Greetings. Welcome to American Homes 4 Rent third quarter 2023 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A brief question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. Please note this conference is being recorded. I will now turn the conference over to Nick from Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin. Good morning. Thank you for joining us for our third quarter 2023 earnings conference call. With me today are David Singelyn, Chief Executive Officer; Bryan Smith, Chief Operating Officer; and Chris Lau, Chief Financial Officer. Please be advised that this call may include forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this conference call are forward-looking statements that are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in these statements. These risks and other factors that could adversely affect our business and future results are described in our press releases and in our filings with the SEC. All forward-looking statements speak only as of today, November 3, 2023. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. A reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP financial measures is included in our earnings press re-lease and supplemental information package. As noted, our operating and financial results, including GAAP and Non-GAAP measures, are fully detailed in our earnings re-lease and supplemental information package. You can find these documents as well as SEC reports and the audio webcast replay of this conference call on our website at www.amh.com. With that, I will turn the call over to our CEO, David Singelyn. Welcome, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. Consistency, stability, and predictability continued into the second half of the year as we posted another strong quarter. Robust rate growth and healthy occupancy remain above historical levels, which is a testament to the fundamentals of single-family rentals and the team's strong execution of our operational initiatives. For the third quarter, we delivered $0.41 of Core FFO per share, or 6.6% growth over the same period last year. Due to these strong results and outlook for the rest of the year, we have raised our full year 2023 Core FFO per share guidance by $0.01 at the midpoint to $1.65, representing 7.1% growth on a full year basis. Chris will add more details later in the call. From a macro perspective, as we near the end of 2023 and begin looking towards next year, there is no question that the U.S. economic outlook remains uncertain. Over the past year, we have had the sharpest rise in interest rates in recent memory. The challenging inflationary environment continues to persist, and the pressure on consumer pocketbooks does not appear to be subsiding. However, this year, the single-family rental sector once again proved its resiliency. It continues to have some of the best fundamentals of all real estate sectors, supported by the ongoing national housing shortage, challenging home affordability dynamics, and growing demand for the single-family rental lifestyle. Furthermore, thanks to our diversified portfolio footprint, superior operating platform, and one-of-a-kind integrated development program, AMH has produced impressive results over the course of 2023. We are confident that next year will provide another mark of cyclical durability for the asset class and strength for the AMH platform. Turning to the investment front, our disciplined and patient approach to growth remains unchanged. We are on track to deliver around 2,300 homes, as this stable and predictable channel remains the backbone of our growth strategy. Conversely, acquisition market opportunities remain limited, given resilient home values and the high cost of capital environment. Our teams are continuously assessing acquisition opportunities, and we are acquiring only when the economics make sense. We are prepared to take advantage of any opportunities in a more material way when conditions change. To capitalize on the current housing environment, we continue to be active on the disposition front. Our Teams have done a terrific job executing sales through the first three quarters of the year. In addition to the portfolio optimization benefit, disposition proceeds represent a highly attractive form of funding in today's cost of capital environment. Overall, this was a great quarter that demonstrates the power of the AMH platform, and thanks to consistent execution from our teams and resiliency of the single-family rental sector, we look forward to a strong close to 2023. Now I'll turn it over to Bryan for an update on our operations. Thank you, David. Q3 was another solid quarter for AMH. Demand for our high-quality, well-located homes continued to drive seasonally strong occupancy and rate growth. Our team has done an excellent job navigating this year's peak turnover season, and we are well positioned as we finish 2023 and head into next year. For the third quarter, we posted new renewal and blended rate growth in the same-home pool of 7.2%, 7.1%, and 7.2% respectively. Same-home average occupied days remained healthy at 96.4%, which drove 5.8% core revenue growth for the quarter. These results were in line with our expectations and continue to remain significantly above historical averages for our portfolio. On the expense side, same-home core operating expense growth of 10.7% came in slightly better than our expectations. Because of these results and our revised outlook on the fourth quarter, we have modestly reduced our full year expense growth guidance by 25 basis points. Please remember that the third quarter represents this year's final period of elevated property tax growth, resulting from the timing of last year's accruals. All of this drove same-home Core NOI growth of 3.2% for the quarter. Heading into the fourth quarter, both