And welcome to Arcturus Therapeutics' second quarter 2023 earnings call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A brief question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Neda Safarzadeh, Vice President, Head of Investor Relations, Public Relations and Marketing. Please go ahead. Thank you, operator. Good afternoon, and welcome to Arcturus Therapeutics' second quarter 2023 financial update and pipeline progress call. Today's call will be led by Joseph Payne, our President and CEO, and Andy Sassine, our CFO. Dr. Pad Chivukula, our CSO and COO, will join them for the Q&A session. Before we begin, I would like to remind everyone that the statements made during this call regarding matters that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that may cause actual results, performance, and achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the statement. Please see the forward-looking statement disclaimer on the company's press release issued earlier today, as well as the risk factors section in our most recent Form 10-K and in subsequent filings with the SEC. Any forward-looking statements represent our view only as of the date such statements are made. Arcturus specifically disclaims any obligation to update such as statements to reflect further information, events, or circumstances. With that, I will now turn the call over to Joe. Thank you, Neda. It's good to be with you again, everybody. We look forward to providing our updates today on our quarterly investor call. I will begin my remarks by highlighting our progress with our ARCT-154 COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 program. We're pleased with the rapid development and regulatory process, progress recently made with our alliance partner, Meiji Pharma, toward the approval of ARCT-154 by the Japanese regulatory authorities. The ARCT-154 submission is supported by an active, controlled phase 3 booster vaccine study that was executed during a period when multiple COVID variants were circulating. Initial ARCT-154 phase 3 booster study results were released as preprint last month in medRxiv. The study achieved its primary endpoint, demonstrating non-inferiority of neutralizing antibody response against the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain when compared to Comirnaty. The study also demonstrated superiority of ARCT-154 in neutralizing antibody response against the Omicron BA.4/5 variant as a key secondary endpoint. The results of this trial indicate increased immunogenicity associated with ARCT-154 at 28 days following booster administration. For the ancestral strain, the geometric mean ratio of neutralizing antibodies between ARCT-154 and Comirnaty was 1.43-fold, indicating elevated neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine strain versus the comparator. Based on available phase III clinical data at the time of interim analysis, ARCT-154 continues to demonstrate a favorable safety and tolerability profile, with no additional safety concerns identified. In today's earnings release, we also included new ARCT-154 phase I/II clinical study data, which suggests a durable immune response up to 1 year following booster administration. Notably, neutralizing antibody levels remained greater than 10-fold above baseline across a panel of variants, including Omicron. During the one year observation, this was during the entire one year observation period. In summary, ARCT-154 has shown broad neutralizing capability against multiple variants of concern and has the potential to offer not only effective, but also a longer-lasting immune response that may suggest durable protection against COVID-19. We're very pleased with the ARCT-154 clinical data and now believe that this next-generation self-amplifying mRNA platform is meaningfully different than conventional, currently approved mRNA vaccines. I will note that the ARCT-154 dose is very much lower. In our head-to-head study, ARCT-154 was dosed at only 5 micrograms. This is an 83.3% lower dose than Comirnaty and at least 90% lower than other approved mRNA vaccines. As previously reported in April, Meiji, Meiji submitted a new drug application in Japan to support potential initial approval of ARCT-154 as a primary immunization vaccine. In June, we were pleased to hear that Meiji filed the NDA for the booster and included the relevant data to support that booster application. The review process with the PMDA is ongoing, with Japanese NDA approval being our next targeted milestone. A positive PMDA decision would represent Arcturus' first product approval, a tremendous achievement for our company. Approval, or unapproval, along with the promising data that we've collected, is indicative of the broader opportunity for Arcturus' mRNA technology platform. I'll now move on to provide an update on ARCT-810. This is our mRNA therapeutic candidate for ornithine transcarbamylase, or OTC deficiency. This investigational medicine is designed to functionally replace the deficient OTC enzyme in the