Good morning, and welcome to Aveanna Healthcare Holdings' first quarter 2024 earnings conference call. Today's call is being recorded, and we have allocated 1 hour for prepared remarks and Q&A. At this time, I'd like to turn the call over to Debbie Stewart, Aveanna's Chief Accounting Officer. Thank you. You may begin. Good morning, and welcome to Aveanna's first quarter 2024 earnings call. I am Debbie Stewart, the company's Chief Accounting Officer. With me today is Jeff Shaner, our Chief Executive Officer, and Matt Buckhalter, our Chief Financial Officer. During this call, we will make forward-looking statements. Risk factors that may impact those statements and could cause actual future results to differ materially from currently projected results are described in this morning's press release and the reports we file with the SEC. The company does not undertake any duty to update such forward-looking statements. Additionally, during today's call, we will discuss certain non-GAAP measures, which we believe can be useful in evaluating our performance. The presentation of this additional information should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for results prepared in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation of these measures can be found in this morning's press release, which is posted on our website, aveanna.com, and in our most recent quarterly report on Form 10-Q, when filed. With that, I will turn the call over to Aveanna's Chief Executive Officer, Jeff Shaner. Jeff? Thank you, Debbie. Good morning, and thank you for joining us today. We appreciate each of you investing your time this morning to better understand our Q1 2024 results and how we are moving Aveanna forward in 2024 and beyond. My initial comments will briefly highlight our first quarter, along with the steps we are taking to address the labor markets and our ongoing efforts with government and preferred payers to create additional capacity. I will then provide insight on how we are thinking about year two of our strategic transformation and our enhanced outlook for 2024, prior to turning the call over to Matt to provide further details into the quarter and our refreshed outlook. In addition, I would like to take a moment and welcome Jerry Perchik, our new Chief Legal Officer, to Aveanna. Jerry has spent the last two decades dedicated to high-quality healthcare in the home setting. Jerry brings a wealth of experience in regulatory and legal affairs, mergers and acquisitions, and general corporate law. We feel blessed to have Jerry join our Aveanna team. Now, moving to the highlights for the first quarter. Revenue for the first quarter was approximately $491 million, representing a 5.2% increase over the prior year period. First quarter adjusted EBITDA was $34.9 million, representing a 22.5% increase over the prior year period, primarily due to the improved payer rate environment, as well as cost reduction efforts. As we have previously discussed, the labor environment represented the primary challenge that we needed to address to see Aveanna resume the growth trajectory that we believed our company could achieve. It is important to note that our industry does not have a demand problem. The demand for home and community-based care continues to be strong, with both state and federal governments and managed care organizations asking for solutions that can create more capacity. Our Q1 results highlight that we continue to align our objectives with those of our preferred payers and government partners. By focusing our clinical capacity on our preferred payers, we achieved year-over-year growth in revenue and Adjusted EBITDA. We also experienced improvement in our caregiver hiring and retention trends by aligning our efforts to those payers willing to engage with us on enhanced reimbursement rates and value-based agreements. While we continue to operate in a challenging labor and inflationary environment, our preferred payer strategy allows us to return to a more normalized growth rate in our business segments. Since our fourth quarter earnings call, I am pleased with the continued progress we have made on several of our rate improvement initiatives with both government and payer preferred payers, as well as the continued signs of improvement in the caregiver labor market. Specifically, as it relates to our private duty services business, our goal for 2024 is to continue to execute on our legislative strategy to improve reimbursement rates in our various states, with particular emphasis on Georgia, Massachusetts, and California, which represent approximately 15% of our PDS revenue. As a reminder, we achieved rate increases in 19 states in 2023. While we are pleased that our PDS legislative messaging has been well-received by state legislatures, we still have much work to do. As an example of the work ahead, our PDN rate request was not included in the California Governor's proposed budget. We believe that we made significant strides with the governor, Medi-Cal Department, and the California Legislature, demonstrating the importance of PDN rate investments and how they support an overall lower healthcare cost, improved patient satisfaction, and quality outcomes. However, we need to further accelerate our preferred payer strategy and government affairs efforts to continue to advocate for children with complex medical conditions. We have a proven track record of expanding our preferred payer programs and will enhance our efforts in California, similar to our approach in other states... As we look at our preferred payer initiatives in other states, our goal for 2024 is to increase the number of PDS preferred payer agreements from 14 to 22. In the first quarter, we added four additional preferred payer agreements, increasing our total to 18. I am very proud of our payer