level that we've done for many years. It remains to be seen how this year plays out and levels of competition. It's too early to have too many pricing points in that. There's plenty of pipelines, so we'll see how that plays out. Just amplifying on what I said earlier about LGIM net flows, there is certainly, under Michelle's leadership, a slight change in the strategy. There's less emphasis on index and volume and more emphasis on ESG, multi-assets, real assets, high yield, emerging market debt, ETFs. And as a consequence of that, we may see lower absolute net flows, but we're hoping for higher organic growth and higher margins from this modification of our strategy over a greater international footprint. We'd like to see more growth in America, Europe, and indeed in Asia. Okay. Yeah, just on the tax rate, obviously that's the headline in the tax rate. There's obviously other areas that may well be positive for us. Overall, we'd see a number of the tax incentives that are extremely positive for encouraging investment, but we wait to see what the details are as they come out later in the month. And so those could offset some of the rate impact of that. All things being equal, obviously the rate on its own would take something off the range of potential capital cash generation down the track, but there may well be offsetting in what we'd expected. Given the range we have, the GBP 8 billion-GBP 9 billion and the sort of materiality of the tax change, we're obviously going to stay with those ranges, and we'd look to still deliver in line with those ambitions. Thank you. Andrew. Thank you. Good morning, Andrew Crean. Listen, a couple of three questions. Firstly, Nigel, you said you got off to a good and positive start to 2021, and you've given a couple of examples. Could you just elaborate a bit more, perhaps, in terms of perhaps in terms of the PRT volumes? Secondly, U.K. workplace remains, I think, marginally in loss. Could you just give us a sense as to when that very large business is actually going to ramp up and make a proper profit? And then thirdly, coming back to the risk margin, I mean, I note that a reform of the risk margin could add five points to your solvency. It would also massively reduce the volatility, which has I think been the major problem that you've had over the last five years. Does that make you think at all about target levels of coverage and whether you could post risk margin change actually be running with two higher solvency margins? I mean, that's a slightly different question than you usually get. I've answered a slightly different question than what we usually don't get, and I'll answer the somewhat easier first two questions. A good positive start, I mean, right across the board, I think it is every part of the group has had a very positive start to 2020. We've seen strong growth in retail protection in the U.K., for example. Group protections have been very, very strong. Annuity business, good flows. As you mentioned earlier, LGIM has had good flows into the business. PRT business, the team incredibly busy. There's a lot of courting on deals going on at the moment. The absolute volume of deals in the U.K. may, at the end of the year, end of 2021, depend on whether they're really big deals. I mean, we saw the market as GBP 28 billion-GBP 30 billion. Last year, we had the largest market share of that. We're expecting the market to be similar this year, but it partially depends on whether some of, and certainly some of our big clients, are going to do the multi-billion pound deals in 2021, or will they get broken up and done in bits over the next few years? But we're feeling very good about the start that we've made. And as I mentioned earlier, the housing market's been on fire in the first two months. On workplace, that may be a little bit of misunderstanding, I think, and poor communication on our part. Workplace is separated into two parts. One of it is the platform, which is the number that is the loss-making, which is a sort of GBP 80 million-GBP 90 million pound type of business that the DC platform business sits on, which has always been owned by LGAS, so it's sat in the insurance business, but for a number of years was managed by LGIM. LGIM absolutely makes profits off the manufacturing part of the business, manufacturing the assets. And so the GBP 113 million, or even more now that we've got up to date, is actually very profitable for us as a business activity. The platform itself isn't. We've transferred that, in a sense, back into LGAS, though it's always sat in LGAS from an ownership point of view. It now comes under care who joined us and is part of the pensions strategy that we've got there. And so you'll see some more innovation within LGRR around the workplace savings platform. And our ambition is very much to make that a profitable part of our business on a go-forward basis. But it sits in card if the team are looking at how do we automate more, how do we make it a bigger and more successful part of the group. And hopefully in the future, use it as part of our international expansion because there's hardly a country in the world that doesn't want to have wider auto enrollment, a bigger DC business, and more efficient platforms. Jeff, do you want to take the third question? Yeah, just on the risk margin, yeah, you're right, Andrew, that we provide the sensitivity. I think that's on a 66%, two-thirds reduction in risk margin. Obviously, it will very much depend where the final regulation ends up. And when all of that regulation lands, we will reassess one in 20, one in 50, one in 200, what's the sensitivity of our