Welcome, and thank you for standing by. I would like to inform all participants that this conference call is being recorded. Where a company is presenting, any recording may also be reproduced on their website. Views and opinions expressed by any external speakers on this call are those of the speakers and not of JP Morgan. Parts of this conference call may also be reproduced in JP Morgan Research. If you have any objections, you may disconnect at this time. Press participants are not permitted on this call and should disconnect now unless otherwise permitted by internal JP Morgan policy. Members of JP Morgan Investment and Corporate Banking are not permitted on this call and should disconnect now. I would now like to turn the call over to Harlan Sur. Great. Good afternoon. My name again is Harlan Sur. I'm the semiconductor and semiconductor capital equipment analyst here at JP Morgan. Very pleased to be hosting the Astera Labs team for today's Tech Investor webinar titled, "Astera Labs' Vision for Expanding Opportunities in AI Infrastructure with UALink." Right. It's a very relevant topic as AI compute models continue to scale in complexity, both training and inferencing. AI compute clusters will correspondingly scale larger in size from a few hundred GPUs or XPUs per cluster to a few thousand to hundreds of thousands. Right. A critical part of the performance of these AI compute clusters is the interconnect or connectivity between these GPUs or XPUs. These connectivity solutions require high levels of bandwidth, low latency, and other attributes required to synchronize GPUs or XPU accelerators at rack scale. UALink is an open high bandwidth, low latency connectivity architecture that forms the interconnect fabric in GPU or XPU rack scale architectures. To tell us more about the UALink technology, market opportunity, and how Astera will potentially lead this market, we have members of the team here with us today: Thad Omura, Chief Business Officer at Astera; Chris Peterson, Fellow Technology and Ecosystem at Astera and UALink Board Director; and Nick Aberle, Vice President, Treasurer and Head of Investor Relations. Thank you for joining us today. Thad, let me go ahead and turn it over to you. Awesome. Thank you, Harlan. Thanks to all of those spending their afternoon and evening and even morning with us. I'm delighted that we've got a worldwide audience for this one. I'm Thad Omura, Chief Business Officer for Astera Labs, and have been here for the last two and a half years leading our sales, our marketing, our product teams, and customer experience support teams. I've had the privilege to lead business teams at the forefront of driving new technologies to mass market adoption, including Mellanox and RDMA technologies, as well as early SSD and flash storage companies. That includes companies like SandForce and LSI. Now, prior to Astera, I was at Marvell leading their flash controller business and kicking off their CXL go-to-market plans. Continuing in the tradition of driving to market, what's next? It's a pleasure today to share with the community how Ultra Accelerator Link will expand opportunities in AI infrastructure. For many of you, UALink may be brand new. Our intent is to share the challenges we are seeing in AI infrastructure, specifically in the use case of scale-up connectivity. My partner in crime, Chris Peterson, who is an active participant in the UALink community as a consortium board member, he's going to take you through why UALink is poised to address these problems. I will take you through how we look at the solution ecosystem for UALink and close with some final thoughts on the AI connectivity landscape from an Astera Labs perspective. Nick Aberle, who leads investor relations for Astera Labs, is also on the line and is available at the end to help us field some Q&A. Please note that today's session contains forward-looking statements, including those related to AI infrastructure, connectivity, and UALink opportunities, and our responsive plans and products. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties described in our SEC filing and hearing, such as AI demand changes, product development difficulties, all of these which may cause them not to come to fruition. Accordingly, we caution you to not unduly rely upon such statements. The information in this presentation is also as of today's date, unless an earlier one is provided, and we undertake no duty to update unless required by law. All right, let's dive into it. Those of you who are not familiar with Astera Labs, we are unique because since day one of the company being founded back in 2017, our mission has been consistent, and that is to provide purpose-built AI connectivity for infrastructure at cloud scale. Our founders identified that connectivity for multi-processing AI applications would drive a significant step up, not just in the performance and low latency aspects of interconnect, but also in the reliability and the flexibility. This would take place at a scale previously never seen in general purpose compute infrastructure. Now, seven years ago, it was not a question of if, but when. We all know now the industry has answered that question. The when is right now. The company's product portfolio is really addressed to answer that when question and includes I/O and signal conditioning devices such as PCIe retimers that have shipped to all the major hyperscalers and AI platform providers. We built off of those to expand our footprint to include Ethernet retimers and now CXL controllers. These are all in production today. A watershed moment happened for the company, and this happened last October when we announced our first smart fabric switch products. These products have put Astera Labs in a totally different echelon of connectivity providers. We now provide all of our products at the IC board and module level, and we have announced that we are expanding the portfolio to include both copper and optical media solutions. All of our products are built on a software-defined architecture that enables a tremendous amount of flexibility and adaptability to customer platform-specific features. These software layers are called COSMOS, which stands for Connectivity System Management Optimization Software. Now, we integrate COSMOS and make it available for hyperscalers to integrate into their infrastructure management so it is easy for them to gain visibility, telemetry, fleet management control. They