Annual report
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Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ____to____ Commission file number 0-14384 BANCFIRST CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) OKLAHOMA 73-1221379 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 100 N. Broadway Ave., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (405) 270-1086 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $1.00 Par Value Per Share BANF NASDAQ Global Select Market System Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered 7.2% Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities BANFP NASDAQ Global Select Market System Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant computed using the last sale price on June 30, 2025 was approximately $2,638,485,942. As of January 31, 2026, there were 33,545,098 shares of Common Stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of the registrant (the “2026 Proxy Statement”) to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.
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Table of Contents BANCFIRST CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Page PART I 1. Business 2 1A. Risk Factors 16 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 25 1C. Cybersecurity 25 2. Properties 26 3. Legal Proceedings 26 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 27 PART II 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 27 6. Reserved 28 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 29 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 49 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 51 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 107 9A. Controls and Procedures 107 9B. Other Information 110 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 110 PART III 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 110 11. Executive Compensation 110 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management 110 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 110 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 110 PART IV 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 111 Signatures 114
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Table of Contents 2 PART I Item 1. Business. General BancFirst Corporation (the “Company”) is a financial holding company headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”). It conducts a vast majority of its operating activities through its wholly-owned subsidiary, BancFirst (“BancFirst”), an Oklahoma state-chartered bank headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Company also conducts operating activities through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Pegasus Bank (“Pegasus”), a Texas state-chartered bank headquartered in Dallas, Texas, Worthington Bank ("Worthington"), a Texas state-chartered bank headquartered in Arlington, Texas and, prior to its merger with BancFirst in February 2026, American Bank of Oklahoma (“ABOK”), an Oklahoma state-chartered bank headquartered in Collinsville, Oklahoma. In addition, the Company owns 100% of the common securities of BFC Capital Trust II (a Delaware business trust), 100% of Council Oak Partners LLC, an Oklahoma limited liability company engaging in investing activities, 100% of BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc., an Oklahoma business corporation operating as an independent insurance agency, 100% of BFC-PNC, LLC, an operating subsidiary to hold other real estate owned and 80% of Calimesa Town Center, LLC an operating subsidiary to hold other real estate owned. The Company was incorporated as United Community Corporation in July 1984 to become a bank holding company. In June 1985, it merged with seven Oklahoma bank holding companies that had operated under common ownership and the Company has conducted business as a bank holding company since that time. Over the next several years, the Company acquired additional banks and bank holding companies, and in November 1988, the Company changed its name to BancFirst Corporation. Effective April 1, 1989, the Company consolidated its 12 subsidiary banks and formed BancFirst. Over the following decades, the Company has continued to expand through the acquisition of over 40 banks, several branch acquisitions, multiple insurance agencies and de-novo branches. BancFirst currently has 109 banking locations serving 62 communities throughout Oklahoma, Pegasus has three banking locations in the Dallas Metroplex area, Worthington has three locations in the Fort Worth Metroplex area, one location in Arlington Texas and one location in Denton Texas. BancFirst’s strategy focuses on providing a full range of commercial banking services to retail customers and small to medium-sized businesses in both the non-metropolitan trade centers and cities in the metropolitan statistical areas of Oklahoma. BancFirst maintains a strong community orientation by, among other things, selecting members of the communities in which BancFirst’s branches operate to local consulting boards that assist in marketing and providing feedback on BancFirst’s products and services to meet customer needs. As a result of the development of broad banking relationships with its customers and community branch network, BancFirst’s lending and investing activities are funded almost entirely by core deposits. BancFirst centralizes virtually all of its processing, support and investment functions in order to achieve consistency and operational efficiencies. BancFirst maintains centralized control functions such as operations support, bookkeeping, accounting, loan review, compliance and internal auditing to ensure effective risk management. BancFirst also provides, on a centralized basis, certain specialized financial services that require unique expertise. BancFirst provides a wide range of retail and commercial banking services, including: commercial, real estate, energy, agricultural and consumer lending; depository and funds transfer services; collections; safe deposit boxes; cash management services; trust services; and other services tailored for both individual and corporate customers. BancFirst provides item processing, research and other correspondent banking services to financial institutions and governmental units. BancFirst’s primary lending activity is the financing of business and industry in its market areas. Its commercial loan customers are generally small to medium-sized businesses engaged in light manufacturing, local wholesale and retail trade, commercial and residential real estate development and construction, services, agriculture and the energy industry. Most forms of commercial lending are offered, including commercial mortgages, other forms of asset-based financing and working capital lines of credit. In addition, BancFirst offers Small Business Administration (“SBA”) guaranteed loans through BancFirst Commercial Capital, a division established in 1991. Consumer lending activities of BancFirst consist of traditional forms of financing for automobiles, home equity loans and other personal loans. Residential loans consist primarily of home loans in non-metropolitan areas, which are generally shorter in duration than typical mortgages and reprice within five years.
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Table of Contents 3 BancFirst’s range of deposit services include checking accounts, Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (“NOW”) accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, Health Savings Accounts, Coverdell Education Accounts, individual retirement accounts and certificates of deposit. Overdraft protection and auto draft services are also offered. Trust services offered through BancFirst’s Trust and Investment Management Division (the “Trust Division”) consist primarily of investment management and administration of trusts for individuals, corporations and employee benefit plans. In addition, the Trust Division serves as bond trustee and paying agent for various Oklahoma municipalities and governmental entities. Insurance services offered through BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc. consists of business and personal insurance, employee benefits, surety bonds and claims and risk management. BancFirst has the following 100% owned principal subsidiary: BFTower, LLC (which owns a 49% ownership interest in SFPG, LLC, a parking garage, and a 100% ownership interest in ParcFirst@Bricktown, LLC, a parking garage). All of these companies are Oklahoma entities. Pegasus and Worthington's lending activities include private banking, commercial and residential real estate, commercial and industrial and energy loans. They each have a full complement of deposit products including sweep accounts and securities investment products. They provide a wide range of banking services to individual and corporate customers and are subject to competition from other local, regional, and national financial institutions. Human Capital Resources As of December 31, 2025, the Company employed 2,260 full time equivalent employees. None of its employees are represented by collective bargaining agreements. The Company views its employees as a differentiator, enabling the Company to meet customer needs through highly trained and motivated employees. The Company’s approach to human capital resources focuses on objectives that include, but are not limited to, providing fair and equitable compensation, training employees to reach heightened skill sets and standards of motivation, identifying and developing the proficiencies of all employees, encouraging transparent and open communication between managers and team members, and providing employees with opportunities to gain a deeper appreciation for how they are making an impact within and outside the Company. The Company recognizes the importance of maintaining a culture of feedback and employee recognition and asks its supervisors to focus on ensuring that the Company’s employees feel a sense of belonging at work, fostering peer-to-peer connections and appropriate subordinate/supervisor relationships and communications. The Company provides its employees with competitive compensation and benefits packages. The Company encourages its employees to be alert for opportunities to improve quality and efficiency. In addition, the Company affords its employees opportunities to learn how their work fits into the bigger picture and to gain a deeper appreciation for how they are making an impact within and outside the Company. Training resources and educational assistance are readily available and the Company strives to promote, where practical, from within the Company. The Company identifies high potential candidates and provides specifically tailored plans for actualizing their development goals and career trajectories. The Company is committed to a policy of consistent treatment and equal employment opportunity in all recruitment and employment practices and is an affirmative action employer. Climate-Related and Other Environmental, Social and Governance Developments In recent years, federal, state and international lawmakers and regulators have increased their focus on risk oversight, disclosures and practices in connection with climate change and other environmental, social and governance matters. For example, in March 2024, the SEC adopted a rule on the enhancement and standardization of climate-related disclosures for investors. The rule would require public issuers, including us, to significantly expand the scope of climate-related disclosures in their SEC filings, but the SEC has stayed the enforcement of those rules to permit judicial review of those rules and, in March 2025 informed the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit that the SEC was ending its defense of this rule. Subsequently, in July, 2025, the SEC asked the court to make a decision on the rule and, in September 2025, the court placed the case in indefinite abeyance. The SEC has also announced plans to propose rules to require enhanced disclosure regarding human capital management and board diversity for public issuers; those rules have not, however, been proposed and the status of those plans is unclear.
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Table of Contents 4 Market Areas and Competition The banking environment in Oklahoma is very competitive. The geographic dispersion of BancFirst’s banking locations presents several different levels and types of competition. In general, however, each location competes with other banking institutions, savings and loan associations, brokerage firms, personal loan finance companies and credit unions within their respective market areas. The communities in which BancFirst maintains offices are generally local trade centers throughout Oklahoma. The major areas of competition include interest rates charged on loans, underwriting terms and conditions, interest rates paid on deposits, fees on non-credit services, levels of service charges on deposits, completeness of product lines and quality of service. BancFirst operates as a “super community bank”, managing its community banking offices on a decentralized basis, which permits them to be responsive to local customer needs. Underwriting, funding, customer service and pricing decisions are made by presidents in each market within BancFirst’s strategic parameters. At the same time, BancFirst generally has a larger lending capacity, broader product line and greater operational scale than its principal competitors do in the non-metropolitan market areas (which typically are independently owned community banks). Each full-service banking office has senior management with significant lending experience who exercise substantial autonomy over credit and pricing decisions. This decentralized management approach, coupled with continuity of service by the same staff members, enables BancFirst to develop long-term customer relationships, maintain high-quality service and respond quickly to customer needs. The majority of its competitors in the non-metropolitan areas are much smaller and do not offer the range of products and services nor have the lending capacity of BancFirst. In the metropolitan markets served by BancFirst, the Company’s strategy is to focus on the needs of local businesses and seek to provide more responsive services than are available at larger institutions. As reported by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the Company’s (including ABOK acquired November 17, 2025) market share of deposits within the state of Oklahoma was 7.58% as of June 30, 2025 and 6.84% as of June 30, 2024. Marketing to existing and potential customers is performed through a variety of media advertising, direct mail and direct personal contacts. BancFirst monitors the needs of its customer base through its Product Development Group, which develops and enhances products and services in response to such needs. Sales, customer service, compliance and product training are coordinated with incentive programs to sell BancFirst’s products and services. The banking environment in North Texas is one of the most competitive in the nation. Pegasus and Worthington's marketing avoids media campaigns and their growth is dependent on the experience, knowledge and contacts of their relationship officers and directors. Operating Segments The Company has six principal business units: BancFirst metropolitan banks, BancFirst community banks, Pegasus, Worthington, other financial services and executive operations and support. For more information on the Company’s Operating Segments, see Note (23), “Segment Information,” to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Control of Company Affiliates of the Company beneficially own approximately 35% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock as of January 31, 2026. Under the Company’s Bylaws, holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of common stock are able to elect all of the directors and approve significant corporate actions, including business combinations. Accordingly, while the Company’s affiliates do not have legal control, i.e., a majority of the outstanding shares of common stock, they have effective control of the Company. Supervision and Regulation Banking is a complex, highly regulated industry. The growth and earnings performance of the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington can be affected by management decisions, general and local economic conditions, statutes and the regulations and policies administered by various governmental regulatory authorities. These authorities include, but are not limited to, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”), the FDIC, the Oklahoma Banking Department and the Texas Department of Banking. The primary goals of the bank regulatory framework are to maintain a safe and sound banking system and to facilitate the conduct of monetary policy. This regulatory framework is intended primarily for the protection of a financial institution’s depositors, rather than the institution’s stockholders and creditors. The following discussion describes certain of the material elements of the regulatory framework applicable to bank holding companies and financial holding companies and their subsidiaries and provides certain specific information relevant to the Company, which is both a bank holding company and a financial holding company. The descriptions are
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Table of Contents 5 qualified in their entirety by reference to the specific statutes and regulations discussed. Further, such statutes, regulations and policies are continually under review by Congress and state legislatures, and federal and state regulatory agencies. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to the Company, including changes in interpretation or implementation thereof, could have a material effect on the Company’s business. Regulatory Agencies In the U.S., banking is regulated at both the federal and state level. Commercial banks in the United States are able to choose to organize as national banks with a charter issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) or as state banks with a charter issued by a state government. The choice of charter determines which agency will supervise the bank: the primary supervisor of nationally chartered banks is the OCC, whereas state-chartered banks are supervised jointly by their state chartering authority and either the FDIC or the Federal Reserve Board, depending upon whether the state-chartered bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System. BancFirst is chartered by the State of Oklahoma and at the state level is supervised and regulated by the Oklahoma Banking Department under the Oklahoma Banking Code. Pegasus and Worthington are chartered by the State of Texas and at the state level are supervised and regulated by the Texas Department of Banking. Each of BancFirst, Worthington and Pegasus is a Federal Reserve System member bank whose primary federal regulator is the Federal Reserve System. Their deposits are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) of the FDIC to the extent provided by law. As a financial holding company and a bank holding company, the Company is subject to comprehensive regulation by the Federal Reserve Board under the BHC Act, as amended by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (the “GLB Act”), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), and other legislation, as well as other federal and state laws governing the banking business. The BHC Act provides generally for regulation of financial holding companies and bank holding companies such as the Company by the Federal Reserve Board, and for functional regulation of banking activities by bank regulators, securities activities by securities regulators, and insurance activities by insurance regulators. Additionally, the Company is under the jurisdiction of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and is subject to the periodic reporting, information, proxy solicitation, insider trading, corporate governance and other restrictions and requirements of the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The Company’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market System under the trading symbol “BANF,” and is subject to the listing and marketplace rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, Inc. (the “NASDAQ”). The Federal Reserve Board supervises non-banking activities conducted by companies directly and indirectly owned by the Company. In addition, the Company’s non-banking subsidiaries are subject to various other laws, regulations, supervision and examination by other regulatory agencies, all of which directly or indirectly affect the operations and management of the Company and its ability to make distributions to stockholders. Bank Holding Company and Financial Holding Company Activities The BHC Act generally limits the activities in which the Company and its non-banking subsidiaries may engage, to managing or controlling banks and to a range of activities that are considered to be closely related to banking. The list of activities permitted by the Federal Reserve Board includes, among other things: lending; operating a savings institution, mortgage company, finance company, credit card company or factoring company; performing certain data processing operations; providing certain investment and financial advice; underwriting and acting as an insurance agent for certain types of credit-related insurance; leasing property on a full-payout, non-operating basis; selling money orders; real estate and personal property appraising; providing tax planning and preparation services; and, subject to certain limitations, providing securities brokerage services for customers. These activities may also be affected by other federal legislation. Bank holding companies that have elected to be treated as financial holding companies, such as the Company, may engage in a broader range of activities considered “financial in nature”. “Financial in nature” activities include securities underwriting, dealing and market making, sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies, insurance underwriting and agency, merchant banking and other activities that the Federal Reserve Board, in consultation with the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury, determines from time to time to be financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity or is complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a safety and soundness risk. To maintain financial holding company status, a financial holding company and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well capitalized” and “well managed.” A depository institution subsidiary is considered “well capitalized” if it satisfies the requirements for this status discussed in the section captioned “Capital Requirements”, included elsewhere in this item. A depository institution subsidiary is considered “well managed” if it received a composite rating and management rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination. A financial holding company’s status will also depend upon it maintaining its status as “well capitalized”
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Table of Contents 6 and “well managed” under applicable Federal Reserve Board regulations. If a financial holding company ceases to meet these capital and management requirements, the Federal Reserve Board’s regulations provide that the financial holding company must enter into an agreement with the Federal Reserve Board to comply with all applicable capital and management requirements. Until the financial holding company returns to compliance, the Federal Reserve Board may impose limitations or conditions on the conduct of its activities, and the company may not commence any of the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies or acquire a company engaged in such financial activities without prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board. If the company does not return to compliance within 180 days, the Federal Reserve Board may require divestiture of the holding company’s depository institutions. Bank holding companies and banks must also be both well capitalized and well managed in order to acquire banks located outside their home state. In order for a financial holding company to commence any new activity permitted by the BHC Act or to acquire a company engaged in any new activity permitted by the BHC Act, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have received a rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination under the Community Reinvestment Act. See the section captioned “Community Reinvestment Act” included elsewhere in this item. The Federal Reserve Board has the power to order any bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any activity or to terminate its ownership or control of any subsidiary when the Federal Reserve Board has reasonable grounds to believe that continuation of such activity or such ownership or control constitutes a serious risk to the financial soundness, safety or stability of any bank subsidiary of the bank holding company. Federal and state laws impose notice and approval requirements for mergers and acquisitions of other depository institutions or bank holding companies. The BHC Act requires the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board for the direct or indirect acquisition by a bank holding company of more than 5% of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of a commercial bank or its parent holding company (including a financial holding company). Additionally, under the Bank Merger Act, the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board or other appropriate bank regulatory authority is required for a bank to merge with another bank, purchase the assets or assume the deposits of another bank. In determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition or merger, bank regulatory authorities will consider, among other factors, the competitive effect and public benefits of the transactions, the capital position of the combined organization, the risks to the stability of the U.S. banking or financial system, the applicant’s performance record under the Community Reinvestment Act (see the section captioned “Community Reinvestment Act” included elsewhere in this item) and its compliance with fair housing and other consumer protection laws and the effectiveness of the subject organizations in combating money laundering activities. Dividend Restrictions The principal source of the Company’s liquidity is dividends from BancFirst. Various federal and state statutory provisions and regulations limit the amount of dividends the Company’s subsidiary banks and certain other subsidiaries may pay without regulatory approval. The payment of dividends by its subsidiary banks may also be affected by other regulatory requirements and policies, such as the maintenance of adequate capital. If, in the opinion of the applicable regulatory authority, a bank under its jurisdiction is engaged in, or is about to engage in, an unsafe or unsound practice (which, depending on the financial condition of the bank, could include the payment of dividends), such authority may require, after notice and hearing, that such bank cease and desist from such practice. The appropriate federal regulatory authorities have stated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. In addition, in the current financial and economic environment, the Federal Reserve Board has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policy and has discouraged payment ratios that are at maximum allowable levels unless both asset quality and capital are very strong. Transactions with Affiliates The Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington are deemed affiliates of each other within the meaning of the Federal Reserve Act, and covered transactions between affiliates are subject to certain restrictions, including compliance with Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and their implementing regulations. These regulations limit the types and amounts of covered transactions engaged in by a financial institution and its affiliates, and generally require those transactions to be on an arm’s-length basis. “Covered transactions” are defined by statute to include a loan or extension of credit, as well as a purchase of securities issued by an affiliate, a purchase of assets (unless otherwise exempted by the Federal Reserve Board) from the affiliate, certain derivative transactions that create a credit exposure to an affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by the affiliate as collateral for a loan and the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate. In general, these regulations require that any such transaction by a
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Table of Contents 7 financial institution with an affiliate must be secured by designated amounts of specified collateral and must be limited to certain thresholds on an individual and aggregate basis. Federal law also limits a bank’s authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons. Among other things, extensions of credit to insiders are required to be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons. In addition, the terms of such extensions of credit may not involve more than the normal risk of non- repayment or present other unfavorable features and may not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons individually and in the aggregate. Source of Strength Federal Reserve Board policy requires bank holding companies to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks and, under appropriate circumstances, to commit resources to support each such subsidiary bank. This support may be required at times when the bank holding company may not have the resources to provide the support. If a bank holding company were unable to pay mandated assessments in support of its subsidiary banks, the FDIC could order the sale of the bank holding company’s stock in the subsidiary banks to cover the deficiency. Capital loans by a bank holding company to its subsidiary banks are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and certain other indebtedness of the subsidiary banks. In addition, in the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of its subsidiary banks would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment. Capital Requirements The Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington were required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC. The current risk-based capital standards applicable to the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington are based on the Basel III Capital Rules established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”). The Basel Committee is a committee of central banks and bank supervisors/regulators from the major industrialized countries that develops broad policy guidelines for use by each country’s supervisors in determining the supervisory policies they apply. The requirements are intended to ensure that banking organizations have adequate capital given the risk levels of assets and off-balance sheet financial instruments. As an additional means to identify problems in the financial management of depository institutions, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDI Act”) requires federal bank regulatory agencies to establish certain non-capital safety and soundness standards for institutions for which they are the primary federal regulator. The standards relate generally to operations and management, asset quality, interest rate exposure and executive compensation. The agencies are authorized to take action against institutions that fail to meet such standards. The Basel III Capital Rules, among other things, (i) include a capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1” (“CET1”), (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, (iii) define CET1 narrowly by requiring that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CETI and not to the other components of capital, and (iv) require certain deductions/adjustments to capital. Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the initial minimum capital ratios are as follows: • 4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets. • 6.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets. • 8.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets. • 4.0% Tier 1 capital to average quarterly assets (known as the “leverage ratio”). The Basel III Capital Rules also require a “capital conservation buffer”, composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk- weighted asset ratios. The capital conservation buffer is 2.5%. The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is only applicable to certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to the Company, BancFirst,
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Table of Contents 8 Pegasus and Worthington. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and effectively increases the minimum required risk-weighted capital ratios. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets below the effective minimum (4.5% plus the capital conservation buffer and, if applicable, the countercyclical capital buffer) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The Basel III Capital Rules require the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington to maintain an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, (iii) a minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%; and (iv) a minimum leverage ratio of 4%. For more information on the Company’s Capital Ratios, see Note (15), “Stockholders’ Equity,” to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Liquidity Coverage Ratio The liquidity framework under the Basel III Capital Rules (the "Basel III liquidity framework") applies a balance sheet perspective to establish quantitative standards designed to ensure that a banking organization is appropriately positioned to satisfy its short- and long- term funding needs. One test to address short-term liquidity risk is referred to as the liquidity coverage ratio ("LCR"), designed to calculate the ratio of a banking entities' ratio of high-quality liquid assets to its total net cash flows over a 30-day time horizon. The other test, referred to as the net stable funding ratio ("NSFR"), is designed to promote more medium- and long-term asset funding by incenting banking entities to increase their holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and other sovereign debt, as well as increase the use of long-term debt as a funding source. Rules applicable to certain large banking organizations have been implemented for LCR and for NSFR; however, based on our asset size, these rules do not currently apply to the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus or Worthington. Prompt Corrective Action The FDI Act requires federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to FDIC-insured depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. A depository institution’s treatment for purposes of the prompt corrective action provisions will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. Under this system, the federal banking regulators have established five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized, in which all depository institutions are placed. The federal banking regulators have specified by regulation the relevant capital levels for each of the categories. Under certain circumstances, a well- capitalized, adequately capitalized or undercapitalized institution may be treated as if the institution were in the next lower capital category. Federal banking regulators are required to take various mandatory supervisory actions and are authorized to take other discretionary actions with respect to institutions in the three undercapitalized categories. The severity of the action depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. A depository institution that is undercapitalized is required to submit a capital restoration plan. Failure to meet capital guidelines could subject a bank to a variety of enforcement remedies by federal bank regulatory agencies, including termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, restrictions on certain business activities and appointment of the FDIC as conservator or receiver. Generally, subject to a narrow exception, the banking regulator must appoint a receiver or conservator for an institution that is critically undercapitalized. A bank will be (i) “well capitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a CET1 capital ratio of 6.5% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, and a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater, and is not subject to any order or written directive by any such regulatory authority to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure; (ii) “adequately capitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a CET1 capital ratio of 4.5% or greater, a Tier 1 risk- based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, and a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater and is not “well capitalized”; (iii) “undercapitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 8.0%, a CET1 capital ratio less than 4.5%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0% or a leverage ratio of less than 4.0%; (iv) “significantly undercapitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a CET1 capital ratio less than 3.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0% or a leverage ratio of less than 3.0%; and (v) “critically undercapitalized” if the institution’s tangible equity is equal to or less than 2.0% of average quarterly tangible assets. An institution may be downgraded to, or deemed to be in, a capital category that is lower than indicated by its capital ratios if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating with respect to certain matters. A bank’s capital category is determined solely for applying prompt corrective action regulations, and the capital category may not constitute an accurate representation of the bank’s overall financial condition or prospects for other purposes.
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Table of Contents 9 The FDI Act generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distributions (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its parent holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be “undercapitalized.” “Undercapitalized” institutions are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit a capital restoration plan. The agencies may not accept such a plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution’s capital. In addition, for a capital restoration plan to be acceptable, the depository institution’s parent holding company must guarantee that the institution will comply with such capital restoration plan. The bank holding company must also provide appropriate assurances of performance. The aggregate liability of the parent holding company is limited to the lesser of (i) an amount equal to 5.0% of the depository institution’s total assets at the time it became undercapitalized and (ii) the amount which is necessary (or would have been necessary) to bring the institution into compliance with all capital standards applicable with respect to such institution as of the time it fails to comply with the plan. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” depository institutions may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become “adequately capitalized,” requirements to reduce total assets, and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator. The appropriate federal banking agency may, under certain circumstances, reclassify a well-capitalized insured depository institution as adequately capitalized. The FDI Act provides that an institution may be reclassified if the appropriate federal banking agency determines (after notice and opportunity for hearing) that the institution is in an unsafe or unsound condition or deems the institution to be engaging in an unsafe or unsound practice. The appropriate agency is also permitted to require an adequately capitalized or undercapitalized institution to comply with the supervisory provisions as if the institution were in the next lower category (but not treat a significantly undercapitalized institution as critically undercapitalized) based on supervisory information other than the capital levels of the institution. The Company believes that, as of December 31, 2025, BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK were “well capitalized” based on the ratios provided in Note (15), “Stockholders’ Equity,” in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Deposit Insurance Assessments The deposits of BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington are insured by the FDIC. This insurance is funded through assessments on insured depository institutions. The FDIC’s risk-based assessment system requires members to pay varying assessment rates into the DIF, depending upon the level of the institution’s capital and the degree of supervisory concern over the institution. The FDIC insures the deposits of federally insured banks up to prescribed statutory limits for each depositor, currently $250,000 per depositor for each account ownership category. The amount of FDIC assessments paid by each insured depository institution is based on its relative risk of default as measured by regulatory capital ratios and other supervisory factors. The FDIC’s deposit insurance premium assessment is based on an institution’s average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity. At least semi-annually, the FDIC will update its loss and income projections for the DIF and, if needed, will increase or decrease assessment rates, following notice-and- comment rulemaking, if required. If there are additional bank or financial institution failures or if the FDIC otherwise determines to increase assessment rates, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington may be required to pay higher FDIC insurance premiums. Any future increases in FDIC insurance premiums may have a material and adverse effect on BancFirst’s, Pegasus’ and Worthington's and hence the Company’s, earnings. In October 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule to increase the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 basis points beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The increased assessment was expected to improve the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio would reach the statutory minimum of 1.35% by the statutory deadline prescribed under the FDIC's amended restoration plan. As of June 30, 2025, the reserve ratio exceeded the statutory minimum and, beginning with third quarter 2025, the FDIC no longer operated under a restoration plan. The Company’s FDIC deposit insurance assessment expense totaled $6.8 million, $6.3 million and $5.8 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As insurer, the FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of and to require reporting by DIF-insured institutions. It also may prohibit any DIF-insured institution from engaging in any activity the FDIC determines by regulation or order to pose a serious threat to the DIF. The FDIC also has the authority to take enforcement actions against insured institutions. Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged or is engaging in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order
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Table of Contents or condition imposed by the FDIC or written agreement entered into with the FDIC. The Company does not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of deposit insurance for its banking subsidiaries. Safety and Soundness Standards The FDI Act requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to prescribe standards, by regulations or guidelines, relating to internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings, stock valuation and compensation, fees and benefits and such other operational and managerial standards as the agencies deem appropriate. In general, the guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal stockholder. In addition, the agencies adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not satisfying any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan or fails in any material respect to implement an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an undercapitalized institution is subject under the “prompt corrective action” provisions of the FDI Act. See “--Prompt Corrective Action” above. If an institution fails to comply with such an order, the agency may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties. Federal Banking Agency Compensation Guidelines The Federal Reserve Board reviews, as part of its regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations, such as the Company, that are not “large, complex banking organizations.” These reviews are tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. The findings of this supervisory initiative will be included in reports of examination. Deficiencies will be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk- management control or governance processes, pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies. Guidance issued by the Federal Reserve Board, OCC and FDIC is intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk-management and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors. In May 2024, the FDIC, the Federal Housing Financing Agency, the National Credit Union Administration and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency re-proposed rules on incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total assets (which would include the Company, BancFirst and Pegasus) that were originally proposed in April 2016. In March 2025, the FDIC withdrew its proposal. The scope, content and application of the U.S. banking regulators' policies on incentive compensation may change in the future and it cannot be determined at this time whether compliance with such policies will adversely affect the ability of the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington to hire, retain and motivate key employees. NASDAQ has adopted listing standards mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding the date the listed company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. Each listed company is required to have a compliant policy governing recovery of erroneously awarded compensation as required by the new listing standards. The Company has adopted a compliant policy governing the recovery of erroneously awarded compensation as required by the listing standards, which is filed as Exhibit 97 to this Form 10-K. Cybersecurity Federal agencies have issued statements regarding cybersecurity. Financial institutions are expected to design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures, to reliably authenticate customers accessing internet-based services of the financial institution. Management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid
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Table of Contents 11 recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. Failure to observe the regulatory guidance could subject the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties. In the ordinary course of business, the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington rely on electronic communications and information systems to conduct operations and to store sensitive data. They employ an in-depth, layered, defensive approach that leverages people, processes and technology to manage and maintain cybersecurity controls. The Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington employ a variety of preventative and detective tools to monitor, block, and provide alerts regarding suspicious activity, as well as to report on any suspected advanced persistent threats. Notwithstanding the strength of their defensive measures, the threat from cyber-attacks is severe, attacks are sophisticated and increasing in volume, and attackers respond rapidly to changes in defensive measures. While to date, the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington have not detected a significant compromise, significant data loss or any material financial losses related to cybersecurity attacks, the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington's systems and those of their customers and third-party service providers are under constant threat and it is possible that the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus or Worthington could experience a significant event in the future. Federal banking agencies, including the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC, issued a rule to improve the sharing of information about cyber incidents. Under the rule a banking organization’s primary federal regulator must receive notification as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the banking organization determines that a significant computer-security incident, known as a “notification incident,” has occurred. Further, the rule separately requires a bank service provider to notify each of its affected banking organization customers as soon as possible when the provider determines that it has experienced a computer-security incident that has caused, or is reasonably likely to cause, a material service disruption or degradation for four or more hours. Under the Federal Trade Commission's amendments to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's Safeguards Rule financial institutions are required to: (i) appoint a qualified individual to oversee and implement their information security programs; (ii) implement additional criteria for information security risk assessments; (iii) implement safeguards identified by assessments, including access controls, data inventory, data disposal, change management, and monitoring, among other things; (iv) implement information system monitoring in the form of either "continuous monitoring" or "periodic penetration testing;" (v) implement additional controls including training for security personnel, periodic assessment of service providers, written incident response plans, and periodic reports from the qualified individual to the board of directors. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for a further discussion of risks related to cybersecurity and Item 1C. Cybersecurity for a further discussion of risk management strategies and governance processes related to cybersecurity. Fiscal and Monetary Policies The Company’s business and earnings are affected significantly by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies. The Company is particularly affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which regulates the supply of money and credit in the United States. Among the instruments of monetary policy available to the Federal Reserve Board are (a) conducting open market operations in United States government securities, (b) changing the discount rates of borrowings of depository institutions, (c) imposing or changing reserve requirements against depository institutions’ deposits and (d) imposing or changing reserve requirements against certain borrowings by banks and their affiliates. These methods are used in varying degrees and combinations to directly affect the availability of bank loans and deposits, as well as the interest rates charged on loans and paid on deposits. The policies of the Federal Reserve Board may have a material effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Privacy Provisions of the GLB Act Federal banking regulators, as required under the GLB Act, have adopted rules limiting the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose nonpublic information about consumers to nonaffiliated third parties. The rules require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to nonaffiliated third parties. The privacy provisions of the GLB Act affect how consumer information is transmitted through diversified financial services companies and conveyed to outside vendors. Durbin Amendment The Durbin Amendment is part of the Dodd-Frank Act that limits transaction fees imposed upon merchants by debit card issuers. Interchange fees or "debit card swipe fees" are paid to banks by acquirers for the privilege of accepting payment cards. Federal Reserve Board rules applicable to financial institutions that have assets of $10 billion or more provide that the maximum permissible interchange
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Table of Contents fee for an electronic debit transaction is the sum of 21 cents per transaction and 5 basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction. An upward adjustment of no more than 1 cent to an issuer's debit card interchange fee is allowed if the card issuer develops and implements policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve certain fraud-prevention standards. The Federal Reserve Board also has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product. In October 2023, the Federal Reserve issued a proposal under which, if adopted, the maximum permissible interchange fee for an electronic debit transaction would be the sum of 14.4 cents per transaction and 4 basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction. Furthermore, the fraud-prevention adjustment would increase from a maximum of 1 cent to 1.3 cents. The proposal would, if adopted, adopt an approach for future adjustments to the interchange fee cap, which would occur every other year based on issuer cost data gathered by the Federal Reserve from large debit card issuers. The comment period for this proposal ended in May 2024, but the proposed changes have not been adopted and the extent to which any such proposed changes will impact the Company’s future revenues is currently uncertain. Anti-Money Laundering and the Patriot Act The USA Patriot Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”) facilitates the ability of U.S. law enforcement agencies and intelligence communities to work together to combat terrorism on a variety of fronts. The Patriot Act imposes significant compliance and due diligence obligations, specifies crimes and penalties and establishes the extra-territorial jurisdiction of the United States. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued a number of implementing regulations, which apply various requirements of the Patriot Act to financial institutions such as BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington. Those regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing, and have significant implications for depository institutions, brokers, dealers and other businesses involved in the transfer of money. The Patriot Act also requires federal bank regulators to evaluate the effectiveness of an applicant in combating money laundering in determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution, including causing applicable bank regulatory authorities not to approve merger or acquisition transactions when regulatory approval is required or to prohibit such transactions even if approval is not required. Regulatory authorities have imposed cease and desist orders and civil money penalties against institutions found to be violating these obligations. Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation The U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries and regimes, under authority of various laws, including designated foreign countries, nationals and others. OFAC publishes lists of specially designated targets and countries. Banking regulators examine banks for compliance with the economic sanctions regulations administered by OFAC. Financial institutions are responsible for, among other things, blocking accounts of, and transactions with, such targets and countries, prohibiting unlicensed trade and financial transactions with them and reporting blocked transactions after their occurrence. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious financial, legal and reputational consequences, including causing applicable bank regulatory authorities not to approve merger or acquisition transactions when regulatory approval is required or to prohibit such transactions even if approval is not required. Regulatory authorities have imposed cease and desist orders and civil money penalties against institutions found to be violating these obligations. Community Reinvestment Act The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (the “CRA”) requires depository institutions to assist in meeting the credit needs of their market areas consistent with safe and sound banking practices. Under the CRA, each depository institution is required to help meet the credit needs of its market areas by, among other things, providing credit to low- and moderate-income individuals and communities. Depository institutions are periodically examined for compliance with the CRA and are assigned ratings. In order for a financial holding company to commence any new activity permitted by the BHC Act, or to acquire any company engaged in any new activity permitted by the BHC Act, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have received a rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination under the CRA. Furthermore, banking regulations take into account the CRA rating when considering approval of a proposed transaction. During its last examination in 2024, a rating of “satisfactory” was received by BancFirst. During its last examination in 2024, a rating of “satisfactory” was received by Pegasus. During its last examination in 2025, a rating of "satisfactory" was received by Worthington. During its last examination in 2024, a rating of "satisfactory" was received by ABOK. On October 24, 2023, the OCC, the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC, issued a joint final rule to modernize the CRA regulatory framework. The final rule is intended, among other things, to adapt to changes in the banking industry, including the expanded role of mobile and online banking, and to tailor performance standards to account for differences in bank size and business models. The final rule introduces new tests under which the performance of banks with over $2 billion in assets will be assessed. The new rule also includes data collection and reporting requirements, some of which are applicable only to banks with over $10 billion in assets, such as
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Table of Contents 13 BancFirst. The new rule is the subject of pending litigation, in which the effectiveness of the new rule was stayed, and, on March 28, 2025, the OCC, the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC announced their intention to rescind the new rule. Consumer Laws and Regulations Banks and other financial institutions are subject to numerous laws and regulations intended to protect consumers in their transactions with banks. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act and these laws’ respective state-law counterparts, as well as state usury laws and laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices. These and other federal laws, among other things, require disclosures of the cost of credit and terms of deposit accounts, provide substantive consumer rights, prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, regulate the use of credit report information, provide financial privacy protections, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive practices, restrict the Company’s ability to raise interest rates and subject the Company to substantial regulatory oversight. Violations of applicable consumer protection laws can result in significant potential liability from litigation brought by customers, including actual damages, restitution and attorneys’ fees. Federal bank regulators, state attorneys general and state and local consumer protection agencies may also seek to enforce consumer protection requirements and obtain these and other remedies, including regulatory sanctions, customer rescission rights, action by the state and local attorneys general in each jurisdiction in which the Company operates and civil money penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in the Company’s failure to obtain any required bank regulatory approval for merger or acquisition transactions the Company may wish to pursue or its prohibition from engaging in such transactions even if approval is not required. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) is a federal agency responsible for implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer protection laws. The CFPB focuses on: • Risks to consumers and compliance with the federal consumer financial laws, when it evaluates the policies and practices of a financial institution. • The markets in which firms operate and risks to consumers posed by activities in those markets. • Depository institutions that offer a wide variety of consumer financial products and services. • Depository institutions with a more specialized focus. • Non-depository companies that offer one or more consumer financial products or services. The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks, including, among other things, the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. Abusive acts or practices are defined as those that materially interfere with a consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial product or service or take unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s (i) lack of financial savvy, (ii) inability to protect himself in the selection or use of consumer financial products or services, or (iii) reasonable reliance on a covered entity to act in the consumer’s interests. The CFPB can issue cease- and-desist orders against banks and other entities that violate consumer financial laws. The CFPB may also institute a civil action against an entity in violation of federal consumer financial law in order to impose a civil penalty or injunction. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks with more than $10 billion in assets, as well as their affiliates. Banking regulators take into account compliance with consumer protection laws when considering approval of a proposed transaction. In October 2024, the CFPB issued a final rule that requires a provider of payment accounts or products, such as a bank, to make data available to consumers, free upon request, regarding the products or services they obtain from the provider. Any such data provider is also required to make such data available to third parties, with the consumer’s express authorization and through an interface that satisfies formatting, performance, and security standards, for the purpose of such third parties providing the consumer with financial products or services requested by the consumer. Data required to be made available under the rule includes transaction information, account balance, account and routing numbers, terms and conditions, upcoming bill information, and certain account verification data. The final rule is intended to give consumers control over their financial data, including with whom it is shared, and encourage competition in the provision of consumer financial products or services. The rule is the subject of pending litigation, in which the rule has been stayed while the CFPB considers revisions to the rule. During 2025, the CFPB reduced its staff by over 80%. The reduction in force is the subject to litigation and the staffing cuts are currently stayed pending en banc rehearing of the case. The impact of these developments on banking organizations subject to CFPB regulation is uncertain.