relations team as they continue to develop partnerships with managed care organizations to find solutions for children with complex medical conditions. Aveanna's preferred payer strategy is gaining momentum and allowing us to invest in caregiver wages and recruitment efforts to accelerate hiring and staffing of nurses for our patients. Additionally, we are introducing a new PDS volume indicator that demonstrates how we think about our momentum with our PDS preferred payers. Some of our PDS states, like Colorado, for example, are predominantly Medicaid reimbursed, with little to no managed care penetration. For this reason, we will report our PDS preferred payer volumes against the total MCO opportunity. Our current 18, our 18 current PDS preferred payer agreements account for just over 40% of the total PDS MCO volumes, as defined above. This updated metric defines the opportunity for Aveanna to continue shifting our capacity and efforts towards our payer partners. Now moving to our preferred payer progress in home health. Our goal for 2024 is to maintain our episodic payer mix above 70% while returning to a more normalized growth rate. In Q1, our episodic mix was 75%, and we achieved positive total episode growth of 1.7% over the prior year period. Q1 marked the first time we've had sequential and year-over-year episodic growth since we entered the home health market. We also signed 2 additional episodic agreements within the quarter. I am so proud of our home health and hospice leadership team and their commitment to driving positive clinical outcomes, episodic growth, and profitability. We will continue to remain focused on aligning our home health caregiver capacity with those payers willing to reimburse us on an episodic basis and focus on improved clinical and financial outcomes. We are encouraged by our early 2024 rate increases, preferred payer agreements, and subsequent recruiting results. Our business is demonstrating signs of recovery as we achieve our rate goals previously discussed. Home and community-based care will continue to grow, and Aveanna is a comprehensive platform with a diverse payer base, providing a cost-effective, high-quality alternative to higher cost care settings. And most importantly, we provide this care in the most desirable setting, the comfort of the patient's home. Before I turn the call over to Matt, let me comment on our strategic plan and refreshed outlook for 2024. As we enter year two of our strategic transformation, we remain highly focused on those initiatives that created positive momentum in 2023. We will continue to focus our efforts on four primary strategic initiatives. Number one, enhancing partnerships with government and preferred payers to create additional caregiver capacity. Two, identifying cost efficiencies and synergies that allow us to leverage our growth. Three, managing our capital structure and collecting our cash while producing positive free cash flow. And fourth, engaging our leaders and employees in delivering our Aveanna mission. Based on the strength of our first quarter results and the continued execution of our key strategic initiatives, we now expect full year 2024 revenue to be greater than $1.97 billion and adjusted EBITDA to be greater than $150 million. We believe our revised outlook provides a prudent view, considering the challenges we still face with the evolving labor environment, and hopefully, it proves to be conservative as we continue to execute throughout the year. In closing, I am very proud of our Aveanna team. We offer a cost-effective, patient-preferred, and clinically sophisticated solution for our patients and families. Furthermore, we are the right solution for our payers, referral sources, and government partners. By partnering with preferred payers, we can and will move reimbursement rate and wage metrics in meaningful ways that support our growth. This strategy allows us to hire, retain, and engage more caregivers in providing the mission of Aveanna every day. With that, let me turn the call over to Matt to provide further details on the quarter and our 2024 outlook. Matt? Thanks, Jeff, and good morning. I'll first talk about our first quarter financial results and liquidity before providing additional details on our refreshed outlook for 2024. Starting with the top line, we saw revenues rise 5.2% over the prior year period to $491 million. We experienced revenue growth in two of our operating divisions, led by our Private Duty Services and Medical Solutions segments, which grew by 5.9% and 9.9% compared to the prior year quarter. Consolidated gross margin was $145.9 million, or approximately 30%, representing a 1% increase over the prior year period. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA was $34.9 million, a 22.5% increase as compared to the prior year, reflecting the improved payer rating environment, as well as cost reduction efforts taking hold. Now, taking a deeper look into each of our segments. Starting with private duty services, revenue for the quarter was approximately $395 million, a 5.9% increase, and was driven by approximately 10.3 million hours of care, a volume increase of 4.9% over the prior year. While volumes have improved over the prior year, we continue to be constrained in our top line growth due to the shortage of available caregivers, although we are continuing to see signs of improvement in the labor markets. Q1 revenue per hour of $38.48 was up $0.36, or 1%, as compared to the prior year quarter. We remain optimistic about our ability to attract caregivers and address market demands for our services when we obtain acceptable reimbursement rates. Turning to our cost of labor and gross margin metrics, we achieved $101 million of gross margin, or 25.4%, a 3.9% decrease from the prior year quarter, primarily driven by some timing-related