capital, and reassess all of our sort of internal tolerances that we work to. And so that will be a process that we go through. Whether there's a scenario in that where it sufficiently changes the sensitivity to raise credits, etc., that we think we can run with less capital, it remains to be seen. We push on the outcome at this stage and worry about that at a later stage. Thanks. Colm. Hi, thanks a lot, Nigel and Jeff for taking the questions. Yeah, so two main questions for me. First one is just on the annuity portfolio becoming self-financing at GBP 100 billion of assets under management. I suppose that's at GBP 87 billion at the end of this year. With another year of expected new business, you'll be close to that number in terms of assets under management where it becomes self-financing. So where does that timeline fit relative to the three to five years that you had indicated before? So maybe if you can discuss that. And secondly, just on management changes, obviously quite a lot of changes announced today across the divisions, including both CEOs of the annuity businesses and obviously Andrew Kail coming in. Obviously, one was required due to Simon retiring, but perhaps the other is a bit less expected. So maybe just the rationale for making so many divisional management changes this year, particularly in the context of it being the continued uncertain trading environment that we're operating in. And maybe. Question. Yeah, sure. Yeah, yeah, I mean, the self-finance, as we said, yeah, within the range of GBP 90 billion-GBP 110 billion. You know, there's some dependency there on the type of business we're writing, levels of strain, as John referred to earlier. But we're getting close to that sort of range now. We'd said it was at that range, which puts us two, three years away potentially from being there. So you're right, it's GBP 80 billion, GBP 87 billion with a good year's new business. You do get some run-off, of course, of the backbook of the order of GBP 3 billion, GBP 4 billion as it gets bigger. So we make progress towards that. We're actually thinking we will look that money in the area. We'll be looking to add to disclosure. We haven't really decided what would be helpful and what we can show on that, but it's clearly something where it would be useful to try and show some progression towards. But it's whether we can produce something meaningful around that that is something we'll look at. Yeah, on management changes, we actually have a relatively stable operating environment and reasonably predictable demand for our product. So we're feeling pretty good about that. On the specifics, Simon Gadd has been due to retire for a while, and we have known about that for a while. Chris Knight is always part of his career development that he wanted to become the CRO, and the transition's been in progress for several months already. Andrew Kail joined us several months ago. Officially just started last week. Kerrigan was made chairman of China quite a long time ago and has been working with me and others on our strategy for Asia. Laura used to run a large part of LGC, and so moving her back to LGC, she'll just run the whole of it now and have responsibility for that. Kerrigan's not going to take up his position until later in the year, and Laura's not going to move across until later in the year. We're just flagging these externally. We flagged them internally a while ago that these moves are going to happen. And it's very exciting to have Andrew join us. It's fantastic that Kerrigan's put his hand up and he's going to move to Asia because I think it's difficult to do that job, fly in, fly out. It's very exciting for Laura that she's going to move across to LGC. So we feel as though overall we've got great continuity. We've continued to strengthen the capabilities of the company, and we've given some new challenges to some of our best and most successful people. Next is Gordon. Yeah, thanks. Morning, Nigel. Morning, Jeff. Three questions, please. First one, the mortality release of 177. Can you split that out between the base table effect and the future projections as you've done in previous years? And staying with the mortality, second question, you've said you've conservatively adopted the CMI 18 tables. Now, CMI 18 was a six-month reduction in life expectancy, of which three months was a smoothing factor. If you could maybe just say how many months did you effectively reduce life expectancy by in your release today? And maybe comment on the smoothing factor and what it currently is and whether or not it changed. And just third, back to this point about the post-Brexit solvency to reform. In terms of changes in the risk margin, I know you've talked about a sensitivity of a 66% reduction, but do you share the views that the ABI put forward, their proposal? And if the risk margin was to be reduced, would you stick with your previous guidance of actually retain more longevity risk? Thank you. Yeah, I think, Jeff, if you do one and two, and we'll do a double-act again on three. Yeah, I mean, the 177 is all trend assumption. There was no material base table changes. We did our normal BAU where we just reassess everything against experience. Though obviously there's a lot of distortions in 2020 data. So it's really the move to CMI 18 is that 177. So it's all trend assumption there. As you say, we say we've been pretty conservatively adopted that. So therefore we're at the lower end of your six months. You're talking one or two months of change would drive that sort of level for a book of our size. We just think that you can see the CMI 19 data, so that's fine. We