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Table of Contents 14 Interstate Banking and Branching Under the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act (the “Riegle-Neal Act”), a bank holding company may acquire banks in states other than its home state, subject to any state requirement that the bank has been organized and operating for a minimum period of time, not to exceed five years, and the requirement that the bank holding company, prior to or following the proposed acquisition, control no more than 10% of the total amount of deposits of insured depository institutions nationwide and no more than 30% of such deposits in that state (or such amount as set by the state if such amount is lower than 30%). The Riegle-Neal Act also authorizes banks to merge across state lines, thereby creating interstate branches. Banks are also permitted to either acquire existing banks or to establish new branches in other states where authorized under the laws of those states. The Dodd- Frank Act also requires that a bank holding company or bank be well-capitalized and well-managed (rather than simply adequately capitalized and adequately managed) in order to take advantage of these interstate banking and branching provisions. The Volcker Rule The Volcker Rule under the Dodd-Frank Act restricts banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring hedge funds and private equity funds. The Volcker Rule does not significantly impact the operations of the Company. Depositor Preference The FDI Act provides that, in the event of the “liquidation or other resolution” of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution (including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors) and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution. If an insured depository institution fails, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution. Changes in Laws, Regulations or Policies Banking is a heavily regulated industry. Additional initiatives may be proposed or introduced before Congress and other government bodies in the future. Such proposals, if enacted, may further alter the structure, regulation and competitive relationship among financial institutions and may subject the Company to increased supervision and disclosure and reporting requirements. In addition, the various bank regulatory agencies often adopt new rules, regulations, and policies to implement and enforce existing legislation. It cannot be predicted whether, or in what form, any such legislation or regulatory changes in policy may be enacted or the extent to which the business of the Company would be affected thereby. State Regulation BancFirst is an Oklahoma-chartered state bank. Accordingly, BancFirst’s operations are subject to various requirements and restrictions of Oklahoma state law relating to loans, lending limits, interest rates payable on deposits, investments, mergers and acquisitions, borrowings, dividends, capital adequacy and other matters. However, Oklahoma banking law specifically empowers a state- chartered bank such as BancFirst to exercise the same powers as are conferred upon national banks by the laws of the United States and the regulations and policies of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, unless otherwise prohibited or limited by the Oklahoma Banking Commissioner or the Oklahoma State Banking Board. Accordingly, unless a specific provision of Oklahoma law otherwise provides, a state-chartered bank is empowered to conduct all activities that a national bank may conduct. Pegasus and Worthington are Texas-chartered state banks. Accordingly, their operations are subject to various requirements and restrictions of Texas state law relating to loans, lending limits, interest rates payable on deposits, investments, mergers and acquisitions, borrowings, dividends, capital adequacy and other matters. However, Texas banking law specifically empowers state-chartered banks such as Pegasus and Worthington to exercise the same powers as are conferred upon national banks by the laws of the United States and the regulations and policies of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, unless otherwise prohibited or limited by the Texas Banking Commissioner or the Texas Finance Commission. Accordingly, unless a specific provision of Texas law otherwise provides, a state- chartered bank is empowered to conduct all activities that a national bank may conduct. National banks are authorized by the GLB Act to engage, through “financial subsidiaries,” in any activity that is permissible for a financial holding company and any activity that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Federal Reserve Board, determines is financial in nature or incidental to any such financial activity, except (1) insurance underwriting, (2) real estate development or real estate investment activities (unless otherwise permitted by law), (3) insurance company portfolio investments and (4) merchant banking. The authority of a national bank to invest in a financial subsidiary is subject to a number of conditions, including,
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Table of Contents 15 among other things, requirements that the bank must be well managed and well capitalized (after deducting from the bank’s capital outstanding investments in financial subsidiaries). The GLB Act provides that state member banks, such as BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington, may invest in financial subsidiaries (assuming they have the requisite investment authority under applicable state law), subject to the same conditions that apply to national bank investments in financial subsidiaries. As a state member bank, BancFirst is subject to primary supervision, periodic examination and regulation by the Oklahoma Banking Department and the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, and Oklahoma law provides that BancFirst must maintain reserves against deposits as required by the FDI Act. The Oklahoma Banking Commissioner is authorized by statute to accept a Federal Reserve Bank examination in lieu of a state examination. In practice, the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City and the Oklahoma Banking Department alternate examinations of BancFirst. If, as a result of an examination of a bank, the Oklahoma Banking Department determines that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of the bank’s operations are unsatisfactory or that the management of the bank is violating or has violated any law or regulation, various remedies, including the remedy of injunction, are available to the Oklahoma Banking Department. Oklahoma law permits the acquisition of an unlimited number of wholly-owned bank subsidiaries so long as aggregate deposits at the time of acquisition in a multi-bank holding company do not exceed 20% of the total amount of deposits of insured depository institutions located in Oklahoma. As state member banks, Pegasus and Worthington are subject to primary supervision, periodic examination and regulation by the Texas Department of Banking and the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, and Texas law provides that Pegasus and Worthington must maintain reserves against deposits as required by the FDI Act. The Texas Department of Banking is authorized by statute to accept a Federal Reserve Bank examination in lieu of a state examination. In practice, the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas and the Texas Department of Banking alternate examinations. If, as a result of an examination of a bank, the Texas Department of Banking determines that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of the bank’s operations are unsatisfactory or that the management of the bank is violating or has violated any law or regulation, various remedies, including the remedy of injunction, are available to the Texas Department of Banking. In addition to the provisions of the GLB Act that authorize state member banks to invest in financial subsidiaries (assuming they have the requisite investment authority under applicable state law) on the same conditions that apply to national banks, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (“FDICIA”) provides that FDIC-insured state banks such as BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington may engage directly or through a subsidiary in certain activities that are not permissible for a national bank, if the activity is authorized by applicable state law, the FDIC determines that the activity does not pose a significant risk to the DIF and the bank is in compliance with its applicable capital standards. Fair Access to Financial Services In recent years, certain states have enacted or have proposed to enact statutes, regulations or policies that prohibit financial institutions from denying or canceling products or services to a person or business or otherwise discriminating against a person or business in making available products or services on the basis of certain political or social factors or activities. In August, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14331, “Guaranteeing Fair Bank Access for all Americans,” which states that it is the policy of the United States that no American should be denied access to financial services because of their constitutionally or statutorily protected beliefs, affiliations or political view. The executive order directs the Secretary of the Treasury and federal banking regulators to address politicized or unlawful debanking activities. Securities Laws The Company’s common stock is publicly held and listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, and the Company is subject to the periodic reporting, information, proxy solicitation, insider trading, corporate governance and other requirements and restrictions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder as well as listing requirements of the NASDAQ. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act includes provisions that affect corporate governance and executive compensation at most United States publicly traded companies, including the Company.
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Table of Contents 16 The Company is also subject to the accounting oversight and corporate governance requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, including: • required executive certification of financial presentation; • increased requirements for board audit committees and their members; • enhanced disclosures of controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting; • enhanced controls over, and reporting of, insider trading and • increased penalties for financial crimes and forfeiture of executive bonuses in certain circumstances. Available Information The Company maintains a website at www.bancfirst.bank. The Company provides copies of the most recently filed 10-K, 10-Q and proxy statements, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files the material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The website also provides links to the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov) where all of the Company’s filings with the SEC can be obtained immediately upon filing. You may also request a copy of the Company’s filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning the Company at the following address: BancFirst Corporation 100 N. Broadway Ave. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102 ATTENTION: Hannah Andrus Chief Financial Officer (405) 218-4174 1A. Risk Factors In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks that are inherent to the financial services industry. The following discusses some of the key inherent risk factors that could affect our business and operations. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we are facing. Other factors besides those discussed below or elsewhere in this report also could adversely affect our business and operations, and the risk factors discussed below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks that may affect us. Further, to the extent that any of the information contained in this report constitutes forward-looking statements, the risk factors set forth below also are cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us. Risks Related to Our Business Interest Rate Risks Fluctuations in interest rates could reduce our profitability. We realize income primarily from the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. We expect that we will periodically experience “gaps” in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities, meaning that either our interest-earning assets will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest-bearing liabilities, or vice versa. Changes in market interest rates could either positively or negatively affect our net interest income and our profitability, depending on the magnitude, direction and duration of the change. If interest rates decline, our net interest margin could experience compression. We are unable to predict fluctuations of market interest rates, which are affected by, among other factors, changes in inflation rates, economic growth, money supply, government debt, domestic and foreign financial markets and political developments, including terrorist acts and acts of war. Our asset-liability management strategy, which is designed to mitigate our risk from changes in market interest rates, may not be able to mitigate changes in interest rates from having a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
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Table of Contents 17 Credit and Lending Risks We may be adversely affected by declining crude oil and natural gas prices. As of December 31, 2025, the price per barrel of crude oil was approximately $61 down from $72 at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025, the price per million British thermal units of natural gas was approximately $4.25 up from $3.02 at December 31, 2024. If oil and natural gas prices drop below the marginal cost of production for an extended period, we would expect to experience weaker energy loan demand and increased losses within our energy portfolio. Furthermore, a prolonged period of low oil and natural gas prices could also have a negative impact on the energy producing economies and, in particular, the economies of states such as Oklahoma and Texas, where the energy industry is a significant driver of economic activity. Although as of December 31, 2025, oil and gas loans comprised 6.4% of our loan portfolio, the impact of lower oil and natural gas prices could have an indirect impact on our other loan portfolio segments, for example, commercial real estate (“CRE”). A substantial portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, in particular commercial real estate. Deterioration in the real estate markets could lead to losses, which could have a material negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Loans secured by real estate constitute a significant portion of our loan portfolio. At December 31, 2025, this percentage was approximately 71%. While our record of asset quality has historically been solid, we cannot guarantee that our record of asset quality will be maintained in future periods. The ability of our borrowers to repay their loans could be adversely impacted by a significant change in market conditions, which not only could result in our experiencing an increase in charge-offs, but also could necessitate increasing our provision for credit losses. In addition, because one to four family residential and commercial real estate loans represent the majority of our real estate loans outstanding, a decline in tenant occupancy due to such factors or for other reasons could adversely impact the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans on a timely basis, which could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities. A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If a significant number of customers fail to perform under their loans, our business, profitability and financial condition would be adversely affected. There are inherent risks associated with our lending activities. As a lender, we face the risk that a significant number of our borrowers will fail to pay their loans because of other factors, including the impact of changes in interest rates and changes in the economic conditions in the markets where we operate. If borrower defaults cause losses in excess of our allowance for credit losses, it could have an adverse effect on our business, profitability and financial condition. We have established an evaluation process designed to recognize credit losses as they occur. While this evaluation process uses historical and other objective information, the classification of loans and the estimation of credit losses are dependent to a great extent on our experience and judgment. If charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for credit losses, we will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for credit losses. Any increases in the allowance for credit losses will result in a decrease in net income and capital, and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” located elsewhere in this report for further discussion related to our process for determining the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses. We cannot assure you that our future credit losses will not have any material adverse effects on our business, profitability or financial condition.
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Table of Contents 18 External and Market-Related Risks Changes in economic conditions, especially in the State of Oklahoma, pose significant challenges for us and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our business is affected by conditions outside our control, including the rate of economic growth in general, the level of unemployment, increases in inflation and the level of interest rates. Economic conditions affect the level of demand for and the profitability of our products and services. A slowdown in the general economic activity, particularly in Oklahoma, could negatively impact our business. BancFirst operates exclusively within the State of Oklahoma and, unlike larger national or superregional banks that serve a broader and more diverse geographic region; BancFirst lending is also primarily concentrated in the State of Oklahoma. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows are subject to changes in the economic conditions in the State of Oklahoma. Our continued success is largely dependent upon the continued growth or stability of the communities we serve. A decline in the economies of these communities could negatively impact our net income and profitability. Additionally, declines in the economies of these communities and of the State of Oklahoma in general could affect our ability to generate new loans, receive repayments of existing loans and our ability to attract new deposits, adversely affecting our financial condition. Maintaining or increasing our market share depends on market acceptance and regulatory approval of new products and services. Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to adapt our products and services to evolving industry standards and consumer demand. There is increasing pressure on financial services companies to provide products and services at lower prices. In addition, the widespread adoption of new technologies, including Internet-based services, could require us to make substantial expenditures to modify or adapt our existing products or services. A failure to achieve market acceptance of any new products we introduce, or a failure to introduce products that the market may demand, could have an adverse effect on our business, profitability or growth prospects. Changes in consumer use of banks and changes in consumer spending and savings habits could adversely affect our financial results. Technology and other changes now allow many customers to complete financial transactions without using banks. For example, consumers can pay bills and transfer funds directly without going through a bank. This process of eliminating banks as intermediaries could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and income generated from those deposits. In addition, changes in consumer spending and savings habits could adversely affect our operations, and we may be unable to timely develop competitive new products and services in response to these changes. The soundness of other financial institutions could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth and profitability. Financial services institutions are interrelated because of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose our business to credit risk in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral we hold cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due to us. Any such losses could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Negative developments in the banking industry could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The bank failures and related negative media attention in early 2023 generated significant market trading volatility among publicly traded bank holding companies and, in particular, regional, as well as community banks like the Company. These developments negatively impacted customer confidence in regional and community banks that were not considered too big to fail, which prompted customers to move uninsured deposits to banks that are perceived as too big to fail. Further, competition for deposits increased and available yields similarly increased, causing non-interest-bearing deposits to move to interest-bearing deposits and off-balance sheet sweep accounts. If such movement is permanent, it will reduce our net interest margin going forward. The financial impact on the Company of ongoing market volatility, continued inflation and higher interest rates will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Competition with other financial institutions could adversely affect our profitability. We face vigorous competition from banks and other financial institutions, including savings and loan associations, savings banks, finance companies and credit unions. A portion of these banks and other financial institutions have substantially greater resources and lending limits, larger branch systems and other banking services that we do not offer. To a limited extent, we also compete with other providers of financial services, such as money market mutual funds, brokerage firms, consumer finance companies and insurance
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Table of Contents 19 companies. When new competitors seek to enter one of our markets, or when existing market participants seek to increase their market share, they sometimes undercut the pricing and/or credit terms prevalent in that market. This competition may reduce or limit our margins on banking and trust services, reduce our market share and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Failure to keep pace with technological change could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services, including products and services leveraging artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to better serving our customers, the effective use of technology increases our efficiency and enables us to reduce costs. Our future success will depend in part upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations as we continue to grow and expand our market area. Many of our larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. As a result, they may be able to offer additional or superior products to those that we will be able to offer, which would put us at a competitive disadvantage. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing such products and services to our customers. While the use of AI is not material to us at this time, we expect our use of AI and the effect of AI on our business to grow. Common risks around the use of AI in certain contexts may include cybersecurity, privacy, accuracy, bias/discrimination and intellectual property risks. Regulations may limit or restrict the use of AI, or impose additional compliance requirements that could increase costs or reduce the usability or effectiveness of our products and services. Compliance and Regulatory Risks We operate in a highly regulated environment and may be adversely affected by changes in federal and state laws and regulations. We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by federal and state banking authorities. Any change in applicable regulations or federal or state legislation could have a substantial impact on us and our results of operations. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies or supervisory guidance, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance could result in enforcement and other legal actions by federal or state authorities, including criminal and civil penalties, the loss of FDIC insurance, the revocation of a banking charter, other sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputational damage. In this regard, government authorities, including the bank regulatory agencies, are pursuing aggressive enforcement actions with respect to compliance and other legal matters involving financial activities, which heightens the risks associated with actual and perceived compliance failures. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The current presidential administration has sought to implement regulatory reform. Changes in the regulatory environment for the banking industry, including rule-making, supervision, examination, enforcement and other executive and legislative changes add uncertainty, including timing and scope of potential changes. Additional changes in fiscal, monetary or regulatory policy may have adverse consequences including impacts to the labor market, tariffs and inflation which may impact our financial performance. See the section captioned “Supervision and Regulation” included in Item 1. Business, located elsewhere in this report. Changes in monetary policies may have an adverse effect on our business. Our results of operations are affected by credit policies of monetary authorities, particularly the Federal Reserve Board. Actions by monetary and fiscal authorities, including the Federal Reserve Board, could have an adverse effect on our deposit levels, loan demand or business earnings. See “Item 1 - Business-Supervision and Regulation.” Our profitability is greatly dependent upon our earning a positive interest spread between our loan and securities portfolio, and our funding deposits and borrowings. Changes in the level of interest rates, a prolonged unfavorable interest rate environment or a decrease in our level of deposits that increases our cost of funds could negatively affect our profitability and financial condition.
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Table of Contents 20 Acquisition Related Risk There can be no assurance that the integration of our acquisitions will be successful or will not result in unforeseen difficulties that may absorb significant management attention. Our completed acquisitions, or any future acquisition, may not produce the revenue, cost savings, earnings or synergies that we anticipated. The process of integrating acquired companies into our business may also result in unforeseen difficulties. Unforeseen operating difficulties may absorb significant management attention, which we might otherwise devote to our existing business. Also, the process may require significant financial resources that we might otherwise allocate to other activities, including the ongoing development or expansion of our existing operations. Additionally, we may be exposed to potential asset quality issues or unknown or contingent liabilities of the banks, businesses, assets and liabilities we acquire. If these issues or liabilities exceed our estimates, our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected. If we pursue a future acquisition, our management could spend a significant amount of time and effort identifying and completing the acquisition. If we make a future acquisition, we could issue equity securities, which would dilute current stockholders’ percentage ownership, incur substantial debt, assume contingent liabilities and be required to record an impairment of goodwill or any combination of the foregoing. Liquidity Risk We are subject to liquidity risk. Liquidity is the ability to fund increases in assets and meet obligations as they come due, all without incurring unacceptable losses. Banks are especially vulnerable to liquidity risk because of their role in the transformation of demand or short-term deposits into longer- term loans or other extensions of credit. We, like other financial-services companies, rely to a significant extent on external sources of funding (such as deposits and borrowings) for the liquidity needed in the conduct of our business. A number of factors beyond our control, however, could have a detrimental impact on the level or cost of that funding and thus on our liquidity. These include market disruptions, changes in our credit ratings or the sentiment of our investors, the loss of substantial deposit relationships and reputational damage. Unexpected declines or limits on the dividends declared and paid by our subsidiaries also could adversely affect our liquidity position. While our policies and controls are designed to ensure that we maintain adequate liquidity to conduct our business in the ordinary course even in a stressed environment, there can be no assurance that our liquidity position will never become compromised. In such an event, we may be required to sell assets at a loss in order to continue our operations. This could damage the performance and value of our business, prompt regulatory intervention and harm our reputation, and if the condition were to persist for any appreciable period of time, our viability as a going concern could be threatened. See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Liquidity Risk” in Part II, Item 7A for a discussion of how we monitor and manage liquidity risk. Operational Risks Our accounting estimates and risk-management processes may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss. We maintain an enterprise risk-management program that is designed to identify, quantify, monitor, report and control the risks that it faces. These include interest-rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, reputational risk and compliance and litigation risk. While we assess and improve this program on an ongoing basis, there can be no assurance that its approach and framework for risk- management and related controls will effectively mitigate risk and limit losses in our business. To comply with generally accepted accounting principles, management must sometimes exercise judgment in selecting, determining and applying accounting methods, assumptions and estimates. This can arise, for example, in determining the allowance for credit losses or the fair value of assets or liabilities. The judgments required of management can involve difficult, subjective, or complex matters with a high degree of uncertainty, and several different judgments could be reasonable under the circumstances and yet result in significantly different results being reported. See “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part II, Item 7. If management’s judgments later prove to have been inaccurate, we may experience unexpected losses that could be substantial.
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Table of Contents 21 Additionally, the processes we use to estimate our expected credit losses and to measure the fair value of financial instruments, as well as the processes used to estimate the effects of changing interest rates and other market measures on our financial condition and results of operations, depends upon the use of analytical and forecasting models. These models reflect assumptions that may not be accurate, particularly in times of market stress or other unforeseen circumstances. Even if these assumptions are adequate, the models may prove to be inadequate or inaccurate because of other flaws in their design or their implementation. If the models we use for interest rate risk and asset-liability management are inadequate, we may incur increased or unexpected losses upon changes in market interest rates or other market measures. If the models we use for determining our probable credit losses are inadequate, the allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to support future charge-offs. If the models we use to measure the fair value of financial instruments are inadequate, the fair value of such financial instruments may fluctuate unexpectedly or may not accurately reflect what we could realize upon sale or settlement of such financial instruments. Any such failure in our analytical or forecasting models could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Technological advances in payment processing is expected to negatively impact our interchange revenue. Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are charges that merchants pay to the processors who, in turn, share that revenue with us and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. Rapid, significant technological changes continue to confront the payments industry. Technological advances and the growth of e-commerce have made it possible for non-depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally were banking products, and for financial institutions and other companies to provide electronic and internet-based financial solutions for processing electronic payment transactions. These include developments in smart cards, e-commerce, mobile and radio frequency and proximity payment devices, such as contactless cards. Ongoing or increased competition in payment processing may restrict our ability to generate interchange revenue in the future. For the year ended December 31, 2025, debit card interchange revenue represented 13.6% of our noninterest income. Consumer protection laws and the Durbin Amendment may reduce our noninterest income. We are subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern our relationship with our customers. The Dodd-Frank Act established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") with powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions, including the authority to prohibit "unfair, deceptive or abusive acts and practices.” The CFPB also has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets for certain designated consumer laws and regulations. The other federal banking agencies enforce such consumer laws and regulations for banks and savings institutions under $10 billion in assets. These and other federal laws, among other things, require disclosures of the cost of credit and terms of deposit accounts, provide substantive consumer rights, prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, regulate the use of credit report information, provide financial privacy protections, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive practices and restrict our ability to raise interest rates and charge non-sufficient funds ("NSF") fees. A significant portion of our noninterest income is derived from service charge income, including NSF fees, which represented 15.8% of our noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2025. Violations of applicable consumer protection laws could result in enforcement actions and significant potential liability from litigation brought by customers, including actual damages, restitution and attorneys’ fees. In addition, we are subject to political pressures that could limit our ability to charge NSF and overdraft fees. In addition, the Durbin Amendment is a provision in the larger Dodd-Frank Act that gave the Federal Reserve the authority to establish rates on debit card transactions. The Durbin Amendment aims to control debit card interchange fees and restrict anti-competitive practices. The law applies to banks with over $10 billion in assets, such as the Company, and limits these banks on what they charge for debit card interchange fees. We have businesses other than banking. In addition to commercial banking services, we provide property and casualty and other insurance products, as well as other business and financial services. We may in the future develop or acquire other non-banking businesses. As a result of other such businesses, our earnings could be subject to risks and uncertainties that are different from those to which our commercial banking services are subject. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of
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Table of Contents new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our information systems may experience an interruption or breach in security. We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. Information security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents may include, but are not limited to, attempts to access information, including customer and company information, malicious code, computer viruses and denial of service attacks that could result in unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction of data (including confidential customer information), account takeovers, unavailability of service or other events. These types of threats may derive from human error, fraud or malice on the part of external or internal parties, or may result from accidental technological failure. Further, to access our products and services our customers may use computers and mobile devices that are beyond our security control systems. Our technologies, systems, networks and software and those of other financial institutions have been, and are likely to continue to be, the target of cybersecurity threats and attacks, which may range from uncoordinated individual attempts to sophisticated and targeted measures directed at us. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, has increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our business requires the collection and retention of large volumes of customer data, including personally identifiable information in various information systems that we maintain and in those maintained by third parties with whom we contract to provide data services. We also maintain important internal company data such as personally identifiable information about our employees and information relating to our operations. The integrity and protection of that customer and company data is important to us. Our collection of such customer and company data is subject to extensive regulation and oversight, which may increase in complexity and extent in the future. Our customers and employees have been, and will continue to be, targeted by parties using fraudulent e-mails and other communications in attempts to misappropriate passwords, bank account information or other personal information or to introduce viruses or other malware through “Trojan horse” programs to our information systems and/or our customers' computers. Though we endeavor to mitigate these threats through product improvements, use of encryption and authentication technology and customer and employee education, such cyber-attacks against us or our merchants and our third party service providers remain a serious issue. The pervasiveness of cybersecurity incidents in general and the risks of cybercrime are complex and continue to evolve. More generally, publicized information concerning security and cyber-related problems could inhibit the use or growth of electronic or web-based applications or solutions as a means of conducting commercial transactions. Although we make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our information systems and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because attempted security breaches, particularly cyber-attacks and intrusions, or disruptions will occur in the future, and because the techniques used in such attempts are constantly evolving and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not to be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is virtually impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk. While we maintain specific “cyber” insurance coverage, which would apply in the event of various breach scenarios, the amount of coverage may not be adequate in any particular case. Furthermore, because cyber threat scenarios are inherently difficult to predict and can take many forms, some breaches may not be covered under our cyber insurance coverage. A security breach or other significant disruption of our information systems or those related to our customers, merchants and our third party vendors, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could (i) disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations and/or those of certain of our customers; (ii) result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or our customers; (iii) result in a violation of applicable privacy, data breach and other laws, subjecting us to additional regulatory scrutiny and expose us to civil litigation, enforcement action, governmental fines and possible financial liability; (iv) require significant management attention and resources to remedy the damages that result; or (v) harm our reputation or cause a decrease in the number of customers that choose to do business with us. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Associated with Our Common Stock The trading volume in our common stock is less than that of other larger financial services companies. Although our common stock is listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the trading volume in our common stock is generally less than that of other, larger financial services companies. A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends on the presence in the marketplace of willing buyers and sellers of our common stock at any given time. This presence depends on the individual decisions of investors and general economic and market conditions over which we
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Table of Contents 23 have no control. Given the lower trading volume of our common stock, significant sales of our common stock, or the expectation of these sales, could cause our stock price to fall. We may not continue to pay dividends on our common stock in the future. We have historically paid a common stock dividend. However, as a bank holding company, our ability to declare and pay dividends is dependent on certain federal regulatory considerations, including the guidelines of the Federal Reserve Board regarding capital adequacy and dividends. Additionally, our ability to declare or pay dividends on our common stock may also be subject to certain restrictions in the event that we elect to defer the payment of interest on our junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures. There can be no certainty that our common dividend will continue to be paid at the current levels. It is possible that our common dividend could be reduced or even cease to be paid. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and investors may lose all or part of their investment. Our directors and executive officers own a significant portion of our common stock and can influence stockholder decisions. Our directors and executive officers, as a group, beneficially owned 31% of our outstanding common stock as of January 31, 2026. As a result of their ownership, the directors and executive officers have the ability for all practical purposes, by voting their shares in concert, to control the outcome of any matter submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, which requires only a majority vote. The directors and executive officers may vote to cause us to take actions with which our other stockholders do not agree. Our amended certificate of incorporation, as well as certain provisions of banking law and Oklahoma corporate law, could make it difficult for a third party to acquire our company. Oklahoma corporate law and our amended certificate of incorporation contain provisions that could delay, deter or prevent a change in control of our management or us. Together, these provisions may discourage transactions that otherwise could provide for the payment of a premium over prevailing market prices of our common stock, and also could limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. Additionally, provisions of federal banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be perceived to be beneficial to our stockholders. These provisions effectively inhibit a non-negotiated merger or other business combination, which, in turn, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit. Our common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. Investment in our common stock inherently involves risk for the reasons described in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this report and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock in any company. As a result, if you acquire our common stock, you could lose some or all of your investment. Our stock price can be volatile. Stock price volatility may make it more difficult for you to resell your common stock when you want and at prices you find attractive. Our stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors including, among other things: actual or anticipated variations in quarterly results of operations; recommendations by securities analysts; operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us; news reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services industry; perceptions in the marketplace regarding us and/or our competitors; new technology used, or services offered by competitors; significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors; failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions; changes in government regulations; and geopolitical conditions such as acts or threats of terrorism or military conflicts. General market fluctuations, industry factors and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes or credit loss trends, could also cause our stock price to decrease regardless of our operating results.