can basically manage the entire data center where all of the Astera Labs products are deployed. These software layers of COSMOS unify our entire intelligent connectivity platform so the customer experience is common across all the product families and generations. You heard me mention PCI Express, CXL, and Ethernet, and today we're here to focus on UALink, but it's worth noting that we recently announced we are a part of NVIDIA's NVLink Fusion ecosystem. This is really exciting because NVIDIA is extending their NVLink scale-up infrastructure to custom compute and AI processing XPU systems through this initiative. We are delighted to extend our collaboration with NVIDIA, given we've been a part of enabling multiple generations of their GPU getting to market with our PCIe retimers for scale-out applications. We will participate by enabling select hyperscalers to more easily integrate their custom XPUs with NVLink through our connectivity technology that now includes I/O chiplets. The addition of NVLink to our intelligent connectivity platform expands the opportunity that hyperscalers have as we work with them to deploy next-generation scale-up solutions. In order to support all of the expanded product lines and protocols, we continue to scale the company worldwide. I'm going to make a pitch. Come out and check out the job openings on Astera Labs website. We'd love to have you as we grow our organization to address all of these new exciting opportunities. Our comprehensive connectivity portfolio and our proven execution, these are what put us in a strong position to continue our close collaboration with all major hyperscalers, AI platform providers, and really help solve their platform-specific AI connectivity needs. Before we go deeper into the presentation, let's make sure all of you on the call are clear about the terms of scale-up versus scale-out. When we refer to scale-up, it means a bunch of accelerators that are interconnected in the effort so that they can all behave as one big supercomputer processing the same workload. When we talk about scale-out, we're talking about a bunch of accelerators interconnected, but now processing a distributed workload. This means breaking up maybe a bigger workload into smaller tasks and then distributing them out. The reality is modern AI infrastructure, they actually use both scale-up and scale-out technologies to cluster computing resources because the jobs are so massive. With that, what I'd want to do now is share with you how our intelligent connectivity platforms support both scale-up and scale-out. Now, state-of-the-art racks, they have multiple compute trays and scale-up switch trays. Scale-out and scale-up connectivity often connect over a backplane that may be integrated right into the rack. They may be integrated through external cables, or maybe it's some combination of both. If you take a look at the compute tray, what we see are both CPUs and XPUs integrated on the same tray. Let me just be clear here. When I say XPUs throughout this webinar, we're using that term as a catch-all for GPUs and custom AI accelerators. Okay. Now, these compute elements, they're often PCIe connected through our Aries retimers and Scorpio P Series switches, which are purpose-built for consistent line rate, peer-to-peer modular traffic. These PCIe switches provide connectivity to scale-out through NIC cards that can utilize our Taurus Ethernet retimers. These retimers are used for active electrical cables for a top-of-the-rack connection or maybe to a switch in another rack. We provide memory expansion connectivity through our Leo CXL controllers and our Scorpio PCIe switches. These are the devices that can be used for expanded SSD storage connectivity. We also recently introduced a new PCIe connectivity solution called a Gearbox. This device easily bridges PCIe 6 to existing PCIe 5 devices in a very bandwidth-efficient fashion. In this example, what we're doing is we're efficiently connecting a PCIe 6 CPU to a PCIe 5 NIC, and we're not wasting any of those valuable CPU I/O lanes. Now, let's focus on the scale-up switch tray where our Scorpio X Series smart fabric switch can be found. These switches, these are absolutely critical. They're platform-specific, low-latency switches which connect multiple XPUs. Often, they're connected in parallel because what you're trying to do is increase the bandwidth of multi-processing shared memory transactions amongst these XPUs. There's often a bunch of connections from these XPUs that run along the backplane to the compute trays in order to connect into this scale-up fabric. If PCIe or Ethernet-based protocols are used here, we have retiming solutions that help extend the reach of these signals, which can traverse a long distance over a rack's backplane. In some architectures, we actually ship smart cable modules to drive those signals over active electrical cables. Another way to look at what protocols we support is by looking at the scale-up and scale-out application and looking at it in a slightly different way. For scale-out, we support PCIe, which is mostly on the actual compute tray board, and then Ethernet for active electrical cable connections for network connectivity. Scale-up, now we support PCIe and platform-specific products from a fabric perspective. Our signal conditioning devices extend the reach of PCIe and Ethernet for XPU connectivity to the switches. CXL is used for connecting memory, and we can connect that to the CPU, and both scale-up and scale-out applications happen to use expanded memory resources through our CXL devices, and they can use this as required. I just covered how we announced we are a part of the NVLink Fusion ecosystem. Looking forward, we're excited about the opportunity to work with customers to connect their XPUs to NVIDIA's NVLink scale-up infrastructure through I/O chiplets. That being said, we're going to spend now the rest of today's webinar really covering UALink and the challenges in this scale-up connectivity area that it addresses. Our goal is to expand our intelligent connectivity platform to support all of the leading protocols and solutions demanded by our customers to build optimal AI infrastructure. Okay. Now, let's shift gears. We want to spend a little bit of time now to focus on the opportunity and challenges in AI as they relate specifically to scale-up connectivity. The first opportunity has to do with the recent increase in compute demand due to inference