liver and thereby restore urea cycle activity and prevent metabolic crises that cause neurological damage. ARCT-810 could potentially reduce the need for ammonia scavengers and ease the rigid dietary protein restrictions that OTC patients face today, thus improving quality of life for those living with this disease. In June, we announced that the FDA had granted ARCT-810 with Fast Track designation. The company has also recently received Rare Pediatric Disease Designation from the FDA for ARCT-810. Rare Pediatric Disease Designation is designed to recognize those rare diseases in children in which serious or life-threatening manifestations primarily affecting patients from birth to 18 years of age. Due to this designation, if ARCT-810 achieves approval for a pediatric indication, Arcturus will receive a voucher for priority review of a subsequent marketing application for a different product. ARCT-810 is currently being evaluated in two ongoing clinical studies in patients: a Phase I-b study in adults and a multi-dose Phase II study in adolescents and adults with OTC deficiency. The Phase I-b single ascending dose study is being conducted in the United States and has completed dosing of all planned cohorts in a total of 16 subjects. The ARCT-810 Phase II study is being conducted in the United Kingdom and Europe and plans to enroll up to 24 adolescents and adults with OTC deficiency. The ongoing study is evaluating two dose levels and includes up to six biweekly administrations for each participant. We expect to share interim data on biological activity from a subset of patients in the coming months. Now I'll move on to ARCT-032. This is our inhaled messenger RNA therapeutic for cystic fibrosis. This program is designed to express fully functional CFTR protein in the lungs of individuals with CF, utilizing our LUNAR delivery technology that has been highly optimized for inhaled delivery to the lungs. Our approach is agnostic to the underlying mutations associated with the disease, and as a result, this program could provide clinical benefit across a wide range of those living with CF, including those that are not well served by currently approved CFTR, CFTR modulators. In June, at the European Cystic Fibrosis Conference in Vienna, in collaboration with the University of Alabama at Birmingham, we reported promising data demonstrating that ARCT-032 fully restores CFTR expression and function in vitro in bronchial epithelial cells from CF donors. In the past, improvement in chloride transport in these human bronchial epithelial cells treated with CFTR modulators has been associated with improved clinical outcomes. The ARCT-032 clinical development program continues to advance according to plan. We're pleased to report today the successful completion of dosing in our phase I study. The study includes 32 healthy participants, including eight subjects in each of four dose cohorts being tested. We look forward to reporting interim safety and tolerability study results later this year. We received regulatory approval of a protocol amendment to allow the transition to a phase I-b clinical study of ARCT-032 in up to eight cystic fibrosis patients. The study will be conducted in New Zealand and continuing to advance this important investigational medicine. Our strategic collaboration with CSL Seqirus, and this is Arcturus' exclusive global licensee, is focused on the development and commercialization of next-generation mRNA vaccines and continues to make strong progress. Our LUNAR-FLU program, for example, continues to progress with funding and operational support from CSL Seqirus. LUNAR-FLU utilizes Arcturus' validated next-generation STARR mRNA platform. With that, I'll now pass the call to Andy. Thank you, Joe. Good afternoon, everyone. The press release issued earlier today includes financial statements for the second quarter and six months ended June 2023, and provides a summary and analysis of year-over-year financial results. Please also reference our most recent Form 10-Q for more details on the financial performance. We are very pleased with the ARCT-154 new drug application to the PMDA in Japan, and we believe that this product could represent an improved vaccine option for patients, as well as an important source of potential future revenue for our organization. Furthermore, the development and manufacturing plan supporting ARCT-154 was carried out in a financially disciplined and efficient manner. I will remind you that the phase 3 Japanese booster study, as well as product manufacturing related to this collaboration, are being funded by Meiji Seika Pharma and the Japanese government. In April, Meiji Seika Pharma entered into an agreement with CSL Seqirus, whereby Meiji will be responsible for the regulatory approval, marketing, distribution, and sales of ARCT-154 in Japan, as well as coordinating manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccine products with ARCALIS for the Japanese market. We are thrilled to announce the completion of