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Table of Contents 24 General Risk Factors We rely on certain external vendors. We are reliant upon certain external vendors to provide products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations. These third party vendors are sources of operational and informational security risk to us, including risks associated with operational errors, information system interruptions or breaches and unauthorized disclosures of sensitive or confidential client or customer information. If these vendors encounter any of these issues, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, we could be exposed to disruption of operations, loss of service or connectivity to customers, reputational damage and enforcement and litigation risk that could have a material adverse effect on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations. Changes in accounting standards could impact our consolidated financial statements and reported earnings. Accounting standard-setting bodies, such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards that affect the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. These changes are beyond our control and could have a meaningful impact on our consolidated financial statements. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. Any inability to provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud could harm our business. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires management and our auditors to evaluate and assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. These requirements may be modified, supplemented or amended from time to time. Implementing these changes may take a significant amount of time and may require specific compliance training of our personnel. We have in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of our internal control over financial reporting that need improvement. If our auditors or we discover a material weakness, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the market’s confidence in our consolidated financial statements and have an adverse effect on our stock price. We may not be able to effectively and timely implement necessary control changes and employee training to ensure continued compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other regulatory and reporting requirements. Our historic growth and our expansion through acquisitions present challenges to maintaining the internal control and disclosure control standards applicable to public companies. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and sanctions, our ability to recognize revenue could be impaired and investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports. We cannot assure you that we will continue to fully comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or that management or our auditors will conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective in future periods. We may need to raise additional capital in the future, and such capital may not be available when needed or at all. We may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs, particularly if our asset quality or earnings were to deteriorate significantly. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control and our financial performance. Economic conditions and the loss of confidence in financial institutions may increase our cost of funding and limit access to certain customary sources of capital, including inter-bank borrowings, repurchase agreements and borrowings from the discount window of the Federal Reserve Board. We cannot assure that such capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of debt purchasers, depositors or counterparties participating in the capital markets, or a downgrade of our debt ratings, may adversely affect our capital costs and our ability to raise capital and, in turn, our liquidity. Moreover, if we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when many other financial institutions are also seeking to raise capital, and we would have to compete with those institutions for investors. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a materially adverse effect on our businesses, financial condition and results of operations. We rely heavily on our management team, and the unexpected loss of key managers may adversely affect our operations. Our success to-date has been strongly influenced by our ability to attract and to retain senior management experienced in banking and financial services. Our ability to retain executive officers and the current management teams of each of our lines of business will continue to be important to the successful implementation of our strategies. We do not have employment or non-compete agreements with these key employees. The unexpected loss of services of any key management personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.
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Table of Contents 25 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 1C. Cybersecurity. The Company recognizes the critical importance of maintaining the safety and security of its systems to protect its customers, maintain its reputation, and preserve the value of the Company and data and therefore have an enterprise-wide risk management framework for overseeing and managing cybersecurity and related risks. The process is supported by both management and its Board of Directors. The Company relies heavily on sensitive information to run daily operations and deliver products and services. To protect the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of sensitive information and sensitive infrastructure, the Board of Directors requires the Company develop and implement a comprehensive Information Security Program, which focuses on the confidentiality, availability and security of information and systems. The Information Security Program defines the strategy that the Company uses to protect and secure its systems and media that process and maintain sensitive information. The program details the governance, management, operations, and assurance of the program, and seeks to identify, prevent and mitigate cyber threats and to respond effectively to cyber threats when they occur. The cybersecurity function, is led by the Company's Chief Information Officer ("CIO"), who reports to The Company's Chief Operating Officer ("COO"). The Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") reports to the CIO and generally is responsible for management of cybersecurity risk and the protection and defense of the Company's networks and systems. The CISO manages a team of cybersecurity professionals with broad experience and expertise, including threat assessments and detection, mitigation technologies, cybersecurity training, incident response, insider threats and regulatory compliance. The Company has not, as of the date of this Form 10-K, experienced a cybersecurity threat or incident that resulted in a material adverse impact to its business or operations. Nevertheless, there are no assurances the Company will not experience such an incident in the future. Such incidents, whether or not successful, could result in the Company incurring significant costs related to, for example, rebuilding its internal systems, implementing additional threat protection measures, defending against litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages, risk of customers moving relationships with the Company to another institution, or taking other remedial steps with respect to third parties, as well as incurring significant reputational harm. Board Oversight Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our enterprise risk management activities in general, and each of our Board committees assists the Board in the role of risk oversight. The full Board receives an update on the Company’s risk management process and the risk trends related to cybersecurity at least annually and receive reports on incidents that exceed certain thresholds and updates on responses thereto. The Information Security Committee is directly responsible for oversight of risks related to cybersecurity. The Board receives reports on information security and cybersecurity from the Information Security Committee at least four times a year. Risk Management and Strategy The Company continuously seeks to identify threats, vulnerabilities, and cybersecurity risks on information assets. Threats are identified through experience, regulatory alerts, information sharing, third party vendors, internal and external security assessments, and industry periodicals. The risk assessment process identifies areas that are required to be protected and determine if adequate controls are used to safeguard the Company against threats and vulnerabilities. Adjustments required to adhere to regulatory changes are a regular function of the assessment process as well as changes to technologies, processes, and other factors. From the analyses, any additional controls are identified, prioritized and implemented. Security Controls and Continuous Monitoring Security controls and design are critical to mitigating risks. The Company works to protect its computing environments and products from cybersecurity threats through multi-layered defenses and applies lessons learned from its defense and monitoring efforts to help prevent future attacks. The Company utilizes data analytics to detect anomalies and monitor for possible cyber threats. The Company's Cybersecurity Operations Center provides comprehensive cyber threat detection and response capabilities and maintains a
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Table of Contents 26 24x7 monitoring system which complements the technology, processes and threat detection techniques the Company uses to monitor, manage and mitigate cybersecurity threats. From time to time, the Company engages third party consultants or other advisors to assist in assessing, identifying and/or managing cybersecurity threats. The Company's Internal Audit function also conducts information technology and cybersecurity reviews and assessments. Threat Intelligence The Company considers threat intelligence from third party sources to strengthen systems and network preparedness for cybersecurity risks. The Company uses associations, such as the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center ("FS-ISAC"), to stay informed of threat information. Third Party Risk Assessments The Company conducts information security assessments before sharing or allowing the hosting of sensitive data in computing environments managed by third parties, and its standard terms and conditions contain contractual provisions requiring certain security protections. Incident Response and Recovery Planning The Company has established comprehensive incident response and recovery plans and continues to regularly test and evaluate the effectiveness of those plans. The Company's incident response and recovery plans address and guide its employees, management and the Board on its response to a cybersecurity incident. Training and Awareness The Company provides awareness training to its employees to help identify, avoid and mitigate cybersecurity threats. All employees with network access participate annually in required training, including spear phishing and other awareness training. The Company also periodically conducts walkthrough exercises with management and other employees to practice cyber incident response. Item 2. Properties. The principal offices of the Company are located at 100 North Broadway Ave., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102. The Company owns substantially all of the properties and buildings in which its various offices and facilities are located. These properties include the main bank and 104 additional BancFirst branches in Oklahoma. The Company also owns properties in Oklahoma for future expansion. There are no significant encumbrances on any of these properties. The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Pegasus has three banking locations in Dallas, Texas. The main bank is located at 4515 W Mockingbird Ln, Dallas, TX 75209. The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Worthington has one banking location in Arlington, Texas, one in Colleyville, Texas, one in Denton, Texas and two in Fort Worth, Texas. The main bank is located at 200 W Main St, Arlington, TX 76010. At December 31, 2025, the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, ABOK had six banking locations in communities located in northeast Oklahoma. The main bank was located at 200 E Main St, Collinsville, OK 74021. (See Note 6 - “Premises and Equipment, Net and Other Assets” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s properties). Item 3. Legal Proceedings. The Company has been named as a defendant in various legal actions arising from the conduct of its normal business activities. Although the amount of any liability that could arise with respect to these actions cannot be accurately predicted, in the opinion of the Company, any such liability will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
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Table of Contents 27 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. None. PART II Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Common Stock Market Prices and Dividends The Company’s Common Stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market System (“NASDAQ/GS”) and is traded under the symbol “BANF”. As of January 31, 2026, there were 271 holders of record of our Common Stock, which does not include stockholders whose shares are held in nominee or “street name”. Future dividend payments will be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors in light of the earnings and financial condition of the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington, their capital needs, applicable governmental policies and regulations and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems appropriate. BancFirst Corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from BancFirst, Pegasus and Worthington, and its ability to pay dividends is substantially dependent upon dividend payments received from BancFirst. Various laws, regulations and regulatory policies limit BancFirst’s ability to pay dividends to BancFirst Corporation, as well as BancFirst Corporation’s ability to pay dividends to its stockholders. See “Liquidity and Funding” and “Capital Resources” under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Item 1 - Business-Supervision and Regulation.” and Note (15) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding limitations on the payment of dividends by BancFirst Corporation and BancFirst. Stock Repurchases The Company has adopted a Stock Repurchase Program (the “SRP”). The SRP may be used as a means to increase earnings per share and return on equity. In addition, the SRP may be used to purchase treasury stock for the issuance of stock related to stock-based compensation plans, to provide liquidity for optionees to dispose of stock from exercises of their stock options and to provide liquidity for stockholders wishing to sell their stock. All shares repurchased under the SRP have been retired and not held as treasury stock. The timing, price and amount of stock repurchases under the SRP may be determined by management and approved by the Company’s Executive Committee. At December 31, 2025, up to 479,784 shares could be repurchased under the Stock Repurchase Program. The amount approved is subject to amendment. The Stock Repurchase Program will remain in effect until all shares are repurchased. No purchases were made by or on behalf of the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2025. Equity Compensation Plan Information Information regarding stock-based compensation awards outstanding and available for future grants as of December 31, 2025 is presented in the table below. All of the Company’s stock-based compensation plans have been approved by the Company’s stockholders. Additional information regarding stock-based compensation plans is presented in Note (13) – Stock-Based Compensation in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data located elsewhere in this report. (a) (b) (c) Plan Category Number of Securitiesto be Issued UponExercise ofOutstanding Options,Warrants and Rights Weighted AverageExercise Price ofOutstandingOptions, Warrantsand Rights Number of SecuritiesRemaining Available forFuture Issuance UnderEquity Compensation Plans(Excluding SecuritiesReflected in Column(a)) Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 1,018,771 $ 61.83 455,503 Performance Graph The Company’s performance graph is incorporated by reference from “Performance Graph” contained on the last page of this 10-K report.
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Table of Contents 28 Item 6. [Reserved]
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Table of Contents 29 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following discussion and analysis presents factors that the Company believes are relevant to an assessment and understanding of the Company’s financial position and results of operations for the three years ended December 31, 2025. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and the selected consolidated financial data included herein. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS The Company may make forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 with respect to earnings, credit quality, corporate objectives, interest rates and other financial and business matters. Forward-looking statements include estimates and give management’s current expectations or forecasts of future events. The Company cautions readers that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, including economic conditions; the performance of financial markets and interest rates; legislative and regulatory actions and reforms; competition; as well as other factors, all of which change over time. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, capital structure and other financial items; (ii) statements of plans, objectives and expectations, including those relating to products or services; (iii) statements of future economic performance; and (iv) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Words such as “believes”, “anticipates”, “expects”, “intends”, “targeted”, “continue”, “remain”, “will”, “should”, “may” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: • The effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and other accounting standard setters. • Changes in fiscal, monetary or regulatory policy may have adverse consequences including impacts to the labor market, tariffs and inflation which may impact our financial performance. • Changes in the regulatory environment for the banking industry, including rule-making, supervision, examination and enforcement. • The increased time, effort and staffing needs related to ongoing and/or changed regulations from regulatory bodies could negatively impact noninterest expense. • Local, regional, national and international economic conditions, including the effect of a government shutdown, and the impact they may have on the Company and its customers. • Inflation, including wage inflation, energy prices, securities markets and monetary fluctuations. • Changes in oil and gas commodity prices and the potential impact to the related loan portfolio as well as the overall impact to the regional economic environment. • Changes in interest rates. • Potential impacts of adverse developments in the banking industry that could impact customer confidence. • Further shift in deposit mix from noninterest-bearing deposits to interest-bearing deposits could negatively impact net interest margin. • Changes in the financial performance and/or condition of the Company’s borrowers, including the impact of higher interest rates. • Changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits. • Changes in the mix of loan sectors and types or the level of non-performing assets and charge-offs.
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Table of Contents 30 • Deterioration in the market for commercial office property could have an adverse effect on the value of the Company's other real estate owned as well as commercial office collateral for the Company's commercial real estate loans. • Impairment of the Company’s goodwill or other intangible assets. • Technological changes, fintech competition and disruption to the traditional banking systems, including emerging regulation around stablecoins, blockchain technology in payment networks and market acceptance of digital assets. • Cyber threats. • The Company’s success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items. Actual results may differ materially from forward-looking statements. SUMMARY The Company’s net income for 2025 was $240.6 million, or $7.11 per diluted share, compared to $216.4 million, or $6.44 per diluted share for 2024. In 2025, net interest income increased to $490.5 million, compared to $446.9 million in 2024. Higher loan volume and growth in other earning assets were the primary drivers of the change in net interest income. The Company’s net interest margin increased to 3.74% for 2025 compared to 3.73% for 2024. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $5.7 million in 2025 compared to $9.0 million in 2024. The Company's provision for credit losses decreased in 2025 primarily due to the lower loss rates experienced in more recent periods and the impact on the vintage loss analysis. Noninterest income totaled $200.1 million in 2025 compared to $184.6 million in 2024. The increase in noninterest income was partially due to a gain on the sale of Visa B-1 stock of $4.5 million. In addition, trust revenue, treasury income, sweep fees and insurance commissions each increased during the year. Noninterest expense was $379.8 million in 2025 compared to $347.2 million in 2024. Higher noninterest expenses in 2025 were primarily related to growth in salaries and employee benefits of $14.0 million related to annual merit increases and new hires. Also contributing to noninterest expense was an increase in net expense from other real estate owned of $7.4 million, which largely consisted of an increase in write-downs of other real estate of $4.1 million, other real estate expense of $1.8 million and a decrease in loss on sales of $1.5 million. Data processing expense increased $1.1 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The Company’s assets at year-end 2025 totaled $14.8 billion, an increase of $1.3 billion from December 31, 2024. Loans grew $511.5 million from December 31, 2024, totaling $8.5 billion at December 31, 2025. Deposits totaled $12.7 billion at December 31, 2025 an increase of $951.8 million from December 31, 2024. Off-balance-sheet sweep accounts totaled $4.9 billion at December 31, 2025, down $262.6 million from December 31, 2024. The Company’s total stockholders’ equity totaled $1.9 billion at December 31, 2025. Asset quality was strong through the year. Nonaccrual loans of $61.1 million representing 0.72% of total loans at December 31, 2025 relatively unchanged from $58.0 million or 0.72% of total loans at December 31, 2024. The allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.22% at December 31, 2025, down slightly from 1.24% at December 31, 2024. Net charge-offs were $8.5 million for the year, compared to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note (2) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure regarding the Company’s recent developments, including mergers and acquisitions. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note (1) to the consolidated financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States inherently involves the use of estimates and assumptions, which affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the related disclosures. These estimates
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Table of Contents 31 relate principally to the allowance for credit losses, income taxes, intangible assets and the fair value of financial instruments. Such estimates and assumptions may change over time and actual amounts realized may differ from those reported. The following is a summary of the accounting policies and estimates that management believes are the most critical. Allowance for Credit losses The Company determines its provision for credit losses and allowance for credit losses using the current expected credit loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The allowance for credit losses is increased by provisions charged to operating expense and is reduced by net loan charge-offs. The amount of the allowance for credit losses is measured using relevant information about past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. To estimate expected losses using historical loss information, the Company elected to utilize a methodology known as vintage loss analysis. Vintage loss analysis measures impairment based on the age of the accounts and the historical performance of assets with similar risk characteristics. Vintage loss analysis determines expected losses by allowing the Company to calculate the cumulative loss rates of a given loan pool and, in so doing, determine the loan pool’s lifetime expected loss experience relative to the appropriate type of financial assets that share similar risk characteristics. Vintage loss analysis uses different “vintages” analyzed by year of origination through the weighted average maturity of each loan pool. The key quantitative inputs used in the Company’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses include 1) all available loan data tracked by year of origination, 2) total charge-offs for each specific loan pool recorded since year of origination, 3) recovery rate calculated by the average recovery over the previous seven years across all loan pools and 4) a weighting factor biased to more recent loss experience. The quantitative expected credit loss is calculated by dividing each year’s net charge-offs by the original balance. The respective vintage’s original balance remains the denominator in each annual calculation, as it references the specific vintage’s initial balance. The loss experience of this original balance is tracked annually and summed over the life of the loan for each separate loan pool, leaving a cumulative life of credit loss rate based on historic averages weighted towards more recent loss experience. These key quantitative inputs change from period to period as new loans are originated and charge-offs and recoveries are recognized. The recovery rate is revised on an annual basis, taking into consideration the most recent seven years. The weighting factor percentages remain static; however, the most recent year receives the highest weighting percentage. The Senior Loan Committee (“the SLC”) approves qualitative adjustments for each loan pool. In approving the qualitative adjustments, they consider several factors, including external economic information, peer bank comparisons and experience with the loan portfolio, among others. The SLC also considers other current conditions adjustments and reasonable and supportable forecasts derived from third party information, primarily Moody’s Analytics economic scenarios. To determine the appropriateness of the economic scenarios, the Company uses judgment and statistical analysis which correlates charge-off history to the economic scenarios. The Company then forecasts future loss expectations based on the selected economic scenarios over the next 12 months, which is driven by management’s judgment of a reasonable and supportable forecast period, to arrive at an estimated qualitative adjustment attributable to economic forecasts. For periods beyond which the Company is able to make or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of expected credit losses, the Company reverts to historical loss information. In some cases, management may determine a loan to be collateral dependent. A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Company's assessment as of the reporting date and the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans, the standard allows institutions to use, as a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral to measure current expected credit losses on collateral-dependent financial assets. This amount is included in the allowance for credit losses. Each quarter the SLC reviews the aggregate allowance. In addition, annually or more frequently as needed, the SLC evaluates the qualitative adjustments used in the allowance based on the information described above. To facilitate the SLC’s evaluation, the Asset Quality Department performs periodic reviews of business units and reports on the adequacy of management’s identification of collateral- dependent and adversely classified loans and their adherence to loan policies and procedures.
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Table of Contents 32 The process of evaluating the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses necessarily involves the exercise of judgment and consideration of numerous subjective factors and, accordingly, there can be no assurance that the estimate of expected losses will not change in light of future developments and economic conditions. Changes in assumptions and conditions could result in a materially different amount for the allowance for credit losses. Income Taxes The Company files a consolidated income tax return. Deferred taxes are recognized under the balance sheet method based upon the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using the tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the periods when the related temporary differences are expected to be realized. The amount of accrued current and deferred income taxes is based on estimates of taxes due or receivable from taxing authorities either currently or in the future. Changes in these accruals are reported as income tax expense or benefits, and involve estimates of the various components included in determining taxable income, tax credits, other taxes and temporary differences. Changes periodically occur in the estimates due to changes in tax rates, tax laws and regulations and implementation of new tax planning strategies. The process of determining the accruals for income taxes necessarily involves the exercise of considerable judgment and consideration of numerous subjective factors. Management performs an analysis of the Company’s tax positions annually and believes it is more likely than not that all of its tax positions will be utilized in future years. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Core deposit intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of seven to ten years and customer relationship intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of three to eighteen years. Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated at a reporting unit level at least annually for impairment or more frequently if other indicators of impairment are present. At least annually in the fourth quarter, intangible assets, are evaluated for possible impairment. Impairment losses are measured by comparing the fair values of the intangible assets with their recorded amounts. Any impairment losses are reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The evaluation of remaining core deposit intangibles for possible impairment involves reassessing the useful lives and the recoverability of the intangible assets. The evaluation of the useful lives is performed by reviewing the levels of core deposits of the respective branches acquired. The actual life of a core deposit base may be longer than originally estimated due to more successful retention of customers, or may be shorter due to more rapid runoff. Amortization of core deposit intangibles would be adjusted, if necessary, to amortize the remaining net book values over the remaining lives of the core deposits. The evaluation for recoverability is only performed if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the intangibles may not be recoverable. The evaluation of goodwill for possible impairment is performed by comparing the fair values of the related reporting units with their carrying amounts including goodwill. The fair values of the related reporting units are estimated using market data for prices of recent acquisitions of banks and branches. The evaluation of intangible assets and goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 resulted in no impairments. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Debt securities that are being held for indefinite periods of time, or that may be sold as part of the Company’s asset/liability management strategy, to provide liquidity or for other reasons, are classified as available for sale and are stated at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on debt securities available for sale are reported as a component of stockholders’ equity, net of income tax. The Company reviews its portfolio of debt securities in an unrealized loss position at least quarterly. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell, the securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value as a current period expense. If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers, among other things, the performance of any underlying collateral and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. At December 31, 2025 97.2% of the available for sale debt securities held by the Company were issued by the U.S. Treasury, or U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies. The Company does not consider the unrealized position of these securities to be the result of credit factors, because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in
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Table of Contents 33 interest rates and illiquidity, and not credit quality, and the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is unlikely that it will be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery. Therefore, the Company has not recorded an allowance for credit losses against its debt securities portfolio, as the credit risk is not material. The estimates of fair values of debt securities and other financial instruments are based on a variety of factors. In some cases, fair values represent quoted market prices for identical or comparable instruments. In other cases, fair values have been estimated based on assumptions concerning the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows and assumed discount rates reflecting varying degrees of risk. Accordingly, the fair values may not represent actual values of the financial instruments that could have been realized as of year-end or that will be realized in the future. Future Application of Accounting Standards See Note (1) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Segment Information See Note (23) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure regarding the Company’s operating business segments. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis presents the more significant factors that affected the Company's financial condition as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and results of operations for each of the years then ended. Refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025 (the “2024 Form 10-K”) for information about results of operations for 2024 compared with 2023, which the Company incorporates by reference. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements, notes thereto and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report. From time to time, the Company has engaged in acquisitions. None of these acquisitions had a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for acquisitions using the acquisition method, and as such, the results of operations of acquired companies are included from the date of acquisition forward.
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Table of Contents 34 Average Balances, Income, Expenses and Rates The following tables present certain information related to the Company's consolidated average balance sheet, average yields on assets and average costs of liabilities. Such yields are derived by dividing income or expense by the average balance of the corresponding assets or liabilities. For these computations: (i) average balances are derived from daily averages, (ii) information is shown on a taxable- equivalent basis assuming a 21% tax rate and (iii) nonaccrual loans are included in the average loan balances and any interest on such nonaccrual loans is recognized on a cash basis. Loan fees included in interest income were $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $20.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. CONSOLIDATED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS AND INTEREST MARGIN ANALYSIS Taxable Equivalent Basis (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Interest Average Interest Average Interest Average Average Income/ Yield/ Average Income/ Yield/ Average Income/ Yield/ Balance Expense Rate Balance Expense Rate Balance Expense Rate ASSETS Earning assets: Loans $ 8,161,998 $ 566,155 6.94% $ 7,958,463 $ 555,426 6.96% $ 7,292,871 $ 467,951 6.42% Securities – taxable 1,096,087 26,676 2.43 1,448,103 34,300 2.36 1,565,697 36,838 2.35 Securities – tax exempt 2,523 103 4.07 2,415 93 3.85 3,339 91 2.71 Federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks 3,887,286 168,067 4.32 2,553,503 134,941 5.27 2,343,182 119,486 5.10 Total earning assets 13,147,894 761,001 5.79 11,962,484 724,760 6.04 11,205,089 624,366 5.57 Nonearning assets: Cash and due from banks 212,530 201,666 204,394 Interest receivable and other assets 873,924 810,732 814,419 Allowance for credit losses (99,488) (99,098) (96,154) Total nonearning assets 986,966 913,300 922,659 Total assets $14,134,860 $12,875,784 $12,127,748 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Interest-bearing liabilities: Money market and interest-bearing checking deposits $ 5,385,919 $ 162,133 3.01% $ 4,992,037 $ 181,201 3.62% $ 4,361,001 $ 142,275 3.26% Savings deposits 1,209,949 37,193 3.07 1,076,837 36,256 3.36 1,087,642 29,575 2.72 Time deposits 1,609,022 65,986 4.10 1,219,253 55,450 4.54 797,179 23,196 2.91 Short-term borrowings 7,046 289 4.10 4,999 235 4.69 6,432 312 4.84 Long-term borrowings 2,458 44 1.79 — — — — — — Subordinated debt 86,184 4,122 4.78 86,127 4,123 4.77 86,070 4,122 4.79 Total interest-bearing liabilities 8,300,578 269,767 3.25 7,379,253 277,265 3.75 6,338,324 199,480 3.15 Interest-free funds: Noninterest-bearing deposits 3,937,258 3,842,049 4,343,646 Interest payable and other liabilities 170,203 138,007 108,438 Stockholders’ equity 1,726,821 1,516,475 1,337,340 Total interest free funds 5,834,282 5,496,531 5,789,424 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $14,134,860 $12,875,784 $12,127,748 Net interest income $ 491,234 $ 447,495 $ 424,886 Net interest spread 2.54% 2.29% 2.42% Effect of interest free funds 1.20% 1.44% 1.37% Net interest margin 3.74% 3.73% 3.79%
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Table of Contents 35 The following table depicts, for the periods indicated, selected income statement data and other selected data: BANCFIRST CORPORATION SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) At and for the Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Income Statement Data Net interest income $ 490,487 $ 446,874 $ 424,456 Provision for credit losses 5,670 9,004 7,458 Noninterest income 200,141 184,575 185,408 Noninterest expense 379,840 347,164 332,458 Net income 240,610 216,354 212,465 Per Common Share Data Net income – basic $ 7.22 $ 6.55 $ 6.45 Net income – diluted 7.11 6.44 6.34 Cash dividends 1.90 1.78 1.66 Selected Financial Ratios Performance ratios: Return on average assets 1.70% 1.68% 1.75% Return on average stockholders’ equity 13.93 14.23 15.89 Cash dividends payout ratio 26.32 27.18 25.74 Net interest spread 2.54 2.29 2.42 Net interest margin 3.74 3.73 3.79 Efficiency ratio 55.00 54.98 54.51 Net Interest Income Net interest income, which is the Company’s principal source of operating revenue, increased $43.6 million in 2025. The primary driver of the increase in net interest income was higher loan volume and growth in other earning assets. Changes in the volume of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in interest rates, determine the changes in net interest income. The following volume/rate analysis summarizes the relative contribution of each of these components to the changes in net interest income in 2025 and 2024. See “Maturity and Rate Sensitivity of Loans” for additional discussion.