items and overall strengthening of our PDS reserve. The cost of revenue rate of $28.73 in Q1 was influenced by payroll taxes. Despite the ongoing wage pressures in the labor markets, our Q1 spread per hour was $9.75. We expect spread per hour to normalize to the $10-$10.50 range beginning in Q2 and continue to improve in the second half of 2024. Moving on to our Home Health and Hospice segment. Revenue for the quarter was approximately $54.6 million, a 2.7% decrease over the prior year. Revenue was driven by 10,100 total admissions, with approximately 75% being episodic, and 12,100 total episodes of care, up 7% sequentially from Q4. Medicare revenue per episode for the quarter was $3,070, up 3.4% from the prior year quarter. We continue to focus on right sizing our approach to growth in the near term by focusing on preferred payers that reimburse us on an episodic basis. This episodic focus has accelerated our margin expansion and improved our clinical outcomes. With episodic admissions well over 70%, we have achieved our goal of right sizing our margin profile and enhancing our clinical offerings. As we navigate 2024, we believe our admission growth will normalize in the 3%-5% range. We are committed to a disciplined approach to growth while shifting our capacity to those payers who value our clinical resources. We are pleased with our Q1 gross margin of 53.1%, up 15.8% over the prior year period, and representing a continued focus on cost initiatives to achieve our targeted margin profile. Q1 gross margins benefited from some timing-related entries and should normalize in the 49%-51% range moving forward. Our Home Health and Hospice platform is dedicated to creating value through effective operational management and the delivery of exceptional patient care. Now, to our Medical Solutions segment results for Q1. During the quarter, we produced revenue of $41 million, a 9.9% increase over the prior year. Revenue was driven by approximately 92,000 unique patients served with an 8.2% increase over the prior year period, and revenue per UPS of approximately $446. Gross margins were $17 million, or 40.8% for the quarter, up 9.8% over the prior year period and in line with our targeted margin profile for Medical Solutions. We continue to implement initiatives to be more effective and efficient in our operations to leverage our overhead as we continue to grow. We are accelerating our preferred payer strategy in medical solutions by aligning our capacity with those payers that value our services and appropriately reimburse us for the care we provide. As we expand our national enteral presence and solidify our position as the leading provider of enteral nutrition in the country, we plan to refine our partnerships with payers to better support our growth. In summary, we continue to fight through a difficult labor environment while keeping our patients' care at the center of everything we do. It is clear to us that shifting caregiver capacity to those preferred payers who value our partnerships is the path forward at Aveanna. As Jeff stated, our primary challenge continues to be reimbursement rates. With the positive momentum we experienced in Q1, we remain optimistic that such trends will continue throughout 2024. As we continue to make progress with the rate environment, we will pass through wage improvements and other benefits to our caregivers and the ongoing effort to better improve volumes. Now, moving to our balance sheet and liquidity. At the end of the first quarter, we had liquidity in excess of $220 million, representing cash on hand of approximately $42.6 million, $10 million of availability under our securitization facility, and approximately $168 million of availability on our revolver, which was undrawn as of the end of the quarter. Lastly, we had $32 million in outstanding letters of credit at the end of Q1. On the debt service front, we had approximately $1.48 billion of variable rate debt at the end of Q1. Of this amount, $520 million is hedged with fixed rate swaps, and $880 million is subject to an interest rate cap, which limits further exposure to increases in SOFR above 3%. Accordingly, substantially all of our variable rate debt is hedged. Our interest rate swaps extend through June 2026, and our interest rate caps extend through February 2027. One last item I will mention related to our debt is that we have no material term loan maturities until July 2028. Looking at cash flow, cash provided by operating activities was -$12 million for the quarter, and free cash flow was negative approximately $12.7 million. Q1 is traditionally our highest cash outflow for the year, and we continue to expect to be a positive operating cash flow company in 2024. We also expect to see continued cash flow benefits as our top line and cost management initiatives come to fruition. Before I hand the call over to the operator for Q&A, let me take a moment to address our revised outlook for 2024. As Jeff mentioned, we currently expect full year revenue to be greater than $1.97 billion and Adjusted EBITDA to be greater than $150 million. As we think about seasonality, we expect our revenue to grow as rate increases are implemented throughout the year and as our volumes grow. Accordingly, we expect approximately 47%-48% of our full year guided Adjusted EBITDA to be recognized in the first half of 2024. As most of our annual rate increases typically become effective in the second half of the year, we expect our adjusted EBITDA to ramp as we use these increases to attract and retain more caregivers and drive volumes. Our EBITDA will also accelerate as we realize the benefits of our continued cost-saving initiatives. In closing, I'm proud of all of our Aveanna team members and our hard work in achieving our Q1 results. I look forward to our continued execution of our 