rate and occupancy in the same-home pool are trending as expected. October's new, renewal, and blended spreads were 5%, 6.1%, and 5.8% respectively, and average occupied days was 96.2%. These blended spreads are more than 200 basis points higher, and occupancy is more than 100 basis points better than our long-term averages for this period. Before I wrap up, I would like to provide a quick update on our Resident 360 program. The rollout is continuing as planned, and our fully staffed teams are completing the training and implementation stages. Although the program is still in its early phase, we are already starting to see the benefits of our resident-focused investments. Both internal and third-party resident surveys have shown marked improvement in maintenance satisfaction scores. In addition, our Google review scores across the portfolio have improved. We look forward to realizing the extensive benefits of this program over time. In closing, we're very pleased with the results from the first three quarters of 2023 and are well positioned for a strong close to the year. Now I'll turn the call over to Chris for an update on the financials. Thanks, Bryan, and good morning, everyone. I'll cover three areas in my comments today. First, a review of our quarterly results. Second, an update on our balance sheet and capital plan. And third, I'll close with an update on our 2023 guidance, which was increased again in yesterday's earnings press release. Starting off with our operating results, the AMH platform produced another quarter of solid operational execution. Our teams did a great job navigating peak turnover season while continuing to capture ongoing robust demand for single-family rentals into seasonal occupancy and leasing spreads that remain above long-term historic averages. On an FFO per share and unit basis, we generated $0.41 of core FFO, representing 6.6% year-over-year growth, and $0.35 of Adjusted FFO, representing 7.1% year-over-year growth. Underlying this quarter was 3.2% year-over-year core NOI growth from our same home portfolio, as well as consistent execution from our development program, which delivered a total of 714 homes to our wholly owned and joint venture portfolios. Outside of development, as David mentioned, our traditional and national builder acquisition programs continued to remain largely on hold, and we had another active disposition quarter, selling 224 properties at an average cap rate in the mid-3% area, generating approximately $72 million of net proceeds. Next, I'd like to share a quick update on our balance sheet and capital plan. At the end of the quarter, our net debt, including preferred shares to Adjusted EBITDA, was 5.4 times. We had approximately $70 million of cash on the balance sheet, and our $1.25 billion revolving credit facility was fully undrawn. From an overall 2023 Capital plan perspective, we remain on track to deliver between 2,200 and 2,400 total AMH Development homes and invest between $900 million and $1 billion of total AMH capital, which contemplates this year's newly constructed home deliveries, as well as ongoing investments into our development pipeline, joint ventures, and property-enhancing CapEx programs. Before we open the call to your questions, I'll cover our updated 2023 guidance, which was increased again in yesterday's earnings press release. Simply put, the AMH machine is performing at a high level. Our technology-centric leasing platform continues to capture the robust demand for single-family rental housing, sustaining occupancy and leasing spreads well above long-term historic averages. And despite the ongoing inflationary environment, the AMH operating platform and our focus on innovative investments are producing controllable expense results that are tracking better than our previous expectations. With that in mind, coupled with our unchanged full-year property tax outlook, we have lowered the midpoint of our full-year same home core operating expense growth by 25 basis points to 9.5%. And in turn, we've also increased the midpoint of our full-year same home core NOI growth expectations to 4.9%. Contemplating our improved controllable expense outlook across the entire portfolio, along with slightly better than expected interest income on cash generated from our robust disposition activity, we have increased the midpoint of our full-year 2023 Core FFO expectations to $1.65 per share, which now represents a year-over-year growth expectation of 7.1%. To close, I'd like to reiterate that this has been another solid quarter, underscored by seasonally strong occupancy and rate growth. Despite the uncertain U.S. economic outlook, AMH continues to be in a great position as we close out 2023, thanks to our diversified portfolio footprint, superior operating platform, and one-of-a-kind integrated development program. With that, we'll open the call to your questions. Operator? Thank you. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. W e ask that you please limit to one question and one follow-up question. One moment, please, while we poll for questions. Our first question is from Juan Sanabria with BMO Capital Markets. Please proceed. Hi, first question, just curious on thoughts on your 2024 debt maturities. I know your balance sheet's in great place with the unused line, but just what you're contemplating, in terms of refinancing those, expirations in 2024. And if you could just give us a sense of when that happens throughout the year? Yeah, perfect. Great question, Juan. Morning, it's Chris here. You know, as you can imagine, topic very top of mind for us, something that we're watching very closely. And in general, I would say that our message is pretty similar to our message from prior quarters, in that our plan all along has been to refinance our securitizations out into the unsecured