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Table of Contents 36 VOLUME/RATE ANALYSIS Taxable Equivalent Basis Change in 2025 Change in 2024 Total Due toVolume(1) Due toRate Total Due toVolume(1) Due toRate (Dollars in thousands) INCREASE (DECREASE) Interest Income: Loans $ 10,729 $ 11,827 $ (1,098) $ 87,475 $ 43,089 $ 44,386 Securities—taxable (7,624) (8,348) 724 (2,538) (3,152) 614 Securities—tax exempt 10 2 8 2 (21) 23 Federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks 33,126 69,705 (36,579) 15,455 10,759 4,696 Total interest income 36,241 73,186 (36,945) 100,394 50,675 49,719 Interest Expense: Money market and interest-bearing checking deposits (19,068) 17,893 (36,961) 38,926 24,697 14,229 Savings deposits 937 4,371 (3,434) 6,681 (294) 6,975 Time deposits 10,536 17,897 (7,361) 32,254 12,675 19,579 Short-term borrowings 54 142 (88) (77) (85) 8 Long-term borrowings 44 44 — — — — Subordinated debt (1) (10) 9 1 3 (2) Total interest expense (7,498) 40,337 (47,835) 77,785 36,996 40,789 Net interest income $ 43,739 $ 32,849 $ 10,890 $ 22,609 $ 13,679 $ 8,930 (1) The effects of changes in the mix of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have been combined with the changes due to volume. Provision for Credit Losses The Company's provision for credit losses decreased in 2025 primarily due to the lower loss rates observed in more recent periods and the impact on the vintage loss analysis. The Company establishes an allowance as an estimate of the current expected credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Management believes the allowance for credit losses is appropriate based upon management’s best estimate of expected losses within the existing loan portfolio. Should any of the factors considered by management in evaluating the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses change, the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses could also change which could affect the amount of future provisions for credit losses. Net loan charge-offs were $8.5 million for 2025 compared to $6.3 million for 2024. The net charge-offs equated to 0.10% and 0.08% of average loans for 2025 and 2024, respectively. The rate of net charge-offs to average total loans continues to be at a low level. A more detailed discussion of the allowance for credit losses is provided under “Loans.” Noninterest Income Total noninterest income increased by $15.6 million, or 8.4% for 2025 compared to 2024. The increase in noninterest income was partially due to a gain on the sale of Visa B-1 stock of $4.5 million. Other drivers of the increase in noninterest income include increased income from sweep fees of $3.5 million along with increases in trust revenue of $1.3 million, treasury income of $1.4 million, insurance commissions of $1.5 million, service charges on deposits of $1.5 million and gain on sale of other assets of $1.0 million. The Company’s operating noninterest income has generally increased over time due to enhanced product lines, acquisitions and internal deposit account growth. The Company earned $3.2 million on the sale of loans in 2025 compared to $2.7 million in 2024.
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Table of Contents 37 Noninterest income included NSF and overdraft fees totaling $31.6 million and $31.1 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. This represents 15.8% and 16.8% of the Company’s noninterest income for the years 2025 and 2024, respectively. In addition, the Company had debit card usage and interchange fees totaling $27.2 million and $26.8 million for the years 2025 and 2024, respectively. This represents 13.6% and 14.5% of the Company’s noninterest income for the years 2025 and 2024, respectively. Noninterest Expense Total noninterest expense increased by $32.7 million, or 9.4% for 2025 compared to 2024. Higher noninterest expenses in 2025 were primarily related to growth in salaries and employee benefits of $14.0 million related to annual merit increases and new hires. In addition, net expense from other real estate owned increased $7.4 million, which largely consisted of an increase in write-downs of other real estate of $4.1 million, other real estate expense of $1.8 million and was partially offset by a decrease in loss on sales of $1.5 million. Data processing expense increased $1.1 million in 2025 compared to 2024. Occupancy expense increased $3.0 million, due largely to repairs and maintenance. In addition, included in other, the Company recorded an expense related to the disposition of certain equity investments no longer permissible under the Volcker Rule, which prohibits banks with more than $10 billion in assets from holding certain private equity investments. Noninterest expense included deposit insurance expense, which totaled $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Income Taxes Income tax expense totaled $64.5 million in 2025, compared to $58.9 million in 2024. The effective tax rates for 2025 and 2024 were 21.1% and 21.4% respectively. The primary reasons for the difference between the Company’s effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate were tax-exempt income, nondeductible amortization, federal and state tax credits and state tax expense. Certain financial information is prepared on a taxable equivalent basis to facilitate analysis of yields and changes in components of earnings. Average balance sheets, comprehensive income statements and other financial statistics are also presented on a taxable equivalent basis. Impact of Inflation The impact of inflation on financial institutions differs significantly from that of industrial or commercial companies. The assets of financial institutions are predominantly monetary, as opposed to fixed or nonmonetary assets such as premises, equipment and inventory. As a result, there is little exposure to inflated earnings by understated depreciation charges or significantly understated current values of assets. Although inflation can have an indirect effect by leading to higher interest rates, financial institutions are in a position to monitor the effects on interest costs and yields and respond to inflationary trends through management of interest rate sensitivity. Inflation can also have an impact on noninterest expenses such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, services and other costs. Impact of Deflation In a period of deflation, it would be reasonable to expect widely decreasing prices for real assets. In such an economic environment, assets of businesses and individuals, such as real estate, commodities or inventory, could decline. The inability of customers to repay or refinance their loans could result in credit losses incurred by the Company far in excess of historical experience due to deflated collateral values.
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Table of Contents 38 FINANCIAL POSITION BANCFIRST CORPORATION SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) At and for the Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Balance Sheet Data Total assets $ 14,838,893 $ 13,554,314 Debt securities 924,948 1,211,754 Total loans (net of unearned interest) 8,544,634 8,033,183 Allowance for credit losses 104,299 99,497 Deposits 12,670,393 11,718,546 Subordinated debt 86,214 86,157 Stockholders’ equity 1,854,125 1,621,187 Book value per share 55.28 48.81 Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP)(1) 49.20 42.92 Reconciliation of Tangible Book Value per Common Share (non-GAAP)(2) Stockholders’ equity $ 1,854,125 $ 1,621,187 Less goodwill 182,739 182,263 Less intangible assets, net 21,357 13,158 Tangible stockholders' equity (non-GAAP) $ 1,650,029 $ 1,425,766 Common shares outstanding 33,539,032 33,216,519 Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP) $ 49.20 $ 42.92 Selected Financial Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios: Average loans to deposits 67.22% 71.50% Average earning assets to total assets 93.02 92.91 Average stockholders’ equity to average assets 12.22 11.78 Asset Quality Ratios: Nonaccrual loans to total loans 0.72% 0.72% Allowance for credit losses to total loans 1.22 1.24 Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans 170.62 171.59 Net charge-offs to average loans 0.10 0.08 (1) Refer to the "Reconciliation of Tangible Book Value per Common Share (non-GAAP)" Table (2) Tangible book value per common share is stockholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets, net, divided by common shares outstanding. This amount is a non-GAAP financial measure but has been included as it is considered to be a critical metric with which to analyze and evaluate the financial condition and capital strength of the Company. This measure should not be considered a substitute for operating results determined in accordance with GAAP. Cash, Federal Funds Sold and Interest-Bearing Deposits with Banks Cash consists of cash and cash items on hand, noninterest-bearing deposits and amounts due from other banks, reserves deposited with the Federal Reserve Bank, and interest-bearing deposits with other banks. Federal funds sold consist of overnight investments of excess funds with other financial institutions. The Company has continued to maintain the majority of its excess funds with the Federal Reserve Bank. The Federal Reserve Bank pays interest on these funds based upon the lowest target rate for the maintenance period, which decreased during the last four months of 2025 from 4.40% to 3.65%. The rate decreased from 5.40% to 4.40% during the last four months of 2024.
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Table of Contents 39 The amount of cash, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank carried by the Company is a function of the availability of funds presented to other institutions for clearing and the Company’s liquidity and interest rate sensitivity management. Balances of these items can fluctuate widely based on these various factors. The aggregate of cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks increased by $941.6 million, or 26.5%, to $4.5 billion, from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025. The increase was related to an increase of interest-bearing deposits in addition to maturing securities. Securities For the year ended December 31, 2025, total debt securities decreased $286.8 million. Debt securities available for sale represented 99.9% of the total debt securities portfolio at both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Debt securities available for sale had a net unrealized loss, before taxes, of $10.8 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $43.1 million at December 31, 2024. These unrealized losses, net of income taxes, of $8.3 million at December 31, 2025 and $32.9 million at December 31, 2024 are included in the Company’s stockholders’ equity as accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Company did not recognize a gain or loss on debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024. The Company purchased a total of $371.3 million of debt securities in 2025 compared to $375.4 million of debt securities in 2024. In addition, the Company had maturities and paydowns of debt securities totaling $709.2 million in 2025 and $742.3 million in 2024. The Company does not engage in securities trading activities. Any sales of debt securities are for the purpose of executing the Company’s asset/liability management strategy, eliminating a perceived credit risk in a specific security, or providing liquidity. Debt securities that are being held for indefinite periods of time, or that may be sold as part of the Company’s asset/liability management strategy, to provide liquidity, or for other reasons, are classified as available for sale and are stated at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on debt securities available for sale are reported as a component of stockholders’ equity, net of income tax. Debt securities for which the Company has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held for investment and are stated at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts computed under the interest method. Management has the ability and intent to hold the debt securities classified as held for investment until they mature, at which time the Company will receive full value for the securities. Furthermore, the Company also has the ability and intent to hold the debt securities classified as available for sale for a period of time sufficient for a recovery of cost. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had net unrealized losses largely due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value of those securities having unrealized losses is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date, or if market yields for similar investments decrease. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2025, management had no intent or requirement to sell before the recovery of the unrealized loss. See Note (4) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosures regarding the Company’s Securities.
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Table of Contents 40 WEIGHTED AVERAGE YIELD OF DEBT SECURITIES The following table summarizes the maturity distribution schedule with corresponding weighted average taxable equivalent yields of the debt securities portfolio at December 31, 2025. The following table presents securities at their expected maturities, which may differ from contractual maturities. The Company manages its debt securities portfolio for liquidity, as a tool to execute its asset/liability management strategy, and for pledging requirements for public funds. For the interest rate sensitivity of debt securities see the table in item 7A. Within One Year After One Year But Within Five Years After Five Years But Within Ten Years After Ten Years Total Amount Yield* Amount Yield * Amount Yield * Amount Yield * Amount Yield* (Dollars in thousands) Held for Investment Mortgage-backed securities $ — — % $ 1 4.96% $ — — % $ — — % $ 1 4.96% State and political subdivisions 60 2.63 — — — — — — 60 2.63 Other securities 500 4.79 — — — — — — 500 4.79 Total $ 560 4.56 $ 1 4.96 $ — — $ — — $ 561 4.56 Percentage of total 99.9% 0.1% — % — % 100.0% Available for Sale U.S. Treasury, other federal agencies and mortgage-backed securities $ 305,426 1.91% $ 579,107 2.74% $ 11,506 3.78% $ 2,516 3.02% $ 898,555 2.47% State and political subdivisions 1,657 5.29 14,351 3.76 — — 497 3.81 16,505 3.92 Other securities — — — — 9,327 5.31 — — 9,327 5.31 Total $ 307,083 1.93 $ 593,458 2.77 $ 20,833 4.47 $ 3,013 3.15 $ 924,387 2.53 Percentage of total 33.2% 64.2% 2.3% 0.3% 100.0% Total debt securities $ 307,643 1.94% $ 593,459 2.77% $ 20,833 4.47% $ 3,013 3.15% $ 924,948 2.53% Percentage of total 33.3% 64.2% 2.2% 0.3% 100.0% * Yield is on a taxable-equivalent basis using a 21% tax rate.
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Table of Contents 41 Loans The Company has historically generated loan growth from both internal originations and bank acquisitions. Total loans held for investment increased $507.7 million, or 6.3% in 2025, as a result of internal loan growth and its acquisition of ABOK. The acquisition of ABOK added $243.1 million of the increase in loans held for investment. In addition, of the total increase in loans, commercial real estate loans made up the largest increase with $242.0 million, or 47.7%, residential real estate loans increased $204.8 million, or 40.3% and consumer non-real estate loans increased $54.8 million, or 10.8%. Construction and development loans decreased $99.4 million, or 19.6% in 2025. The preponderance of internal loan growth was from the Company's Oklahoma subsidiary BancFirst. Composition The Company’s loan portfolio was diversified among various types of commercial and individual borrowers. Commercial loans were comprised principally of loans to companies in real estate, light manufacturing, retail and service industries. Consumer non-real estate loans were comprised primarily of loans to individuals for automobiles. LOANS HELD FOR INVESTMENT BY CATEGORY December 31, 2025 2024 Amount % ofTotal Amount % ofTotal (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 955,171 11.19% $ 931,709 11.61% Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,797,066 21.06 1,578,483 19.67 Construction and development < 60 months 657,312 7.70 756,662 9.43 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 269,357 3.16 250,373 3.12 Residential real estate first lien 1,583,229 18.56 1,431,265 17.84 Residential real estate all other 328,291 3.85 275,461 3.43 Agriculture 491,776 5.76 449,190 5.60 Commercial non-real estate 1,374,609 16.11 1,363,462 16.99 Consumer non-real estate 533,415 6.25 478,647 5.96 Oil and gas 542,627 6.36 509,858 6.35 Total loans $ 8,532,853 100.00% $ 8,025,110 100.00% See Note (1) and Note (5) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures regarding the Company’s loans.
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Table of Contents 42 LOANS BY MATURITY AND INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY The information relating to the maturity and interest rate sensitivity of loans is based upon contractual maturities and original loan terms. In the ordinary course of business, loans maturing within one year may be renewed, in whole or in part, at interest rates prevailing at the date of renewal. The following table presents the maturity distribution of loans held for investment at December 31, 2025. Many of the loans with maturities of one year or less are renewed at existing or similar terms after scheduled principal reductions. Also, approximately 64% of loans had adjustable interest rates at December 31, 2025. Loans Maturing Within OneYear After OneBut WithinFive Years After FiveYears But Within Fifteen Years After FifteenYears Total December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 79,823 $ 220,410 $ 469,724 $ 185,214 $ 955,171 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 380,729 710,959 590,424 114,954 1,797,066 Construction and development < 60 months 280,501 252,859 92,626 31,326 657,312 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 236,226 26,544 2,919 3,668 269,357 Residential real estate first lien 124,309 204,071 448,791 806,058 1,583,229 Residential real estate all other 66,899 112,161 77,776 71,455 328,291 Agriculture 152,801 79,753 131,052 128,170 491,776 Commercial non-real estate 559,055 607,003 170,828 37,723 1,374,609 Consumer non-real estate 48,602 366,957 115,060 2,796 533,415 Oil and gas 293,121 232,775 13,343 3,388 542,627 Total loans $ 2,222,066 $ 2,813,492 $ 2,112,543 $1,384,752 $ 8,532,853 Percentage of total 26.04% 32.97% 24.76% 16.23% 100.00% The interest rate composition of loans with a maturity date over one year are presented below based on contractual terms. Loans Maturing after One Year Predetermined (Fixed) Interest Rate Floating Interest Rate Total December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 241,477 $ 633,871 $ 875,348 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 564,094 852,243 1,416,337 Construction and development < 60 months 57,870 318,941 376,811 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 4,488 28,643 33,131 Residential real estate first lien 283,727 1,175,193 1,458,920 Residential real estate all other 46,809 214,583 261,392 Agriculture 69,464 269,511 338,975 Commercial non-real estate 460,015 355,539 815,554 Consumer non-real estate 452,408 32,405 484,813 Oil and gas 78,098 171,408 249,506 Total $ 2,258,450 $ 4,052,337 $ 6,310,787
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Table of Contents 43 NONPERFORMING ASSETS The following table summarizes nonperforming assets. December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Past due 90 days or more and still accruing $ 8,115 $ 7,739 Nonaccrual (1) 61,130 57,984 Total nonperforming loans 69,245 65,723 Other real estate owned and repossessed assets 49,134 33,665 Total nonperforming assets $ 118,379 $ 99,388 (1) Government agencies guarantee approximately $10.6 million of nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2025, and $9.0 million at December 31, 2024. Nonaccrual Loans Nonaccrual loans increased $3.1 million during 2025. Although nonaccrual loans increased during 2025, they represent only 0.72% of loans at December 31, 2025. Nonaccrual loans negatively impact the Company’s net interest margin. A loan is placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, the future collectability of both interest and principal is in serious doubt. Interest income is not recognized until the principal balance is fully collected. However, if the full collection of the remaining principal balance is not in doubt, interest income is recognized on certain of these loans on a cash basis. Had nonaccrual loans performed in accordance with their original contractual terms, the Company would have recognized additional interest income of $4.9 million for 2025 and $3.5 million for 2024. Only a small amount of this interest is expected to be ultimately collected. The classification of a loan as nonaccrual does not necessarily indicate that loan principal and interest will ultimately be uncollectible; although, in an economic downturn, the Company’s experience has been that the level of collections decline. The above normal risk associated with nonaccrual loans has been considered in the determination of the allowance for credit losses. The level of nonaccrual loans and credit losses could rise over time as a result of adverse economic conditions. At December 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses as a percentage of nonaccrual loans was 170.6%, compared to 171.6%, at the end of 2024. Modified Loans The Company evaluates, based on the accounting for loan modifications, whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The current and future financial effects of the recorded balance of loans considered to be modified during the period were not considered to be material. The recorded balance of loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2025 was approximately $6.4 million. The recorded balance of loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $14.8 million. Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets Other real estate owned ("OREO") and repossessed assets increased $15.5 million in 2025. OREO consists of properties acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure and premises held for sale. These properties are carried at the lower of the book values of the related loans or fair values based upon appraisals of the properties, less estimated costs to sell. Write- downs arising at the time of reclassification of such properties from loans to OREO are charged directly to the allowance for credit losses. Any losses on bank premises designated to be sold are charged to operating expense at the time of transfer from premises to OREO. Decreases in values of properties subsequent to their classification as OREO are charged to operating expense. The Company's write- downs in OREO totaled $8.2 million for 2025 and $4.0 million for 2024. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, the Company foreclosed on a construction and development real estate loan and recorded $15.6 million in OREO, which was the primary reason for the increase in OREO. In addition, as of both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, OREO included a commercial real estate property recorded at approximately $24.7 million and $28.1 million, respectively. The decrease for this commercial real estate property was due to write downs during the year ended December 31, 2025.
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Table of Contents 44 Rental income for OREO properties is included in other noninterest income on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Operating expense for OREO properties is included in net expense from OREO in other noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The Company's total rental income and operating expenses from OREO are presented in the following table: For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Rental income $ 12,691 $ 12,231 $ 11,801 Operating expense 12,311 10,504 11,429 Allowance for Credit Losses/Fair Value Adjustments on Acquired Loans The Company determines its provision for credit losses and allowance for credit losses using the expected loss methodology that is referred to as the CECL model. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. At December 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses to total loans stood at 1.22% of total loans, compared to 1.24% at December 31, 2024. The overall credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio has remained strong. Net charge-offs were $8.5 million and $6.3 million for the years ended 2025 and 2024, respectively. The amount of net loan charge-offs is relatively low, equating to 0.10% and 0.08% of average total loans for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. If unforeseen adverse changes occur in the national or local economy, or in the credit markets, it would be reasonable to expect that the allowance for credit losses would increase in future periods. ANALYSIS OF ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The following table is a break-out of the allowance for credit losses: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 6,937 $ 6,869 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 33,266 33,097 Construction and development < 60 months 4,682 8,671 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 2,868 2,336 Residential real estate first lien 7,499 4,568 Residential real estate all other 1,775 1,741 Agriculture 5,258 5,696 Commercial non-real estate 26,926 24,150 Consumer non-real estate 7,952 4,833 Oil and gas 7,136 7,536 Total $ 104,299 $ 99,497
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Table of Contents 45 The following table is a break-out of net charge-offs/(recoveries) and the break-out of the percent of average loans in each category: December 31, 2025 2024 Amount % ofAvg Loans Amount % ofAvg Loans (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 102 0.00% $ (70) 0.00% Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,471 0.02 142 — Construction and development < 60 months 3,963 0.05 — — Construction residential real estate < 60 months 26 — 3 — Residential real estate first lien 120 — 229 0.01 Residential real estate all other 124 — 159 — Agriculture 37 — 123 — Commercial non-real estate 706 0.01 3,952 0.05 Consumer non-real estate 1,984 0.02 1,677 0.02 Oil and gas — — 92 — Total $ 8,533 0.10% $ 6,307 0.08% Fair Value Adjustments on Acquired Loans The fair value adjustment on acquired loans can consist of a credit component and a rate component to adjust for estimated credit exposures in the acquired loans. The credit component of the adjustment was a $841,000 discount at December 31, 2025 and a $1.1 million discount at December 31, 2024. The rate component was $417,000 at December 31, 2025 and $472,000 at December 31, 2024. These fair value adjustments will be accreted to income over the remaining life of the loans. The acquired loans outstanding were $504.0 million and $262.2 million, at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Other Assets Identifiable intangible assets and goodwill totaled $204.1 million and $195.4 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. On November 17, 2025, the Company acquired American Bank of Oklahoma and recorded a core deposit intangible of approximately $11.6 million and goodwill of approximately $476,000. See Note (7) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure regarding the Company’s intangible assets and goodwill. See Note (2) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure regarding the Company’s recent developments, including mergers and acquisitions. Other assets include the cash surrender value of key-man life insurance policies totaling $94.2 million at December 31, 2025 and $84.4 million at December 31, 2024. Derivative financial instruments consisting of oil and gas swaps and option contracts are included in other assets and totaled $21.2 million at December 31, 2025 and $10.5 million at December 31, 2024. They require a daily margin to be posted, which fluctuates with oil and gas prices and customer activity. The Company had a margin liability included in other liabilities in the amount of $7.4 million at December 31, 2025. The Company had a margin asset included in other assets in the amount of $463,000 at December 31, 2024. See Note (22) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete discussion of the Company’s derivative financial instruments. Equity securities are reported in other assets on the balance sheet. The Company invests in equity securities without readily determinable fair values. The realized and unrealized gains and losses are reported as securities transactions in the noninterest income section of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The balance of equity securities was $9.3 million at December 31, 2025 and $13.4 million at December 31, 2024. The decrease in equity securities was due to a disposition of certain equity investments
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Table of Contents 46 no longer permissible under the Volcker Rule, which prohibits banks with more than $10 billion in assets from holding certain private equity investments. The Company reviews its portfolio of equity securities for impairment at least quarterly. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Investments The Company invests in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC), which is designed to promote private development of low-income housing. The Company’s LIHTC investments were $94.9 million and $58.6 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Unfunded commitments to these investments as of December 31, 2025 totaled $63.5 million. New Market Tax Credit Investments The Company invests in active low-income community businesses that qualify for New Market Tax Credits. New Market Tax Credit investments are made through Community Development Entities and such entities are qualified through the US Department of the Treasury. The Company’s NMTC investments were $8.9 million and $7.5 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. There are no unfunded commitments. Historic Tax Credit Investments The Company invests in rehabilitation projects that qualify for Historic Tax Credits. Total Historic Tax Credit investments were $8.6 million and $6.3 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Unfunded commitments to these investments as of December 31, 2025 totaled $2.6 million. See Note (6) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosures regarding these investments. Liquidity and Funding The Company’s principal source of liquidity and funding is its broad deposit base generated from customer relationships. The availability of deposits is affected by economic conditions, competition with other financial institutions and alternative investments available to customers. Through interest rates paid, service charge levels and services offered, the Company can affect its level of deposits to a limited extent. The level and maturity of funding necessary to support the Company’s lending and investment functions is determined through the Company’s asset/liability management process. The Company currently does not rely heavily on long-term borrowings and does not utilize brokered CDs. The Company maintains lines of credit from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”), federal funds lines of credit with other banks and could also utilize the sale of loans, securities and liquidation of other assets as sources of liquidity and funding. The Company is highly liquid, with percent of cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold to total assets of 30.3% at December 31, 2025, compared to 26.2% at December 31, 2024. The increase was related to an increase in interest- bearing deposits in addition to maturing securities. Historically, BancFirst has more liquidity than its peers. This liquidity positions BancFirst to respond to increased loan demand and other requirements for funds, or to decreases in funding sources. The liquidity of BancFirst Corporation, however, is dependent upon dividend payments from BancFirst and its ability to obtain financing and or raise capital. Banking regulations limit bank dividends based upon net earnings retained by BancFirst and minimum capital requirements. Dividends in excess of these limits require regulatory approval. At January 1, 2026, BancFirst had approximately $204.9 million of equity available for dividends to BancFirst Corporation without regulatory approval. During 2025, BancFirst declared four common stock dividends totaling $75.8 million and two preferred stock dividends totaling $1.9 million to BancFirst Corporation. During 2025, Pegasus declared special dividends totaling $7.4 million to BancFirst Corporation. Deposits At December 31, 2025, deposits totaled $12.7 billion, an increase of $951.8 million from December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily related to organic growth in interest-bearing deposits as well as its acquisition of ABOK, which added $329.5 million at December 31, 2025. The Company’s core deposits provide it with a stable, low-cost funding source. The Company’s core deposits as a percentage of total deposits was 94.8% at December 31, 2025 and 95.5% December 31, 2024. Noninterest-bearing deposits to total deposits were 30.8% at December 31, 2025, compared to 33.3% at December 31, 2024. Uninsured deposits are defined as the portion of deposit accounts in U.S. offices that exceed the FDIC insurance limit and amounts in any other uninsured investment or deposit account that are classified as deposits and are not subject to any federal or state deposit
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Table of Contents 47 insurance regimes. Total uninsured deposits were $4.3 billion and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as calculated per regulatory guidance. This was approximately 34% of deposits at both December 31, 2025 and 2024. Off-balance-sheet sweep accounts totaled $4.9 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $5.2 billion at December 31, 2024. The movement of customers' funds into the Company's off-balance-sheet sweep accounts affected the balances of both cash and deposits. ANALYSIS OF AVERAGE DEPOSITS The following table sets forth average deposits and rates paid by category: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Average Balance Average Rate Average Balance Average Rate Average Balances Noninterest-bearing demand deposits $ 3,937,258 N/A $ 3,842,049 N/A Money market and interest-bearing checking deposits 5,385,919 3.01% 4,992,037 3.62% Savings deposits 1,209,949 3.07 1,076,837 3.36 Time deposits 1,609,022 4.10 1,219,253 4.54 Total deposits $ 12,142,148 3.23% $ 11,130,176 3.74% MATURITY OF TIME DEPOSITS The following table shows the maturity of time deposits that are in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's insurance limit: December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) Three months or less $ 200,979 Over three months through six months 69,681 Over six months through twelve months 79,403 Over twelve months 54,180 Total $ 404,243 At December 31, 2025, 86.6% of the Company’s uninsured time deposits mature in one year or less. Short-Term Borrowings See Note (9) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of short-term borrowings. Lines of Credit See Note (10) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the Company’s lines of credit. Subordinated Debt See Note (11) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete discussion of the Company’s subordinated debt. Capital Resources Stockholders’ equity totaled $1.9 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $1.6 billion at December 31, 2024. In addition to net income of $240.6 million, other changes in stockholders’ equity during the year ended December 31, 2025 included $4.7 million in common stock issuances related to stock-based compensation plans, $22.7 million in common stock issuances related to the acquisition of ABOK, $3.7 million related to stock-based compensation arrangements, and a $24.6 million increase in other comprehensive income,
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Table of Contents 48 that were partially offset by $63.4 million in dividends. The Company’s average stockholders’ equity to average assets for 2025 was 12.22% compared to 11.78% for 2024. The Company’s leverage ratio and total risk-based capital ratios at December 31, 2025 were well in excess of the regulatory requirements. Banking institutions are generally expected to maintain capital well above the minimum levels. The Company’s trust preferred securities qualify as Tier 1 capital and its Subordinated Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital under bank regulatory guidelines. See Note (15) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of capital ratio requirements. See Note (11) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosures regarding the Company’s Subordinated Debt. On August 5, 2025, the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which became effective upon filing with the SEC. Under the shelf registration, the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, an indeterminate amount of its common stock in one or more future offerings. The Company has adopted a Stock Repurchase Program (the “SRP”). The SRP may be used as a means to increase earnings per share and return on equity. In addition, the SRP may be used to purchase treasury stock for the issuance of stock related to stock-based compensation plans, to provide liquidity for optionees to dispose of stock from exercises of their stock options and to provide liquidity for stockholders wishing to sell their stock. All shares repurchased under the SRP have been retired and not held as treasury stock. The timing, price and amount of stock repurchases under the SRP is determined by management and approved by the Company’s Executive Committee. At December 31, 2025, up to 479,784 shares could be repurchased under the SRP. No shares were repurchased for the year ended December 31, 2025 or 2024. Future dividend payments will be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors considering the earnings, financial condition and capital needs of the Company, BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington, ABOK, applicable governmental policies and regulations and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems appropriate. While no assurance can be given as to the Company’s ability to pay dividends, management believes that, based upon the anticipated performance of the Company, regular dividend payments will continue in 2026. Related Party Transactions See Note (18) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosures regarding the Company’s related party transactions. Liquidity Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Liquidity is the ability to meet financial obligations through the maturity or sale of existing assets or the acquisition of additional funds. Various financial obligations, including contractual obligations and commercial commitments, may require future cash payments by the Company. Certain obligations are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, while others are off-balance sheet under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Company currently has 7.20% Junior Subordinated Debentures, Subordinated Notes, operating and financing lease payments, time deposit payments, low-income housing partnership commitments and historic tax credit commitments. The Company’s 7.20% Junior Subordinated Debentures mature on March 31, 2034. The Company's Subordinated Notes mature on June 30, 2036. The Company has consistently generated positive net income and the Company currently expects to have positive net income for 2026. Management does not currently know of any trends that would cause the Company to be unable to provide for current obligations in the next twelve months. Refer to Notes 6, 8, 11, 19 and 20 to the consolidated financial statements for further information regarding these contractual obligations. The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include loan commitments and standby letters of credit, which involve elements of credit and interest-rate risk to varying degrees. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the instrument is represented by the instrument’s contractual amount. To control this credit risk, the Company uses the same underwriting standards as it uses for loans recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company had $2.4 billion and $2.5 billion in loan commitments at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company had $87.8 million and $102.6 million in stand-by letters of credit at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Loan commitments are agreements to lend to a customer, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Stand-by letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These instruments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination
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Table of Contents 49 clauses. Since many of the instruments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total amounts do not necessarily represent commitments that will be funded in the future. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. Market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and other relevant market rates and prices, such as equity prices. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. Due to the nature of its operations, the Company is primarily exposed to interest rate risk arising principally from its lending, investing, deposit and borrowing activities and, to a lesser extent, liquidity risk. Interest rate risk on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet consists of repricing, option and basis risks. Repricing risk results from the differences in the maturity or repricing of asset and liability portfolios. Option risk arises from “embedded options” present in many financial instruments such as loan prepayment options, deposit early withdrawal options and interest rate options. These options allow customers opportunities to benefit when market interest rates change, which typically results in higher costs or lower revenue for the Company. Basis risk refers to the potential for changes in the underlying relationship between market rates and indices, which subsequently result in a narrowing of the profit spread on an earning asset or liability. Basis risk is also present in administered rate liabilities, such as savings accounts, negotiable order of withdrawal accounts and money market accounts where historical pricing relationships to market rates may change due to the level or directional change in market interest rates. The Company seeks to reduce volatility in its net interest margin and net interest income through periods of changing interest rates. Accordingly, the Company’s interest rate sensitivity and liquidity are monitored on an ongoing basis by its Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCO”). The ALCO establishes risk measures, limits and policy guidelines for managing the amount of interest rate risk and its effect on net interest income and capital. A variety of tools are used to evaluate the magnitude of interest rate risk, the distribution of risk, the level of risk over time and the exposure to changes in certain interest rate relationships. The ALCO also utilizes an earnings simulation model as a quantitative tool in measuring the amount of interest rate risk associated with changing market rates. The model quantifies the effects of various interest rate scenarios on projected net interest income over the next twelve months. These simulations incorporate assumptions regarding changes in interest rates and the maturity and repricing of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The ALCO uses gap analysis to monitor interest rate sensitivity based on the maturity and repricing frequencies of its earning assets and interest- bearing liabilities. The ALCO continuously monitors and manages the balance between interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities. The objective is to manage the impact of fluctuating market rates on net interest income within acceptable levels. In order to meet this objective, management may lengthen or shorten the duration of assets or liabilities. As of December 31, 2025, the model simulations projected that a 100 and 200 basis point increase would result in positive variance in net interest income of 4.93% and 10.06%, respectively, relative to the base case over the next twelve months. Conversely, the model simulation projected that a decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would result in a negative variance in net interest income of 7.24% relative to the base case over the next twelve months.