a state-of-the-art mRNA drug substance manufacturing facility in Japan with our partner, ARCALIS. A team of delegates from Arcturus, led by our senior executives and scientific team, attended the grand opening ceremony of the cutting-edge cGMP facility in Tokyo, Japan, this past week. The ceremony was a celebration of collaboration and partnership as Arcturus joined forces with Japanese healthcare leaders and senior government officials to inaugurate the first mRNA manufacturing facility in Japan. Located in a strategic hub for biomedical research and development, ARCALIS is poised to become a key player in the global mRNA drug manufacturing landscape. ARCALIS' new plant meets current good manufacturing practice and is equipped with the world's most advanced manufacturing control and quality control system to efficiently manufacture high-quality substance for mRNA pharmaceuticals. In April 2023, we received an advanced payment of $23.6 million for the manufacturing and supply of ARCT-154 booster vaccines from CSL. The advanced payment is for specified manufacturing runs of ARCT-154, which include the drug substance as well as the reservation fees and related manufacturing requirements. As Joe mentioned, the LUNAR-FLU program continued to progress with funding and operational support from CSL. Additional updates will be provided soon. I will now provide a summary of our financial results for the second quarter of 2023. Our primary source of revenues were from license fees, consulting and related technology transfer fees, reservation fees, and collaborative payments received from research and development arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology partners. For the three months ended June 30th, 2023, we reported revenues of $10.5 million, compared with $27.1 million for the three months ended June 30th, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in revenues of $12.7 million related to the termination of the agreement with VinBioare, and a decrease in revenues of $12.5 million related to the agreement with the Israeli Ministry of Health. The decrease was primarily offset by an increase in revenue of $8.6 million related to the collaboration agreement with CSL and the grant agreement with BARDA, which were both executed in the second half of 2020. Revenue increased by $58.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in revenue of $87.6 million related to the collaboration agreement with CSL Seqirus and the grant agreement with BARDA. Total operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023, were $65.9 million, compared with $49.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Total operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023, were $131.4 million, compared with $104.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of external manufacturing costs, in vivo research studies, and clinical trials performed by contract research organizations, clinical and regulatory consultants, personnel-related expenses, facility-related expenses, and laboratory supplies related to conducting R&D activities. R&D expenses were $52.7 million for the three months ended June 30th, 2023, compared with $38.2 million in the comparable period last year, primarily reflecting increased clinical research and manufacturing costs of $11.4 million, and an increase of $2.9 million in personnel related expenses. R&D expenses were $104.4 million for the six months ended June 30th, 2023, compared with $83.1 million in the comparable period last year, primarily reflecting increased manufacturing and personnel costs. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries and related benefits of our executive, administrative, legal, and accounting functions, and professional service fees for legal and accounting services, as well as other general and administrative expenses. G&A expenses were $13.2 million and $27 million for the three and six months ended June 30th, 2023, respectively, compared with $11 million and $21.7 million in the comparable periods last year. The increases resulted primarily from personnel expenses due to increased headcount and salaries, increased travel and consulting expenses, as well as an increase in rent expense associated with the new headquarters facility. For the three months ended June 30th, 2023, Arcturus reported a net loss of approximately $52.6 million, or $1.98 per diluted share, compared with a net loss of $21.6 million, or $0.82 per diluted share in the three months ended June 30th, 2022. For the six months ended June 30th, 2023, Arcturus reported a net loss of approximately $1.8 million, or $0.07 per diluted share, compared with a net loss of $72.7 million, or $2.75 per diluted share in the six months ended June 30th, 2022. Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were $380.6 million as of June 30th, 2023, and $394 million on December 31st, 2022. We have collected approximately $300 million in upfront payments and milestones from CSL as of June 30, 2023. Additionally, in the second quarter, we received $23.6 million under the manufacturing and supply of ARCT-154 from CSL. We expect to continue receiving future milestone payments from CSL that will support the ongoing development of the COVID and flu programs. Finally, I'm happy to report the cash run rate remains extended through the beginning of 2026, based on the current pipeline and programs. In summary, we believe the company remains in a strong financial position and has the resources needed to achieve multiple near-term, value-creating milestones for the vaccine and therapeutic programs. Furthermore, with the anticipated ARCT-154 product approval later this year in Japan, we look forward to beginning to report potential commercial sales in the next few years. I will now pass the call back to Joe. Hey, thanks, Andy. We've continued to make excellent progress and advance our proprietary messenger RNA and LUNAR delivery platform technologies toward later stages in clinical development. It was great to hear the progress of ARCALIS and our partner there on the manufacturing facility in Japan. We are especially excited about the progress toward our first product approval, potentially later this year with ARCT-154. The achievement would definitely mark a critical milestone for the platform and for Arcturus. With that, I'd like to turn the time over to the operator for questions. Thank you. We will now be conducting a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using a speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment, please, while we pull for questions. Our first question comes from Yasmeen Rahimi with Piper Sandler. Please go ahead. Good afternoon, team, and congrats on all the updates, especially on the manufacturing facility. Team, could you maybe provide some color in terms of the timing of the approval in Japan, if that's still set for the fall? Second, you know, maybe you could also provide us some thoughts around manufacturing capacity. Would you be able to, by the time you receive approval in Japan, to facilitate and, and, and, and produce over 70 million doses if needed? The third question is on the CF program. Are you planning to share the single ascending dose data? Could you comment on how high you ended dosing? Lastly, what are the doses you're moving forward into the MAD portion? I'll jump back into the queue, and my apologies for so many questions. Sure. Well, with respect to the first question on approval timeline, I can address that. You can appreciate that the review process is ongoing with the PMDA, whether it's CMC and non-clinical and clinical package insert and risk management plan questions, right? These are all standard, we're going through this ongoing process with the PMDA. It means that we remain on track for later this year with respect to approval. With respect to capacity, I'm going to turn the time to Andy to address that. Thanks, Yasmeen. With respect to capacity in Japan, we've clearly indicated that, you know, the factory will not be operational and producing until next year. Furthermore, we will defer those kind of questions to our partner, ARCALIS and Meiji in Japan and CSL as well. Hopefully you can appreciate, they're in control of the commercial program here and have licensed out our ARCT-154 and future COVID products. We're gonna have to rely and depend on them for guidance with respect to capacity, but I'm sure, they'll provide it when the time is appropriate. To address your final question about CF, we have not, and by intention, not disclosed any of the dose levels that we've evaluated, given that the environment is competitive. I can share with you that each patient will receive two doses in the phase 1b amendment. Up to eight CF patients, and each will receive two doses, the specific dose level, we're not disclosing at this time. Okay, great. Thank you so much. I'll jump back into the queue. Thanks, Yas. Next question comes from Myles Minter with William Blair. Please go ahead. Hey, everyone. Congrats on the booster data as well. Nice to see that. Just on 154, if you do receive approval, by year-end in Japan, do you think you've got the right strain in there to potentially deliver some doses, in, in this current vaccination season? I just know one of your peers out there, Daiichi, you know, got approval and then clearly stated they'd be switching to an XBB strain to supply the current period. That's the first question. Yeah, Myles, thanks for joining the call. It's good to hear you. You're, you're absolutely right. All the regulatory agencies, including PMDA, are evaluating all the variants of interest in the particular region, in this case, Japan, and Arcturus is prepared to address whatever they request. Right now, you've seen the profile of ARCT-154, and it's, it's broadly acting against a variety of variants. If, if it's deemed by the PMDA, for whatever reason, to proceed with another variant of interest, whether that's XBB or something else, we're prepared to immediately respond, and we're positioning