bond market, really working our way towards a fully unencumbered balance sheet. The additional consideration at this point, however, is, given some of the recent success we've been seeing in the disposition market, especially relative to today's cost of debt, you know, we may have an opportunity to address a portion of next year's maturities with some level of disposition capital, but realistically, this will depend on some of our disposition volumes over the next quarter or two. And then to your question from a timing perspective, keep in mind that our 2024 maturities, they open up for repayment without penalty, starting this fourth quarter of this year, but don't actually mature until the end of 2024. So we have a very nice wide window to be opportunistic, but also find the right timing over the course of next year so that we're not unnecessarily pushing our timing too close to actual maturity. Great. And then just, I think you kind of commented on this a little bit in the prepared remarks with regards to the investments in the systems, et cetera. Just curious on how we should think about the growth off of the 2023 base, just to think about what kind of a cost inflation we should expect in 2024 for G&A and other operating expense line items. Hi, Juan, this is Bryan. Yep, very good question. The major investment that we made this year was into our Resident 360 program, and that, just as a reminder, was an investment into doing more of our own work in the field, as an example, improving customer service from our property managers. A lot of it had to do with operational initiatives, and that program is fully staffed. We're finalizing the training and implementation phases, but the majority of the costs, at least from the personnel side, are in 2023 numbers. So I wouldn't expect a major increase in 2024 for that program. Thank you. Thanks, Juan. Our next question is from Josh Dennerlein with Bank of America. Please proceed. Yeah. Hey, guys. Thanks for the time. Appreciate all the comments on the elevated taxes through 3Q this year, given the accruals from last year. But any kind of color or insights you can give on where tax bills are coming in now? Sure. Morning, Josh. Chris here. You know, just taking a step back, you know, general update, and I kind of touched on this at a high level in my prepared remarks. But no different than past years, at this point now, we have values, including post-appeal information, for the majority of the portfolio. And then, although we're still waiting on official tax bills, for a majority of the portfolio, we're beginning to receive initial indications on millage rates in a number of locations, including certain counties in some of our largest markets, like Texas, and Florida, and Georgia. So, you know, keep in mind, we still need to receive final information over the next couple of months, but at this point, we're not seeing any data outside of our range of expectations, which, as a reminder, has a 9% midpoint. That, just as a reminder, is developed on a county-by-county basis all across the portfolio. Okay. Appreciate that, Chris. And then, the Residen 360 that you, you guys are rolling out, just kind of what should we look for as outsiders as far as, like, its impact to the platform? Like, is there any kind of metrics we should focus in on over the next kind of 12 months? Yeah, Josh, this is Bryan. The Resident 360 program is really all-encompassing focus on the resident experience. So we expect to see, over time, improvements in retention, better ability to control costs, and most importantly, improvements in the resident experience that will help us differentiate ourselves from others. The early indications are that the program is working very well. One of the measures that we follow are Google review scores, and we've seen improvements across the board to industry leading levels for those scores. So early indications are that it's working well. We're looking forward to seeing the impact on retention and cost control in the future, but we're real happy with the current progress. Our next question is from Eric Wolfe with Citi. Please proceed. Hey, thanks for taking my question. Just curious, based on your guidance, any sense for where your loss to lease and earn-in will be at year-end? Y eah, Eric, this is Bryan. Currently, our Loss to Lease is sitting in the 4% area, and we expect the 2024 earnings to be in the low 3%s. Okay. And so the Loss to Lease by the end of the year, probably just get a little bit lower than that, low 4%. Just historically, probably come down like 1% or something by the end of the year, so you'll be, like, close to 3%? Yeah, I think I had a little trouble hearing you there, but I think you were talking about the direction of the Loss to Lease. We saw a slight reduction off of the last quarter, and that's compressed a little bit because of the success that we've had on the renewals, really. So if it continues its strength, it'll be nominal. But we're looking forward to really good momentum into next year. Our next question is from Steve Sakwa with Evercore ISI. Please proceed. Great. First one, Bryan, I just, I couldn't write all the numbers down quickly. Could you just repeat the October new renewal blended? And then could you just give us a sense for where you're sending out renewal notices for, say, November? Where new renewals went out for, say, November, December? Sure, sure. Thanks, Steve. So the October numbers, new spreads were 5%. Renewal leases, 6.1, and blended was 5.8. And then in regards to what we've sent for November and December, we've mailed in the sixes, and we're expecting the final results to be similar to what we saw in October. Okay. And then maybe just on the development program, as you kind of look into next year, I know it's early to think about full guidance, but just, you know, would