processing. Previously, when we talked about AI compute scaling, we mainly focused on training. More training data requires more compute. It's pretty obvious. The larger the model parameters that there are, they drive more valuable final model performance. Once the model was trained, inference processing requirements of large language models were very fairly moderate, okay? Especially when you're using the same cluster for training that you're using for inference. As training continues and will always be a major driver for increasing compute demand as model sizes increase, what we have seen is the last and the latest reasoning models are driving inference to an inflection point. What's happening is the more valuable inference models are utilizing a multi-step processing model, which is accelerating the demand for more compute by orders of magnitude. OpenAI's O1 model, this was just introduced last fall, and this was the first model to really use this so-called chain-of-thought processing to derive better and better results, and we've seen this trend accelerate. Now, this increase in AI inference compute demand is a huge opportunity for the industry as it delivers higher-value AI applications. At the same time, it's considered one of the most challenging problems to solve because large cluster scaling is directly related to solving scale-up connectivity issues. The next major challenge we continue to hear about is return on investment for the massive hundreds of billions of dollars being spent on infrastructure that are all happening worldwide. Now, across our customer base, we continue to hear about power consumption and cluster utilization. These two issues are being—they're so critical when you start talking about where the resource is being spent and likely being wasted. The efficiency of the scale-up fabric has potentially the largest impact on infrastructure profitability and represents a significant challenge that must be addressed to improve TCO. Now we're also seeing many more specialized AI accelerators emerge that are purpose-built for very specific AI workloads and models. The challenge here is to integrate all of these XPUs into cloud infrastructure, and the cost to align and specify a scale-up fabric for all of these different architectures is extremely high. Optimizing a scale-up connectivity solution to be used with a single accelerator only to have to re-architect for a newly introduced XPU months later, this is a huge challenge because it's a huge cost investment and it's slow time to market. Now, as we look at all of these challenges, it's incredible to think all of these AI infrastructure challenges, they're all related to scale-up connectivity. Why now, as you take a look at these challenges, is it the right time for a scalable, efficient, and open connectivity solution? Okay. You may be asking yourself, we're talking about scale-up connectivity in reference to UALink, like why is now the right time for such a solution? A couple of things you can recall is that in the general computing market, scale-up connectivity is used. I mean, we see two to eight CPUs being scaled up in these general-purpose compute servers all the time. Now, these processors are connected in the box, and therefore CPU vendors have really not had the need to open up or share the protocol. We've seen UPI from Intel and Infinity Fabric from AMD. These are, at this point in time, proprietary in nature. They leverage a very simple memory semantic protocol optimized for low latency and memory sharing. We're going to cover more about this term memory semantic shortly because it's a big one. Okay? We want to make sure the audience understands it. Just think of the protocol interface as super optimized for a really, really small number of endpoints. Now, this model continued as we started to see AI servers built to address the initial Gen AI era of computing. In these platforms, we see eight GPUs utilized, and it's basically the same proprietary and simple memory semantic scale-up protocol. What we are now embarking on is a whole new era of AI server architecture. This is where the number of GPUs and XPUs are scaling to be much larger. We are quickly seeing a transition where the server, which was previously really confined to a single system and platform, we're seeing that this is now moving to an entire rack and in some cases, multiple racks. The only thing that really is changing now is it's not just a CPU or GPU to GPU connection, but they're actually being connected into a switch fabric. We know NVIDIA is deploying 72 GPUs in a single cluster today and already signaling 576 nodes right around the corner. We see this trend continuing, especially as AI compute demands are increasing. We're going to see this trend continue and spread to other XPUs. Scale-up connectivity is no longer limited to a single box, and we're now connecting XPUs throughout the rack and expanding the rack- to- rack- to rack through switches to make hundreds of XPUs look like one single powered XPU. Of course, we will continue to use scale-out technologies for multi-server processing models. This is going to happen over a network in the range of tens to hundreds of thousands of nodes because that's what these protocols were built for. Things like Ethernet and InfiniBand, they were built for hundreds of thousands of nodes. To summarize, we're seeing the transition to rack scale architectures coupled with the integration of switch fabrics for large scale-up racks or what are now called pods. These market forces are driving the demand for an open multi-processing rack-level scale-up solution. What is the answer to this? Ta-da, here we go. The industry has responded with the UALink Consortium. At Astera Labs, we are a proud board member, and we are invested to advance this initiative forward along with hyperscalers and the industry's biggest technology giants. The mission is to drive an open accelerator communication protocol to market. We're leveraging what has worked in the past in terms of a simple memory semantic-based protocol. We're initially targeting to connect up to 1,000 XPUs to be scaled up. Certainly, early deployments will start with less. What we're doing is by limiting the scope to single-tier switching architectures, we're leveraging the existing Ethernet data rates along with the low-latency aspects of PCIe. The consortium is now really focused on efficiency and low power. By keeping the protocol simple, we