the company strategically to do so, okay, with, with CSL and Meiji involved in this process. Okay, the second question is just on duration. Thanks for supplying that, that phase 1 and 2 data. We're gonna see duration of immunogenicity out of the phase 3 booster trial. You know, what are your sort of predictions on, on the Comirnaty neutralizing antibodies, sort of as we get into the six-12 month period out of that trial? Yeah. No, it's, appreciate the question. Clearly, this data we shared today is very exciting. It's very promising. We're happy to see just a, a really strong durability signal from ARCT-154. It's a good representation of this next generation self-amplifying mRNA platform. It's clearly different. With respect to the phase 3 data set, we intend to share that data for the six-month time point later this year. We'll, we'll be more than happy to share that at that time. Okay, cool. Thanks for the questions. Yeah. Thanks, Myles. Next question comes from Seamus Fernandez with Guggenheim Securities. Please go ahead. Hey, guys. This is Evan Wang on for Seamus. I have two questions. First, on COVID. Just wondering if you could share some color on the Japanese COVID market. Really trying to figure out some of the opportunity for 2023, 2024, particularly with the, the, I believe, first JPY 25 million vaccine purchase from Japan and the expectations for additional orders. Second, on OTC, wondering if you can provide an enrollment update there and what we can expect from the update later this year. Will that be specific to ARCT-810, or should we expect a broader update as well? Thank you. All right, your first question is with respect to, you know, the opportunity for vaccine purchases in Japan, right? I guess I'll turn that over to Andy. Do you want to address that? Yeah, I think, you know, we, we obviously are, are, you know, very excited that the Japanese government continues to, you know, purchase the vaccine, the COVID-related vaccine for its population. Historically, they've, you know, purchased about 80 million vaccines as of the last 12 months that we have record from the Japanese government. Certainly, the future orders that we're currently seeing and anticipating, are certainly a testament to their concern about COVID during an endemic phase here. Certainly, the approval of Daiichi in Japan for a conventional mRNA vaccine made in Japan is certainly viewed as very favorable here for not only Arcturus, but our partners, Meiji and CSL, because the Japanese government is very committed. that in the future, Japan will be vertically integrated and completely independent of any future manufacturers for any related pandemic type of viruses. I think that's pretty exciting that the government has taken on this initiative to be self-sufficient, and, hopefully we can be a part of it, and, and we'll certainly, learn more soon. You know, with respect to, specific orders, we really cannot, provide that at this time. It'll, it'll certainly be, developed and, and articulated by Meiji and CSL soon. Then with respect to your second question on, on ARCT-810 enrollment, I think we haven't provided specific guidance there, but we encourage people to look to other rare liver disease companies on the pace of their enrollment, as a basic guide as to what to anticipate. We have finished, enrollment of the phase 1b- Yeah. portion, of, of the trial. You know, as Joe mentioned on his remarks, that we, we intend to share some data around the 810 later on in the coming months. Yeah. Thanks, Evan. Next question comes from Pete Stavropoulos with Cantor Fitzgerald. Please go ahead. Hi, Joe, Andy, and team. Thank you for taking my questions. Congratulations on all the progress and the booster data presented in medRxiv. You know, it was nice to see the non-inferiority and superiority in non-neutralizing capabilities compared to an approved vaccine. First question, you know, regarding the manufacturing capabilities in Japan, you know, can you potentially leverage them for, you know, outside Japan with 154 and possibly other future candidates, or will the facility be strictly focused on COVID vaccine? Absolutely, Pete, that's a really good question, and thanks for being on the call. We anticipate, you know, that ARCALIS will become a full-fledged mRNA facility with not only the capability of, you know, drug substance and drug product, but certainly going to be a world-class facility for, you know, any type of mRNA capability going forward. It's up to ARCALIS to announce all this, you know, specifics with respect to their capability, and I'll leave it up to them, but they do have an exciting future, and we're a part of it. Certainly, we'll have more details with our partner as soon as it becomes available. All right, thanks. For ARCT-032, you know, I know that you, you know, have fully enrolled the phase 1, in terms of healthy volunteers, you know, and I know the focus is safety and tolerability. Now that you're expanding into patient population, you know, what are some of the