2024 strategic plan and updating you further at the end of Q2. With that, let me turn the call over to the operator. Thank you. At this time, we will be conducting a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. If at any time you wish to remove your question from the queue, please press star two. We ask that you limit your questions to one with one follow-up so that others may have an opportunity to ask questions. You may reenter the queue by pressing star one. For participating, excuse me, for participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment, please, while we poll for questions. Our first question is from Ben Hendrix with RBC Capital Markets. Hey, thank you, guys, and congratulations on the quarter. Appreciate the, the new stats on your payer arrangements as a percentage of the, overall, managed care opportunity. Just wanted to get your thoughts on how you expect that to pace from the current 40% range, and then geographically, kinda how that's progressing and where the next opportunities are. I know you've made good progress in Texas. California is a little bit of a different environment, but kinda where's the low-hanging fruit, and, how should we think about that pacing? Thanks. Hey, Ben. Good morning. Thanks for the question. Yeah, you know, I think first of all, this indicator makes a lot more sense on the, on the potential opportunity that we have out there with the states that, that have, migrated away from pure Medicaid to Medicaid MCO, states. And, and having 40% of our total volume, I think, you know, tells the reader that, that we're pretty far along in this process, right? We're a couple of years into this preferred payer strategy. Some of the largest payers in the largest states are in that, in the first, what we call it, the first 14 preferred payers at the end of last year. I think we've mentioned that before on calls. You know, and I think 40, you know, low 40s percentage points will probably move, you know, quarter by quarter in very small increments from this point forward. It'll take us, you know, landing numerous preferred payer agreements to kinda get the basis to move materially. If I looked out a year or two, Ben, you know, do I think that this number could be over 50%? You You know, I think the answer is yes, that we believe we'll get over 50% of our total volumes and continue to progress. But I wouldn't expect this to move by 5% or 10% per quarter. I would expect it to move in, you know, small increments of 1% or 2%. But, you know, I think if we use Q1 as an example, you know, our team executed four additional preferred payer contracts in the first quarter. We're off to a nice start. Some of these are pretty small in volume, but are very important in the states that they're in. And I think we use California, to your point, as an example. The majority of California PDN patients are still on the traditional Medi-Cal fee for service, but we're able to partner with some of the Whole Child models and some of the MCOs that are in the state. And as families move into those programs, we have preferred payer agreements with them. So that'll help accelerate our volume in states like California, that are still primarily a Medicaid product. But I, I guess I'll close with, at the end of the day, you read it right, Ben, really nice continued momentum on the preferred payer strategy inside the PDS division. Really proud of how both the government affairs team and the preferred payer teams are working to execute our strategy, and I think our, our momentum will continue in that as we think about 2024 and 2025. Great. Thank you very much. Thanks, Ben. Our next question is from Scott Fidel with Stephens. All right, thanks. Good morning. First question, just a two-parter, just on the PDS, in terms of some of the modeling. First, on the revenue rate, so it looks like that's been up around 1% year-over-year in each of the last two quarters. Just wondering whether that's a good run rate now, you know, for the balance of the year on the revenue rate, or whether you do expect that to move higher at all. And then just the second part would be on the gross margin in PDS. Matt did talk about some timing items, I guess, affecting in the first quarter, as well as adding to the reserve. If you could maybe elaborate on that and then just talk about how you see gross margins for PDS tracking over the balance of the year? Absolutely, Scott, and thank you. Yeah, you know, I think as you think about PDS rate, you know, we do over 10 million hours per quarter at this point, so it takes a lot of new rate to lift the basis. You know, I think Matt's used the growth rate of PDS kind of in that 3%-5%, both between volume and rate, the last few quarters. Obviously, we're in the high end of that, you know, in the last, I don't know, Matt, last two, three quarters, which we're really proud of. I mean, you know, to talk about 5% volume and rate lift for our 10 million hours a quarter is a huge accomplishment to our team. But yeah, I think you think of it generally correct, that we'll be in the higher end of that 3%-5% range. Volume is 3%-4% of it, you know, rate is 1%-1.5% of it as we move forward. And ultimately, we think that'll moderate back to more like, you know, more like 3% volume, 2% rate, or 3.5% volume. But in the environment we're in today, where, you know, we're kind of in that 4% volume, 1% rate, and that's probably the right way to think of it. Then on the cost side, Matt will give you kind of thoughts about our spread and how we think of Q2 and the rest of the year. Yeah, Scott. You know, Q1's a temporary headwind always, you know, with just the higher payroll taxes that significantly impact us being a labor company. So that right off the bat, had a little bit of headwind, temporarily in nature, with some of our reserves. And, you know, we did the right thing of increasing reserves to make sure that we're in a solid position kind of moving forward as well. You know, expect us to be in that $10-$10.50 spread range in Q2 and Q3 and Q4. You know, we're pretty confident and comfortable with where that's currently sitting in, and probably will land there for the entire year as well. I think it's fair to say, Scott, to Matt's comment, you know, we'll our Q1 gross margin will be probably will most likely be the low for the quarter. I'm sorry, for the year, not the quarter, but for the year. I think it's fair to expect us to be above 26% moving forward. I think Matt said it well. We'll be in that $10-$10.50 range, you know, even in Q2, as we move forward. 