you expect that program to ramp? And, you know, where would you be pegging, I guess, development yields today on things that you'd be starting for next year? Steve, it's David. Good morning. So on the first part of that question, which is sizing, you know, we have capacity, and we have a pipeline that we can significantly grow the development program. The moderator is going to be capital, and so we will size the program appropriately against the capital that is available. We want to be prudent capital allocators in that program. As it sits today, I would expect that program to be somewhere in the same area as where it is today, funding it primarily through retained cash flow and recycled capital from our dispositions. When you talk about yields, we talked about this in the prior quarters. We had talked about moving to the six area. We already had cost in a number of the properties. We were in the mid-50s for both the first and second quarter, and now we are in the high 5s for the third quarter. So nice improvement there. We're still on track moving into or towards the 6% area, and that's where I would expect we would start the year next year. Our next question is from Haendel St-Juste with Mizuho. Please proceed. Hey, good morning out there. First question may be for Chris. I was hoping you could shed, shed some light on the increase in bad debt in the quarter, the drivers there, and when do you expect broadly to get back to the long-term average? Thanks. Yep. Morning, Haendel. You know, look, in general, I would remind everyone that bad debt will naturally fluctuate over the course of the year, especially when we're talking about the third quarter, which traditionally experiences slightly higher bad debt associated with seasonal move-outs. But overall, third quarter bad debt once again landed pretty consistent with what we were expecting, leaving our full year expectations unchanged, in the low 1% area. And, you know, we're in that area, as we've talked about a number of times, as we continue to still have a number of court systems across the country moving slower than normal, that's holding bad debt modestly above our long-term run rate, which if everyone recalls, is in the 100 basis points or slightly below area. Got it. Got it. Appreciate that. David, maybe one for you, just thinking more broadly on transaction as a portfolio. We know the MLS inventory is tight. I guess I'm more curious about the landscape opportunities to buy from mid-size private operators. I'm curious, are we getting more inbounds? Any sense that they might be more inclined to cash in here? And then more broadly, what percent of the portfolio, maybe the legacy portfolio, do you think you'd be open to selling and maybe upgrading via some trades here? Thank you. Yeah, so the acquisition market, you know, just talk maybe about two pieces of it. The acquisition market, on one-offs, you're 100% right. It is, you know, basically, at a price point that, for us, is not acceptable and not tradable. We bought a total of eight homes in the third quarter. We underwrote, between national home builders and all, third-party, opportunities over 22,000 homes, and we found eight that met our quality criteria as well as the economic criteria. With respect to acquisitions of portfolios, I wouldn't say it's picked up, but there are some that are being talked about and shopped. And the first thing that we look at is: what is the quality of those assets? Where are those assets? What is the age of the assets, and what are the characteristics? Are they detached homes? Are they 3 bedrooms or greater? And the portfolios, for the most part, that we are seeing either don't meet those quality criteria or, and this is true for both the portfolios as well as the one-offs. The ones that we underwrote were typically in the high 4s as a yield, and with very, very few in the 5s. As I said, we only found 8 that we could transact on that met our criteria. Our next question is from Jamie Feldman with Wells Fargo. Please proceed. Thank you for taking my question. So, you know, this was the first quarter or even kind of the first last six weeks or so, where you saw the multifamily companies, you know, finally see some pain on supply. Sounds like, you know, developers hitting, you know, the 10-year hitting 5%, and developers panicking a little bit, impacted business conditions. So I would think this would also be, you know, the first time you might see some impact of either tenants staying, deciding to stay in multifamily for longer before moving to single family or maybe using some of those types of properties as a pricing comp. Have you seen any change in business conditions since the 10-year hit 5%, or even as, you know, there's been more concern about consumer credit, you know, credit card balances growing and some of the other signs we're seeing in the economy about the consumer over the last, you know, month or so? Yeah. Jamie, it's David. You know, when we talk about single family fundamentals, first, they are different than multifamily. The customer is going to be slightly different. The resident profile will be slightly different. And your statements are correct, but I also would add a few other statements, and that is, this country has a huge housing shortage. A million-plus households don't have quality housing, and the one thing that is coming to, you know, more into light is the affordability question. And today, it's 28% more affordable in our markets to rent than it is to buy a home today. And so residents are staying longer, that is true, but the demand remains very, very strong. And with respect to tenant health, we've been through this. We went through COVID, where tenant health was of concern, and our systems are set to monitor that and to communicate with residents as they have concerns. And we'll work out