can allow for that. We definitely didn't want to overshoot what that was telling you by any means. And at the same time, there is a lot of noise in 2020. Normally with a book of our size, we'll have had an early indication of how experience is playing out and what it looks like a couple of years ahead of the table we're adopting. But clearly we didn't have that this time. There are a whole range of new dynamics going on. We don't know whether it's going to be under the lying COVID deaths, what will happen to flu, will there be different attitudes to health, will people look at the impacts of obesity, etc. When that's done, will there be more funding of health services? So we want to spend a lot more time looking at that, understanding what the impacts have been before we would move forward with any further releases around that. So we'll keep monitoring it, the answer around that. Yeah, on the post-Brexit Solvency II, I don't think any of us are thinking that this is going to be a capital windfall for us as an industry. And knowing Simon and the rest of the team that the regulator, if they give us with one hand, they'll take us with another around that. I think on the risk margin and what level will we return greater longevity risk? At 66%, it's in that pivotal area. We actually thought, and I suppose even more than that, in the submission that we made to the Treasury on this. So we do think the reader needs to be a fundamental change in that. And I think everybody in this industry accepts that. And I think that's the big change. I think what the industry is looking for and what the ABI, and we're not members of the ABI, but what we're all looking for is more flexibility on matching adjustment. But I think there's a genuine desire to play a bigger role and to get much more asset flexibility. As Jeff rightly pointed out, this isn't a charge for additional risk for us. It's actually a charge from greater diversification and more relevance as an industry and that we're allowed to invest in assets. We own 25% of Pod Point, which would be the U.K.'s largest electric vehicle charging. That type of asset at some point will be, we think, appropriate to put into pension funds. Anything that's got a future stable cash flow. We own onshore wind is an asset class that we've been interested in, invested in for a long period of time. We'd like to see structures emerge and an opportunity to invest and put that in the annuity portfolio as well. Solar is another one that we want to put in there. Carbon capture's yet another one that we want to include. As we mentioned earlier, there's various types of housing, built-to-rent housing, affordable housing, are all things that we want to do. Ironically, we've already got housing for homeless people, which is part of our movement, part of our S included in the pension in the annuity business. And so our regulators definitely accepted this. We've moved on a long way in the last 10 years. We used to have to cross across on a deal-by-deal basis and get non-objection on a transaction-by-transaction basis. I think the Bank of England, Andrew, and Sam and his team at the PRA are all realizing that we can play an important role in future policy as an industry and that they shouldn't just be looking at sort of the banks to help out. It's very much our ability to have patient capital from lots of different forms of capital. And the sheer size that we are, we have GBP 1.3 trillion of assets under management and that's going to get bigger. We've got, as Colm was highlighting, we're very close to getting GBP 100 billion in annuities. You start investing GBP 10 billion, GBP 20 billion of that in different types of assets and in new assets, GBP 20 billion is 1% growth for the U.K. economy. As an industry, we can easily achieve that. Next question, Oliver. Morning. Three questions from me. First is the impact of higher interest rates. I mean, you've talked about the impact on solvency to the day. You've also talked quite a lot about flows today, but I wonder if you can just give us a broader sense, for instance, the impact on AUM, whether there's a sort of change of mix because of higher interest rates in terms of urgent flows, any benefits coming through on the PRT or individual annuity front, LGC, and capital generation more widely. Second question, maybe my forecast was just a bit out, but the expenses within LGIM were actually a bit less than I'd expected. Is that something you recognize? And can you just remind us of the expense progression that you expect in LGIM? And then the third question is on Kerrigan moving to Asia. What are you, what's the sort of, can you just sort of take us through what the sort of targets might be, loose targets might be for that business? Yeah, there's interesting questions, Oliver. I think on interest rates, we've highlighted the major changes in interest rate. I think everything else is second order. I mean, theoretically, we should see the PRT volumes increasing, but there's never been much of a correlation between volumes and interest rates in the past. In terms of LGIM flows, as you went through that list that I went through the list earlier, there's minor second order impacts on all of those flaws, but everything is second order. On expenses at LGIM, yes, we did see some progress in 2020. And we are very aware that LGIM's expenses have gone up 10% per annum for quite a long period of time, and that's higher than we would like. And the team are working incredibly hard to make the business more efficient. On Kerrigan to Asia, I mean, we've been looking at opportunities over a number of years. We shied