26%-28% range, you know, is our go-forward rate range for PDS. Good business, able to drive volume growth with that spread or with that gross margin as well. And so as we continue to win the preferred payer contracts, have, you know, government affairs wins that come in, we'll continue to pass through those wage improvements to our caregivers. So you won't see expansion there from those rate increases necessarily, but more solidifying it in a solid spot. Okay, got it. Then just, my follow-up question, just wanted to ask around operating cash flow and, was negative in the first quarter, but you had guided for that. Maybe if you could help us, you know, walk through your thoughts on operating cash flow for the second quarter, and then I know you expect to be positive for the full year. Could you put a, a number around that in terms of, range? And then last part on the operating cash flow will be, I'm not sure about necessarily this year, but if you continue to sort of normalize margins, how you guys are thinking about, you know, let's call it over the next year or two, maybe, you know, sort of settling out on, on what you think your EBITDA to cash flow conversion can look like? Thanks. All right, Scott, I'm gonna unpack this one, so let me stumble through and you, you come back and catch me up, all right? So- I'll help you with that if you need any other pieces of that. I'm happy to help. Appreciate it. So, you know, first off, great 2023 cash flow year. You know, first year, you know, over $12 million of free cash flow for Aveanna. Really proud of our teams and then being able to achieve it. We did have a little benefit of some timing items in 2023 that were a little bit of a headwind in 2024, specifically in Q1. Q1 was actually a pretty darn good quarter for us. You know, we were expecting a more significant headwind there, but through some cash management, through great operations, and through, you know, our adjustments are getting so much cleaner as well, we've been able to drop some of that cash flow through. You know, Q2 will, you know, probably be a similar concept to Q1 as well, just as we have some of our timing items come through, specifically related to when revenue is, or when cash comes in from revenue. TPL season is always a headwind for us at the very beginning of the year. That, you know, starts to subside in the back half of Q2 and really jumps up into Q3. So I would think about it sequentially, roughly the same in Q2. And, you know, this is all ballpark that we're talking about, but really starting to compound and get there in Q3, getting us back to being a positive, you know, free cash flow, operating cash flow company in 2024. As you think about the out years, our team has done such a great job, one, with cash collections, two, with operations, but even just our EBITDA is such a healthier, cleaner EBITDA as well. I think a lot of that is starting to drop through, and you're seeing that, you know, play out through our cash flow, and we'll continue to see that. We do have some costs coming out this year. We are doing some items to remove costs out, so I'm not saying those are going to, you know, be zero going forward, but we're doing the things right now to benefit in the long run for our organization and will benefit us in 2024 and 2025. Scott, I think it's a great springboard to Matt's point from operating cash flow to really your last point of question on, you know, really profitability. Yeah, I think Matt laid it out the last, you know, four or five quarters, that we were committed to taking thoughtful cost out of the company as we scale the company, and I think you see that, and you saw it at the end of 2023. You see it in our Q1 results. You'll see it again in Q2 and moving forward. I may have gotten ahead of myself last earnings call when I said 10% by the end of the year. That was probably a bit aggressive. But I think you'd think of us on a march back to $200 million a year in EBITDA, and our goals are set on doing the right things to get there. And I think we've been in the 7%, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margins. You know, we're approaching 8% as we speak. But the most, I think the exciting part for us is, we see that clear path over 2024, 2025, and 2026, and really marching the company back to being a double-digit EBITDA company. And you know, none of it's easy. It's all hard work, and it's thoughtful work, but I think Matt said it well. Our teams have embraced this idea of being efficient and effective as we grow the company, and you know, we've moved. Last year was home health and hospice. This year, we're focused on our PDS division, continue to focus on corporate, you know, both last year and this year. But, you know, what we've taken meaningful cost out of the company in 2023. We're taking additional meaningful cost out of the company in 2024 and already thinking about 2025. So we're real excited about how that relates to both improved, you know, adjusted EBITDA margin, but also, to your point, being a cash-generating company moving forward. And kudos to our teams for all the work that