also expect to accelerate time to market and build a strong ecosystem for all of these specialized XPUs in the industry. The organization is moving forward very quickly here. UALink was just incorporated back last October. Already, through open collaboration with the members, UALink released its first protocol specification back in April. This is just a month ago, supporting 200 gig per lane and 800 gig per port. What is so exciting about the consortium is that the level of open innovation is really starting to emerge. The group is targeting to release a UCIe-based I/O chiplet specification to speed the integration of UALink to XPUs. Already, the group is working on additional scale-up features that support in-network compute for specific multi-XPU calculations that can dramatically be sped up by centralizing those compute functions in the switch itself. Now, the goal of all of this innovation is to enable a purpose-built scale-up protocol for AI at rack scale. Now I'd like to hand over the webinar to Chris Peterson, fellow here at Astera Labs, who is also our CXL board representative. He'll dive one step deeper into how UALink addresses all of those scale-up connectivity challenges I previously mentioned. Chris, take it over. All right. Thank you, Thad. And hello, everyone. I'm a fellow here at Astera Labs and have been here for the last two years leading our technology and ecosystems team. Prior to Astera Labs, I spent more than a decade leading the technology roadmap and architecture of servers, storage, and silicon at Meta for their cloud infrastructure. I also represent Astera Labs on the UALink and CXL board of directors. Let's first quickly recap those challenges we're seeing as related to scale-up clusters and connectivity. Large cluster scaling remains a huge challenge. As you add more and more XPUs to the cluster, you want to make sure that the full performance of each added XPU accelerates the workload processing in a very linear fashion. The issue is that as hundreds of XPUs are scaled up, connectivity inefficiencies can limit scaling of the entire cluster's performance. Those same inefficiencies can have a huge impact on power consumption and the utilization of the cluster. With billions of dollars being spent on AI infrastructure, the entire profitability and TCO benchmarks are constantly under pressure. Now, with so many specialized and diverse XPUs coming to the market, it's extremely expensive and time-consuming for hyperscalers to take full advantage of these incredible AI processing innovations. We're addressing these challenges head-on with our work in the UALink Consortium by defining and driving to market the industry's first open and purpose-built scale-up protocol. My intent over the next few slides is to take one step deeper into the features UALink provides and how those address these critical challenges. First, let's start with how UALink is purpose-built to enable highly efficient cluster scaling for hundreds of XPUs. Thad previously used this term memory semantics, and it's an important fundamental architectural decision that we've selected for this protocol. What does memory semantics mean? Memory semantics means that the exact same simple read or write command an XPU core or a compute element in the XPU uses to access its local memory is the same direct command that is used to access the memory attached to any other XPU in that cluster connected on the switch fabric. In other words, the access mechanism is exactly the same. The simple, same tried-and-true model for multi-processing connectivity that we've been using for many decades at a smaller scale in general compute applications that Thad has just walked us through. We are building from that. In the past, these multi-processor protocols were proprietary. What we are now doing is standardizing the same access model so that it can be used at a much larger scale for AI clusters while still maintaining very low latency and high cluster scaling efficiency. You may be wondering, how does this differ from some of the other standard connectivity protocols that already exist? PCI Express is widely deployed, and we have many customers using our PCIe connectivity solutions today, building cutting-edge scale-up fabrics. Astera Labs will continue to support these applications for generations to come on PCI Express. That being said, PCI Express supports a much broader set of use cases, and UALink aims to really standardize and streamline the complete end-to-end scale-up protocol. Another approach used in the industry for this is called network semantics, which is widely used by Ethernet-based connectivity protocols. As Ethernet is designed for topologies that can scale to connect hundreds of thousands of nodes, there's a lot of additional addressing and routing information that has to be added to every single data request. This fundamental difference is what drives UALink to be much more efficient for multi-processing applications versus those Ethernet-based protocols. The end benefit is ultimately the ability for clusters to continue to scale efficiently with UALink. Cluster efficiency is the most critical factor to scale performance for this oncoming wave of highly compute-intensive AI workloads, including reasoning inference models. These reasoning and chain-of-thought models demand orders of magnitude higher levels of compute power, and UALink is purpose-built for these applications. Just as the protocol has kept each memory transaction to its simplest form, its most native and direct form, we've also defined the switching architecture to be extremely simple. Because this scale-up application targets a relatively small number of XPUs, we have confined the first UALink specification to only support a single tier of switching. Plus, each memory transaction consists of a very small fixed-size data transfer. This combination optimizes the entire switching function and keeps it simple. In comparison, network semantic protocols support multi-tiered topologies with variable packet lengths. Keeping the switching implementation simple is what ultimately results in a consistent and responsive user experience in these multi-processing scale-up environments. This is yet another key feature of UALink that facilitates this large cluster scaling. One of the strengths of an open ecosystem is that the UALink Consortium is taking the best ideas from its members and collaboratively working on these new innovations. It means