away from the insurance opportunity that a lot of other people had. We have various relationships out there that we've had for a number of years that we'd like to scale up now, particularly on the LGR side, on some asset sides for LGR. On the LGIM side, where we've been leading with some index funds and some fixed income funds into China and the rest of Asia. We want to particularly increase our share of ESG funds in China, Japan, and the rest of Asia. We recognize that there's huge changes going on in the pension industry and the wealth industry in China. And on the pension industry in particular, we think we have a big role to play. We're pretty sure that they'll eventually move to an auto roll pension system out there. DC is going to play an important role. And the richness of our asset base, our experience here is, we again think market leading. And people are really interested in what we have to say about ESG because we've invested directly in all of those asset classes. And so a lot of our peers in China and the rest of Asia are very interested in what we've invested in. Modular housing is something that doesn't trip off the tongue for an insurance company or an investment company in China. But there's a huge amount of interest in particularly that part of our business. And as we have seen today, we announced in Bristol that we're building modular houses, which are affordable, EPC, A-rated. They've been manufactured in the north, just outside of Leeds. So in terms of leveling up, build back better, having a social conscience, modernization, building affordable, creating assets potentially for LGR, this sort of investment ticks all the boxes. And we'll be seeing more of that from us on a go forward basis. Okay, Steve. Good morning. Thanks very much. Three questions from me as well. Just following on from your last comment about Asia, have you considered or are you considering inorganic growth there as well via potential bolt-on M&As or joint ventures with partners? Secondly, you talk about in your results of GBP 228 million negative COVID impact in 2020. Now, it'd be interesting to see how much of that you think will reverse in 2021. Obviously, the GBP 110 million provision should not come through again in 2021, assuming your assumptions and the vaccine rollout is going in line with that. So it'd be interesting to see what other aspects of this GBP 228 million could potentially reverse in the 2021 results. And then finally, from the on third-party capital in the LGC. Now, it's very interesting because obviously it's quite opaque for us to see what third-party capital is coming in here. Can you give us an idea of the pipeline of third-party capital? Can you talk about any particular names or types of institutions that are looking to invest with you as well? Thank you. The first one, Jeff's going to take the second, and I'll do the third. It's very unlikely that we'll do acquisitions in Asia. It is very likely we'll do joint ventures in Asia. I think we've had discussions with a number of people over the years on joint ventures. We've got a couple of people now we're working with who we think are much more likely joint venture candidates for us. But you won't be seeing a multi-billion pound acquisition for us in Asia in 2021 or 2022. And those would be from partnerships as well, not traditional legal JVs. There's many ways that you can work with people in partnership to grow in the region. Just on the second one, yeah, I mean, you're right. I mean, we would look at those. We've hopefully provided for the claims we'd expect to see from COVID in 2021. Obviously, a huge range of uncertainty around that and how it could play out. CALA is having a fantastic time at the moment at Strong Tailwinds coming into the business. So we would expect that to experience a very strong 2021 again, all things being equal, lots of uncertainty around that. And we wouldn't expect the group cost element being repeated either. And so we're positive to see turnaround in those. And we should expect to see a nice increase around that. Obviously, other businesses need to perform as well. Some of them had exceptionally strong results in 2020 in that environment with good, strong new business margins. So everyone needs to continue performing. But we're going into the year confident with a level of uncertainty that you all know about. Yeah. On third-party equity or capital coming into the businesses, if you look at slides 13 and 14 in the pack that we sent out, Pemberton, clearly, we set up a number of years ago. We put the actual data on slide 14 showing the AUM growing from GBP 0.5 billion to almost GBP 10 billion in five years. We'd expect that trend to continue. We'd see absolutely further support and further funds coming in from third parties. They have over 100 LPs already in Pemberton. In later livings, another area that we think we'll see third-party equity flowing into that. Build-to-rent, we've already got third-party equity in the terms of a partnership with PGGM, LGIM's already set up a fund which has a number of insurance companies and pension funds, so we're co-investors in that. NTR has already started on the third-party capital coming into the business. Podpoint is another one where we think will accelerate its growth through further third-party financing coming in there. I don't think for the next few years much will come into Oxford. We'll be very much doing that on our own. Brentwood SciTech, we're still establishing the business. We've got a number of exciting opportunities and Jeff and I are doing a road trip together very shortly to look at one of those opportunities. The