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Table of Contents 50 The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, their expected maturities and their estimated fair values at December 31, 2025. Avg. Expected Maturity / Principal Repayments at December 31, Rate 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Thereafter Balance Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Interest Sensitive Assets Loans held for investment 6.94% $ 4,095,232 $ 1,275,292 $ 1,125,297 $ 579,263 $ 528,599 $ 929,170 $ 8,532,853 $ 9,276,411 Debt securities 2.44 312,286 333,545 252,177 1,902 692 35,176 935,778 924,948 Federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits 4.32 4,269,118 — — — — — 4,269,118 4,269,118 Interest Sensitive Liabilities Savings and interest- bearing deposits 3.02 6,928,944 — — — — — 6,928,944 6,930,813 Time deposits 4.10 1,556,669 153,477 78,160 18,121 37,334 75 1,843,836 1,845,101 Short-term borrowings 4.10 10,010 — — — — — 10,010 10,010 Long-term borrowings 1.79 6,000 — — — — 6,000 12,000 11,760 Subordinated debt 4.78 — — — — — 86,214 86,214 81,936 Off-Balance Sheet Items Loan commitments — — — — — — — 4,188 Letters of credit — — — — — — — 659 The expected maturities and principal repayments are based upon the contractual terms of the instruments. Debt securities are stated at par value. Prepayments have been estimated for certain instruments with predictable prepayment rates. Savings and interest-bearing demand deposits are assumed to mature all in the first year as they are not subject to withdrawal restrictions and any assumptions regarding decay rates would be very subjective. The actual maturities and principal repayments for the financial instruments could vary substantially from the contractual terms and assumptions used in the analysis.
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Table of Contents 51 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee BancFirst Corporation Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of BancFirst Corporation (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three- year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 26, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans – Qualitative Adjustment Description of the Matter The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $8.5 billion and the allowance for credit losses on loans was $104.3 million as of December 31, 2025, respectively. As more fully described in Notes 1 and 5 to the financial statements, the allowance for credit losses – loans (ACL) estimate lifetime expected credit losses for loans. The estimate of ACL considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company measures expected credit losses of loans on a pool basis
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Table of Contents 52 when the loans share similar characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are not included in the collective evaluation. Historical loss rates are analyzed and applied to their respective loan segments comprised of loans not subject to individual evaluation. The Company utilizes a methodology known as vintage loss analysis for substantially all its loan portfolio. Vintage loss analysis measures impairment based on the age of the accounts and the historical asset performance of assets with similar risk characteristics. Vintage loss analysis determines expected losses by calculating the cumulative loss rates of a given loan pool over the expected pool’s life. Historical loss rates are qualitatively adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of current conditions on loss recognition. These adjustments are based on information obtained from external sources and consideration of other internal information. They are included in the ACL model for a reasonable and supportable forecast period, with loss factors reverting to historical loss rates. Management continually re-evaluates the other subjective and forecast factors in its ACL analysis. How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit We identified the allowance for credit losses, and more specifically the qualitative factor applied in the allowance, as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration for our determination of the qualitative factor adjustments as a critical audit matter is the high degree of judgment and subjectivity relating to management’s identification and measurement of the qualitative factor. Therefore, applying audit procedures required a higher degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address this matter. The primary procedures we performed related to this critical audit matter included: • Obtained an understanding of the Company’s process for establishing the qualitative adjustment. • Evaluated and tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls over (1) the establishment of qualitative factors, (2) completeness and accuracy of key inputs and assumptions used in the model, and (3) the governance of the credit loss methodology, including the review and approval of the qualitative reserve. • Evaluated the qualitative adjustments to the ACL including assessing the basis for adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions. /s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma February 26, 2026
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Table of Contents 53 BANCFIRST CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 2024 ASSETS Cash and due from banks $ 226,954 $ 237,840 Interest-bearing deposits with banks 4,177,406 3,315,932 Federal funds sold 91,712 715 Debt securities held for investment (fair value: $561 and $837, respectively) 561 837 Debt securities available for sale at fair value 924,387 1,210,917 Loans held for sale 11,781 8,073 Loans held for investment (net of unearned interest) 8,532,853 8,025,110 Allowance for credit losses (104,299) (99,497) Loans, net of allowance for credit losses 8,428,554 7,925,613 Premises and equipment, net 325,890 295,943 Other real estate owned 47,909 33,051 Intangible assets, net 21,357 13,158 Goodwill 182,739 182,263 Accrued interest receivable and other assets 399,643 329,972 Total assets $ 14,838,893 $ 13,554,314 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Deposits: Noninterest-bearing $ 3,897,613 $ 3,907,060 Interest-bearing 8,772,780 7,811,486 Total deposits 12,670,393 11,718,546 Short-term borrowings 10,010 — Long-term borrowings 12,000 — Accrued interest payable and other liabilities 206,151 128,424 Subordinated debt 86,214 86,157 Total liabilities 12,984,768 11,933,127 Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 19) Stockholders' equity: Senior preferred stock, $1.00 par; 10,000,000 shares authorized; none issued — — Cumulative preferred stock, $5.00 par; 900,000 shares authorized; none issued — — Common stock, $1.00 par, 40,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and outstanding: 33,539,032 and 33,216,519, respectively 33,539 33,217 Capital surplus 217,843 187,062 Retained earnings 1,611,017 1,433,768 Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefit of $2,556 and $10,191, respectively (8,274) (32,860) Total stockholders' equity 1,854,125 1,621,187 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 14,838,893 $ 13,554,314 The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents 54 BANCFIRST CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 INTEREST INCOME Loans, including fees $ 565,429 $ 554,824 $ 467,540 Securities: Taxable 26,676 34,300 36,838 Tax-exempt 81 74 72 Federal funds sold 464 33 226 Interest-bearing deposits with banks 167,604 134,908 119,260 Total interest income 760,254 724,139 623,936 INTEREST EXPENSE Deposits 265,312 272,907 195,046 Short-term borrowings 289 235 312 Long-term borrowings 44 — — Subordinated debt 4,122 4,123 4,122 Total interest expense 269,767 277,265 199,480 Net interest income 490,487 446,874 424,456 Provision for credit losses on loans 4,947 9,004 7,458 Provision for off-balance sheet credit exposures 723 — — Total provision for credit losses 5,670 9,004 7,458 Net interest income after provision for credit losses 484,817 437,870 416,998 NONINTEREST INCOME Trust revenue 23,117 21,801 18,784 Service charges on deposits 71,069 69,564 77,367 Securities transactions 383 97 (1,828) Sales of loans 3,163 2,676 2,607 Insurance commissions 34,927 33,428 30,615 Cash management 41,082 36,210 30,716 Gain/(loss) on sale of other assets 955 (12) 1,603 Other 25,445 20,811 25,544 Total noninterest income 200,141 184,575 185,408 NONINTEREST EXPENSE Salaries and employee benefits 225,991 211,998 199,986 Occupancy, net 25,170 22,192 21,027 Depreciation 19,096 18,135 18,657 Amortization of intangible assets 3,446 3,546 3,532 Data processing services 11,819 10,758 8,368 Net expense from other real estate owned 20,421 13,055 15,938 Marketing and business promotion 10,033 9,389 9,114 Deposit insurance 6,828 6,350 5,827 Other 57,036 51,741 50,009 Total noninterest expense 379,840 347,164 332,458 Income before taxes 305,118 275,281 269,948 Income tax expense 64,508 58,927 57,483 Net income $ 240,610 $ 216,354 $ 212,465 NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE Basic $ 7.22 $ 6.55 $ 6.45 Diluted $ 7.11 $ 6.44 $ 6.34 OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME: Unrealized gains on available for sale debt securities, net of tax expense of $7,635, $5,282 and $6,634, respectively $ 24,586 $ 17,182 $ 21,521 Other comprehensive income, net of tax expense of $7,635, $5,282 and $6,634, respectively 24,586 17,182 21,521 Comprehensive income $ 265,196 $ 233,536 $ 233,986 The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents 55 BANCFIRST CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Dollars in thousands, except share data) Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount COMMON STOCK Issued at beginning of period 33,216,51 9 $ 33,217 32,933,01 8 $ 32,933 32,875,56 0 $ 32,876 Shares issued for stock-based compensation plans 118,278 118 283,501 284 78,160 78 Shares issued for acquisition 204,235 204 — — — — Shares acquired and canceled — — — — (20,702) (21) Issued at end of period 33,539,03 2 $ 33,539 33,216,51 9 $ 33,217 32,933,01 8 $ 32,933 CAPITAL SURPLUS Balance at beginning of period $ 187,062 $ 174,695 $ 169,231 Common stock issued for stock-based compensation plans 4,563 8,915 2,465 Common stock issued for acquisition 22,492 — — Stock-based compensation arrangements 3,726 3,452 2,999 Balance at end of period $ 217,843 $ 187,062 $ 174,695 RETAINED EARNINGS Balance at beginning of period $ 1,433,76 8 $ 1,276,30 5 $1,120,292 Net income 240,610 216,354 212,465 Dividends on common stock ($1.90, $1.78 and $1.66 per share, respectively) (63,361) (58,891) (54,653) Common stock acquired and canceled — — (1,799) Balance at end of period $ 1,611,01 7 $ 1,433,76 8 $1,276,305 ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Unrealized gains/(losses) on available for sale debt securities: Balance at beginning of period $ (32,860) $ (50,042) $ (71,563) Net change 24,586 17,182 21,521 Balance at end of period $ (8,274) $ (32,860) $ (50,042) Total stockholders’ equity $ 1,854,12 5 $ 1,621,18 7 $1,433,891 The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents 56 BANCFIRST CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 2024 2023 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income $ 240,610 $ 216,354 $ 212,465 Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities: Provision for credit losses 5,670 9,004 7,458 Depreciation and amortization 22,542 21,681 22,189 Net amortization of securities premiums and discounts (722) (1,052) (1,269) Realized securities (gains)/losses (383) (97) 1,828 Gain on sales of loans (3,163) (2,676) (2,607)Cash receipts from the sale of loans originated for sale 186,181 154,993 149,825 Cash disbursements for loans originated for sale (186,726) (156,901) (144,476) Deferred income tax benefit (904) (2,203) (2,787) Gain on sale of other real estate owned and other assets (965) (1,448) (2,330) Decrease (increase) in interest receivable 2,004 (636) (9,876) Increase in interest payable 45 6,453 7,719 Amortization of stock-based compensation arrangements 3,726 3,452 2,999 Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation arrangements (2,062) (4,071) (899) Other, net 19,425 18,347 (7,194) Net cash provided by operating activities 285,278 261,200 233,045 INVESTING ACTIVITIES Net cash received from acquisitions, net of cash paid 13,724 — 8,045 Net decrease in federal funds sold 6,304 601 1,534 Purchases of available for sale debt securities (371,326) (375,443) (454,019) Proceeds from maturities, calls and paydowns of held for investment debt securities 91 354 1,351 Proceeds from maturities, calls and paydowns of available for sale debt securities 709,117 741,946 467,601 Purchase of equity securities (371) (409) (310) Proceeds from paydowns and sales of equity securities 5,179 405 850 Net change in loans (287,745) (387,852) (719,287) Net receipts (payments) on derivative asset contracts 7,956 (15,356) 21,192 Purchases of premises, equipment and computer software (48,311) (36,652) (22,504) Purchase of tax credits (31,495) (12,641) (7,635) Other, net 12,421 13,657 33,477 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 15,544 (71,390) (669,705) FINANCING ACTIVITIES Net change in deposits 611,282 1,018,424 (284,919) Net change in short-term borrowings 10,010 (3,351) 3,051 Paydown of long-term borrowings (14,000) — — Issuance of common stock in connection with stock-based compensation plans, net 4,681 9,199 2,543 Common stock acquired — — (1,820) Cash dividends paid (62,207) (57,773) (53,642) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 549,766 966,499 (334,787) Net increase/(decrease) in cash, due from banks and interest-bearing deposits 850,588 1,156,309 (771,447) Cash, due from banks and interest-bearing deposits at the beginning of the period 3,553,772 2,397,463 3,168,910 Cash, due from banks and interest-bearing deposits at the end of the period $ 4,404,360 $ 3,553,772 $ 2,397,463 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Cash paid during the period for interest $ 269,333 $ 270,812 $ 191,760 Cash paid during the period for income taxes $ 55,133 $ 46,558 $ 52,398 Noncash investing and financing activities: Unpaid common stock dividends declared $ 16,434 $ 15,279 $ 14,161 The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents 57 BANCFIRST CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (1) DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The accounting and reporting policies of BancFirst Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and general practice within the banking industry. A summary of the significant accounting policies follows. Nature of Operations BancFirst Corporation is an Oklahoma business corporation and a financial holding company under federal law. It conducts virtually all of its operating activities through its principal wholly-owned subsidiary, BancFirst (“BancFirst”), an Oklahoma state-chartered bank headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Company also conducts operating activities through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Pegasus Bank (“Pegasus”), a Texas state-chartered bank headquartered in Dallas, Texas, Worthington Bank ("Worthington"), a Texas state-chartered bank headquartered in Arlington, Texas and American Bank of Oklahoma ("ABOK"), a community bank headquartered in Collinsville, Oklahoma. BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK provide a wide range of retail and commercial banking services, including: commercial, real estate, agricultural and consumer lending; depository and funds transfer services; collections; safe deposit boxes; cash management services; and other services tailored for both individual and corporate customers. BancFirst also offers trust services and acts as executor, administrator, trustee, transfer agent and in various other fiduciary capacities. BancFirst provides item processing, research and other correspondent banking services to financial institutions and governmental units. The Company’s wholly- owned subsidiary, BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc., an independent insurance agency, offers a variety of commercial and personal insurance products. In addition, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Council Oak Partners, LLC, an Oklahoma limited liability company, engages in investing activities. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of BancFirst Corporation, Council Oak Partners, LLC, BFC-PNC LLC, Calimesa Town Center, LLC, BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc., Pegasus, Worthington, ABOK and BancFirst and its subsidiaries. The principal operating subsidiary of BancFirst is BFTower, LLC. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Assets held in a fiduciary or agency capacity are not assets of the Company and, accordingly, are not included in the consolidated financial statements. Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP inherently involves the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the related disclosures. These estimates relate principally to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, income taxes, the fair value of financial instruments and the valuation of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, including identifiable intangible assets. Such estimates and assumptions may change over time and actual amounts realized may differ from those reported. Securities The Company invests in debt securities. Any sales of debt securities are for the purpose of executing the Company’s asset/liability management strategy, eliminating a perceived credit risk in a specific security or providing liquidity. Debt securities that are being held for indefinite periods of time, or that may be sold as part of the Company’s asset/liability management strategy, to provide liquidity or for other reasons, are classified as available for sale and are stated at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on debt securities available for sale are reported as a component of stockholders’ equity, net of income tax. Gains or losses from sales of debt securities are based upon the book values of the specific debt securities sold. Debt securities for which the Company has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held for investment and are stated at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts computed under the interest method. The Company reviews its portfolio of debt securities in an unrealized loss position at least quarterly. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value as a current period expense. If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers, among other things, the performance of any underlying collateral and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. The Company does not consider the unrealized position of its debt securities to be the result of credit factors, because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and illiquidity, and not credit quality. The
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Table of Contents 58 Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is unlikely that it will be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery. Therefore, the Company has not recorded an allowance for credit losses against its debt securities portfolio, as the credit risk is not material. The Company does not engage in securities trading activities. The Company invests in equity securities without readily determinable fair values and utilizes Level 3 inputs. These securities are reported at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The realized and unrealized gains and losses are reported as securities transactions in the noninterest income section of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Equity securities are reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company reviews its portfolio of equity securities for impairment at least quarterly. Loans The lending function is governed by written policies and procedures, as determined by senior management and approved by the Board of Directors. The policies and procedures set the standards for lending in each major loan category by collateral type and use of loan proceeds. The objectives of these policies and procedures are to identify profitable markets, determine appropriate risk tolerance levels for each type of loan, establish limits for loan officer approval, set concentration limits, establish loan-to-value thresholds, set repayment terms and loan structure guidelines and to adhere to documentation requirements. Interest rate risk is controlled by the use of variable rate provisions, the vast majority of which have a rate floor, limits on fixing rates for longer periods and the use of prepayment penalties. Loans originated within the Company are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned interest, loan fees and allowance for credit losses. Interest on all performing loans is recognized, on a simple interest basis, based upon the principal amount outstanding. See Note (5) for loan disclosures. Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts. The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on loans from the estimate of credit losses because it writes off uncollectible accrued interest in a timely manner. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance using the simple-interest method on the daily balances of the principal amounts outstanding. The Company writes off accrued interest once a loan enters non-accrual status. The Company debits interest income for the interest accrued. No interest will be accrued on loans for which a default of principal or interest has existed for a period of at least 90 days unless the collateral margin or guarantor support are such that full collection of principal and interest are not in doubt and an orderly plan for collection is in process. The Company also suspends interest recognition on any other loan for which it is more likely than not that future contractual payments will not be collected. Interest income on consumer and commercial loans is discontinued and placed on nonaccrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well secured and in process of collection. Consumer loans are charged off at 180 days past due and commercial loans are charged off to the extent principal or interest is deemed uncollectible. Past-due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. The amount of interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual and reversed against interest income was $1.2 million, $812,000 and $429,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received in cash. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Modifications of loans to existing borrowers generally consist of interest rate reductions, extension of payment terms, or a combination of these. Modifications may arise either voluntarily through negotiations with the borrower or involuntarily through court order. Payment deferrals up to six months are generally considered to be short-term modifications. Generally, principal and accrued but unpaid interest is not voluntarily forgiven. A change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon
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Table of Contents 59 modification because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance methodology. Residential real estate loans are made in accordance with underwriting policies and are fully documented. Credit worthiness is assessed based on significant credit characteristics including credit history and residential and employment stability. The Company does not engage in any hybrid loan programs. In addition, the Company does not have any exposure to loans with negative amortization, interest rate carryover or discounting of the initial rates (teaser rates). An updated appraisal of the collateral is obtained when a loan is first identified as a problem loan. Appraisals are reviewed annually and are updated as needed or are updated more frequently if significant changes are believed to have occurred in the collateral or market conditions. Appraisals of other real estate owned are also reviewed and updated consistent with this policy. When a loan deteriorates to the point that the account officer or the Loan Committee concludes it no longer represents a viable asset, it will be charged off. Similarly, any portion of a loan that is deemed to no longer be a viable asset will be charged off. A loan will not be charged off unless such action has been approved by the branch President. Acquired Loans Loans acquired through business combinations are required to be carried at fair value as of the date of the combination. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date. The Company early adopted ASU 2025-08 effective for fiscal year- end 2025. Following the adoption, for loans that meet the definition of purchased seasoned loans and loans that are purchased credit deteriorated, the Company recognizes the acquired loans at their fair value plus an estimated allowance for credit losses. The acquisition date fair value plus the allowance for credit loss equals the loans new amortized cost basis as of the acquisition date. The difference between the new amortized cost basis and the unpaid principal balance of the loan represents the non-credit purchase discount/premium recorded. The difference between the fair value of loans and their principal balance is recognized in interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loans. For loans which it is probable, at acquisition, that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments (as determined by the present value of expected future cash flows), the difference between the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition and the investment in the loan, or the “accretable yield,” is recognized in interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loan. Contractually required payments for interest and principal that exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition, or the “nonaccretable difference,” are not recognized as yield adjustments or as loss accruals or valuation allowances. Increases in expected cash flows subsequent to the initial investment are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loan over its remaining life. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairments. Any probable loss due to subsequent credit deterioration of the loans since acquisition is provided for in the allowance for credit losses and recorded through provision expense. For loans acquired prior to 2025, the methodology of allowance for credit loss recorded for these acquired loans depended on whether the acquired loans were purchase credit deteriorated or non-purchase credit deteriorated. An allowance for credit loss for non- purchase credit deteriorated loans was determined and recorded in a manner consistent with originated loans. That is, the allowance for credit loss was calculated based on the loan’s amortized cost basis (i.e., the acquisition date fair value in a business combination) and was established through a charge to provision expense at the acquisition date. Purchased Credit Deteriorated (PCD) Loans The Company has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense. Loans Held for Sale The Company originates mortgage loans to be sold. At the time of origination, the acquiring bank has already been determined and the terms of the loan, including the interest rate, have already been set by the acquiring bank allowing the Company to originate the loan at fair value. Mortgage loans are generally sold within 30 days of origination. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Gains or losses recognized upon the sale of the loans are determined on a specific identification basis. The Company does not sell residential mortgage loans with recourse other than obligations under standard representations
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Table of Contents 60 and warranties or for fraud. These obligations relate to loan performance for the life of the loan. The amount of loans repurchased since the inception of the program is not considered to be material, and therefore, no reserve has been required. Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loan's amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The allowance for credit losses is increased by provisions charged to operating expense and is reduced by net loan charge-offs. The Company considers various factors to monitor the credit risk in the loan portfolio including volume and severity of loan delinquencies, nonaccrual loans, internal grading of loans, historical loan loss experience and economic conditions. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information from internal and external sources, including information relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan- specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as the political, legal, and regulatory environment, technology and consumer preferences. Historical loss information is adjusted by the Company using these and other qualitative factors, including reasonable and supportable forecasts of changes in economic conditions. Forecast models are used to support management expectation of credit performance during the reasonable and supportable forecast period. Beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the loss expectation reverts to the historical average, which is determined by the weighted average life of each loan pool. If a loan is individually evaluated a specific allowance is provided, if necessary, so that the loan is reported net, at the fair value of collateral. Interest payments on collateral dependent loans are typically applied to principal unless collectability of the principal amount is reasonably assured, in which case interest is recognized on a cash basis. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off when deemed uncollectible. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Determining the Contractual Term Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless the following applies: the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. Allowance for Credit Losses on Available-for-Sale Debt Securities The Company reviews its portfolio of debt securities in an unrealized loss position at least quarterly. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value as a current period expense. If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers, among other things, the performance of any underlying collateral and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. At December 31, 2025 approximately 97% and at December 31, 2024 approximately 98% of the available for sale debt securities held by the Company were issued by the U.S. Treasury, or U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies. The Company does not consider the unrealized loss position of these securities to be the result of credit factors, because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and illiquidity, and not credit quality, and the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not
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Table of Contents 61 be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery. Therefore, the Company has not recorded an allowance for credit losses against its debt securities portfolio, as the credit risk is not material. Nonaccrual Policy A loan is placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, the future collectability of both interest and principal is not probable. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is recognized on certain of these loans on a cash basis if the full collection of the remaining principal balance is reasonably expected. Otherwise, interest income is not recognized until the principal balance is fully collected. The Company does not accrue interest on (1) any loan upon which a default of principal or interest has existed for a period of 90 days or over unless the collateral margin or guarantor support are such that full collection of principal and interest are not in doubt and an orderly plan for collection is in process; and (2) any other loan for which it is expected full collection of principal and interest is not probable. A nonaccrual loan may be restored to an accrual status when none of its principal and interest are past due and unpaid or otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection and when prospects for collection of future contractual payments are no longer in doubt. With the exception of a formal debt forgiveness agreement, no loan which has had principal charged-off shall be restored to accrual status unless the charged-off principal has been recovered. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is charged to operating expense and is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred while improvements are capitalized. Premises and equipment is tested for impairment if events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying amount of any premises and equipment may not be recoverable. Impairment losses are measured by comparing the fair values of the premises and equipment with their recorded amounts. Premises that are identified to be sold are transferred to other real estate owned at the lower of their carrying amounts or their fair values less estimated costs to sell. Any losses on premises identified to be sold are charged to operating expense. When premises and equipment are transferred to other real estate owned, sold, or otherwise retired, the cost and applicable accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and any resulting gains or losses are reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Construction in progress includes all the costs of construction associated with the building of fixed long-term assets and is included in premises and equipment, net as an asset. When construction is completed, the asset is reclassified as a building or a leasehold improvement and depreciated over its applicable useful life. Leases Operating and finance leases are included as right of use lease assets in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet and a related lease liability is included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Right of use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The lease liability is measured as the present value of the unpaid lease payments, and the right of use assets value is derived from the calculation of the lease liability. To calculate the discount rate for each lease, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease if available, otherwise an appropriate Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") advance borrowing rate is used that correlates with the term of the lease. Other Real Estate Owned Other real estate owned ("OREO") consists of properties acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure, and premises held for sale. These properties are carried at the lower of the book values of the related loans or fair values based upon appraisals, less estimated costs to sell. Losses arising at the time of reclassification of such properties from loans to OREO are charged directly to the allowance for credit losses. Any losses on premises identified to be sold are charged to operating expense at the time of transfer from premises to OREO. Losses from declines in value of the properties subsequent to classification as OREO are charged to operating expense. Revenues and expenses for OREO property are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the period in which they occur. Gross rental income for OREO is included in other non-interest income. The expenses of operating or holding OREO property are included in noninterest expense.
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Table of Contents 62 Intangible Assets and Goodwill Core deposit intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of seven to ten years and customer relationship intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of three to eighteen years. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated at a reporting unit level at least annually for impairment, or more frequently if other indicators of impairment are present. At least annually in the fourth quarter, intangible assets are evaluated for possible impairment. Impairment losses are measured by comparing the fair values of the intangible assets with their recorded amounts. Any impairment losses are reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $3.2 million. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $3.4 million and $3.2 million, respectively. Stock-based Compensation The Company recognizes stock-based compensation as compensation expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income based on the fair value of the Company’s stock options and restricted stock units ("RSU's") on the measurement date, which, for the Company, is the date of the grant. The fair value of each option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and was based on certain assumptions including risk-free rate of return, dividend yield, stock price volatility and the expected term. The fair value of each RSU granted is equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. The fair value of each option and RSU is expensed over its vesting period. Income Taxes The Company files a consolidated income tax return with its subsidiaries. Federal and state income tax expense or benefit has been allocated to subsidiaries on a separate return basis. Deferred taxes are recognized under the balance sheet method based upon the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using the tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the periods when the related temporary differences are expected to be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of a sufficient level of future taxable income and recoverable taxes paid in prior years. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. Earnings Per Common Share Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income, less any preferred dividends requirement, by the weighted average of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if options, RSU's, convertible securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the Company. Revenue Recognition In addition to lending and related activities, the Company offers various services to customers that generate revenue. Contract performance typically occurs in one year or less. Incremental costs of obtaining a contract are expensed when incurred when the amortization period is one year or less. Sales of real estate The sale of real estate property is generally recognized, along with any associated gain or loss, when control of the property transfers to the buyer. Service and transaction fees on depository accounts Customers often pay certain fees to the bank to access the cash on deposit including certain non-transactional fees such as account maintenance or dormancy fees, and certain transaction-based fees such as non-sufficient funds fees, overdraft, ATM, wire transfer, or foreign exchange fees. Revenue is recognized when the transactions occur or as services are performed over primarily
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Table of Contents 63 monthly or quarterly periods. Payment is typically received in the period the transactions occur, or in some cases, within 90 days of the service period. Interchange Fees Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are charges that merchants pay to the processors who, in turn, share that revenue with us and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. Interchange fees represent the portion of the debit card transaction amount that the card issuer retains to compensate it for processing transactions and providing rewards. Interchange fees are settled and recognized on a daily or monthly basis. Insurance Commissions and Fees Insurance commissions are received on the sale of insurance products, and revenue is recognized upon the placement date of the insurance policies or when such commissions are received. Payment is normally received within the policy period. In addition to placement, the Company also provides insurance policy related risk management services. Revenue is recognized as these services are provided. Performance-based commissions are recognized when received or earlier when, upon consideration of past results and current condition, the revenue is deemed not probable of reversal. For accounts billed by BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc., commission revenue is recognized at the later of the billing date or the effective date of the related insurance policies. Commission revenue, for accounts that are directly billed by the insurance company to the insured, is recognized when determinable by BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc., which is generally when such commissions are received. BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc. also receives contingent commissions from insurance companies as additional incentive for achieving specified premium volume goals and/or loss experience parameters relating to the insurance they place. Contingent commissions from insurance companies are recognized when determinable, which is generally when such commissions are received. Trust BancFirst offers trust services and acts as executor, administrator, trustee, transfer agent and in various other fiduciary capacities. There are four basic types of fees that are included in the trust department income. Administrative fees are assessed for managing trust accounts. Shareholder fees are received in connection with holding specific fund share classes. In return for these services, the mutual fund (or its distributor or investment advisor) pay a fee to BancFirst. Oil and gas fees are assessed for management of oil and gas related activities. There are also other types of fees charged on a one-time basis such as those related to opening and closing trust accounts. BancFirst records trust fees on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis based on the size of the asset being managed. Fees may be fixed or, where applicable, based on a percentage of transaction size of managed assets. These fees are recorded as revenue at the time the fee is billed, according to the agreement with the customer. Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income includes all changes in stockholders’ equity during a period, except those resulting from transactions with stockholders. Besides net income, other components of the Company’s comprehensive income includes the after tax effect of changes in the net unrealized gain/loss on debt securities available for sale. The Company’s policy is to release material stranded tax effects included in accumulated other comprehensive income on a specific identification basis. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers cash and due from banks and interest-bearing deposits with banks as cash equivalents.