the members are committed to developing scale-up interconnect specifications that accelerate the deployment of these advanced features. We've already embarked on an I/O chiplet specification, which will further accelerate the deployment of UALink across a diverse ecosystem of XPUs. We're also looking to further boost the scalability of the cluster itself by having the network switch perform compute functions called collectives. Certainly, if these features are deployed by individual XPU vendors, the adoption and deployment of these innovations will be limited and at a reduced pace. Ultimately, the UALink Consortium is driving a scale-up protocol to market that is simple, scalable, and open, which can be used across this growing landscape of XPUs. Now, let's take a look at how UALink optimizes the efficiency of the infrastructure to ultimately optimize total cost of ownership. Since data transactions are optimized for multi-processing, we're able to minimize the amount of addressing required for each of these memory transactions. It means that every single data transaction that is sent over this fabric carries a high percentage of actual data that needs to be processed. For Ethernet-based protocols, there's a large amount of additional addressing information that consumes additional fabric bandwidth. It means that for small memory semantic data transfers, a lot of this bandwidth is wasted and considered overhead. UALink, on the other hand, is built to maximize the XPU performance through very high link utilization. The purpose-built architecture and simple stack design of UALink also has the positive impact of inherently requiring less silicon die area to actually implement. Whether you're considering the XPU or the switching silicon solutions, smaller die sizes will ultimately optimize system acquisition costs or allow you to allocate more die area for additional compute. Of course, efficient silicon translates directly into lower infrastructure power consumption. Power consumption remains one of the largest barriers to larger scale AI infrastructure buildouts. By consuming lower scale-up fabric connectivity power, rack scale architects are able to allocate more power to XPUs and consider higher density rack scale designs. We're very excited to see how these UALink optimizations are able to directly impact the utilization, cost, and power of the entire AI infrastructure. UALink allows us to address these critical TCO challenges at a very large scale. The last major challenge UALink addresses has to do with the high integration costs and the slow time to market of the oncoming wave of specialized XPUs that are coming to market. As AI workloads are better understood, more purpose-built solutions that can optimize XPUs for particular workloads and data center environments are continuing to emerge. The obvious benefits of a standard specification is that multiple XPUs can benefit from utilizing the same scale-up infrastructure. Additionally, hyperscalers can unify their infrastructure, knowledge, and investment around a common scale-up framework and streamline the deployment of all of these different XPUs. It also means that from a system vendor perspective, builders have this opportunity to select from a best-of-breed component ecosystem that is fully interoperable. There can be a wider range of solutions offered to the industry in terms of switch port count, lane counts, as well as variation on the bandwidth per XPU that each of these racks is ultimately configured to support. All of this variation is enabled only if end customers have the confidence that this solution will truly be interoperable. One of the growing concerns that the entire industry faces is with the ongoing challenge of shifting supply chain dynamics for this AI infrastructure. We're seeing the need to remain agile with manufacturing locations and the optionality to multi-source different vendors for each of the AI rack scale components. Multiple vendors can now come to market with interoperable compute and switch tray solutions for these racks, as the rack infrastructure itself can now be common. One of the key issues we focused on from a UALink Consortium perspective is driving an open, interoperable standard for XPUs that supports a very resilient supply chain. That was a ton of information about what UALink is about and how we'll address the major scale-up connectivity challenges in the industry in a very short amount of time. To summarize this information, we've put this chart together to specifically compare how UALink compares to Ethernet-based alternatives that also fall under the umbrella of open standards. UALink leverages the same data rate as Ethernet, while at the same time remaining simple and purpose-built for scale-up applications. Unlike Ethernet, UALink is built with a simple memory semantic protocol that's focused on connecting hundreds of nodes together with ultra-low latency. Additionally, by reducing switch complexity but still providing equivalent fabric bandwidth, UALink provides consistent and scalable performance. This ultimately maximizes the fabric utilization, streamlines the silicon implementations, lowers acquisition costs and power consumption, and ultimately facilitates the wide, fast deployment of XPUs across the industry. In short, UALink is open and purpose-built for the most demanding AI scale-up workloads with the bandwidth of Ethernet, but the low latency of PCIe and simple memory semantics. On behalf of the UALink Board of Directors and the membership, I'm very excited to be part of this industry-wide initiative, and I look forward to contributing to even more innovation as we drive AI scale-up products and solutions to market. With that, let me hand the webinar back over to Thad to cover how we see the UALink connectivity solution ecosystem evolving, the vision for UALink, and some final thoughts from Astera Labs' perspective. Thad? All right. Thanks, Chris. Now that you've heard about UALink and how it solved major challenges related to scale-up for AI platforms, let's take a look at the solution landscape. I'm going to warn you. I know there's a lot of investors on the call today. What I'm about to build out for you, this is an example topology, okay? It's illustrative. It would be very unwise just to derive attach rates and volumes from what I'm about to show. Hopefully you'll get an idea where all the different components for UALink are going to go. Let's start first