ways that you may evaluate the pharmacodynamic response? Yeah, there's. We're gonna be looking primarily at safety and tolerability in patients. I know we're very pleased with the results so far that we've seen in phase 1 in healthy volunteers. This was the first time anyone has inhaled LUNAR technology, and so now that we transition to patients in phase 1b, that is the primary objective here because we have a stellar preclinical data set of really positive data. We just want to first see safety and tolerability in this phase 1b set of patients. Having said that, we are positioning ourselves to evaluate LCI or lung clearance index, and this is a sensitive measure of lung function. We will look to see if after two doses if we can see something. The primary objective here is just to establish safety and tolerability in patients. All right. All right, thank you for that. Last question is, you know, I know you, you gave a brief sort of update on enrollment and to look to other programs. Have you activated all the sites? If not, you know, how many more can you potentially activate to help enrollment move along? We, we are essentially at capacity with respect to activating sites. Our team has been traveling through Europe and following up with all the principal investigators in, in this manner. We're working hard to, you know, enroll patients, and that's the guidance we've provided, and that we remain consistent on, on providing some, some data later this year or in the coming months. All right. Thank you very much for taking my questions, and, congrats on the progress once again. Yeah, thanks, Pete. Next question comes from Yanan Zhu with Wells Fargo. Please go ahead. Hi. Thanks for taking my questions, and congrats on the progress. I wanted to get maybe a little more clarity on what might happen after a potential Japan approval. I think Daiichi's decision, at least looking at the news release, is by itself, and that doesn't look like the PMDA, you know, instructed it not to supply the market with the original strain vaccine. I was wondering what is your and your partner thinking of once you receive the approval, you know, what's the thinking process in terms of whether to supply the market? If you do supply the market, I, I was wondering, who is the manufacturer? Is that you, your facility or the ARCALIS facility? Well, with respect to commercial guidance, with respect to the second, obviously, thanks for the question, Ian, but certainly, our current manufacturing partners, which represent Catalent and Aldevron in the U.S. and Recipharm in Europe, would be, you know, the suppliers of any current supply. As you know, we've articulated the Japan facility won't come online till next year, so any kind of orders for Japan from that facility probably will not be until, you know, next year late or the year after. Hopefully you can appreciate that. You know, we have a dual process in place to be able to, you know, provide the Japanese market with our vaccine as soon as possible, and certainly once the factory is up and running in Japan, that they'll be able to supply going forward. Hopefully, that helps clarify, you know, that situation, and Joe can address the first part of the question. Yeah. With respect to the other vaccine or vaccines getting approved in Japan, we're very happy to see that Japan is following their domestic strategic plan. We've touched on this earlier in the call a little bit. We view this very positive because we feel like we're part of this domestic plan with Meiji and CSL. What sets this vaccine technology apart from all other conventional mRNA vaccines that have been approved or soon to be approved, is our dose level. Our dose level is significantly lower. Our serial response rates that we've observed seem to be differentiating. Clearly, people have to be taking this dose level into consideration when it comes to safety and reactogenicity as potentially differentiating. Finally, the data we showed today, the durability data is very promising, and can set this technology apart. As we work with Japan in their strategy, we definitely see a way to fit in line with their objectives to address some of the key, you know, the key issues in protecting their people with a vaccine strategy. Got it. Thanks for the color. You know, you, you touched on durability. Congrats on the data. I was wondering, can you talk about the, the, you know, the underlying biological basis for this durability and your confidence that we could see this observation replicated in the longer follow-up for the Japan study? Yeah, great question. Self-amplifying mRNA is, you know, providing very encouraging durability data, your question is why. It's because the, the mechanism of how this, the self-amplifying mRNA molecules make the antigen. Conventional mRNA make the antigen for a period of time and then degrades, right? Self-amplifying mRNA, this next generation mRNA technology, extends the duration of making that antigen, so the body sees the antigen for a longer period of