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Table of Contents 64 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Standards Not Yet Adopted: In December 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2025- 11, “Interim Reporting - Narrow-Scope Improvement” improving the navigability of the required interim disclosures and clarifying when that guidance is applicable. This ASU is effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied prospectively or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is still evaluating the impact this will have on the Company, but does not expect adoption of the standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” requiring disclosure of certain costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The amendments may be applied prospectively or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company intends to adopt on a prospective basis, though retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of the standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Standards Adopted During the Current Period: In November 2025, FASB issued ASU No. 2025-08, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses” expanding the population of acquired financial assets subject to the gross-up approach. The amendments in the update require that purchased seasoned loans (excluding credit cards) be accounted for using the gross-up approach, which will enhance comparability and consistency in the accounting for acquired financial assets. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 on a prospective basis for loans that are acquired on or after the initial application date. Early adoption is permitted in an interim or annual reporting period in which financial statements have not been issued. The Company opted to early adopt the standard in connection with the acquisition of ABOK and the adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” requiring enhancements and further transparency to certain income tax disclosures, most notably the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the standard on a prospective basis showing only the adopted information for the year ended December 31, 2025. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. (2) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, INCLUDING MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS On November 17, 2025, the Company acquired ABOK, for aggregate consideration totaling approximately $33 million. ABOK shareholders had the option to exchange their shares for shares in the Company or receive cash. Cash consideration was capped at 40% of the total merger consideration. As of December 31, 2025, fair value of the Company's common stock issued for the acquisition was $22.7 million and cash paid was $6.3 million. As of December 31, 2025, not all ABOK shareholders had exchanged their shares. The fair value of assets acquired was approximately $416.6 million and the fair value of liabilities assumed was approximately $383.3 million. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is based upon preliminary evaluation and not yet finalized. The Company expects to complete the evaluation within the one-year allowable period. ABOK was a community bank headquartered in Collinsville, Oklahoma with six banking locations in Oklahoma. At acquisition, ABOK had approximately $414 million in total assets, $244 million in loans and $341 million in deposits. ABOK operated as a subsidiary of BancFirst Corporation until February 13, 2026 when ABOK was merged into BancFirst. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded a core deposit intangible of approximately $11.6 million and goodwill of approximately $476,000. The Company did not incur a material amount of acquisition-related expenses. The effect of this acquisition was included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company from the date of acquisition forward. Pro forma information has not been presented because the acquisition did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The acquisition of ABOK complements the Company by expanding the Company's banking communities in Oklahoma. On July 20, 2023, BancFirst purchased approximately $2.5 million in total assets, which included $2.1 million in loans, and assumed $10.8 million in deposits and other obligations, from RCB Bank's Stroud, Oklahoma branch. RCB Bank paid BancFirst $7.8 million as a result of this transaction. The fair value of assets acquired was approximately $3.0 million and the fair value of
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Table of Contents 65 liabilities assumed was approximately $10.8 million. In addition, the Company recorded a core deposit intangible of $252,000 and goodwill of $209,000. The Company did not incur a material amount of purchase-related expenses. The effect of this purchase was included in the consolidated financial statement of the Company from the date of purchase forward. The purchase did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. The purchase of this branch strengthens BancFirst's presence in the Stroud, Oklahoma community. (3) CASH, DUE FROM BANKS, INTEREST-BEARING DEPOSITS AND FEDERAL FUNDS SOLD The Company maintains accounts with the Federal Reserve Bank and various other financial institutions primarily for the purpose of holding excess liquidity and clearing cash items. It may also sell federal funds to certain of these institutions on an overnight basis. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no significant concentrations of credit risk with other financial institutions. The Company maintained vault cash and funds on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank as follows: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Vault cash and funds on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank $ 4,204,423 $ 3,347,760 (4) SECURITIES The following table summarizes the amortized cost and estimated fair values of debt securities held for investment: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 Mortgage backed securities (1) $ 1 $ — $ — $ 1 States and political subdivisions 60 — — 60 Other securities 500 — — 500 Total $ 561 $ — $ — $ 561 December 31, 2024 Mortgage backed securities (1) $ 2 $ — $ — $ 2 States and political subdivisions 335 — — 335 Other securities 500 — — 500 Total $ 837 $ — $ — $ 837
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Table of Contents 66 The following table summarizes the amortized cost and estimated fair values of debt securities available for sale: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 U.S. treasuries $ 884,020 $ 1,131 $ (10,175) $ 874,976 U.S. federal agencies 6,944 49 (6) 6,987 Mortgage backed securities (1) 17,702 47 (1,157) 16,592 States and political subdivisions 16,551 101 (147) 16,505 Other securities 10,000 — (673) 9,327 Total $ 935,217 $ 1,328 $ (12,158) $ 924,387 December 31, 2024 U.S. treasuries $ 1,216,258 $ — $ (40,249) $ 1,176,009 U.S. federal agencies 8,170 68 (6) 8,232 Mortgage backed securities (1) 14,807 9 (1,772) 13,044 States and political subdivisions 6,570 6 (140) 6,436 Other securities 8,163 — (967) 7,196 Total $ 1,253,968 $ 83 $ (43,134) $ 1,210,917 (1) Primarily consists of FHLMC, FNMA, GNMA and mortgage backed securities through U.S. agencies. The maturities of debt securities held for investment and available for sale are summarized in the following table using contractual maturities. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to obligations that are called or prepaid. For purposes of the maturity table, mortgage-backed securities, which are not due at a single maturity date, have been presented at their contractual maturity. December 31, 2025 2024 Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Held for Investment Contractual maturity of debt securities: Within one year $ 560 $ 560 $ 776 $ 776 After one year but within five years 1 1 61 61 After five years but within ten years — — — — After ten years — — — — Total $ 561 $ 561 $ 837 $ 837 Available for Sale Contractual maturity of debt securities: Within one year $ 311,726 $ 309,372 $ 335,108 $ 330,076 After one year but within five years 588,315 581,709 888,721 853,508 After five years but within ten years 17,142 16,400 13,369 12,354 After ten years 18,034 16,906 16,770 14,979 Total debt securities $ 935,217 $ 924,387 $ 1,253,968 $ 1,210,917 Realized gains/losses on debt and equity securities are reported as securities transactions within the noninterest income section of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. There were no sales of debt securities and therefore no proceeds from sales or realized gains or losses on available for sale debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023.
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Table of Contents 67 The following table is a summary of the Company’s book value of debt securities that were pledged as collateral for public funds on deposit, repurchase agreements and for other purposes as required or permitted by law: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Book value of pledged securities $ 726,833 $ 918,523 The following table summarizes debt securities with unrealized losses, segregated by the duration of the unrealized loss, at December 31, 2025 and 2024 respectively: Less than 12 Months More than 12 Months Total Number of investments EstimatedFair Value UnrealizedLosses EstimatedFair Value UnrealizedLosses EstimatedFair Value UnrealizedLosses (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 Available for Sale U.S. treasuries 31 $ — $ — $ 783,183 $ 10,175 $ 783,183 $ 10,175 U.S. federal agencies 6 177 1 898 5 1,075 6 Mortgage backed securities 51 1,764 47 10,710 1,110 12,474 1,157 States and political subdivisions 8 5,197 28 758 119 5,955 147 Other securities 2 — — 7,327 673 7,327 673 Total 98 $ 7,138 $ 76 $ 802,876 $ 12,082 $ 810,014 $ 12,158 December 31, 2024 Available for Sale U.S. treasuries 51 $ 89,867 $ 1,030 $1,086,142 $ 39,219 $1,176,009 $ 40,249 U.S. federal agencies 5 681 4 500 2 1,181 6 Mortgage backed securities 63 1,214 15 11,498 1,757 12,712 1,772 States and political subdivisions 4 802 2 752 138 1,554 140 Other securities 3 — — 7,196 967 7,196 967 Total 126 $ 92,564 $ 1,051 $1,106,088 $ 42,083 $1,198,652 $ 43,134 The Company has the ability and intent to hold the debt securities classified as held for investment until they mature, at which time the Company will receive full value for the debt securities. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company also had the ability and intent to hold the debt securities classified as available for sale for a period of time sufficient for a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying debt securities were purchased. The fair value of those debt securities having unrealized losses is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date, or if market yields for such investments decline. The Company has no intent or requirement to sell before the recovery of the unrealized loss; therefore, no impairment loss was realized in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
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Table of Contents 68 (5) LOANS HELD FOR INVESTMENT AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS Loans held for investment are summarized by portfolio segment as follows: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 955,171 $ 931,709 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,797,066 1,578,483 Construction and development < 60 months 657,312 756,662 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 269,357 250,373 Residential real estate first lien 1,583,229 1,431,265 Residential real estate all other 328,291 275,461 Agriculture 491,776 449,190 Commercial non-real estate 1,374,609 1,363,462 Consumer non-real estate 533,415 478,647 Oil and gas 542,627 509,858 Total (1) $ 8,532,853 $ 8,025,110 (1) Excludes accrued interest receivable of $41.8 million at December 31, 2025 and $40.9 million at December 31, 2024, that is recorded in accrued interest receivable and other assets. The Company's loans are currently 80% held by BancFirst and 20% held by Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK. In addition, approximately 71% of the Company's loans are secured by real estate. Credit risk on loans is managed through limits on amounts loaned to individual and related borrowers, underwriting standards and loan monitoring procedures. The amounts and types of collateral obtained, if any, to secure loans are based upon the Company’s underwriting standards and management’s credit evaluation. Collateral varies but may include real estate, equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, livestock and securities. The Company’s interest in collateral is secured through filing mortgages and liens, or by possession of the collateral. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments, which includes the applicable weighted average remaining life, and measures the allowance for credit losses using the vintage loss analysis adjusted for qualitative factors: Portfolio Segments Life (in years) Commercial real estate owner occupied 9 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 5 Construction and development < 60 months 3 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 1 Residential real estate first lien 14 Residential real estate all other 8 Agriculture 8 Commercial non-real estate 3 Consumer non-real estate 4 Oil and gas 2
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Table of Contents 69 These portfolio segments are separately identified because they exhibit distinctive risk characteristics, such as financial asset types, loan purpose, collateral and industry of the borrower. A summary of our primary portfolio segments is as follows: Commercial real estate owner occupied. Commercial real estate owner occupied are nonresidential property loans for which the primary source of repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the entity, or an affiliate of the entity, who owns the property. This category includes, among other loans, loans secured by office buildings, manufacturing facilities, warehouse and flex warehouse facilities, hospitals and other medical or professional service centers, community business such as fitness facilities and car washes. Commercial real estate non-owner occupied. Commercial real estate non-owner occupied are nonresidential property loans where the primary source of repayment is derived from rental income associated with the property or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing, or permanent financing of the property. This category includes, among other loans, loans secured by shopping centers, office buildings, hotels/motels, nursing homes, assisted-living facilities, mini-storage warehouse facilities and similar properties. Construction and development < 60 months. Residential development loans include loans to develop raw land into a residential development. Advances on the loans typically include land costs, hard costs (grading, utilities, roads, etc.), soft costs (engineering fees, development fees, entitlement fees, etc.) and carrying costs until the development is completed. Upon completion of the development, the loan is typically repaid through the sale of lots to homebuilders. Construction residential real estate < 60 months. Residential construction includes loans to builders for speculative or custom homes, as well as direct loans to individuals for construction of their personal residence. Custom construction and self-construction loans typically will have commitments in place for long-term financing at the completion of construction. Speculative construction loans generally will have periodic curtailment plans beginning after completion of construction and a reasonable time for sales to have occurred. Residential real estate first lien. Residential real estate first lien loans include all closed-end loans secured by first liens on one-to- four family residential properties. This category includes property containing one-to-four dwelling units (including vacation homes) or more than four dwelling units if each is separated from other units by dividing walls that extend from ground to roof. This category also includes individual condominium dwelling units and loans secured by an interest in individual cooperative housing units, even if in a building with five or more dwelling units. Residential real estate all other. Residential real estate all other loans includes loans secured by junior (i.e., other than first) liens on one-to-four family residential properties. This category includes loans secured by junior liens even if the Company also holds a loan secured by a first lien on the same one-to-four family residential property. Agricultural. This category includes loans secured by all land known to be used or usable for agricultural purposes, such as crop and livestock production. Commercial non-real estate. Commercial non-real estate represents loans for working capital, facilities acquisition or expansion, purchase of equipment and other needs of commercial customers primarily located within Oklahoma. Loans in this category include commercial and industrial and state and political subdivisions. Consumer non-real estate. Consumer loans are loans to individuals for household, family and other personal expenditures. Commonly, such loans are made to finance purchases of consumer goods, such as automobiles, boats, household goods, vacations and education. Oil and gas. Oil and gas loans represent loans for producing oil and gas properties and any other mineral interests that may be pumped, mined, quarried or otherwise extracted from the earth. These loans also include upstream and midstream energy loans, and loans to companies that provide ancillary services to the energy industry, such as transportation, wellsite preparation contractors and equipment manufacturers.
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Table of Contents 70 Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets and Loan Modifications The following is a summary of other real estate owned and repossessed assets: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Other real estate owned and repossessed assets $ 49,134 $ 33,665 During the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, the Company foreclosed on a construction and development real estate loan and recorded $15.6 million in OREO, which was the primary reason for the increase in OREO. In addition, as of both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, OREO included a commercial real estate property recorded at approximately $24.7 million and $28.1 million, respectively. The decrease for this commercial real estate property was due to write downs during the year ended December 31, 2025. During 2025, the Company sold property held in other real estate owned for a total loss of $39,000 compared to total gains of $1.5 million in 2024 and $728,000 in 2023. During 2025, the Company wrote down property held in other real estate owned for a total of $8.2 million compared to write downs of $4.0 million in 2024 and $5.2 million in 2023. The Company charges interest on principal balances outstanding on modified loans during deferral periods. The current and future financial effects of the recorded balance of loans considered to be modified during the period were not material. The recorded balance of loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2025 was approximately $6.4 million compared to $14.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. Nonaccrual loans The Company did not recognize any interest income on nonaccrual loans for any of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023. In addition, all loans identified as nonaccrual loans have related allowances for credit losses at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Had nonaccrual loans performed in accordance with their original contractual terms, the Company would have recognized additional interest income of $4.9 million in 2025, $3.5 million in 2024 and $1.6 million in 2023. Nonaccrual loans guaranteed by government agencies totaled $10.6 million at December 31, 2025 and $9.0 million at December 31, 2024. The following table is a summary of amounts included in nonaccrual loans, segregated by portfolio segment. December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 15,412 $ 7,957 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 20,555 8,913 Construction and development < 60 months 680 20,445 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 1,565 1,481 Residential real estate first lien 4,671 5,193 Residential real estate all other 1,787 653 Agriculture 2,456 2,047 Commercial non-real estate 11,776 8,552 Consumer non-real estate 816 1,028 Oil and gas 1,412 1,715 Total $ 61,130 $ 57,984
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Table of Contents 71 Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. The following tables present an age analysis of the Company's loans held for investment: Age Analysis of Past Due Loans 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 DaysandGreater TotalPast DueLoans CurrentLoans Total Loans AccruingLoans 90Days orMorePast Due (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 4,196 $ 468 $ 14,515 $ 19,179 $ 935,992 $ 955,171 $ 190 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 370 288 19,391 20,049 1,777,017 1,797,066 806 Construction and development <60 months 1,119 48 603 1,770 655,542 657,312 19 Construction residential real estate < 60 months — — 829 829 268,528 269,357 — Residential real estate first lien 9,476 2,625 5,084 17,185 1,566,044 1,583,229 2,142 Residential real estate all other 2,343 436 2,467 5,246 323,045 328,291 1,312 Agriculture 2,643 1,681 3,245 7,569 484,207 491,776 1,950 Commercial non-real estate 2,863 1,047 10,959 14,869 1,359,740 1,374,609 730 Consumer non-real estate 4,353 973 1,430 6,756 526,659 533,415 896 Oil and gas 32 — 1,482 1,514 541,113 542,627 70 Total $ 27,395 $ 7,566 $ 60,005 $ 94,966 $ 8,437,887 $ 8,532,853 $ 8,115 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 DaysandGreater TotalPast DueLoans CurrentLoans Total Loans AccruingLoans 90Days orMorePast Due (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2024 Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 2,810 $ 273 $ 7,963 $ 11,046 $ 920,663 $ 931,709 $ 569 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 603 16,871 610 18,084 1,560,399 1,578,483 41 Construction and development <60 months 317 351 20,327 20,995 735,667 756,662 116 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 292 622 616 1,530 248,843 250,373 — Residential real estate first lien 9,128 2,118 3,332 14,578 1,416,687 1,431,265 797 Residential real estate all other 1,498 559 828 2,885 272,576 275,461 370 Agriculture 1,569 1,357 5,691 8,617 440,573 449,190 4,754 Commercial non-real estate 4,325 1,019 5,983 11,327 1,352,135 1,363,462 356 Consumer non-real estate 3,748 907 1,173 5,828 472,819 478,647 504 Oil and gas 1,111 458 232 1,801 508,057 509,858 232 Total $ 25,401 $ 24,535 $ 46,755 $ 96,691 $ 7,928,419 $ 8,025,110 $ 7,739
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Table of Contents 72 Credit Quality Indicators The Company considers credit quality indicators to monitor the credit risk in the loan portfolio including volume and severity of loan delinquencies, nonaccrual loans, internal grading of loans, historical credit loss experience and economic conditions. These indicators are reviewed and updated regularly throughout the year. An internal risk grading system is used to indicate the credit risk of loans. The loan grades used by the Company are for internal risk identification purposes and do not directly correlate to regulatory classification categories or any financial reporting definitions. The general characteristics of the risk grades are as follows: Grade 1 – Acceptable - Loans graded 1 represent reasonable and satisfactory credit risk which requires normal attention and supervision. Capacity to repay through primary and/or secondary sources is not questioned. Grade 2 – Acceptable - Increased Attention - This category consists of loans that have credit characteristics deserving management’s close attention. These complexities or potential weaknesses could result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or the Company's credit position at some future date. Such credit characteristics include loans to highly leveraged borrowers in cyclical industries, adverse financial trends which could potentially weaken repayment capacity, loans that have fundamental structure complexity or deficiencies, loans lacking secondary sources of repayment where prudent, and loans with deficiencies in essential documentation, including financial information. Grade 3 – Loans with Problem Potential - This category consists of performing loans which are considered to exhibit problem potential. Loans in this category would generally include, but not be limited to, borrowers with a weakened financial condition or poor performance history, past dues, loans restructured to reduce payments to an amount that is below market standards and/or loans with severe documentation problems. In general, these loans have no identifiable loss potential in the near future; however, the possibility of a loss developing is heightened. Grade 4 - Problem Loans/Assets – Nonperforming - This category consists of nonperforming loans/assets which are considered to be problems. Nonperforming loans are described as being 90 days and over past due and still accruing, and loans that are nonaccrual. The government guaranteed portion of SBA loans is excluded. Grade 5 - Loss Potential - This category consists of loans/assets which are considered to possess loss potential. While the loss may not occur in the current year, management expects that loans/assets in this category will ultimately result in a loss, unless substantial improvement occurs. Grade 6 - Charge Off - This category consists of loans that are considered uncollectible and other assets with little or no value. The Company’s revolving loans that are converted to term loans are not material and therefore have not been presented. The following tables summarize the Company's gross loans held for investment by year of origination and internally assigned credit grades:
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Table of Contents 73 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Amortized Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 Commercial real estate owner occupied Grade 1 $ 104,893 $ 69,459 $ 88,619 $ 111,502 $ 80,702 $ 159,242 $ 14,317 $ 628,734 Grade 2 70,028 37,485 28,896 46,218 43,091 52,799 8,937 287,454 Grade 3 1,312 3,947 10,730 3,388 4,257 2,499 237 26,370 Grade 4 — 9,661 599 810 464 1,079 — 12,613 Total commercial real estate owner occupied 176,233 120,552 128,844 161,918 128,514 215,619 23,491 955,171 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Grade 1 194,030 130,101 180,433 268,096 106,406 141,611 20,566 1,041,243 Grade 2 216,942 67,584 157,381 139,176 53,021 78,510 18,187 730,801 Grade 3 2,803 — — 1,200 — 382 — 4,385 Grade 4 260 17,840 778 64 252 1,443 — 20,637 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 414,035 215,525 338,592 408,536 159,679 221,946 38,753 1,797,066 Construction and development < 60 months Grade 1 133,885 86,362 58,448 42,884 6,716 11,905 36,425 376,625 Grade 2 108,076 33,957 76,706 28,913 1,829 15,117 7,284 271,882 Grade 3 6,904 — — 34 — 115 999 8,052 Grade 4 345 — 37 16 216 139 — 753 Total construction and development < 60 months 249,210 120,319 135,191 71,847 8,761 27,276 44,708 657,312 Construction residential real estate < 60 months Grade 1 131,033 12,702 2,366 892 87 424 2,749 150,253 Grade 2 105,225 1,775 35 209 — — 6,294 113,538 Grade 3 3,891 — — — — — 111 4,002 Grade 4 736 622 — 206 — — — 1,564 Total construction residential real estate <60 months 240,885 15,099 2,401 1,307 87 424 9,154 269,357 Residential real estate first lien Grade 1 260,339 197,035 170,810 175,148 125,196 220,756 6,721 1,156,005 Grade 2 106,460 73,464 51,632 51,379 41,187 62,710 376 387,208 Grade 3 7,212 4,701 4,694 3,245 3,161 5,970 — 28,983 Grade 4 771 1,849 2,590 1,108 1,252 3,463 — 11,033 Total residential real estate first lien 374,782 277,049 229,726 230,880 170,796 292,899 7,097 1,583,229 Residential real estate all other Grade 1 39,314 31,296 20,485 16,509 4,748 13,324 63,318 188,994 Grade 2 5,851 6,642 4,771 3,563 1,035 4,212 104,083 130,157 Grade 3 1,213 382 496 178 269 502 2,680 5,720 Grade 4 658 25 143 455 — 192 1,947 3,420 Total residential real estate all other 47,036 38,345 25,895 20,705 6,052 18,230 172,028 328,291 Agriculture Grade 1 52,315 27,107 29,862 29,427 21,981 48,529 57,183 266,404 Grade 2 51,110 25,934 19,502 15,402 11,831 21,788 55,627 201,194 Grade 3 3,061 1,192 1,616 2,647 567 2,521 7,136 18,740 Grade 4 456 675 259 734 218 2,949 147 5,438 Total agriculture 106,942 54,908 51,239 48,210 34,597 75,787 120,093 491,776 Commercial non-real estate Grade 1 129,519 92,153 61,377 89,039 30,717 61,905 361,319 826,029 Grade 2 123,423 54,494 52,198 32,642 8,505 6,891 216,896 495,049 Grade 3 2,044 1,157 1,638 1,273 391 763 37,633 44,899 Grade 4 893 731 2,501 2,219 149 632 846 7,971 Grade 5 — 329 5 217 10 100 — 661 Total commercial non-real estate 255,879 148,864 117,719 125,390 39,772 70,291 616,694 1,374,609 Consumer non-real estate Grade 1 216,776 107,728 60,919 27,629 12,224 4,351 19,914 449,541 Grade 2 23,075 15,034 10,144 4,964 2,295 929 17,389 73,830 Grade 3 1,404 1,176 1,653 691 425 348 14 5,711 Grade 4 2,205 676 642 412 335 61 2 4,333 Total consumer non-real estate 243,460 124,614 73,358 33,696 15,279 5,689 37,319 533,415 Oil and gas Grade 1 88,149 7,839 8,113 3,046 6,890 1,865 260,393 376,295 Grade 2 61,231 7,716 4,997 3,097 2,476 2,617 82,595 164,729 Grade 3 929 15 29 — 148 32 70 1,223 Grade 4 — — — — 36 344 — 380 Total oil and gas 150,309 15,570 13,139 6,143 9,550 4,858 343,058 542,627 Total loans held for investment $ 2,258,771 $ 1,130,845 $ 1,116,104 $ 1,108,632 $ 573,087 $ 933,019 $ 1,412,395 $ 8,532,853
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Table of Contents 74 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Amortized Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2024 Commercial real estate owner occupied Grade 1 $ 73,928 $ 97,497 $ 140,750 $ 99,998 $ 70,919 $ 157,286 $ 18,517 $ 658,895 Grade 2 40,463 32,521 51,722 48,845 21,767 34,536 5,281 235,135 Grade 3 13,626 9,790 3,515 2,575 788 1,731 297 32,322 Grade 4 1,770 377 155 48 352 2,533 122 5,357 Total commercial real estate owner occupied 129,787 140,185 196,142 151,466 93,826 196,086 24,217 931,709 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Grade 1 116,295 285,971 260,605 176,082 107,312 93,834 32,071 1,072,170 Grade 2 75,546 106,628 144,117 53,575 28,429 63,393 5,982 477,670 Grade 3 5,133 — 12,643 — 72 240 — 18,088 Grade 4 5,904 129 — 1,971 — 2,551 — 10,555 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 202,878 392,728 417,365 231,628 135,813 160,018 38,053 1,578,483 Construction and development < 60 months Grade 1 127,282 88,506 170,192 8,684 8,617 7,034 29,951 440,266 Grade 2 94,738 113,585 55,372 1,193 1,544 14,063 11,741 292,236 Grade 3 2,790 84 — 554 68 63 — 3,559 Grade 4 51 58 816 198 136 — 19,342 20,601 Total construction and development < 60 months 224,861 202,233 226,380 10,629 10,365 21,160 61,034 756,662 Construction residential real estate < 60 months Grade 1 115,070 20,543 4,073 76 1,276 518 4,386 145,942 Grade 2 79,451 3,630 558 3 12 — 15,716 99,370 Grade 3 3,580 — — — — — — 3,580 Grade 4 1,158 117 206 — — — — 1,481 Total construction residential real estate <60 months 199,259 24,290 4,837 79 1,288 518 20,102 250,373 Residential real estate first lien Grade 1 270,182 199,996 201,208 148,548 96,714 171,143 5,603 1,093,394 Grade 2 81,350 71,196 49,965 36,685 25,338 43,908 969 309,411 Grade 3 5,720 3,399 2,769 2,840 2,132 4,700 — 21,560 Grade 4 1,434 796 349 1,727 459 2,135 — 6,900 Total residential real estate first lien 358,686 275,387 254,291 189,800 124,643 221,886 6,572 1,431,265 Residential real estate all other Grade 1 40,293 27,885 19,557 5,560 6,348 10,515 51,106 161,264 Grade 2 7,508 4,674 3,712 1,261 1,105 3,529 86,860 108,649 Grade 3 630 403 188 173 232 575 1,863 4,064 Grade 4 177 221 73 — 50 17 946 1,484 Total residential real estate all other 48,608 33,183 23,530 6,994 7,735 14,636 140,775 275,461 Agriculture Grade 1 44,952 41,620 39,866 27,901 19,849 41,401 52,243 267,832 Grade 2 38,600 22,924 18,639 13,097 9,043 17,434 38,508 158,245 Grade 3 1,765 1,702 1,212 1,666 2,489 1,958 7,061 17,853 Grade 4 2,800 1,083 777 156 73 235 136 5,260 Total agriculture 88,117 67,329 60,494 42,820 31,454 61,028 97,948 449,190 Commercial non-real estate Grade 1 154,831 105,332 138,536 114,365 23,278 47,272 318,308 901,922 Grade 2 103,737 76,999 29,152 17,882 4,005 6,016 175,832 413,623 Grade 3 1,487 2,121 1,944 438 128 299 36,288 42,705 Grade 4 1,432 1,305 976 348 386 165 358 4,970 Grade 5 — — 71 6 1 164 — 242 Total commercial non-real estate 261,487 185,757 170,679 133,039 27,798 53,916 530,786 1,363,462 Consumer non-real estate Grade 1 186,539 111,148 54,914 28,236 7,165 3,662 18,479 410,143 Grade 2 18,622 15,149 9,285 4,296 1,042 885 11,213 60,492 Grade 3 1,493 2,007 1,279 901 228 193 9 6,110 Grade 4 278 677 543 242 118 41 1 1,900 Grade 5 — 2 — — — — — 2 Total consumer non-real estate 206,932 128,983 66,021 33,675 8,553 4,781 29,702 478,647 Oil and gas Grade 1 86,975 13,037 4,996 21,945 4,762 2,365 218,887 352,967 Grade 2 35,299 7,137 4,408 502 358 167 107,428 155,299 Grade 3 286 121 — 170 — 63 475 1,115 Grade 4 — — — 65 — 412 — 477 Total oil and gas 122,560 20,295 9,404 22,682 5,120 3,007 326,790 509,858 Total loans held for investment $ 1,843,175 $ 1,470,370 $ 1,429,143 $ 822,812 $ 446,595 $ 737,036 $ 1,275,979 $ 8,025,110
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Table of Contents The following tables summarize the Company’s gross charge-offs by year of origination for the periods indicated: Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolvin g Loans 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Amortiz ed Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2025 Commercial real estate owner occupied Current-period gross charge-offs $ — $ 29 $ — $ 17 $ 6 $ 75 $ 116 $ 243 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Current-period gross charge-offs — 1,822 — 1 — — — 1,823 Construction and development < 60 months Current-period gross charge-offs — — — 225 3,744 — — 3,969 Construction residential real estate < 60 months Current-period gross charge-offs — 25 4 — — — — 29 Residential real estate first lien Current-period gross charge-offs — 13 8 2 40 85 — 148 Residential real estate all other Current-period gross charge-offs — 3 22 25 — — 124 174 Agriculture Current-period gross charge-offs 24 15 2 7 10 3 18 79 Commercial non-real estate Current-period gross charge-offs 194 323 333 186 54 357 147 1,594 Consumer non-real estate Current-period gross charge-offs 240 800 828 386 112 78 20 2,464 Oil and gas Current-period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Total current-period gross charge-offs $ 458 $ 3,030 $ 1,197 $ 849 $ 3,966 $ 598 $ 425 $ 10,523 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolvin g Loans 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Amortiz ed Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2024 Commercial real estate owner occupied Current-period gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ 15 $ — $ — $ — $ 15 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Current-period gross charge-offs — 12 189 1 1 33 — 236 Construction and development < 60 months Current-period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — Construction residential real estate < 60 months Current-period gross charge-offs — 3 — — — — — 3 Residential real estate first lien Current-period gross charge-offs 3 47 61 6 4 134 — 255 Residential real estate all other Current-period gross charge-offs 20 — 84 — — 7 60 171 Agriculture Current-period gross charge-offs — 40 47 13 — 66 — 166 Commercial non-real estate Current-period gross charge-offs 94 1,323 462 191 96 324 2,004 4,494 Consumer non-real estate Current-period gross charge-offs 348 864 427 141 44 59 31 1,914 Oil and gas Current-period gross charge-offs — 9 83 — — — — 92 Total current-period gross charge-offs $ 465 $ 2,298 $ 1,353 $ 367 $ 145 $ 623 $ 2,095 $ 7,346
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Table of Contents 76 Allowance for Credit Losses Methodology The Company determines its provision for credit losses and allowance for credit losses using the current expected credit loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company elected to utilize a methodology known as vintage loss analysis. Vintage loss analysis measures impairment based on the age of the accounts and the historical performance of assets with similar risk characteristics. Vintage loss analysis determines expected losses by allowing the Company to calculate the cumulative loss rates of a given loan pool and, in so doing, determine the loan pool’s lifetime expected loss experience relative to the appropriate type of financial assets that share similar risk characteristics. Vintage loss analysis uses different “vintages” analyzed by year of origination through the weighted average maturity of each loan pool. The key quantitative inputs used in the Company’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses include 1) all available loan data tracked by year of origination, 2) total charge-offs for each specific loan pool recorded since year of origination, 3) recovery rate calculated by the average recovery over the previous seven years across all loan pools and 4) a weighting factor biased to more recent loss experience. The quantitative expected credit loss is calculated by dividing each year’s net charge-offs by the original balance. The respective vintage’s original balance remains the denominator in each annual calculation, as it references the specific vintage’s initial balance. The loss experience of this original balance is tracked annually and summed over the life of the loan for each separate loan pool, leaving a cumulative life of credit loss rate based on historic averages weighted towards more recent loss experience. These key quantitative inputs change from period to period as new loans are originated and charge-offs and recoveries are recognized. The recovery rate is revised on an annual basis, taking into consideration the most recent seven years. The weighting factor percentages remain static; however, the most recent year receives the highest weighting percentage. The Senior Loan Committee (“SLC”) approves qualitative adjustments for each loan pool. In approving the qualitative adjustments, they consider several factors, including external economic information, peer bank comparisons and experience with the loan portfolio, among others. The SLC also considers other current conditions adjustments and reasonable and supportable forecasts derived from third party information, primarily Moody’s Analytics economic scenarios. To determine the appropriateness of the economic scenarios, the Company uses judgment and statistical analysis which correlates charge-off history to the economic scenarios. The Company then forecasts future loss expectations based on the selected economic scenarios over the next 12 months, which is driven by management’s judgment of a reasonable and supportable forecast period, to arrive at an estimated qualitative adjustment attributable to economic forecasts. For periods beyond which the Company is able to make or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of expected credit losses, the Company reverts to historical loss information. In some cases, management may determine a loan to be collateral dependent. A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Company's assessment as of the reporting date. For collateral dependent loans, the standard allows institutions to use, as a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral to measure expected credit losses on collateral-dependent financial assets. This amount is included in the allowance for credit losses. The change in allowance for credit losses during 2025 was primarily related to the acquisition of ABOK and loan activity during the year.