from a rack perspective. We'll continue to have compute and switch trays. The obvious first components that are critical to UALink is the switch silicon that will reside on the switch trays. Depending upon the rack architecture, talking 200 gig per lane, signal conditioning devices are likely going to be required to make signal reach robust. We know the compute trays will contain XPUs, and each one of these XPUs will have multiple connections to all of the switch trays. This is your scale-up UALink fabric, which makes many XPUs look like one big XPU. Now, to facilitate easier integration of XPUs into the UALink fabric, the Consortium is working on an I/O chiplet specification that utilizes UCIe from a die-to-die standard for connecting directly into the XPU. These chiplets, they're going to help target faster integration of XPUs into the UALink switch fabric and provide connectivity to all of the switches. Now, we know the industry demands scale-up beyond a single rack. We want more XPUs than just a single rack can hold. We see rack-to-rack scale-up solutions that are evolving very quickly. We are going to see both active copper and eventually optical connectivity solutions that will be critical for these rack-to-rack scale-up solutions. Last, but certainly not least, the management software. If you think about all of this infrastructure being put together, the management software is what's so critical to make the solution ecosystem really all work together. Now, whether this is switch management software or it's cluster management that provides telemetry and cluster utilization information, all of this software is an essential component to the UALink ecosystem. When you put all of these components together, it will result in a multi-billion dollar connectivity opportunity. Okay. Now you've learned about UALink, the ecosystem of solutions. Let's start to conclude with the vision for the technology. Now, today we see XPU deployments. They're directly tied to the scale-up fabrics that are selected at the beginning of the XPU development cycle. Given the long time to market, we see these solutions are often incremental R&D work by the XPU vendor itself, or there may be limited vendors to work with. One of the other areas that we are looking at is that the innovations that are made by one XPU architecture or platform, the challenges, those are not easily translated to different XPU solutions. What UALink is driving is an ecosystem where the XPU development can be kicked off and aligned to an open scale-up protocol. As the XPUs develop, innovation to the UALink fabric can still happen in parallel with a different team of resources. What this is going to enable is an expanded list of vendors to support scale-up deployments with greater optionality for configuration, scale, and performance. The UALink vision is to accelerate time to market for a data center that leverages heterogeneous XPUs that are targeted and optimized for specific large-scale AI workloads. Supporters of UALink, well, supporters all believe in an open standard where the technology is purpose-built for scale-up, and all the innovations that can be integrated into the fabric, those can all be applied to multiple XPUs, platforms, and designs. Now I'm going to bring this back to Astera Labs and our direction to be the leading supplier of connectivity solutions for AI at rack scale. We're going to continue to add new product lines that accelerate and optimize both scale-out and scale-up AI connectivity applications. This will be for rack scale compute, switch tray applications, and we are delighted to work with all of the major hyperscalers and platform providers with our connectivity solutions. Our platform integrates I/O, now chiplets, signal conditioning solutions, controllers, and fabric devices, and we're going to deliver these in terms of IC board, modular form factors, module form factors, and chiplets. We are shipping to production connectivity solutions that support PCIe, CXL, and Ethernet. All of these products are managed under our common Cosmos embedded software and API framework. Our software is what unifies our intelligent connectivity platform and provides a consistent development and customer user experience across all of our products. Today, we've spent and shared the opportunity and vision for UALink. We are excited about this opportunity and the industry initiatives that bring forward advancing a complete portfolio of solutions, which is what we plan to do, a complete portfolio of solutions around this open scale-up technology. Our goal is to work with the industry on really providing the connectivity solutions to the fabric of their choice. To that end, we're delighted to now be a part of the NVLink Fusion ecosystem. We're looking forward to working with customers who want to leverage their NVLink infrastructure investment for their own XPUs and provide connectivity solutions to make that happen. Ultimately, our goal, we're here to build the most comprehensive and complete portfolio of connectivity solutions for an increasingly diverse set of XPUs and AI accelerators that are all driving the next wave of AI rack scale deployments. I want to thank Harlan. Thank you, Harlan. Thanks to you, the JP Morgan team. Thank you for hosting us, giving us this opportunity to share with you our thoughts on the UALink market vision. Hopefully, you gain some insights into the challenges it addresses, the technology, and of course, the value proposition and market opportunity. We at Astera Labs, we have a vision to deliver high-performance connectivity for the entire rack, whether it's for merchant GPUs, custom ASICs, and accelerators. As we covered today, modern AI workloads are driving the need for high bandwidth, low latency, scale-up connectivity that supports memory semantics. We are committed to drive and accelerate our efforts behind UALink for this open multi-vendor scale-up solution. At the same time, excited to have recently announced our collaboration with NVIDIA on the NVLink Fusion ecosystem. We continue to work with XPU vendors on their platform-specific connectivity requirements, and this provides them with a full portfolio and complete optionality in the solutions that we can support them with. As the market for AI connectivities continues to grow and diversify, we are excited to be well-positioned to benefit on this rapidly expanding market. Thank you. What I'd like to do now is hand it back over to