acceptable and mutually beneficial solutions, and there is significant demand behind them. So today, you know, I see the market being where it was in prior quarters. It's still very strong, very solid demand out there. Okay. Thank you for that. And then, you know, our team's been thinking a lot about, you know, the different performance among your development assets versus your, you know, acquisition or legacy assets. Are you able to give some color around, you know, the different either CapEx profile, operating expense profile, even blended rent growth profile of your development assets versus the non-development assets in the portfolio? Yeah, Jamie, this is Bryan. That's a very good question. We're, we're obviously tracking that, as well. The AMH Development homes are starting to come into the same home portfolio, and what we've noticed is it's really playing out as we expected. These homes are quicker to turn, lower cash- to- cash, quicker to get back up, and re-lease. So that part's playing out as expected. On the CapEx side, the expectations are that CapEx would be really low on these new houses. They're built to be durable, and they're new, and that's playing true, almost across the board. So from a CapEx and expense profile perspective, it's playing out as we expected. And then on the turns and speed and occupancy side, we're seeing nice benefits there as well. Our next question is from Michael Goldsmith with UBS. Please proceed. Good afternoon. Thanks a lot for taking my question. The last 3 years have been anything but normal, but from here, do you see 2019 as a good benchmark for what normal looks like? Or have we seen changes in macro and demand factors that change the profile, and how does that impact how we should think about rent spreads as we move into the end of the year? Thanks. Yeah, Michael, this is Bryan. That's, that's a great question. The last three years have been, have been a little different, I would say. But when we're talking about comparing how we performed in 2023 to historical averages, we're looking at the 2017, 2018, 2019 period. And the most interesting thing is that with return to seasonality that we're seeing now, the seasonal curve looks very similar to what it looked like before, except the bar has been raised, and the bar has been raised both from an occupancy perspective and from a rate growth perspective. I talked about those in my opening remarks, and I, I think that's a result of a number of different things. First, I believe that the single-family rental value proposition is finally being appreciated. There was an acceleration of that during the COVID period, and I think that's here to stay, where the experience is very different than what you could find in that industry prior to the institutions coming in and providing real focus on the resident experience. So there's been a fundamental change there. Migration patterns have played very nicely into better performance in our portfolio. So there are a number of macro things that are helping us change the way we expect to perform relative to pre-pandemic. I don't want to put words in your mouth, but it sounds like you believe that that is structural and not, and not temporary, correct? Yes, I believe that's the case. We've had improvements in execution and improvements in appreciation for that value proposition. As a follow-up question, have you seen any changes in consumer behavior? Are they pushing back on rent increases? Are you seeing more price sensitivity around signing new leases or more move-outs due to rent increases, you know, in the last several months? Thanks. Yeah, I think the easiest way to look at it is the health of the applicants coming in. We've seen incomes, as an example, in Q3 2023 versus 2022, increase more than the rents for the homes that they were applying for, so there's really good health there. The story is there's so much demand for our product, that that health is really, really continuing. In terms of existing residents, we're negotiating more than they have in the past. If you look at the improvements, I talked about the difference before, between today and pre-pandemic, in terms of the movement of that bell curve. Keep in mind that our retention is way up from where it was pre-pandemic. These existing residents are renewing at a higher rate, even though their rents have increased more than they had in the past. Our next question is from Adam Kramer with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed. Hey, guys. Thanks for the question, and good morning out there. Wanted to ask on the disposition side, when you're kind of selling homes, again, to the extent that you kind of get a sense for it, who are the end buyers, right? Are you selling homes on the MLS to kind of end users, right? Obviously, that's a tight market, so it would seem like there'd be good opportunities there. Are you selling to other institutions or to maybe mom and pops who subsequently rent out the homes? We're just interested, kind of given what's going on in the housing market, to hear about, learn about what's happening on the disposition side. Yeah, Adam, it's David. Yeah, I would agree with your premise. We're selling today entirely on the MLS to end users and selling the homes when they're vacant. Today, the demand from other operators, other managers, is significantly less than we have seen in the past. But the demand for homes with the lack of supply on the MLS makes the demand very, very strong. We are selling homes that we identify through our asset management process. The time on market is short. We're selling at 99% of asking price, and we're selling them at prices that are yielding, you know, mid threes today. And so very, very attractive source of capital, and it's a good recycling of the portfolio to keep expenses where we want them in the