data center business will probably bring third parties into those. Fund of funds and ADVs will certainly bring third-party funding into those. The exact amounts of that we'll tell you as we make various releases. Some of those will happen as early as the first half of 2021. Thank you. Next question is Ashik. Morning, Jeff. Just a couple of questions I have, maybe three. First of all, how do we think about debt leverage? Now, if I look at your peers like M&G, Phoenix, Aviva, everyone is kind of targeting debt leverage as a percentage of solvency to own funds of about 30%, whereas you are at about 34%. And if I look at the maturity profile of your debt, I think there is only one bond of 300 million coming to maturity this year. And for the next four, five years, there is nothing. So how do we think about that given that your peers are targeting less than 30%? You're at 34. Would you use the extra capital because of rising interest rates to reduce leverage on an accelerated basis, or you're absolutely fine with this? Second thing is, if I think about illiquid assets, I mean, that is now about GBP 30 billion direct investments in total out of GBP 120 billion of total assets you have. I mean, how would you classify your risk appetite? I mean, it's about 24, 25% at the moment. Peers are saying they can go up to as much as 40%. Would you say that more or less that's what your plan is as well? And thirdly is, in terms of assumption changes, if I look at the assumption changes year after year after year, for the last three, four, five years, maybe it's about, say, 20% of your group earnings. So how do we think about that going forward? Would it be a consistent feature of your average operating profit, or would you say that because longevity releases could now reduce, as we have seen this year in 2020, this would be a much less prominent feature going forward? Thank you. Those questions are all for Jeff, actually. Yeah, I mean, the debt leverage, I mean, we've talked about before. We focus on the rating agency leverage ratios. Moody's Adjusted has usually been the number that's been relevant for us. We've said we're at the top end of where we'd expect to be at the current time. But as you say, there is a debt coming in July. We'll look at that and what we want to do with that. Obviously, any redemption of that would reduce the leverage. And we have a strong conviction that we will grow our balance sheet. So in many ways, as our business grows, those leverage ratios naturally fall for us. And that's what's happened consistently for us over the last four, five, six years. Whenever we go raise a debt, we grow the balance sheet. Book value again grew 5% this year. The balance sheet continues to grow. Our leverage ratios reduce in that way. We drive the growth. That's how we invest. And we continue to do that. On the illiquids, yeah, you pointed out it's less than 30% at the moment. So plenty of headroom in that. We've talked about a 40%-50% range. And the important point within that is we don't consider all of these assets illiquid by any means. And so yes, there's a ballpark figure, is it 40%, is it 50%? But we do a lot more analysis underlying that to work out what do we think is truly illiquid versus what we think is liquid. And it's the liquidity of the total asset portfolio that we look at in determining where we would set that range. But we have plenty of headroom in being able to achieve that to get to those sorts of levels. And just on the assumption changes, actually, the longevity release was up this year to last year because 177 versus 155. And we obviously focus on the numbers excluding longevity releases for that very reason because we distort some of the figures. If we're in there, obviously, it helps. But it's not the way we've run the business, not what we've shown in our ambitions. And so we have regular reviews. We have BAU reviews on mortality across all of our business of consistency. We run through those. There are always areas of modeling that need updating, whether it's discussions with auditors, whether it's just prudence that's built up. And as a line of business grows or an assumption grows, it becomes more material. And the sort of the more ad hoc version you put in at the start needs to be made more accurate. And invariably, we've been conservative in those. So we just carry on with that process. And that leads to changes along the way as BAU. Thank you. Yeah, Jeff, do you have questions? Yeah. The The GBP 300 million is a 10% coupon. So we said GBP 30 million of interest as well to boost earnings on an annual basis or a go-forward basis if we actually do pay it back in July. Next question is from Ming Zhu. Oh, hi. Good morning. Just two questions for me, please. First is your U.S. pension risk transfer. That's the growth has been excellent. Could you just give a little bit more color in terms of the competition and the sort of competitive edge you have there? And what have you done or what's more actions there to do in terms of going forward to capture opportunities in that market? And my second question is your credit default reserves, the GBP 3.5 billion, still unutilized. And given what happened last year and there's no default, I mean, the assumptions you've got behind to calculate that credit default reserve, I mean, is that too conservative? Just two questions, please. Thank you. Jeff, answer the second question. But I do agree it's too conservative. But I'm not going to win that argument necessarily. On the U.S. PRT, yeah, we had a fantastic year last year. We've taken a very measured approach to the United States, recognizing that