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Table of Contents 77 The following tables detail activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the period presented. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories. Allowance for Credit Losses Balance at beginnin g of period Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration Initial allowance on purchased seasoned loans Charge- offs Recoveries Net charge- offs Provision for/(benefit from) credit losses on loans Balance at end of period (Dollars in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2025 Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 6,869 $ — $ 74 $ (243) $ 141 $ (102) $ 96 $ 6,937 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 33,09 7 — 5 (1,823) 352 (1,471) 1,635 33,26 6 Construction and development < 60 months 8,671 262 108 (3,969) 6 (3,963) (396) 4,682 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 2,336 235 182 (29) 3 (26) 141 2,868 Residential real estate first lien 4,568 1,175 515 (148) 28 (120) 1,361 7,499 Residential real estate all other 1,741 — 2 (174) 50 (124) 156 1,775 Agriculture 5,696 267 139 (79) 42 (37) (807) 5,258 Commercial non-real estate 24,15 0 3,926 1,033 (1,594) 888 (706) (1,477) 26,92 6 Consumer non-real estate 4,833 130 335 (2,464) 480 (1,984) 4,638 7,952 Oil and gas 7,536 — — — — — (400) 7,136 Total $ 99,49 7 $ 5,995 $ 2,393 $ (10,523) $ 1,990 $ (8,533) $ 4,947 $ 104,2 99 Allowance for Credit Losses Balance at beginning of period Charge- offs Recoveries Net charge-offs Provision for/(benefit from) credit losses on loans Balance at end of period (Dollars in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2024 Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 7,483 $ (15) $ 85 $ 70 $ (684) $ 6,869 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 33,080 (236) 94 (142) 159 33,097 Construction and development < 60 months 3,950 — — — 4,721 8,671 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 3,414 (3) — (3) (1,075) 2,336 Residential real estate first lien 4,914 (255) 26 (229) (117) 4,568 Residential real estate all other 1,646 (171) 12 (159) 254 1,741 Agriculture 6,137 (166) 43 (123) (318) 5,696 Commercial non-real estate 22,745 (4,494) 542 (3,952) 5,357 24,150 Consumer non-real estate 4,401 (1,914) 237 (1,677) 2,109 4,833 Oil and gas 9,030 (92) — (92) (1,402) 7,536 Total $ 96,800 $ (7,346) $ 1,039 $ (6,307) $ 9,004 $ 99,497
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Table of Contents 78 Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans The Company has purchased loans, for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination. The purchased credit deteriorated loans for the period are as follows: Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality (Dollars in thousands) For the year ended December 31, 2025 Purchase price of loans at acquisition $ 9,815 Allowance for credit losses at acquisition 5,995 Par value of acquired loans at acquisition $ 15,810
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Table of Contents 79 Collateral Dependent Loans A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, no material amount of interest income was recognized on collateral-dependent loans subsequent to their classification as collateral-dependent. The following tables summarize collateral-dependent gross loans held for investment by collateral type and the related specific allocation as follows: Collateral Type Real Estate Business Assets Other Assets Total Specific Allocation As of December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ 1,173 $ 547 $ — $ 1,720 $ 479 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 14,746 — — 14,746 1,162 Construction and development < 60 months 1,917 — — 1,917 523 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 829 — — 829 229 Residential real estate first lien 4,257 — — 4,257 1,373 Residential real estate all other 110 — — 110 51 Agriculture 2,287 171 11 2,469 294 Commercial non-real estate — 14,769 45 14,814 5,616 Consumer non-real estate — — 707 707 444 Oil and gas — 1,089 — 1,089 110 Total collateral-dependent loans held for investment $ 25,319 $ 16,576 $ 763 $ 42,658 $ 10,281 Collateral Type Real Estate Business Assets Other Assets Total Specific Allocation As of December 31, 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate owner occupied $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 7,890 — — 7,890 879 Construction and development < 60 months 20,142 — — 20,142 3,755 Construction residential real estate < 60 months 206 — — 206 75 Residential real estate first lien 300 — — 300 93 Residential real estate all other 100 — — 100 34 Agriculture 1,584 110 13 1,707 688 Commercial non-real estate — 10,087 108 10,195 2,222 Consumer non-real estate — — 399 399 242 Oil and gas — — — — — Total collateral-dependent loans held for investment $ 30,222 $ 10,197 $ 520 $ 40,939 $ 7,988 Non-Cash Transfers from Loans and Premises and Equipment Transfers from loans and premises and equipment to OREO and repossessed assets are non-cash transactions, and are not included in the consolidated statements of cash flow. Such transfers during the periods presented are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Other real estate owned $ 20,918 $ 10,172 $ 3,459 Repossessed assets 3,111 2,908 2,019 Total $ 24,029 $ 13,080 $ 5,478
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Table of Contents 80 Related Party Loans The Company has made loans in the ordinary course of business to the executive officers and directors of the Company and to certain affiliates of these executive officers and directors. Management believes that all such loans were made on substantially the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and do not represent more than a normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. A summary of these loans is as follows: Year Ended December 31, BalanceBeginningof thePeriod Additions Collections/ Terminations BalanceEnd of thePeriod (Dollars in thousands) 2025 $ 125,810 $ 160,492 $ (140,430) $ 145,872 2024 84,264 79,623 (38,077) 125,810 2023 23,167 106,819 (45,722) 84,264 (6) PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT, NET AND OTHER ASSETS The following is a summary of premises and equipment by classification: December 31, Estimated Useful Lives 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Land $ 53,114 $ 55,883 Buildings 10 to 40 years 315,329 297,364 Furniture, fixtures and equipment 3 to 15 years 108,142 99,710 Construction in progress 36,691 16,748 Accumulated depreciation (187,386) (173,762) Premises and equipment, net $ 325,890 $ 295,943 Non-cash items in Premises and Equipment, Net The Company had $930,000 in construction in progress for retainage payable at December 31, 2025 and $195,000 at December 31, 2024. Retainage payable is not remitted to the vendor until completion of the project and is therefore not included in the consolidated statements of cash flow. Construction in Progress Construction in progress is related to the construction of a new parking garage to serve the Company's headquarters as well as the construction and renovation of several BancFirst locations. When construction and renovation of an asset is completed, the asset is reclassified as buildings and depreciated over the applicable useful life. Other Assets Other assets include the cash surrender value of key-man life insurance policies totaling $94.2 million at December 31, 2025 and $84.4 million at December 31, 2024. Equity securities are reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company invests in equity securities without readily determinable fair values. These equity securities are reported at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The realized and unrealized gains and losses are reported as securities transactions in the noninterest income section of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The balance of equity securities was $9.3 million at December 31, 2025 and $13.4 million at December 31, 2024.
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Table of Contents 81 Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Investments The Company invests in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC), which is designed to promote private development of low-income housing. These investments generate a return primarily through realization of federal tax credits, and also through a tax deduction generated by operating losses of the investments. The investments are amortized through income tax expense using the proportional amortization method as related tax credits are utilized. The Company is periodically required to provide additional contributions at the discretion of the project sponsors. Although in some cases the Company’s investment may exceed 50% of the equity interest in an entity, the Company does not consolidate these structures as variable interest entities due to the project sponsor’s ability to manage the projects, which is indicative of control. Total LIHTC investments were $94.9 million and $58.6 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognized tax credits and other tax benefits of $9.0 million, $7.4 million and $7.3 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively and amortization expense of $6.7 million, $6.0 million and $5.6 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively resulting from LIHTC investments. Additional contributions are committed during the investment periods through the year 2040. Unfunded commitments to these investments as of December 31, 2025 totaled $63.5 million. New Market Tax Credit Investments The Company invests in active low-income community businesses that qualify for New Market Tax Credits. New Market Tax Credit (NMTC) investments are made through Community Development Entities (CDEs) and such entities are qualified through the US Department of the Treasury. NMTCs are earned for a qualified entity investment made by a taxpayer in a CDE if substantially all of the investment is used by the CDE to make qualified investments. It is through its equity contributions into the CDE entities that the Company is able to receive the benefits of the NMTCs. The amount of the NMTC is equal to 39% of the qualified investment taken over a seven-year period. The investments are amortized through income tax expense using the proportional amortization method as related tax credits are utilized. The Company does not consolidate these CDEs as variable interest entities due to the control the allocatee of the tax credits has over the entity. Total NMTC investments were $8.9 million and $7.5 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognized tax credits of $5.1 million, $5.6 million and $5.6 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively and amortization expense of $5.0 million, $4.6 million and $4.6 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively resulting from NMTC investments. NMTC investments are funded in full in the year they begin. There are no unfunded commitments. Historic Tax Credit Investments The Company invests in rehabilitation projects that qualify for Historic Tax Credits (HTCs). HTCs are generated by rehabilitating structures included in the National Register of Historic Places. The rehabilitations must be approved by the State Historic Preservation Office and the National Park Service. The Company invests in a Master Tenant partnership in order to receive the HTCs. Contributions are made to the Master Tenant as needed to complete the project. State HTCs are recognized in full in the year construction is completed. Federal HTCs are allocated over a five-year period once construction is completed. The investments are amortized through income tax expense using the proportional amortization method as related tax credits are utilized. The Company does not consolidate these Master Tenant partnerships as variable interest entities due to the control the managing member of the partnership has over the entity. Total HTC investments were $8.6 million and $6.3 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognized no tax credits in 2025, 2024 or 2023. The Company had $453,000 in amortization expense related to HTCs in 2025 and no amortization expense in 2024 or 2023. Unfunded commitments to these investments as of December 31, 2025 totaled $2.6 million.
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Table of Contents 82 (7) INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL The following is a summary of intangible assets: Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount (Dollars in thousands) As of December 31, 2025 Core deposit intangibles $ 38,060 $ (16,720) $ 21,340 Customer relationship intangibles 3,350 (3,333) 17 Total $ 41,410 $ (20,053) $ 21,357 As of December 31, 2024 Core deposit intangibles $ 33,550 $ (20,454) $ 13,096 Customer relationship intangibles 3,350 (3,288) 62 Total $ 36,900 $ (23,742) $ 13,158 Estimated amortization of intangible assets for the next five years, as of December 31, 2025, is as follows (Dollars in thousands): Estimated Amortization 2026 $ 3,895 2027 3,878 2028 2,911 2029 2,460 2030 1,780 At December 31, 2025, the weighted-average remaining life of all intangible assets was approximately 7.3 years, which consisted of customer relationship intangibles with a weighted-average life of approximately ten months and core deposit intangibles with a weighted- average life of approximately 7.3 years. The following is a summary of goodwill by business segment: BancFirst Metropolitan Banks BancFirst Community Banks Pegasus Worthington ABOK Other Financial Services Executive, Operations & Support Consolidated (Dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2025 Balance at beginning of period $ 13,767 $61,420 $68,855 $32,133 $ — $ 5,464 $ 624 $ 182,26 3 Acquisitions — — — — 476 — — 476 Balance at beginning and end of period $ 13,767 $61,420 $68,855 $32,133 $ 476 $ 5,464 $ 624 $ 182,73 9 Year Ended December 31, 2024 Balance at beginning and end of period $ 13,767 $61,420 $68,855 $32,133 $ — $ 5,464 $ 624 $ 182,26 3 The Company acquired American Bank of Oklahoma on November 17, 2025, which added $11.6 million in core deposit intangibles and $476,000 in goodwill. See Note (2) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure regarding the Company’s recent developments, including mergers and acquisitions.
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Table of Contents 83 (8) DEPOSITS Year-end deposits were as follows: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Noninterest-bearing demand deposits $ 3,897,613 $ 3,907,060 Money market and interest-bearing checking deposits 5,610,882 5,231,327 Savings deposits 1,318,062 1,110,020 Time deposits 1,843,836 1,470,139 Total deposits $ 12,670,393 $ 11,718,546 The aggregate amount of overdrawn customer transaction deposits that have been reclassified as loan balances was $6.1 million at December 31, 2025 and $8.7 million at December 31, 2024. Total uninsured deposits, including certificates of deposits, were $4.3 billion and $4.0 billion as of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Time deposits include certificates of deposit and individual retirement accounts. At December 31, 2025, the scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows (Dollars in thousands): 2026 $ 1,556,669 2027 153,477 2028 78,160 2029 18,121 2030 37,334 Thereafter 75 Total $ 1,843,836 The following table is a summary of time deposits that meet or exceed the current Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance limit for the periods presented: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Time deposits of $250,000 or more $ 704,078 $ 566,742
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Table of Contents 84 (9) SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS Federal funds purchased represent borrowings of overnight funds from other financial institutions. The following is a summary of short-term borrowings: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Federal funds purchased $ 10,010 $ — Total short-term borrowings $ 10,010 $ — Weighted average interest rate 4.10% 4.69% End of period interest rate 3.55% 4.30% (10) LINES OF CREDIT The Company has several lines of credit available. BancFirst has a line of credit from the FHLB of Topeka, Kansas to use for liquidity or to match-fund certain long-term fixed rate loans. BancFirst's assets, including residential first mortgages of $1.3 billion, are pledged as collateral for the borrowings under the line of credit. As of December 31, 2025, BancFirst had the ability to draw up to $923.2 million on the FHLB line of credit based on FHLB stock holdings of $658,200 with no advances outstanding. Pegasus has a Federal Reserve discount window capacity of $78.0 million. At December 31, 2025, Pegasus had no advances outstanding under this line of credit. Worthington has $10.5 million in lines of credit with other financial institutions that serve as overnight federal funds facilities, a Federal Reserve discount window capacity of $31.7 million and a $93.6 million line of credit from the FHLB of Dallas, Texas to use for liquidity or to match-fund certain long-term fixed rate loans. Worthington had no advances outstanding as of December 31, 2025 under any of these lines of credit. ABOK has a $6.0 million line of credit with another financial institution that serves as an overnight federal funds facility and a $35.1 million line of credit from the FHLB of Topeka, Kansas to use for liquidity or to match-fund certain long-term fixed rate loans. At December 31, 2025, ABOK had $12.0 million in advances outstanding on their FHLB line of credit. (11) SUBORDINATED DEBT In 2004, BFC Capital Trust II (“BFC II”), issued $26 million of aggregate liquidation amount of 7.20% Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities (the “Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities”) to other investors. The proceeds from the sale of the Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities and the common securities of BFC II were invested in $26.8 million of 7.20% Junior Subordinated Debentures of the Company. Interest payments on the $26.8 million of 7.20% Junior Subordinated Debentures are payable January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15 of each year. Such interest payments may be deferred for up to twenty consecutive quarters. The stated maturity date of the $26.8 million of 7.20% Junior Subordinated Debentures is March 31, 2034, but they are subject to mandatory redemption pursuant to optional prepayment terms. The Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities represent an undivided interest in the $26.8 million of 7.20% Junior Subordinated Debentures and are guaranteed by the Company. During any deferral period or during any event of default, the Company may not declare or pay any dividends on any of its capital stock. The Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities have been callable at par, in whole or in part, since March 31, 2009. On June 17, 2021, the Company completed a private placement, under Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933, of $60 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2036 (the “Subordinated Notes”) to various institutional accredited investors. The sale of the Subordinated Notes was pursuant to a Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement entered into with each of the investors. The Subordinated Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital under bank regulatory guidelines. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Subordinated Notes were approximately $59.15 million net of commissions and offering expenses. The Company used the proceeds from the sale of the Subordinated Notes for general corporate purposes. The Subordinated Notes initially bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.50% per annum, from and including June 17, 2021 to but excluding June 30, 2031, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 31 of each year, commencing December 31, 2021. Then, from and including June 30, 2031, to but excluding the maturity date, the Subordinated Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the benchmark (initially, three-month term SOFR), reset quarterly, plus a spread of 229 basis points, payable
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Table of Contents 85 quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. The Subordinated Notes mature on June 30, 2036. The Company may, at its option, beginning with the interest payment date of June 30, 2031, and on any scheduled interest payment date thereafter, redeem the Subordinated Notes, in whole or in part. In addition, the Company may redeem all, but not less than all, of the Subordinated Notes at any time upon the occurrence of a “Tier 2 Capital Event,” a “Tax Event” or an “Investment Company Event” (each as defined in the Subordinated Notes). Any such redemption is subject to obtaining the prior approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (or its designee). The redemption price with respect to any such redemption will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Subordinated Note, or portion thereof, to be redeemed, plus accrued but unpaid interest, if any, thereon to, but excluding, the redemption date. (12) INCOME TAXES Income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) U.S. federal tax $ 46,800 U.S. state and local tax Oklahoma 8,100 Other 233 Non-U.S. tax — Total taxes paid $ 55,133 The components of the Company’s income tax expense (benefit) are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Current taxes: Federal $ 60,118 $ 52,626 $ 53,247 State 5,294 8,504 7,023 Deferred taxes: Federal (828) (2,146) (2,503) State (76) (57) (284) Total income taxes $ 64,508 $ 58,927 $ 57,483 Income tax expense (benefit) applicable to securities transactions approximated $80,000, $20,000 and $(384,000) for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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Table of Contents 86 There were no activities or transaction that had foreign income taxes or cross-border tax effects during the reported periods. The following is a reconciliation of the Company's U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to its effective tax rate: Year Ended December 31, 2025 Amount Rate (Dollars in thousands) U.S. federal statutory tax rate $ 64,029 21.00% State and local income tax expense, net of federal tax effect (1) 6,172 2.02 Foreign tax effects — — Changes in tax laws or rates enacted in the current period — — Cross-border tax laws — — Tax credits, net of amortization (3,146) (1.03) Changes in valuation allowances — — Nontaxable or nondeductible Items (2,914) (0.95) Changes in unrecognized tax benefits — — Other adjustments 367 0.12 Effective tax rate $ 64,508 21.16% (1) State taxes in Oklahoma made up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect in this category.
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Table of Contents 87 A reconciliation between reported income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to income before income taxes is presented in the following table. Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Income tax expense at the federal statutory tax rate $ 57,809 $ 56,689 Increase (decrease) in income tax expense from: Tax-exempt income, net (489) (343) Modified endowment life contracts (424) (497) Share based compensation excess tax benefit (3,557) (786) Tax deductible dividends paid on ESOP (511) (505) State tax expense, net of federal tax benefit 6,162 4,945 Utilization of tax credits: New markets tax credits, net of amortization (777) (777) Low-income housing tax credits, net of amortization (1,226) (1,106) Other tax credits, net of amortization (397) (192) Other, net 2,337 55 Total income tax expense $ 58,927 $ 57,483 The net deferred tax asset consisted of the following and is reported in other assets: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized net losses on securities $ 2,568 $ 10,191 Provision for credit losses 25,344 23,598 Write-downs of other real estate owned 297 — Deferred compensation 2,971 2,947 Stock-based compensation 2,357 2,178 Investments in partnership interests 8,910 8,319 Other 1,645 1,284 Gross deferred tax assets 44,092 48,517 Intangibles (7,042) (4,929) Basis difference related to tax credits (7,416) (6,806) Depreciation (19,778) (19,406) Prepaid expense deducted (1,443) (1,243) Other (189) (308) Gross deferred tax liabilities (35,868) (32,692) Net deferred tax asset $ 8,224 $ 15,825 The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if applicable, in income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not recognize or accrue any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. Federal and various state income tax statutes dictate that tax returns filed in any of the previous three reporting periods remain open to examination, which includes tax return years 2022 to 2024. The Company has no open examinations with either the Internal Revenue Service or any state agency. Management performs an analysis of the Company’s tax position annually and believes it is more likely than not that all of its tax positions will be utilized in future years.
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Table of Contents 88 (13) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION On May 25, 2023, the stockholders of the Company adopted the BancFirst Corporation 2023 Restricted Stock Unit Plan (the "RSU Plan"). The RSU Plan was effective as of June 1, 2023 and for a period of ten years thereafter. The RSU Plan will continue in effect after such ten-year period until all matters relating to the payment of awards and administration of the RSU Plan have been settled. At December 31, 2025 there were 428,175 shares available for future grants. The restricted stock units ("RSU's") vest beginning two years from the date of grant at the rate of 20% per year for five years. The RSU's are settled and distributed as of each vesting date. The fair value of each RSU granted is equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. The following table is a summary of the activity under the Company's RSU plan. Wgtd. Avg. Restricted Grant Date Stock Units Fair Value Year Ended December 31, 2025 Nonvested at December 31, 2024 42,825 $ 90.35 Granted 31,000 124.77 Vested (6,115) 87.40 Forfeited (2,000) 121.42 Nonvested at December 31, 2025 65,710 105.92 Year Ended December 31, 2024 Nonvested at December 31, 2023 32,075 $ 87.23 Granted 12,250 97.71 Forfeited (1,500) 83.61 Nonvested at December 31, 2024 42,825 90.35 The Company has had the BancFirst Corporation Directors’ Deferred Stock Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Stock Compensation Plan”) since May 1999. As of December 31, 2025, there are 27,328 shares available for future issuance under the Deferred Stock Compensation Plan. The Deferred Stock Compensation Plan will terminate on December 31, 2030 if not extended. Under the plan, directors and members of the community advisory boards of the Company and its subsidiaries may defer up to 100% of their board fees. They are credited for each deferral with a number of stock units based on the current market price of the Company’s stock, which accumulate in an account until such time as the director or community board member terminates serving as a board member. Shares of common stock of the Company are then distributed to the terminating director or community board member based upon the number of stock units accumulated in his or her account. There were 6,462 and 7,031 shares of common stock distributed from the Deferred Stock Compensation Plan during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. A summary of the accumulated stock units under the Deferred Stock Compensation Plan is as follows: December 31, 2025 2024 Accumulated stock units 122,841 120,984 Average price $ 50.50 $ 44.70 The Company terminated the BancFirst Corporation Stock Option Plan (the “Employee Plan”), on June 1, 2023. The remaining options will continue to vest and are exercisable beginning four years from the date of grant at the rate of 25% per year for four years, and expire no later than the end of fifteen years from the date of grant.
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Table of Contents 89 The Company terminated the BancFirst Corporation Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan (the “Non-Employee Directors’ Plan”), on June 1, 2023. The remaining options will continue to vest and are exercisable beginning one year from the date of grant at the rate of 25% per year for four years, and expire no later than the end of fifteen years from the date of grant. The following table is a summary of the activity under both the Employee Plan and the Non-Employee Directors’ Plan: Wgtd. Avg. Wgtd. Avg. Remaining Aggregate Exercise Contractual Intrinsic Options Price Term Value (Dollars in thousands, except option data) Year Ended December 31, 2025 Outstanding at December 31, 2024 947,921 $ 58.42 Options exercised (105,701) 42.45 Options canceled, forfeited, or expired (12,000) 89.02 Outstanding at December 31, 2025 830,220 60.01 9.04Yrs $ 38,197 Exercisable at December 31, 2025 387,970 47.29 7.23Yrs $ 22,784 Year Ended December 31, 2024 Outstanding at December 31, 2023 1,241,391 $ 53.12 Options exercised (276,470) 32.60 Options canceled, forfeited, or expired (17,000) 91.32 Outstanding at December 31, 2024 947,921 58.42 9.70Yrs $ 55,700 Exercisable at December 31, 2024 361,921 42.20 6.98Yrs $ 27,136 The following table has additional information regarding options exercised under both the Employee Plan and the Non-Employee Directors’ Plan: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Total intrinsic value of options exercised $ 9,025 $ 20,373 $ 3,055 Cash received from options exercised 4,487 9,013 2,090 Tax benefit realized from options exercised 4,170 4,497 734 The Company currently uses newly issued shares for stock-based compensation plans, but reserves the right to use shares purchased under the Company’s Stock Repurchase Program (the “SRP”) in the future. Although not required or expected, the Company may settle some options or restricted stock units in cash on a limited basis at the discretion of the Company. The Company had no cash settlements during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. Stock-based compensation expense is charged to salaries and benefits expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The components of stock-based compensation expense for all share-based compensation plans and related tax benefits are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Stock-based compensation expense $ 3,726 $ 3,452 $ 2,999 Tax benefit 896 830 721 Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax $ 2,830 $ 2,622 $ 2,278
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Table of Contents 90 The Company amortizes the unearned stock-based compensation expense over the remaining vesting period of approximately three years for unvested stock options and five years for unvested RSU's. The following table shows the unearned stock-based compensation expense for unvested stock options and unvested RSU's: December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) Unearned stock-based compensation expense for unvested stock options $ 5,049 Unearned stock-based compensation expense for unvested RSU's 5,914 (14) RETIREMENT PLANS The Company has two separate retirement plans, the Thrift Plan (“401(k)”) and the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”). These two plans cover all eligible employees, as defined in the plans, of the Company and its subsidiaries. The 401(k) allows employees to defer up to the maximum legal limit of their compensation, of which the Company may match up to 3% of their compensation. In addition, the Company may make discretionary contributions based on employee contributions or eligible compensation to the ESOP, as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. The ESOP sponsor purchases shares from the open market. These shares are included in the calculation of the basic earnings per share. Dividends issued on these shares are reinvested into the ESOP. The ESOP is not leveraged. The aggregate amounts of contributions by the Company to the 401(k) and ESOP are shown in the following table: December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) 401(k) contributions $ 3,880 $ 3,605 $ 3,410 ESOP contributions 6,779 6,430 5,747 Total contributions $ 10,659 $ 10,035 $ 9,157 (15) STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY As of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 the Company’s authorized and outstanding preferred and common stock was as follows: No. of Shares Authorized at No. of Shares Outstanding at December 31, Par Value Class of Stock December 31, 2025 2025 2024 2023 Per Share Dividends Voting Rights Senior Preferred 10,000,000 — — — $ 1.00 As declared Voting 10% Cumulative Preferred 900,000 — — — 5.00 As declared Non-voting Common 40,000,000 33,539,03 2 33,216,51 9 32,933,01 8 1.00 As declared Voting The following is a description of the capital stock of the Company: (a) Senior Preferred Stock: No shares issued or outstanding. Shares may be issued with such voting, dividend, redemption, sinking fund, conversion, exchange, liquidation and other rights as shall be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors, without approval of the stockholders. The Senior Preferred Stock would have a preference over common stock as to payment of dividends, as to the right to distribution of assets upon redemption of such shares or upon liquidation of the Company. (b) 10% Cumulative Preferred Stock: Redeemable at the Company’s option at $5.00 per share plus accumulated dividends; non-voting; cumulative dividends at the rate of 10% payable semi-annually on January 15 and July 15; no shares issued or outstanding. (c) Common stock: At December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 the shares issued equaled shares outstanding.
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Table of Contents 91 The Company has adopted a Stock Repurchase Program (the “SRP”). The SRP may be used as a means to increase earnings per share and return on equity. In addition, the SRP may be used to purchase treasury stock for the issuance of stock related to stock-based compensation plans, to provide liquidity for optionees to dispose of stock from exercises of their stock options and to provide liquidity for stockholders wishing to sell their stock. All shares repurchased under the SRP have been retired and not held as treasury stock. The timing, price and amount of stock repurchases under the SRP is determined by management and approved by the Company’s Executive Committee. The following table is a summary of the shares purchased under the SRP and the shares remaining to be repurchased in the SRP: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Number of shares repurchased — — 20,702 Average price of shares repurchased $ — $ — $ 87.88 Shares remaining to be repurchased 479,784 479,784 479,784 The Company’s ability to pay dividends is dependent upon dividend payments received from BancFirst. Banking regulations limit bank dividends based upon net earnings retained and minimum capital requirements. Dividends in excess of these requirements require regulatory approval. At January 1, 2026, approximately $204.9 million of the equity of BancFirst was available for dividend payments to the Company. During any deferral period or any event of default on the Junior Subordinated Debentures, the Company may not declare or pay any dividends on any of its capital stock. BancFirst Corporation, BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK are subject to risk-based capital guidelines issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). These guidelines are used to evaluate capital adequacy and involve both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory practices. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory or discretionary actions by the regulatory agencies that could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company believes that as of December 31, 2025, BancFirst Corporation, BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK each met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.
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Table of Contents 92 The actual and required capital amounts and ratios for the period indicated are shown in the following tables: Actual Required For Capital Adequacy Purposes With Capital Conservation Buffer To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio (Dollars in thousands) As of December 31, 2025: Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,848,735 19.88% $ 744,037 8.00% $ 976,549 10.50% N/A N/A BancFirst 1,377,317 18.48% 596,290 8.00% 782,630 10.50% $ 745,362 10.00% Pegasus 173,929 16.93% 82,132 8.00% 107,798 10.50% 102,665 10.00% Worthington 63,580 13.01% 39,096 8.00% 51,313 10.50% 48,869 10.00% ABOK 40,540 15.50% 20,922 8.00% 27,460 10.50% 26,153 10.00% Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,658,303 17.83% $ 418,521 4.50% $ 651,033 7.00% N/A N/A BancFirst 1,275,453 17.11% 335,413 4.50% 521,753 7.00% $ 484,485 6.50% Pegasus 162,941 15.87% 46,199 4.50% 71,866 7.00% 66,732 6.50% Worthington 58,912 12.05% 21,991 4.50% 34,209 7.00% 31,765 6.50% ABOK 37,212 14.23% 11,769 4.50% 18,307 7.00% 16,999 6.50% Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,684,303 18.11% $ 558,028 6.00% $ 790,540 8.50% N/A N/A BancFirst 1,295,453 17.38% 447,217 6.00% 633,558 8.50% $ 596,290 8.00% Pegasus 162,941 15.87% 61,599 6.00% 87,265 8.50% 82,132 8.00% Worthington 58,912 12.05% 29,322 6.00% 41,539 8.50% 39,096 8.00% ABOK 37,212 14.23% 15,692 6.00% 22,230 8.50% 20,922 8.00% Tier 1 Capital (to Quarterly Average Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,684,303 11.60% $ 580,242 4.00% N/A N/A N/A N/A BancFirst 1,295,453 10.74% 482,425 4.00% N/A N/A $ 603,031 5.00% Pegasus 162,941 10.23% 63,740 4.00% N/A N/A 79,675 5.00% Worthington 58,912 9.59% 24,582 4.00% N/A N/A 30,727 5.00% ABOK 37,212 9.68% 15,375 4.00% N/A N/A 19,218 5.00%
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Table of Contents 93 Actual Required For Capital Adequacy Purposes With Capital Conservation Buffer To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio (Dollars in thousands) As of December 31, 2024: Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,643,476 18.49% $ 711,023 8.00% $ 933,218 10.50% N/A N/A BancFirst 1,240,164 16.81% 590,178 8.00% 774,608 10.50% $ 737,722 10.00% Pegasus 156,023 16.12% 77,410 8.00% 101,601 10.50% 96,763 10.00% Worthington 55,521 12.12% 36,645 8.00% 48,096 10.50% 45,806 10.00% Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,458,626 16.41% $ 399,951 4.50% $ 622,145 7.00% N/A N/A BancFirst 1,137,645 15.42% 331,975 4.50% 516,405 7.00% $ 479,519 6.50% Pegasus 146,237 15.11% 43,543 4.50% 67,734 7.00% 62,896 6.50% Worthington 51,313 11.20% 20,613 4.50% 32,064 7.00% 29,774 6.50% Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,484,626 16.70% $ 533,267 6.00% $ 755,462 8.50% N/A N/A BancFirst 1,157,645 15.69% 442,633 6.00% 627,064 8.50% $ 590,178 8.00% Pegasus 146,237 15.11% 58,058 6.00% 82,248 8.50% 77,410 8.00% Worthington 51,313 11.20% 27,484 6.00% 38,935 8.50% 36,645 8.00% Tier 1 Capital (to Quarterly Average Assets)- BancFirst Corporation $1,484,626 11.17% $ 531,705 4.00% N/A N/A N/A N/A BancFirst 1,157,645 10.29% 449,998 4.00% N/A N/A $ 562,497 5.00% Pegasus 146,237 10.75% 54,435 4.00% N/A N/A 68,044 5.00% Worthington 51,313 8.41% 24,399 4.00% N/A N/A 30,498 5.00% As of December 31, 2025, BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK were classified by the Federal Reserve as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action provisions. The Common Equity Tier 1 Capital of BancFirst Corporation, BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK includes common stock and related paid-in capital and retained earnings. In connection with the adoption of the Basel III Capital Rules, the election was made to opt-out of the requirement to include most components of accumulated other comprehensive income in Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. Common Equity Tier 1 Capital for BancFirst Corporation, BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK is reduced by goodwill and other intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities. The Company’s trust preferred securities qualify as Tier 1 capital and its Subordinated Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital. BancFirst, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK have had no events or conditions that management believes would materially change their category under capital requirements existing as of the report dates.