they've done to get us there. Thanks, Scott. Thanks, and helpful to get those intermediate term analogies you just added in, so appreciate that. Thank you. Thanks. Our next question is from Peter Chickering with Deutsche Bank. Hey, good morning, guys. Thanks for taking my questions. On the preferred payer strategy, it's what% of all PDS volume today is handled by managed Medicaid versus Medicaid fee-for-service? Peter, we don't necessarily give that metric on the volume standpoint. We do obviously give a breakout on the revenue, so you can kind of back into it a little bit on some math standpoint from it. You know, going back to that 40%, you know, we're really proud of our teams for achieving that, and I'll say our operations teams for providing that care and reaching out, our clinical teams for leaning into those patients, but obviously our payer relations teams on top of it as well. You'll see that continue to grow, as Jeff stated earlier, organically, you know, just as, you know, patients are coming out of the hospital and bringing into it, but also as we continue to sign new preferred payer agreements. You know, we've got to go out there, 2022 this year. We saw a nice jump up in Q1, and we'll continue to see that throughout the year, so that will add to it. I guess the only negative headwind to it wouldn't be on a volume standpoint. It'd actually be a positive because it would give us more opportunity if, as states continue to migrate from a Medicaid system over to an MCO, we'll work our best to see if we can get out in front of some of those conversations, some of those MCO payers. But I guess that could actually bring it down temporarily in nature, but open up the population for us to even drive that and have meaningful conversations as well. Yeah, Peter, I guess, think of the 40, so think, separate the two. Government affairs, primarily still focused on moving Medicaid fee-for-service rates. Take Oklahoma last year. Obviously, we shifted our focus this year to specifically Georgia, Massachusetts, and California. Think of those three, primarily still government affairs oriented, and then go back to that 40% indicator. That's our preferred payer strategy team, right? That is 40% of the total opportunity for us to execute on MCO payer partners and national commercial partners on the Medicaid space. So think of us almost halfway there, you know, from a total opportunity standpoint on a preferred payer strategy. But I don't, Matt said it right, I don't want to take away from, in Georgia, we still have a government affairs strategy. You know, in Massachusetts, we still have a government affairs strategy. You know, we talked about last year, Oklahoma and other states like that. So we're doing both. And I, and I'm, I'm proud to say we're, we're winning more than we're losing in, on both sides of that equation. Our work is never done. California is a perfect example to remind us all the time, our work is never done. You know, we, we, we need to move the PDN rate in California long term just to help the families, you know, be able to get, get their children home and keep their, their children's homes. Okay, so, you know, I just says we're halfway there. Again, you know, if we take a 5-year+ view here, if you move 100% of your managed Medicaid into a preferred, that would be about 80% of our volumes are handled by managed Medicaid, and 20% are handled by Medicare fee-for-service. Is that a ballpark number? That's probably a bit strong. It's you know, there's still some large states that are still pri-- and I'll use two examples. You know, California and Colorado are still primarily fee-for-service states, and you know, and both are, both are very different. But I think Matt said it well. Over time, Peter, most states are, as you, as you already know, most states are moving to an MCO strategy. So I think in our lifetime here, you know, the last seven years and the next five years, the majority of the states, through the PDN product, will move to a, to a, to a Medicaid MCO. Now, as we've learned with states like Texas, it takes three or four years. I mean, it's a very thoughtful process, so it's not a, it's not a fast, you know, flip. It's a very thoughtful process because of the fragility of our patient population. Got you. But think of us having great opportunity on both sides, different customers that we're selling to and talking to, but both the government affairs and the preferred payer strategy, both can work depending on what the state is. Okay, fair enough. And then, you know, as looking at that certain, you know, 40% number, I mean, that's, that's extraordinary, and, you know, what an accomplishment for you guys. I guess, as you look at your, your hourly growth, you know, is, you know, pretty strong in a quarter, and obviously, it is on the-- sort of you just comp the year, but still pretty strong hourly growth rate. Any color on actually how much you're growing organically in the provider, in preferred provider networks versus everyone else? Is there, is there a structurally different hourly growth rate between those two? There really is, Peter, and I'll relate it back to, like, hiring, you know, hiring the actual nurse. It is still the haves and have-nots, right? So, the good news is, over the last two years, we've reduced the number of states and payers that we work with who don't have acceptable rates to hire nurses, right? So we've either stopped working with those payers and shifted our capacity and time and attention to the payers who are willing to engage with us, or we've taken the states who had very low rates, and we've eliminated that by increasing the rates significantly. Again, primary focus this year, Georgia, Massachusetts, and California, because we need to move those rates. Those are still Medicaid rates that really are not attractive from