so many U.K. firms have not succeeded in America. And so we've determined to be very, very successful. And just as an illustration of our success, in the good old days, when we were busy building up the team there, we had very few people who really wanted to come and work for us. We had to work incredibly hard to get people to join us. We advertised for a job a couple of weeks ago. We had 300 applicants, 300 highly competent applicants because people love the fact that we're supporters of inclusive capitalism, ESG. And so our brand is resonating incredibly well with customers in the United States. I'd say the U.S. is a there are more competitors in the United States. So the competitive intensity is greater in the United States. We're constantly adding to our DI capabilities in America. They're not as good as we want them to be. In two or three years' time, we'll have a much stronger DI offering in the United States or DI capability in the United States. And that's part of the strengthening that we've been doing with the team in the last few years. So we're very well known now. We get access to most of the deals. We're competitive on deals. There isn't anybody we think has a tremendous competitive advantage over us. It's not quite like the U.K. where we absolutely have competitive advantages over everyone that we think in the U.K.. That's one of the reasons we've had tremendous long-term success. We're working very hard to fill the minor gaps that exist between our competitive position and, say, the prefin in the United States. Certainly, the brand resonates incredibly well. Jeff, do you want to take the second question? Yeah. I mean, there isn't a lot to say. Now, we haven't fundamentally changed our methodology for years on that. We take a pretty fixed amount, which is of the order of a sort of a 40 bps or so, amount that we put in there. There then is an additional load in on top of that. We benchmark it around the industry. We think it is conservative. As you say, the fact we didn't use it and we haven't used it, there's still uncertainty in how the economy plays out. There are elements of it that we then are trying to run off over time. Of course, as the portfolio grows, naturally, with interest rates falling as well, the total amount in the reserve goes up as you've seen. There's a small element around the edges that we're trying to run off. That is slowed by the business growing. We think it's conservative. It's useful to have there. Investors like having it. We've talked about we would use it in the event of defaults, etc. So I don't think there's a lot more we can say on that. I'd just like to say thank you to our team again for year after year after year. We've had zero defaults. The cash collection on the investments has been truly outstanding and industry-leading. And so we've got a great team. We work together in a very collaborative way. I just like to take this opportunity to say thank you for them all. We've got two more questions to come. The first is from Larissa and the second from Don. Thank you and good morning. Two questions. The first one, you had a strong year on bulk annuities in the U.S. Can you give us a sense of how margins in the U.S. compare versus those in the U.K. and how you see those evolving in time? The second question, also on bulk annuities, your new business strain being low at 3%-4% for some time, as you mentioned earlier. How sensitive is that to inflation and what happens if inflation reverts back to the two odd percent or higher that we have seen historically? Yeah, sure. The key determinant for us in pricing the business in the U.S. is a return on economic capital. We think that reflects all the risks. We target the same sorts of returns as we do on the solvency two capital in the U.K. Clearly, we think there's upside in both, obviously, economies of scale and how much we can spread expenses in that business as it grows. As Nigel talked about in the DI capability and asset sourcing, which is nowhere near, obviously, as efficient as it is in the U.K. So both of those would give us upsides in those margins. But they are broadly comparable in a capital allocation return on capital sense, but not all metrics are equal for other reasons. So we're comfortable with that. We're pleased to grow it. It's a competitive market at times. Then we don't allocate capital. We then allocate it to U.K. deals. And similarly, we're a player in the Canadian market. So we can look at these and decide where we put capital to make sure that we're getting the right returns on our capital as we put it to work. On new business strain, yes, that continues to be efficient. It is entirely sensitive. We don't take inflation risk explicitly on any of those, as it does, obviously, do something to the duration. You have the inflation element. So you get typically longer business in U.K. versus U.S. But we're not active takers of the inflation risk on that. As Nigel would say, we don't think it's a rewarded risk. We look to hedge at outset in a similar way to interest rates. And so it doesn't have a big impact on it. It's much more driven by the strain at the moment around what we do with reinsurance, for example. Thank you very much. Dom? Dom? Dom? Hello. Hi, folks. Hope you can hear me. Two questions from me, if that's all right. Just coming back to Asia. Nigel, it was interesting to hear your comments earlier about having sort of in the past shied away from insurance risk there. Clearly, LGIM has a real opportunity there. You mentioned the asset side of the LGR book. Would you consider other more sort of risk-based growth in Asia? I mean, it may