time. That means it is allowed to increase the antibody titer levels, and that's what we've seen in the phase 3 comparison study. Because the body sees the antigen for a longer period of time, it allows a broader spectrum of antibodies to be made. When you combine those two features of increased antibody titers with a broader spectrum of antibodies being created by the body, this translates into a longer-lasting vaccine, and that would provide an explanation as to you know, explaining why, why we're seeing what we're seeing. Got it. We should be able to see something similar with the Japan study, correct? Yeah. Well, correct, correct. You'd, that's what you would expect. Remember previously we've seen in our phase one and phase two studies, that the antibody titer levels tend to increase beyond one month or beyond four weeks. Will we see that as well in phase three is yet to be understood, but yeah, our expectations are high and very optimistic. Got it. Thanks for that, that color. Lastly, on the OTC deficiency program, I was wondering, you know, in the news release, you mentioned you may announce data from a subset of the patients. I was wondering, could we expect 1 or both cohorts of the patients' data being reported out? What type of changes, clinically or in terms of biomarkers, can be expected with a roughly a three-month duration? Lastly, would you be able to comment on any next steps that we can expect once you have reported the data? Thanks. I, I appreciate the question and wanting to understand additional detail on different dose levels in the OTC clinical trial, but the only guidance we're providing today is, is some biological proof of concept or, some biological data that we'll provide in a subset of patients. I can't provide any more detail than that. With respect to any biomarkers that, we're tracking, we will be tracking them for an extended period of time, and that includes ammonia and ureagenesis. And other amino acids in, can be, such as glutamate, for example, can be measured. The, the several amino acids are impacted by the urea cycle, and OTC itself can be measured. The ornithine transcarbamylase enzyme that's built or expressed in, in these liver cells, these liver cells, just so you're aware, can be sloughed off into the circulation and measured in the plasma. So we can track OTC, OTC levels as, as well, and over an extended period of time. Got it. Thanks for all the color. Thank you, Yanan. Good, good to hear it. Next question comes from Yigal Nochomovitz with Citi. Please go ahead. Hi, this is Carly on for Yigal. Thanks for taking our questions. First, just curious if there's anything more you can say about CSL's progress on the gseasonal flu vaccine, and if that work has maybe accelerated at all after the COVID data. Do you have a sense for timelines for, for potentially bringing a flu candidate into the clinic? Well, I can provide one comment. You're absolutely right that the Meiji CSL and Arcturus teams are all united in excitement over this recent data set. That excitement bleeds into other programs, of course. It gives us more energy and more ambition and vigor in other programs, and so your question about the flu is appropriate. We have to be very careful. It's I would consider, even though we're working closely with CSL, it is their program, and their program to guide on. It's very difficult for us to just give a candid response to your question on our guidance. Having said that, we look forward to continuously update the market because this is an active program for us. We've reported milestones on this previously this year, and, and clearly this is a program of high interest for CSL. Andy, anything to add? Yeah, in my comments, I obviously said that we will have updates provided soon, so, you know, stay tuned. Thank you. Yeah. Okay. Got it. That's helpful. Just on OTC and, and CF, I know that, that the ongoing phase II and OTC is, is active in the U.K. and Europe, and then you're also recruiting in New Zealand for the CF program. Just curious, any comments on, on potential timelines and plans for, for opening sites in the U.S. for, for those studies? Thank you. We already have active trial ongoing for COVID in the vaccine enterprise in the U.S. already. We already have an active effort in the United States. For OTC, we have an active effort in the US with our phase Ib trial in patients. With respect to CF, you can see that we have a very strong relationship with the CF Foundation. They have considerable oversight and influence on the U.S. area, not just globally. We haven't indicated any guidance as to when we'll be conducting any clinical trial efforts in CF in the U.S.. There'll be an appropriate time to do so. Today is not that day. Okay, got it. Great. Thank you very much for, for taking our questions. Thanks, Carly. Next question comes from Ed Arce with H.C. Wainwright & Co. Please go ahead. Hi, good afternoon, everyone. This is Thomas Yip asking a couple of questions for Ed. Congratulations on all the progress