a reimbursement to, to be able to hire RNs or LPNs. But yes, if you, if you saw within the business or if you said to one of our operators, you know, non-preferred payers, how much volume are you generating? In most cases, the answer would be negative. That, that in a non-preferred payer, we're not even flat, we're moving backwards. And it's not on accident. It is we are shifting our caregiver capacity. We're putting all of our recruitment efforts in a state market like Texas, to our payer partners. And honestly, Peter, it's what they're paying us to do. I mean, you know, they're, they're giving us accelerated rates and value-based agreements with the intent that we're going to follow through with that and, and give them our nurses and give them our capacity. So it's your opportunity. Peter, I can't believe you didn't touch on home health and home health gross margins and how proud you are of our team. Just extraordinary. Well, there's so much to unpack here. I guess going forward, you know, just, you know, because Cigna PDS for one second. So because it's such a huge driver for you guys, can you actually begin disclosing what the organic growth rate is on preferred, just so as we look at our Excel models, we can actually help sort of, you know, model this as a trend going forward. And then, you know, to the point on home health, obviously, we saw, you know, strong episodic growth, you know, obviously, weak commissions as you're sort of shifting away. I guess, is this the right gross margin level we should think about going forward? Or, you know, and as you roll into the back half of the year, as we move past payroll taxes, are we actually expanding gross margins from these levels of 53%? So I think as Matt laid it out, you know, 53% was a little hot for us and was helped by some one-time items. We think of it more in the 49%-51%. I I think based on where we are and the strength we've had with our episodic percentage, you know, being well north of 70%, we're probably a 50% plus gross margin business in home health and hospice, you know, for the majority of this year. And as you note, that's 18 months of work by our home health and hospice leadership team to get there. I think the thing that we're most proud of in that is now we have finally overlapped our comps to where we're actually generating a positive year-over-year in sequential growth. Now, Q1 is our season. We have a decent Florida business, so Q1 is a better season for us in our Florida business. But, you know, being at that 1.7% positive growth, it's the first time we've had positive episodic year-over-year comps in almost three years, and I think our team is really set on the fact that they can generate somewhere between 1% and 3%, you know, organic growth moving forward at a roughly 50% gross margin. You know, you know the industry well. It's tough days in home health right now. The fact that we're able to do this, I you know is just an incredible amount of diligence by our team. So, we're excited about that. Honestly, as we look forward, we think the AMS business will start to show similar trends as the home health and hospice division has been as we continue to implement our preferred payer strategy throughout medical solutions. But yeah, we'll be in that 49%-51% gross margin, and I believe we'll be a positive year-over-year growth of total episodes from this point forward for the rest of the year. Also, and then one last super quick question, just to follow up on Scott's question on cash flow from ops. You know, are you, you know, are you serious to QB negative, you know, back half, you'll be positive, get positive cash flow from ops. Is we be modeling 2024 cash flow from ops in the same range as last year? Is that a good ballpark range, or just any color of how we should be modeling that? Thanks so much. Yeah, Peter, I think, you know, I would hinder that a little bit. I would say, you know, take it back a little bit. You know, we had a really good year last year, but as I mentioned, we benefited from some timing-related items that came through. So I would just say, hey, positive is a good year for us on top of this one. If we're a little bit north of that, awesome. But really in 2025 is when you see the big jump up, and it's really to the diligence of our teams of just good, clean operations and growing our business organically. Thanks, guys. Thanks, Peter. Our next question is from Brian Tanquilut with Jefferies. Good morning, you've got Taji on for Brian. Thank you for taking my question. So looking at the margins, I mean, I know that you guys have provided some really great detail on the gross margin, but, thinking about the OpEx in the business, obviously, even with gross margin stepping down sequentially, you are able to extract a good amount of cost, out of the P&L. Just curious, is that the right jumping point that we should be thinking about for this year? You know, how much more juice is there to squeeze, within that line item? Yeah, I'm going to start with kind of the sequential part of it. You know, as we've talked, Taji, the last 3 or 4 quarters, this was an absolute focus of ours. Knowing that gross margin is very hard to move in this business, that being effective and efficient was key to us. I think the best part of the story as we talked. We really focused the last 15 months on home health and hospice and corporate. We've pivoted this year to focusing on our largest business unit, which is private duty services. We're being thoughtful about it, right? Because we have a very large, you know, PDS business. But I think as you think, probably more importantly, about 25, we see the opportunity to continue to be efficient and effective in our business. Matt, you want to touch just on quarterly run rate? Yeah. And just on Gross Margin itself, you know, Q1's a, you know, compressed