future. Thanks, David. And then maybe just a follow-up. I think it's been kind of widely reported that a peer of yours is, you know, looking into getting into third-party management of other people's assets. I know it's something that you guys have talked about in the past, although probably haven't heard about it from you guys in a few quarters at this point. Wondering, you know, if it's something that you would look at, if you are looking at, or, you know, maybe kind of with development and obviously running kind of the own internal portfolio, maybe it's just something kind of not high on the list. Yeah, Adam, you know, we have looked at this. If you go back a couple of years, I think there was a little bit of talk on these calls about evaluating third party that we talked about that it was in evaluation mode. Initially, we thought the program was very, very compelling. It was going to be able to generate a lot of incremental income without committing much of our balance sheet to the program. So we evaluated it for more than two years. We have tested it with a number of institutional relationships, and what we found was this: the margins that we were getting were a lot lower than what we were expecting going into the program. There was significant amount of incremental cost to manage the owners, to produce the unique reporting that they desired, and all of the different owners had unique expectations. And that, in part, created distractions, and those distractions were of concern that they would impact the core business, which is really where we make our money. So, with the limited synergies and the distractions, we made the decision, and at this time, this is not a platform that we are pursuing. Thanks so much, David. Really appreciate it. Yep. O ur next question is from Alan Peterson with Green Street. Please proceed. Thanks for the time. Chris, you mentioned controllables are benefiting 2023 expenses, but can you give us a sense on the tax appeals that you guys filed over the course of the year, and if you're seeing any benefit to expenses from those, or if you anticipate any benefit into next year from those tax appeals as well? Yeah, sure. Morning, Alan. Latest update is, as we were expecting, this has been a very heavy appeals volume year for us. At this point, we have filed, you know, something in the ballpark of over 23,000 individual appeals. We've heard back on a good number of those. Not all of them are back in hand yet, but at this point, the important piece that we've been watching closely is the Texas appeals process. And at this point, we're now pretty much through appeals in Texas. And as we were expecting, we did see a higher post-appeal value than we were originally contemplating at the start of the year. We've talked about this in past quarters. And we expect that to likely be offset by this year's property tax relief rate reductions when those bills get officially released over the next couple of months or so. Which continues just to be another component of our unchanged full-year property tax outlook of 9% at the midpoint. And then I would just add, you know, in Texas, even though this year is likely going to be a push, as we think about, you know, the benefit of the property tax relief rate reductions and the fact that those are going to be in place through next year, you know, to the extent we continue to see moderation in home values translating into potentially values in Texas, we see that as being potentially a positive read-through into next year, just in terms of level of property tax growth. Understood. Appreciate that. And maybe just shifting over to the top line and the performance that you guys are seeing in your markets. Southwest is a little bit weaker than the Southeast. Bryan, can you give us a sense for what's driving some of the underperformance in markets like Las Vegas or San Antonio, for example? Yeah. Thanks, Alan. I think the easiest way to look at it is there's been some increased supply in a few of the markets. San Antonio comes top of the list. We see this increase in supply, especially for our well-located homes, to be kind of temporary in nature. Specifically in Las Vegas, we've seen a little bit of a pullback on rate growth, but occupancies rebounded nicely in October, so we're already seeing a little bit of a reversal there. I would expect that with migration patterns out of California for Las Vegas to be very healthy for a really long time to come. Yeah, Alan, it's David. Let me just add a couple of points. This is a short-term absorption issue on additional supply. This is not something that is new to 2023. We have seen this, a couple of times already in Phoenix. We've seen it in Charlotte. And it's very short term, as homes come on, and as soon as they're absorbed, we have gone back to very, very strong, strong fundamentals. The underlying fundamentals of both of those or all of those cities is still very, very strong, especially with respect to job growth and population growth and migration, trends requiring, housing. So what we are looking at, in my mind, is very short term. We already, as Bryan mentioned, have seen that absorption pretty much get picked up in Las Vegas in October. Appreciate that. Thanks for the time. Thanks, Alan. Our next question is from Daniel Tricarico with Scotiabank. Please proceed. Thanks. David, you mentioned capital as the governor to development pipeline growth, so, you know, wanted to be a bit more specific on capital sources and uses. You know, next year, there's likely to be a funding gap between, you know, cash flow after dividend plus, you know, net dispositions to fund around another $1 billion of development, you know, on, on top of the debt maturities next year. So, you know, is it fair to say you're comfortable staying patient, looking for a bit of a, you know, reprieve in rates