sound like a bit of a wild card, but the Japanese defined benefit pension sector, you might think that's ripe for an emerging PRT market. Is that something you could be interested in? Second one, sort of on the math, really, LGR, the release from operations, just as a percentage of the opening balances. On my math, that's climbed from being in sort of the mid-90s in terms of basis points on the opening balance, whereas things were a few years to something in the mid-80s. Is that essentially some sort of COVID effect in 2020? Would you expect it to get back to something like the mid-90s going forward? And then thirdly, just on U.K. PRT, I understand that there have been some emerging structures that some of your competitors are using that involve sort of full pass-through of risk, including asset risk through to insurers in North America. Is this sort of new structure creating more competition in the U.K. markets? Is there any sign that actually things are intensifying? Thank you. I'll take the first one. Jeff can take the second and third questions. On Asia, yeah, the answer to that is, yeah, we do like to take informed and rewarded risk. That's a big thematic about what we are as a firm. And we felt entering some of the Asian markets before, we were taking unrewarded risks, if you like, and with counterparties who maybe didn't always have the capabilities that we'd want to work with. So we definitely have much more capability now than when we first looked eight or 10 years ago at the Asian opportunities, both in the product offerings and the strengths of our specific businesses, and really our digital capabilities. And I think we haven't talked about very much on this call. But if you were to ask Jeff and I what really excites us about what we've achieved during the pandemic, our digital capabilities have soared. And as a consequence of that, we think we have more opportunities for international expansion, including in Asia. Jeff, do you want to take the other two questions? Yeah, sure. Yeah, I mean, I don't think there's anything in particular going on within that release of operations as an element as a quirk. There is clearly an element that's COVID. I think you're looking at the sort of total annuity profitability within that would be slightly reduced volumes from LTM, which then less profitability coming through, which drags it down a fraction, which is obviously COVID-related. And also some of the costs of setting up the advice business around the LTM. So they're small figures, which really is why you get that little dip. So we're not seeing anything dramatic. We're not expecting changes within that away from the norm, I would say. Yeah, the asset reinsurance, it's something we've talked about a lot. We've done trial versions of that, if you like. We've not done it enormous scale, but we clearly have many counterparties that would be interested in doing it with us. It's a way that we would fund larger volumes in a year if we thought that made sense. So there is capital that is keen to be put to work in the U.K. PRT market. We're as well placed as anyone to source the front end of that and to access some of that capital. So we continue to talk to all of exactly the same parties. We have some ready to go on the blocks as and when they're needed. And equally, we do some proof of concepts to make sure that we can do everything that's required from reporting to the legal documentation, etc. So I think it's helpful for the market. We all know there's still a huge, huge potential market in the U.K. and a relatively limited capital pool that can write that business. And so we're always looking at efficient ways and ways to access that. And I think that's helpful. Yeah. Again, I'd just like to say a big thank you for all of you on the call. There's over 200 people on this call. So that shows the very high level of interest in the relatives of Jeff and myself. We're very happy with 2020, as I said at the beginning, operating profit flat, dividend flat, and the balance sheet stronger. Jeff made an important point about rewarded and informed risk, which is what we're about. Yet again, we had no defaults. We had 99.9% of our cash flow from DI was paid. As just said Jeff, say, we had GBP 110 million of COVID costs that we took for in 2020, which relates to 2021, so that we're hopefully not repeatable. And Jeff keeps telling me laws of prudence. And CALA was GBP 84 million. But together, those two account for GBP 200 million of it. And I think that laws will be reversed in 2021. And whilst we didn't mention it here, the LGI investment variance, if it's where they are right now, that'll be better than reversed in 2021. Public policy is moving our way. Our capabilities have increased. We've strengthened our management team. We've got a very focused strategy, which has delivered continuously for us over the last 10 years. And we look forward to the future with confidence. And certainly, we've got off to a very good start in 2021. I hope very much that we'll see all of you in person at some point. We'll welcome you all to our office here in Coleman Street. If not, I'm sure there's one or two local drinking establishments that would more than welcome us at some point in 2021, given the poor customs that they had in 2021. And we're hoping that we and many of us can support the city as the city returns to business and tries to reestablish its position or continue to establish its position as a world-leading center. So thank you. Have a great 2021. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's call. Thank you very much for joining. You may now disconnect your lines.