Harlan, and maybe we can take some Q&A. Yeah, thank you, Thad. That was a great overview of the UALink technology opportunity, some of the challenges that you're trying to address with UALink that the industry faces. Appreciate the great overview by you and Chris. As you mentioned, I've got a few follow-up questions for the team while we have a few minutes left here. I'll start off with when the team introduced your Scorpio family of PCIe and XPU fabric switching products in October of last year, right? You quantified the four-year market opportunity at around $5 billion. How does that break out? PCIe switching versus XPU fabric switching? And within that, how big do you think the opportunity is for UALink? Hey, Harlan, I can take that question. Let me start by saying that UALink, and I guess for that matter now, NVLink both represent incremental market opportunities for Astera Labs relative to what we had previously outlined. Maybe it would be best to quickly frame the market opportunity set that we previously provided, and then I can discuss the new addressable market opportunities that are unlocked by UALink. P erfect. If we go back to last October, we launched Scorpio Smart Fabric Switch Family, and we provided an estimated total market opportunity for that product family of approximately $5 billion by 2028. If you break down that a little bit more per your question, we stated that roughly half of that market opportunity was going to be addressed by our Scorpio P Series fabric switches designed for mixed traffic AI head node connectivity applications. For that, think scale-out connectivity between PCIe hosts and endpoints. We stated the other half of the $5 billion TAM estimate was being addressed by our Scorpio X Series fabric switches, with the primary application there being accelerator to accelerator scale-up connectivity. That is kind of the high-level breakdown of what we had previously announced for Scorpio Fabric Switch Family TAM specifically. I think it is also worth pointing out there is also actually a big scale-up market opportunity for our signal conditioning portfolio as well. This would include opportunities for our Aries and Taurus product families as customers look to leverage PCIe, Ethernet, or even customized versions of each of those to scale-up their AI accelerator clusters. We've already seen good traction within those applications. A great example is the strong growth that we've seen in our Aries SCM business over the last couple of quarters. Moving along to the additional UALink opportunity, as I outlined, the previous $2.5 billion market opportunity for scale-up connectivity application was specific to Scorpio X Series family and its support for PCIe Express and customized PCIe-based backend topologies. It excluded the potential opportunity for other protocols being leveraged for scale-up connectivity, whether it's Ethernet, proprietary protocol, or now even NVLink. When we reported earnings a couple of weeks ago, we highlighted on the call that the potential adoption of UALink would unlock an incremental multi-billion dollar connectivity opportunity for us by 2029. The assumption here is that UALink will address additional scale-up connectivity application opportunities above and beyond what we currently address in the PCIe market with both Scorpio X Series and Aries. From a product perspective, I think one more thing I hope we have hammered home today, and I think that did a good job of this, is that we are approaching these markets with a rack scale mindset. One of the main takeaways should be that Astera Labs' opportunity within the UALink arena will be addressed with a broad and holistic set of solutions. This holistic solution set will drive the proliferation of UALink across AI accelerators and should ultimately provide us with silicon dollar content opportunities, which we think will be in the range of multiple hundreds of dollars per accelerator. Net net, UAL unlocks a new and meaningful content opportunity, and that's going to be across unit TAM that we were not previously addressing. Oh, that's perfect. My second question, you know the team outlined many benefits of the UALink standard for scale-up connectivity applications. If you can just highlight maybe the top one or two key attributes that you believe will ultimately drive the proliferation of the UALink protocol. Sure, I can take a shot at this one, Harlan. UALink, essentially, from my perspective, boils down to two key benefits. The first one is that it's really focused on providing the bandwidth of Ethernet, but with the very low latency of PCIe and native memory semantics. That's one. The second here really is that it's open, it's standardized, and it's interoperable with a rapidly growing ecosystem and a roadmap of more features to come that will continue to enable further cluster scaling. Perfect. You had mentioned the quick time to market as it relates to incorporation of the UALink consortium all the way to the recent ratification of the 200 Gb per second 1.0 specification that was released in April. Do you believe that the adoption of UALink will happen with the 1.0 specification that was released in April, or is the industry, you think, going to need additional updates that are potentially going to be required to drive more prolific adoption of UALink? Yeah, I'll take this one as well. Good question, Harlan. The 1.0 spec that was released last month, it's a complete spec, right? It's fully implementable, and people have been building to this already for some time, even before the spec was publicly released. There's already an ecosystem of people working on the IP and the core components to be able to go build the UALink infrastructure. We fully believe that the 1.0 products are going to be complete and coming to market. Having said all that, there's more innovation coming from the UALink consortium and the ecosystem. There's a very strong roadmap that we briefly touched on today. Two of those items that we mentioned are this I/O chiplet specification, which, having a standard spec for this, of course, will really accelerate the adoption of UALink in the XPU environment, especially with all this diversity that we have going on, because people will be able to just integrate these chiplets much more quickly and expect the scale-up infrastructure to come along with that. The second here is this concept of in-network compute. If you think about this, if we start adding some compute