to issue unsecured? Is it, maybe a, a heavier concentration within your JVs or even slowing your starts? You know, any additional thoughts there? Thank you. Yeah. So I, I agree with all, all of your things. One is we're not really, setting off any expectations today on decline in rates. If they occur, it's going to be, a tailwind for us. The use of JVs, as you have seen in 2023, is a very, very important part of the capital, program for us. It allows us to, allocate, properties that, are much better in a, JV structure than maybe in on our balance sheet, and so we have the ability to bifurcate them. As we go into next year, I would expect it to look a little bit like 2023 from a capital standpoint, and the majority of the reliance will be on, recycled capital and, retained capital. Maybe a little bit of incremental debt, but that's not going to be the reliance of creating the program unless the capital costs significantly change. If they do, we have the ability to ramp up. Great. Thank you for that. Then could you comment on the opportunity set for portfolio deals in the market? Have you guys been, you know, underwriting any, and how you would view that trade-off, you know, if an opportunity were to arise in relation to the development pipeline? Y eah, we've seen a few portfolios. We've underwritten a few portfolios. I think we're aware of the larger ones that have traded. And as I indicated earlier, it first needs to start with the quality and location of the assets. And quality is a number of things. It's the age of the property, it's the characteristics of the property. But we also want to be in the better-located areas. That's the real benefit of our development program, is that we have the ability to build in the parts of the market where the home builders are actually building to sell. These are the better-located properties. We have a focus through our asset management of building a higher quality portfolio long-term, and the portfolios that we have seen really haven't fit well into that plan. Our next question is from Austin Wurschmidt with KeyBanc Capital Markets. Please proceed. Great. Thank you. With your Loss to Lease really holding strong late into the leasing season, I guess, the potential for that to improve really, you know, early next year as you, you move into the peak leasing season. I guess, should you be able to continue to drive, you know, lease rate growth above historical trends in 2024? And, and absent any broad, you know, macro slowdown, what would change, I guess, the pricing power you have right now? Yeah, thanks, Austin. Our plan is pretty simple. We plan on finishing this year strong and being fully prepared for the spring leasing season. Generally, we see a really nice uptick in demand around mid-January that starts to translate into real strength into February and March. There are a number of factors that give us a lot of confidence on rate going into next year. I talk about the affordability gap between renting and buying in our markets being 28% at this point, plus the loss to lease, plus the fact that we don't see any major supply changes into next year give us a lot of confidence that we should be able to continue to do better than historical averages. So it seems fair to think that you could be back into the 5%-6% Loss to Lease early next year as things start to ramp. Just, you know, any comments on that? And then I also wanted to revisit, Bryan, I think it was your comment about the strong retention you've had relative to pre-pandemic, even though I know turnover is up slightly year-over-year. But one, you know, what are the biggest move-outs, you know, more recently? And then two, do you think you can drive down turnover further from current levels? And are there targets you have internally that you could get to over time that maybe, you know, you could share? Thanks. Yeah. Yeah, sure, Austin. I think it's a little early to tell on exactly where rates are going to land next year. We'll have better color for you on, I think, on the next call. Retention, the comments I made were a comparison between what's happened in 2023 and pre-pandemic. We've seen a really nice improvement. When you compare it to last year, if you remember, there were differences with delinquency resolution, and there's a little bit of noise from the COVID period. But operationally, improved retention is one of our major focal points. It is a major point of the Resident 360 investment, and our teams are constantly looking for ways to improve retention by improving the resident experience. So yeah, I'm optimistic that there's room there. Our next question is from Jesse Lederman with Zelman & Associates. Please proceed. Hi, thanks for taking my questions, and congrats on the strong quarter. Your disposition pace this year has been, you know, your highest ever. Of course, it's an attractive source of capital. Can you just talk about how comfortable, you know, how comfortably high you feel with that going, given, you know, different friction costs associated with dispositions? And maybe talk a little bit about the puts and takes of what those costs are. Yeah. So Jesse, Steve, on dispositions, you're 100% right. This year is our highest year in our history. We're at 1,300 at the end of the third quarter. About 200-225 of those would be in the third quarter itself. October continues to be strong. As we go into future years, we will continue to use our analysis and our data to look at other properties that meet our long-term criteria and those that don't, and those that don't will go into the disposition category. And whether it is existing properties or land, you know, it should be noted that we look at all of that. We are—we've actually been a net seller of land in this year. So we right-size all of our programs. I will... I want to add one thing as we go into 