with Meiji in Japan. So, first, perhaps, looking a little bit into the future, do you have any plans right now to expand 154's use in populations beyond adults in Japan? If so, you know, what, what, what can investors think about the estimated timeline? Yeah, the short answer is yes. There's a lot of activities we'd like to expand, because our phase III trial was in adults, right? There's, there's more than just adults in, in Japan, and CSL has a definite, and Meiji has a clear interest in expanding the commercial opportunity beyond adults, so. I can't give specific guidance on that. It's theirs to, to provide. Outside of Japan, CSL is our, is our exclusive partner for distribution and commercialization in U.S. and Europe, for example. We'll be looking to them to provide guidance on, on those efforts. Got it. Perhaps, just, just one more question from us, regarding ARCT-032 with, with, with the CF. You know, a lot of interest, on, on this and the OTC program, clearly. Perhaps, for the, for the Phase I study, when, when can we expect the first, CF patients, to be enrolled into the study? I know you just received clearance. Also, what... When can we expect the initial data set with, CF patients? Well, we've conservatively guided the initiation of enrollment in the second half of this year, and we'll allow that to unfold. With respect to data, that will be at a later time point. I think we're focused on the near-term objective of enrolling, initiating enrollment for these up to eight CF patients in New Zealand in the second half of this year. With respect to interim phase I safety data, you know, interim phase I safety data is also expected later this year. Okay, got it. Looking forward to those data along with the COVID's regulatory status in Japan as well. Thank you again for taking our questions. Yeah. Thanks, Thomas. Next question comes from Yale Jen with Laidlaw & Company. Please go ahead. Good afternoon, thanks for taking the questions, and congrats on all the progress in Japan at this moment. Appreciate the data you provided today in terms of the, both the duration as well as the breadth of the vaccine ARCT-154 can covers. My question to you is that, does this have any read-through in terms of the application in Japan, in terms of cover broader background of strength? I have another follow-up question. Yeah, it's a good question. The data we shared today was only using a validated assay. The new strains that are coming forward are only exploratory in nature and not validated yet. We've remained consistent on sharing data that's only validated assays, right? There will be a time and a place to provide that data once the assays are validated, is the answer. Would that referring, you mentioned earlier that, you might report a 6-month data in the future times, so maybe, later this year. Are these two connected in any way? All right. If you're referring to the phase 3 Japanese comparator study, yes, we're, we're guiding that we'll be able to share 6-month durability data later this year. Correct. You know, this is Pad. We just want to make sure that you understand, you know, we are an mRNA platform company. Because of that, we can update our vaccine readily. If there's a new strain that emerges, we, we can, of course, update our vaccine. Because the platform will be approved, we can quickly commercialize that as well. Our manufacturing process is very similar to, to a lot of the other mRNA players. Keep in mind that, you know, with the trial being completed in February, you won't really have the six-month, you know, completion of the data until August. By the time they collect it and analyze it, you have to give us a few months for that. Hopefully, that gives you some kind of, you know, runway to understand, you know, when conceivably the six-month data could even, you know, be presented. Hopefully, it, it'll be probably a fourth quarter event, if you can appreciate that. Does that make sense? Absolutely, and really appreciate the colors. The one follow-up question here is in terms of ARCT-032 in the CF. In your press release, you mentioned that there was some amendment being explored or being suggested for the phase 1b study. Any colors in terms of what specific amendment has been placed? Yeah. The amendment is, you know, our phase one was in healthy volunteers, and what we talked about was in Joe's comments, that there's been an amendment that was filed, and it was recently approved to include patients in the study. Therefore, just adding the patient versus. That's right. purely the health volunteers. Okay, great. Correct. Thanks a lot, again. Congrats on. Yeah. Yep. Thank you, Yeu. That was all the time we had for today. I would like to turn the floor back over to Joe for closing comments. Yeah, thanks for participating on the call today, everyone. If there's remaining questions, please reach out to the team, and we'll get back to you right away. Good night. This concludes today's teleconference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you.