Gross Margin, just being that labor business, Taji, that we talked about, and, you know, state taxes are, are significant for us. We see a, you know, a sequential jump up just immediately as those roll off into Q2. And then as well, you know, as we continue to focus on this and take meaningful cost out of OpEx, but also do the right thing on the Gross Margin line and making sure that we're paying people the appropriate amount of money and, being very diligent in there. I think you'll see it expand, you know, throughout the year. Q1 is historically, as I said, our lowest, you know, quarter out of the entire year on a GM basis. But Q2, Q3, Q4, I think you'll see minimal sequential step up. Great, that's really helpful. And then just back to the commentary on California. You know, I know you guys have expressed disappointment by not being included in the rate budget, but, you know, obviously, you're still taking this enhanced effort towards driving rate increases, the two-pronged rate increases. But thinking about the state budget itself, right, and your continued efforts to try and get, rate increases, maybe can you just talk about your learnings from prior efforts and how you're incorporating this into your, continued efforts towards getting included in the state budget? You know, and I know there's some moving pieces that are out of your control, right, like deficit, et cetera. But just curious to hear, you know, your learnings and how you're going to take this revitalized approach to, portraying your, you know, value prop and the need for rate increases within, you know, your business, essentially? Yeah. It's a very thoughtful question, Taji, and thank you. You know, you know, we're, we're two-plus years straight of working on California and, and needing, knowing that we needed to lift the rate. And again, we represent the families of the complex medical children in, in, in the state, so it's less about Aveanna, it's more about how do, how do we help the families. And, and I think, I think we've, we've learned, in California that, you know, even a great story in a, in a difficult budget time is difficult to get through, right? And so, you know, the, the governor's been very open to understanding our, our plight and the, the plight of our families. Dr. Ghaly, who runs HHS, has been very open, but they've also been very open to the fact that they're in a significant deficit situation, and it's difficult to optically pass through a meaningful rate increase while you're cutting many, many, many other programs. And I think we just got caught up in that kind of prop wash. I know this, for us, it's not an if, it's a when, meaning as the largest provider of PDN service in the state of California, we have to just keep fighting the good fight and, to your point, learn from what worked and what maybe didn't work and refine our efforts. We continue to partner with both the current governor's team, Dr. Ghaly and many legislatures, with our peers and the families. We're not expecting to be in this year's budget. You know, the May revised budget is due out anytime now, probably in the next 2 weeks. We're not expecting PDN to be in that. I think it's highly unlikely we'll be in the final budget. There's just not the appetite, you know, for rate improvements. We asked for a 40%. We were not asking for a 2% or 3% rate, because we're asking for 40%, and 40% is the right number to move the needle. I think the part of this that we have learned, though, over the last, I'll call it 6-8 months, is more families are voting in California with their need to get services. And so what we are seeing is, one by one by one, families moving away from the Medi-Cal Nutrition Fee-for-Service program and moving into either the Whole Child Model programs, which there are a few in California, or finding themselves to a, a payer like Kaiser or someone like Kaiser, who does have either commercial or, an MCO carve-out in the state. And those, those MCOs and Whole Child Models programs have partnered with companies like Aveanna at enhanced rates, which is great. So we can, we can staff their, their cases, we can bring their children home. So you know, if we look at the MCO companies in California, they would tell us exactly what the rate is for PDN in the state, and we've shared that with the current governor's team and current legislature, because it's, there's no hidden, you know, there's no magic behind it. It just takes the right rate to pay the right wage. But if you said to me, looking at a crystal ball, "How long will it take in California?" My gut is it's a few more years. We continue to help families transition out to the MCO plans, but it's very slow movement, you know, 1, 2, 3% movement at a time, and we continue to partner for another year or two with the California governor, maybe even the next governor, and legislature to ultimately get it done. I think when we look back after five years, California will raise the PDN rate meaningfully because they have to, not because they want to, but because they have to. And so we'll be proud that we were part of that process, but it'll take two or three times as long as we thought and probably take two or three times as much money as we thought, so. But we're committed to it. We work on behalf of the families we serve, and so we won't rest until our work is done. Great. Thank you. Thank you, Taji. Ladies and gentlemen, we have reached the end of the question and answer session, and I would like to turn the call back to Jeff Shaner for closing remarks. Thank you, David, and thank you everyone for your interest in our Aveanna story. We look forward to updating you on our continued progress at the end of Q2. With that, have a great day. This concludes today's conference. Thank you for your participation. You may disconnect your lines at this time.