capabilities within the switches, now we have this further scaling factor that we can apply to these networks, to these clusters, which will allow us to continue to scale the bandwidth per XPU and get even more cluster scaling as a benefit. Of course, we get better AI infrastructure efficiency out of that as well. That is perfect. Going back to the initial discussion, good to see the recent support and participation by the Astera team on the announcement of NVIDIA introducing its NVLink Fusion, right? Essentially offering its scale-up NVLink architecture, I/O chiplets to be integrated into non-NVIDIA-based XPUs, and obviously, Astera is an ecosystem partner to NVLink Fusion. Can you guys just talk a little bit about that announcement, what it means for—I know that you talked about the chiplet I/O architecture that you're going to use to offer as a part of the NVLink Fusion portfolio, but can you guys just talk about the announcement and what it means from a UALink initiative perspective and what it means for just overall scale-up connectivity segment of the market? Yeah, maybe it's best if I take this question. Quite a few times over the last 36 hours. So I think, you know, to start off, what we see in the market today is that XPU developers already have a multitude of options to adopt for their scale-up connectivity backbone. We see customers leveraging PCIe. We see them leveraging Ethernet, utilizing other proprietary interconnect technologies for their accelerator to accelerator clustering applications. The introduction of NVLink Fusion interconnect technology into the custom ASIC AI accelerator market will now be an additional option for XPU developers to consider as they're making those scale-up connectivity decisions. At the end, I think another thing probably worth pointing out is that all of these XPU developers have their own differentiated technology portfolios and capabilities. They also have their own unique connectivity goals, which are typically tied to their specific business models, and then also the workloads that they're trying to process. The NVLink Fusion ecosystem now represents a solution set for customers looking to leverage the existing NVLink infrastructure to drive robust scale-up performance. As Thad mentioned, we were super excited about being part of that ecosystem, helping to enable XPU developers to access NVLink interconnect technology. With all that said, our expectation is that there will also be strong demand for a purpose-built open industry protocol for scale-up connectivity. UALink will look to fill that demand as an open standard driving low latency, high bandwidth, and native memory semantics for scale-up connectivity. We believe it's poised to be adopted across a broad range of AI accelerators over time. For Astera Labs specifically, our goal is always going to be to support our hyperscaler enterprise AI customers with a diverse set of products and capabilities across multiple approaches to provide open-ended optionality, fast time to market, and best-in-class performance. Overall, we're excited about the broad expansion of the purpose-built scale-up connectivity portfolio with support for NVLink, UALink, and PCIe Express, and view all of these avenues as opportunities to support customers and to grow our business. Yeah, and I would agree with you that there is multiple optionality for your customers, although I would also agree that the bias over time would be towards more open architectures like the UALink protocol. That being said, there was a recent announcement of a new type of scale-up architecture also open as well called the Scale-up Ethernet or SUE protocol. I'm just wondering, how does the UALink protocol compare with this recently introduced scale-up Ethernet architecture? Sure, I'll comment on this one as well, Harlan. In the past, there have been multiple attempts at building some form of Ethernet-based scale-up solution. This is just the latest in that series of attempts. The challenge is that often these are built from a single company solution. Ultimately, UALink provides the simple, efficient, and low-latency scale-up solution, but it's also an open and standardized solution. That means the specification is driven by multiple companies working closely together to build this detailed and implementable specification. It's built around interoperability as well, which is absolutely critical to make this ecosystem viable. This approach that we're taking with UALink really allows the scale-up solution to not be unique to any one particular company and their specific implementation, but it allows us to build this robust ecosystem and then continue to build off this robust ecosystem as we continue to advance the innovation with the spec. You guys talked about the merits of UALink standard, right? Can you just maybe a little bit of a deeper dive into why the Astera team is specifically well positioned to deliver solutions to support the ecosystem? What products are you planning to introduce? More importantly, when do you believe systems based on UALink will be introduced and deployed in volume scale? That's a good one. Let me take that one. You know we at Astera Labs, we really pride ourselves on our deep engagements with the hyperscalers, the AI platform providers, and really working with them on roadmaps for products that service their needs, their platform-specific needs. You know in regards to the portfolio, we went through a whole kind of ecosystem of products that are going to be available to drive the UALink market forward. We plan to provide the most complete and comprehensive portfolio for UALink moving forward, bar none. That is kind of our intent. In terms of just getting customers and seeing this technology be deployed, starting from kind of mid to second half next year, we are going to see platforms being brought up on the technology, being qualified for production, and then really we start to see deployment in the 2027 timeframe. Perfect. We are just about out of time. I want to thank Thad, Chris, Nick, and the entire Astera Labs team for this informative session. I look forward to monitoring the progress of the team and helping the AI infrastructure ecosystem adopt the UALink technology. To all of the participants on the call, thank you for joining us this afternoon. Replay of this call will be available on both JP Morgan Markets as well as on Astera's investor relations website. Thank you, everyone. Have a great week.