2024, but maybe more importantly, for 2025. One of the benefits of our securitizations getting refinanced is those homes will get unencumbered, and there will be some homes in these securitizations that today are not practical to sell, that we'll probably screen as disposition candidates in 2025 after they're unencumbered, late 2024. That's very helpful. Thank you. My next question is on occupancy, and I understand your occupancy is still- A bove pre-COVID averages, and you made some comments saying you think that, you know, occupancy and rent growth is kind of a new normal, a bit higher than pre-COVID levels. But can you talk about how you think about the puts and takes of occupancy versus rent growth? So now you're at, you know, 96.2% for October. You know, are you looking to keep that above 96%? Are you okay with it trending down closer to pre-COVID levels? Just trying to understand how you view the trade-off between occupancy and rent growth. Thanks again. Yeah, thanks, Jesse. This is Bryan. We're, we're focused on optimizing the entire revenue line, and the interplay there, obviously, is occupancy and rate. We've, we've made really good improvements in revenue management over the last, you know, 5 or 6 years, that I think are benefiting us today. As I said before, my expectation or our expectation is that there is gonna be a new norm on occupancy. The demand backdrop's fantastic. We'll be in a good position going into next year. The single-family sector and value proposition is, is as strong as it's ever been, so we have good expectations on, on continued strong rate growth. Our final question is from Keegan Carl with Wolfe Research. Please proceed. Yeah, thanks for the time, guys. So, you know, one of your peers, given what they've recently done with hires, I think it's clear that your Build-to-Rent platform is validated. Just kind of curious, you know, I know you touched a little earlier on returns, but just can you dive into what the returns look like on the homes that have been delivered over the last several years and how they've been trending relative to your expectations? And then how much additional yield you typically would get on developments versus what you'd buy in the MLS on a stabilized basis? Well, this is David. Let me take the second part, and that is the difference in yields. And, and while I think that's important, and, and it is significantly different, as I said today, we're seeing acquisition opportunities in the 4s, and having very difficult time finding, any opportunities there that meet, any of the buy opportunities. Our development program is approaching the 6s. So you've got 100 basis points plus, between the two, and we have seen that historically. But I think the benefit of the development program, in my mind, is much greater than just that one piece. It is the locations of the properties that we are building. It is the quality of the properties that we're building, because we don't build them like, a national home builder, because we are gonna own it long term. It's not a criticism of the home builders; it's a different objective long term. So we're building with higher quality materials. It's all about the durability of the assets. And so I think the development program has significant benefits. It is how you execute the development program that is very important. It has to be a program that you control the design and the execution and the site selection in the process. And so, you know, I don't necessarily comment on others, but I do believe it is a very successful program. I believe that it's been acknowledged a number of times. We saw a number of years ago, people attempting to get into build-to-rent as a standalone without having an operating platform, and you really need the synergies of the two to make it successful. I think other people acknowledge the quality and the benefits of a development program. And then big picture, you know, we're heading into an election year, and I think it's fair to assume that SFR is gonna have some noise around it. I'm just curious, can you walk us through how you work with local governments to communicate the value proposition of SFR, and then how, you know, your development platform differentiates you? Yeah, I'd say it's a true ground game on the government affairs, and we are the... I think maybe the only one. I am not 100% sure of that, but we have a dedicated team that's experienced in government affairs, and it's all about education and talking about the benefits of single-family rentals, the desire tenants have. There are misconceptions that are being put forth by various politicians, and at the local level is where all the decisions are made. So it's truly, truly a ground game. And, you know, we can talk about a lot of different instances, but it's having a team to get in there, give you the ability to get your permits. And at the end of the day, what we are doing is we are building more housing in this country. Isn't that where the real problem is in affordability, et cetera? It's in the fact that we don't have enough high-quality housing, and we have this housing shortage. If we can solve the housing shortage, and we can get the building permits that are necessary to provide the housing, I think a lot of the concerns that are being talked about resolve themselves, but they won't resolve themselves unless we provide adequate housing. We have reached the end of our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the call over to management for closing comments. Yeah. Thank you, Operator. And to all of you, thank you for your time today. We will talk to you again, I guess, next year on our next earnings call. So have a good day. Have a good weekend. Thank you. This will conclude today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time, and thank you for your participation.