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Table of Contents 94 (16) NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE Basic and diluted net income per common share are calculated as follows: Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) (Numerator) Income available to common stockholders $ 240,610 $ 216,354 $ 212,465 (Denominator) Weighted-average shares outstanding for basic earnings per common share 33,306,040 33,055,152 32,919,348 Dilutive effect of stock compensation 531,293 561,863 575,139 Weighted-average shares outstanding for diluted earnings per common share 33,837,333 33,617,015 33,494,487 Basic earnings per share $ 7.22 $ 6.55 $ 6.45 Diluted earnings per share $ 7.11 $ 6.44 $ 6.34 The following table shows the number of options and RSU's that were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per common share for each period because they were anti-dilutive for the period: Shares December 31, 2025 42,183 December 31, 2024 216,272 December 31, 2023 280,150 (17) CONDENSED PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) ASSETS Cash $ 125,290 $ 121,103 Investments in subsidiaries 1,701,430 1,456,571 Goodwill 101,611 101,611 Core deposit premium 7,265 8,846 Dividends receivable 21,039 18,783 Other assets 6,273 22,039 Total assets $ 1,962,908 $ 1,728,953 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Other liabilities $ 22,569 $ 21,609 Subordinated debt 86,214 86,157 Stockholders’ equity 1,854,125 1,621,187 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,962,908 $ 1,728,953
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Table of Contents 95 STATEMENTS OF INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) OPERATING INCOME Dividends from subsidiaries $ 90,121 $ 128,478 $ 137,275 Interest on interest-bearing deposits 4,694 4,229 1,178 Other 387 549 726 Total operating income 95,202 133,256 139,179 OPERATING EXPENSE Interest 4,122 4,122 4,122 Other 3,701 3,918 3,206 Total operating expense 7,823 8,040 7,328 Income before taxes and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries 87,379 125,216 131,851 Allocated income tax benefit 2,458 2,112 2,249 Income before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries 89,837 127,328 134,100 Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries 154,269 92,315 81,275 Amortization of stock-based compensation arrangements of subsidiaries (3,496) (3,289) (2,910) Net income $ 240,610 $ 216,354 $ 212,465 STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income $ 240,610 $ 216,354 $ 212,465 Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities: Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries (154,269) (92,315) (81,275) Stock-based compensation arrangements of subsidiaries 3,496 3,289 2,910 Other, net (362) 1,966 (655) Net cash provided by operating activities 89,475 129,294 133,445 INVESTING ACTIVITIES Payments for investments in subsidiaries (29,207) (31,950) (6,100) Other, net 1,445 (19,121) (778) Net cash used in investing activities (27,762) (51,071) (6,878) FINANCING ACTIVITIES Issuance of common stock 4,681 9,199 2,543 Common stock acquired — — (1,820) Cash dividends paid (62,207) (57,773) (53,642) Net cash used in financing activities (57,526) (48,574) (52,919) Net increase in cash and due from banks 4,187 29,649 73,648 Cash and due from banks at the beginning of the period 121,103 91,454 17,806 Cash and due from banks at the end of the period $ 125,290 $ 121,103 $ 91,454 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE Cash paid during the period for interest $ 4,122 $ 4,122 $ 4,122 Cash (paid)/received during the period for income taxes, net $ (2,142) $ 5,088 $ 1,746
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Table of Contents 96 (18) RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS The Company had, and expects to have in the future, transactions with the Company’s directors and executive officers, companies with which these individuals are associated and certain related individuals. Such transactions were made in the ordinary course of business and included loans, leases and professional services. Refer to Note (5) for information regarding loan transactions with related parties. (19) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include loan commitments and standby letters of credit, which involve elements of credit and interest rate risk to varying degrees. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the instrument is represented by the instrument’s contractual amount. To control this credit risk, the Company uses the same underwriting standards as it uses for loans recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. The amounts of financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk are as follows: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Loan commitments $ 2,393,252 $ 2,464,394 Stand-by letters of credit 87,817 102,565 Loan commitments are agreements to lend to a customer, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Stand-by letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These instruments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the instruments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total amounts do not necessarily represent commitments that will be funded in the future. The Company is a defendant in legal actions arising from normal business activities. Management believes that all legal actions against the Company are without merit or that the ultimate liability, if any, resulting from them will not materially affect the Company’s consolidated financial statements. (20) LEASES Lessee The Company has operating and finance leases, which primarily consist of office space in buildings, ATM locations, storage facilities, parking lots, equipment and land on which it owns or is constructing certain buildings. Lease expense is included in occupancy, net on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Lease expense on all operating leases, including those rented on a monthly or temporary basis were as follows (Dollars in thousands): Year Ending December 31: 2025 $ 2,656 2024 2,297 2023 2,066 A right-of-use ("ROU") operating lease asset included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet totaled $8.7 million at December 31, 2025 compared to $8.0 million at December 31, 2024, and a related operating lease liability included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet totaled $8.7 million at December 31, 2025 compared to an operating lease liability of $8.0 million at December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, our operating leases have a weighted-average remaining lease term of 2.8 years and a weighted-average discount rate of 3.2 percent. Maturity of Operating Lease Liabilities
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Table of Contents 97 The following table presents minimum future commitments by year for the Company’s operating leases. Such commitments are reflected as undiscounted values and are reconciled to the discounted present value recognized on the consolidated balance sheet. December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) 2026 $ 2,510 2027 2,153 2028 1,342 2029 995 2030 896 Thereafter 2,037 Total lease payments 9,933 Less imputed interest (1,220) Operating lease liability $ 8,713 In 2025, the Company acquired ROU assets with a value of $17.7 million by entering into new finance lease liabilities. This noncash transaction is excluded from the consolidated statement of cash flows. Amortization and interest expense related to the Company's finance leases was not material for the year-ended December 31, 2025. A ROU finance lease asset included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet totaled $17.6 million at December 31, 2025, and a related finance lease liability included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet totaled $16.8 million at December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, our finance leases have a weighted- average remaining lease term of 39.7 years and a weighted-average discount rate of 4.8 percent. Maturity of Finance Lease Liabilities The following table presents minimum future commitments by year for the Company’s finance leases. Such commitments are reflected as undiscounted values and are reconciled to the discounted present value recognized on the consolidated balance sheet. December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) 2026 $ 705 2027 719 2028 733 2029 748 2030 763 Thereafter 38,381 Total lease payments 42,049 Less imputed interest (25,298) Finance lease liability $ 16,751 Lessor The Company is a lessor of operating leases, which primarily consist of office space in buildings and parking lots. These assets are classified on the consolidated balance sheet as premises and equipment. The Company had operating lease revenue of $6.3 million, $5.7 million and $5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Lease revenue is included in occupancy, net on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
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Table of Contents 98 Future Minimum Lease Payments to be received The Company does not have operating leases that extend beyond 2036. The following table presents the scheduled minimum future contractual rent to be received under the remaining non-cancelable terms of the operating leases: December 31, 2025 (Dollars in thousands) 2026 $ 3,947 2027 3,575 2028 3,272 2029 3,160 2030 2,245 2031-2036 3,918 Total future minimum lease payments $ 20,117 (21) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or the price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market available to the entity in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows: • Level 1 Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. • Level 2 Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset and liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. • Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. This category includes certain collaterally dependent loans, repossessed assets, other real estate owned, goodwill and other intangible assets. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis A description of the valuation methodologies and key inputs used to measure financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. These valuation methodologies were applied to the following categories of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities. Debt Securities Available for Sale Debt securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value. U.S. Treasuries are valued using Level 1 inputs. Other debt securities available for sale including U.S. federal agencies, registered mortgage backed debt securities and state and political subdivisions are valued using prices from an independent pricing service utilizing Level 2 data. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and a bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. The Company also invests in private label mortgage backed debt securities for which observable information is not readily available. These debt securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs. For these debt securities, management determines the fair value based on replacement cost, the income approach or information provided by outside consultants or lead investors. Discount rates are primarily based on reference to interest rate spreads on comparable debt securities
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Table of Contents 99 of similar duration and credit rating as determined by the nationally recognized rating agencies adjusted for a lack of trading volume. Significant unobservable inputs are developed by investment securities professionals involved in the active trading of similar debt securities. The Company reviews the prices for Level 1 and Level 2 debt securities supplied by the independent pricing service for reasonableness and to ensure such prices are aligned with traditional pricing matrices. In general, the Company does not purchase investment portfolio debt securities that are esoteric or that have complicated structures. The Company’s portfolio primarily consists of traditional investments including U.S. Treasury obligations, federal agency mortgage pass-through debt securities, general obligation municipal bonds and municipal revenue bonds. Pricing for such instruments is easily obtained. For in-state bond issues that have relatively low issue sizes and liquidity, the Company utilizes the same parameters for pricing mentioned in the preceding paragraph adjusted for the specific issue. Periodically, the Company will validate prices supplied by the independent pricing service by comparison to prices obtained from third party sources. Derivatives Derivatives are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The Company obtains dealer and market quotations to value its oil and gas swaps and options. The Company utilizes dealer quotes and observable market data inputs to substantiate internal valuation models. The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the periods presented, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value: Level 1 Inputs Level 2 Inputs Level 3 Inputs Total Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 Debt securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury $ 874,976 $ — $ — $ 874,976 U.S. federal agencies — 6,987 — 6,987 Mortgage-backed securities — 16,592 — 16,592 States and political subdivisions — 14,527 1,978 16,505 Other debt securities — 7,327 2,000 9,327 Derivative assets — 21,198 — 21,198 Derivative liabilities — 19,767 — 19,767 December 31, 2024 Debt securities available for sale: U.S. Treasury $ 1,176,009 $ — $ — $ 1,176,009 U.S. federal agencies — 8,232 — 8,232 Mortgage-backed securities — 13,044 — 13,044 States and political subdivisions — 6,286 150 6,436 Other debt securities — 7,196 — 7,196 Derivative assets — 10,479 — 10,479 Derivative liabilities — 9,105 — 9,105
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Table of Contents 100 The changes in Level 3 assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis during the periods presented were as follows: Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at the beginning of the year $ 150 $ 180 Purchases 3,858 — Settlements (30) (30) Balance at the end of the period $ 3,978 $ 150 The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out of Levels 1, 2 and 3 as of the end of the reporting period. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not transfer any debt securities. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). These financial assets and financial liabilities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs. The Company invests in equity securities without readily determinable fair values and utilizes Level 3 inputs. These equity securities are reported at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The realized and unrealized gains and losses are reported as securities transactions in the noninterest income section of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Collateral dependent loans are reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is dependent on liquidation of the collateral. When the Company determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. In no case does the fair value of a collateral dependent loan exceed the fair value of the underlying collateral. The collateral dependent loans are adjusted to fair value through a specific allocation of the allowance for credit losses or a direct charge-down of the loan. Repossessed assets, upon initial recognition, are measured and adjusted to fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for possible credit losses based upon the fair value of the repossessed asset. Other real estate owned is revalued at fair value subsequent to initial recognition, with any losses recognized in net expense from other real estate owned.
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Table of Contents 101 The following table summarizes assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the period presented. These nonrecurring fair values do not represent all assets, only those assets that have been adjusted during the reporting period: Total Fair Value Level 3 (Dollars in thousands) As of and for the Year-to-date Period Ended December 31, 2025 Equity securities $ 9,271 Collateral dependent loans 24,534 Repossessed assets 1,257 Other real estate owned 45,376 As of and for the Year-to-date Period Ended December 31, 2024 Equity securities $ 13,014 Collateral dependent loans 7,337 Repossessed assets 614 Other real estate owned 32,868 Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company is required under current authoritative accounting guidance to disclose the estimated fair value of their financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value. For the Company, as for most financial institutions, substantially all of its assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. A financial instrument is defined as cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity or a contract that creates a contractual obligation or right to deliver or receive cash or another financial instrument from a second entity. The following methods and assumptions are used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments: Cash and Cash Equivalents Include: Cash and Due from Banks and Interest-Bearing Deposits with Banks The carrying amount of these short-term instruments is based on a reasonable estimate of fair value. Federal Funds Sold The carrying amount of these short-term instruments is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Debt Securities Held for Investment For debt securities held for investment, which are generally traded in secondary markets, fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar debt securities adjusting for credit or liquidity if applicable. For debt securities held for investment for which observable information is not readily available, the Company reports these at fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs. Loans Held for Sale The Company originates mortgage loans to be sold. At the time of origination, the acquiring bank has already been determined and the terms of the loan, including interest rate, have already been set by the acquiring bank allowing the Company to originate the loan at fair value. Mortgage loans are generally sold within 30 days of origination. Loans held for sale are valued using Level 2 inputs. Gains or losses recognized upon the sale of the loans are determined on a specific identification basis. Loans Held for Investment To determine the fair value of loans held for investment, the Company uses an exit price calculation, which takes into account factors such as liquidity, credit and the nonperformance risk of loans. For certain homogeneous categories of loans, such as some residential mortgages, fair values are estimated using the quoted market prices for securities backed by similar loans, adjusted for
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Table of Contents 102 differences in loan characteristics. The fair values of other types of loans are estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities. Deposits The fair values of transaction and savings accounts are the amounts payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair values of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit are estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Short-Term Borrowings The amounts payable on these short-term instruments are reasonable estimates of fair value. Long-Term Borrowings The fair values of fixed-rate long-term borrowings are estimated using the rates that would be charged for borrowings of similar remaining maturities. Subordinated Debt The fair values of subordinated debt are estimated using the rates that would be charged for subordinated debt of similar remaining maturities. Loan Commitments and Letters of Credit The fair values of commitments are estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the terms of the agreements. The fair values of letters of credit are based on fees currently charged for similar agreements.
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Table of Contents 103 The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments that are reported at amortized cost in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, segregated by the level of valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value, are as follows: December 31, 2025 2024 CarryingAmount Fair Value CarryingAmount Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) FINANCIAL ASSETS Level 2 inputs: Cash and cash equivalents $ 4,404,360 $ 4,404,360 $ 3,553,772 $ 3,553,772 Federal funds sold 91,712 91,712 715 715 Debt securities held for investment 1 1 2 2 Loans held for sale 11,781 11,781 8,073 8,073 Level 3 inputs: Debt securities held for investment 560 560 835 835 Loans held for investment, net of allowance for credit losses 8,428,554 9,276,411 7,925,613 8,643,418 FINANCIAL LIABILITIES Level 2 inputs: Deposits 12,670,393 11,891,207 11,718,546 10,966,958 Short-term borrowings 10,010 10,010 — — Long-term borrowings 12,000 11,760 — — Subordinated debt 86,214 81,936 86,157 77,998 OFF-BALANCE SHEET FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Loan commitments 4,188 4,313 Letters of credit 659 769 Non-financial Assets and Non-financial Liabilities Measured at Fair Value The Company has no non-financial assets or non-financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition, the Company has no non-financial liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include intangible assets. The intangible assets are evaluated at least annually for impairment. The overall levels of non- financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis were not considered to be significant to the Company at December 31, 2025 or 2024.
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Table of Contents 104 (22) DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Company enters into oil and gas swaps and options contracts to accommodate the business needs of its customers. Upon the origination of an oil or gas swap or option contract with a customer, to mitigate the exposure to fluctuations in oil and gas prices, the Company simultaneously enters into an offsetting contract with a counterparty. These derivatives are not designated as hedged instruments and are recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheet at fair value and are included in other assets. The Company's derivative financial instruments require a daily margin to be posted, which fluctuates with oil and gas prices. At December 31, 2025, the Company had a margin liability included in other liabilities in the amount of $7.4 million. At December 31, 2024, the Company had a margin asset included in other assets in the amount of $463,000. The Company utilizes dealer quotations and observable market data inputs to substantiate internal valuation models. The notional amounts and estimated fair values of oil and gas derivative positions outstanding are presented in the following table: December 31, 2025 2024 Oil and Natural Gas Swaps and Options Notional Units NotionalAmount EstimatedFair Value NotionalAmount EstimatedFair Value (Notional amounts and dollars in thousands) Oil Derivative assets Barrels 2,395 $ 13,712 2,404 $ 7,507 Derivative liabilities Barrels (2,395) (13,141) (2,404) (6,860) Gas/Natural Gas Liquids Derivative assets MMBTUs/Gallons 34,029 7,486 25,561 2,972 Derivative liabilities MMBTUs/Gallons (34,029) (6,626) (25,561) (2,245) Total Fair Value Included in Derivative assets Other assets 21,198 10,479 Derivative liabilities Other liabilities (19,767) (9,105) The following table is a summary of the Company’s recognized income related to the activity, which was included in other noninterest income: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Derivative income $ 461 $ 450 $ 701 The Company’s credit exposure on oil and gas swaps and options varies based on the current market prices of oil and natural gas. Other than credit risk, changes in the fair value of customer positions will be offset by equal and opposite changes in the counterparty positions. The net positive fair value of the contracts represents the profit derived from the activity and is unaffected by the market price movements. The Company’s share of total profit is approximately 35%. Customer credit exposure is managed by strict position limits and is primarily offset by first liens on production while the remainder is offset by cash. Counterparty credit exposure is managed by selecting highly rated counterparties (rated A- or better by Moody’s) and monitoring market information.
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Table of Contents 105 The following table is a summary of the Company’s net credit exposure relating to oil and gas swaps and options with bank counterparties: December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Credit exposure $ 21,197 $ 8,074 Balance Sheet Offsetting Derivatives may be eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet and/or subject to master netting arrangements. The Company's derivative transactions with upstream financial institution counterparties and bank customers are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association ("ISDA") master agreements, which include "right of set-off" provisions. In such cases there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. Nonetheless, the Company does not generally offset such financial instruments for financial reporting purposes. (23) SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company, along with its chief operating decision maker (CODM), which is BancFirst Corporation's Chief Executive Officer, evaluates its performance with an internal profitability measurement system that measures the profitability of its business units on a pre-tax basis. The financial information for each business unit is presented on the basis used internally by management and the CODM to evaluate performance and allocate resources. The Company utilizes a transfer pricing system to allocate the benefit or cost of funds provided or used by the various business units. Certain services provided by the support group to other business units, such as item processing, are allocated at rates approximating the cost of providing the services. Eliminations are adjustments to consolidate the business units. Capital expenditures are generally charged to the business unit using the asset. The seven principal business units are BancFirst metropolitan banks, BancFirst community banks, Pegasus, Worthington, ABOK, other financial services and executive, operations, support and eliminations. BancFirst metropolitan banks, BancFirst community banks, Pegasus, Worthington and ABOK offer traditional banking products such as commercial and retail lending and a full line of deposit accounts. BancFirst metropolitan banks consist of banking locations in the metropolitan Oklahoma City and Tulsa areas. BancFirst community banks and ABOK consist of banking locations in communities in Oklahoma outside the Oklahoma City and Tulsa metropolitan areas. Pegasus consists of banking locations in the Dallas metropolitan area. Worthington consists of banking locations in Arlington, Fort Worth and Denton Texas. Other financial services are specialty product business units including guaranteed small business lending, residential mortgage lending, trust services, securities brokerage, electronic banking and insurance. The executive, operations, support and eliminations group represents executive management, operational support, corporate functions that are not allocated to the other business units and elimination adjustments to consolidate the business units.
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Table of Contents 106 The results of operations and selected financial information for the seven business units are as follows: BancFirst MetropolitanBanks BancFirst CommunityBanks Pegasus Worthington ABOK OtherFinancialServices Executive,Operations, Support and Eliminations Consolidated (Dollars in thousands) December 31, 2025 Interest income $ 199,106 $ 436,916 $ 83,840 $ 35,925 $ 3,072 $ 9,971 $ (8,576) $ 760,254 Interest expense 79,872 159,682 31,452 11,349 994 3,921 (17,503) 269,767 Provision for/(benefit from) credit losses 82 2,967 1,136 462 (311) 316 1,018 5,670 Noninterest income 25,169 72,766 2,146 629 105 63,493 35,833 200,141 Depreciation and amortization 1,801 10,463 526 642 207 550 8,353 22,542 Other noninterest expense 48,571 145,310 23,093 14,994 1,386 45,596 78,348 357,298 Income before taxes $ 93,949 $ 191,260 $ 29,779 $ 9,107 $ 901 $ 23,081 $ (42,959) $ 305,118 Loans held for investment $ 2,499,703 $ 4,237,764 $ 947,495 $ 488,891 $ 243,087 $ 104,934 $ 10,979 $ 8,532,853 Total assets $ 3,588,668 $ 8,179,183 $ 1,609,772 $ 643,555 $ 394,361 $ 95,146 $ 328,208 $14,838,893 Total deposits $ 3,035,549 $ 7,544,595 $ 1,358,609 $ 550,008 $ 329,494 $ — $ (147,862) $12,670,393 Capital expenditures $ 7,023 $ 16,162 $ 1,656 $ 143 $ — $ 1,286 $ 22,041 $ 48,311 December 31, 2024 Interest income $ 211,451 $ 414,594 $ 80,540 $ 32,237 $ — $ 9,780 $ (24,463) $ 724,139 Interest expense 94,400 164,974 32,473 13,466 — 4,845 (32,893) 277,265 Provision for/(benefit from) credit losses (620) 4,300 3,690 286 — 344 1,004 9,004 Noninterest income 22,278 68,349 1,481 961 — 59,804 31,702 184,575 Depreciation and amortization 1,701 10,324 631 646 — 490 7,889 21,681 Other noninterest expense 44,692 135,215 21,676 14,561 — 41,396 67,943 325,483 Income before taxes $ 93,556 $ 168,130 $ 23,551 $ 4,239 $ — $ 22,509 $ (36,704) $ 275,281 Loans held for investment $ 2,436,878 $ 4,069,972 $ 886,760 $ 453,584 $ — $ 94,432 $ 83,484 $ 8,025,110 Total assets $ 3,540,092 $ 7,810,502 $ 1,417,873 $ 644,928 $ — $ 135,783 $ 5,136 $13,554,314 Total deposits $ 2,841,106 $ 7,197,541 $ 1,203,172 $ 558,641 $ — $ (14,547) $ (67,367) $11,718,546 Capital expenditures $ 5,353 $ 11,852 $ 397 $ 4,889 $ — $ 4,355 $ 9,806 $ 36,652 December 31, 2023 Interest income $ 196,270 $ 342,528 $ 74,932 $ 25,374 $ — $ 8,954 $ (24,122) $ 623,936 Interest expense 76,044 113,332 23,655 7,979 — 4,790 (26,320) 199,480 Provision for/(benefit from) credit losses 4,836 2,331 (328) 564 — 79 (24) 7,458 Noninterest income 24,793 70,824 1,646 1,170 — 52,711 34,264 185,408 Depreciation and amortization 2,347 10,514 804 496 — 481 7,547 22,189 Other noninterest expense 46,329 123,554 20,084 13,636 — 37,495 69,171 310,269 Income before taxes $ 91,507 $ 163,621 $ 32,363 $ 3,869 $ — $ 18,820 $ (40,232) $ 269,948 Loans held for investment $ 2,495,337 $ 3,756,022 $ 803,290 $ 418,719 $ — $ 103,441 $ 79,836 $ 7,656,645 Total assets $ 3,598,888 $ 7,012,905 $ 1,280,618 $ 600,364 $ — $ 121,601 $ (242,334) $12,372,042 Total deposits $ 2,741,628 $ 6,435,161 $ 1,084,077 $ 499,462 $ — $ (26,781) $ (33,425) $10,700,122 Capital expenditures $ 2,752 $ 5,156 $ 528 $ 5,497 $ — $ 108 $ 8,463 $ 22,504
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Table of Contents 107 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. There were no disagreements with accountants regarding accounting and financial disclosure matters during the year ended December 31, 2025. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and its Disclosure Committee, which includes the Company’s Chairman of the Board, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Internal Auditor, Chief Asset Quality Officer, Controller, General Counsel and Director of Financial Reporting, have evaluated, as of the last day of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. No changes were made to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the last fiscal quarter of 2025 that has materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Table of Contents 108 Management’s Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over financial reporting and for assessing the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 edition),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on that assessment and criteria, management has determined that the Company has maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. Forvis Mazars, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 and has issued an unqualified report thereon. BancFirst Corporation Oklahoma City, Oklahoma February 26, 2026 /S/ David Harlow David Harlow President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /S/ Hannah Andrus Hannah Andrus Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
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Table of Contents 109 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee BancFirst Corporation Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited BancFirst Corporation’s (Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and our report dated February 26, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP Oklahoma City, Oklahoma February 26, 2026
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Table of Contents 110 Item 9B. Other Information. During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) informed us of the adoption, modification or termination of a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K). There is no information required to be disclosed in a report on Form 8-K during the fourth quarter of the year that was not reported. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. Not applicable. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year-end. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year-end. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management. Certain information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans is included under the section captioned “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in Part II, Item 5, elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year-end. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year-end. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year-end. Our independent registered public accounting firm is Forvis Mazars, LLP Oklahoma City, OK PCAOB ID: 686.
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Table of Contents 111 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. (a) For the financial statements of BancFirst Corporation, reference is made to Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10- K. (1) Financial Statements: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2025 and 2024 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow for the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (2) All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. (3) The following Exhibits are filed with this Report or are incorporated by reference as set forth below:
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Table of Contents 112 Index to Exhibits ExhibitNumber Exhibit 2.1 Share Exchange Agreement by and between BancFirst Corporation and Pegasus Bank dated April 23, 2019 (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated April 25, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference). 3.1 Amended and Restated By-Laws of BancFirst Corporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended March 31, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference). 3.2 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of BancFirst Corporation dated August 5, 2021 (filed as exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended June 30, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference). 4.1 Instruments defining the rights of securities holders (see Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 above). 4.2 Description of Registrant’s Securities (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference). 4.3 Form of Amended and Restated Trust Agreement relating to the 7.20% Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities of BFC Capital Trust II (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3/A, File No. 333-112488 dated February 23, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference). 4.4 Form of 7.20% Cumulative Trust Preferred Security Certificate for BFC Capital Trust II (filed as Exhibit D to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3/A, File No. 333-112488 dated February 23, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference). 4.5 Form of Indenture relating to the 7.20% Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures of BancFirst Corporation issued to BFC Capital Trust II (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3, File No. 333- 112488 dated February 4, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference). 4.6 Form of Certificate of 7.20% Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debenture of BancFirst Corporation (filed as Exhibit 4.2 on Form S-3 to the Company’s registration statement, File No. 333-112488 dated February 4, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference). 4.7 Form of Guarantee of BancFirst Corporation relating to the 7.20% Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities of BFC Capital Trust II (filed as Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3/A, File No. 333-112488 dated February 23, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.1 Amended and Restated BancFirst Corporation Directors’ Deferred Stock Compensation Plan (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 23, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.2 Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.3 Amended and Restated BancFirst Corporation Stock Option Plan (filed as exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended June 30, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.4 Amended and Restated BancFirst Corporation Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan (filed as exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended June 30, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.5 BancFirst Corporation Employee Stock Ownership Plan Amendment to Implement Secure Act and Other Law Changes. (filed as exhibit 10.11 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended June 30, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.6 Adoption Agreement for McAfee & Taft Professional Corporation Non-Standardized Employee Stock Ownership Pre- Approved Plan. (filed as exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended June 30 2022 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.7 BancFirst Corporation Thrift Plan Amended and Restated Adoption Agreement. (filed as exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
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Table of Contents 113 10.8 2023 First Amendment to the BancFirst Corporation Thrift Plan (filed as exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.9 2023 First Amendment to the BancFirst Corporation Employee Stock Ownership Plan (filed as exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31 2022 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.10 BancFirst Corporation 2023 Restricted Stock Unit Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8- K dated May 25, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.11 2025 First Amendment to the BancFirst Corporation Thrift Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended September 30, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference). 14* BancFirst Corporation Corporate Code of Conduct. 19 Insider trading policies and procedures (see Exhibit 14 above). 21.1* Subsidiaries of the Registrant. 23.1* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 31.1* Chief Executive Officer's Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 31.2* Chief Financial Officer's Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 32* CEO’s and CFO’s Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. 97* Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Executive Compensation. 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema with Embedded Linkbase Documents. 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document. 104 Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101). * Filed herewith.
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Table of Contents 114 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. February 26, 2026 BANCFIRST CORPORATION /s/ David R. Harlow David R. Harlow President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 26, 2026. /s/ David E. Rainbolt /s/ David R. Harlow David E. Rainbolt David R. Harlow Chairman of the Board President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ F. Ford Drummond /s/ Joseph Ford F. Ford Drummond Joseph Ford Director Director /s/ Kimberly Ingram /s/ Mautra Staley Jones Kimberly Ingram Mautra Staley Jones Director Director /s/ Bill G. Lance /s/ Dave R. Lopez Bill G. Lance Dave R. Lopez Director Director /s/ William Scott Martin /s/ Tom H. McCasland, III William Scott Martin Tom H. McCasland, III Director Director /s/ Leslie Rainbolt /s/ Robin Roberson Leslie Rainbolt Robin Roberson Director Director /s/ Darryl W. Schmidt /s/ Natalie Shirley Darryl W. Schmidt Natalie Shirley Chief Executive Officer, BancFirst and Director Director /s/ Michael K. Wallace /s/Gregory G. Wedel Michael K. Wallace Gregory G. Wedel Director Director /s/ G. Rainey Williams, Jr G. Rainey Williams, Jr Director /s/ Hannah Andrus /s/ Randy Foraker Hannah Andrus Randy Foraker Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Executive Vice President (Principal Accounting Officer)
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Table of Contents 115 PERFORMANCE GRAPH The performance graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company’s Common Stock to the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Stock Market (U.S. Companies) Index and the NASDAQ Bank Stock Index. The graph assumes an investment on December 31, 2020 of $100 in the Company’s Common Stock and in each index, and that any dividends were reinvested. The performance graph represents past performance and should not be considered an indication of future performance. As of December 31, 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 BancFirst Corporation (BANF) $ 100.00 $ 122.77 $ 156.06 $ 175.47 $ 215.10 $ 197.83 NASDAQ Bank Stocks (U.S.) 100.00 142.91 119.65 115.54 139.30 149.15 NASDAQ Composite Stock Market (U.S.) 100.00 122.22 82.48 119.35 154.67 187.42
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Exhibit 14 BANCFIRST CORPORATION CORPORATE CODE OF CONDUCT (Revised June 28, 2018) Purpose The purpose of this Corporate Code of Conduct is to set forth the Company’s standards regarding the ethical and legal behavior expected of its directors, officers and employees. The ethical and legal conduct of our business is critical to achieving our Company’s mission. Our corporate ethics are based on a set of core values: Asset Quality Community Leadership Customer Care Employee Development Integrity Profitability We expect our directors, officers and employees to conduct themselves with integrity both on and off the job. It is essential that all of our business activities be carried out in an atmosphere of mutual respect and courtesy, and in an ethical manner. The manner in which we conduct ourselves away from work also influences the public’s trust and opinion of the Company. This Corporate Code of Conduct applies to all directors, officers and employees of the Company. The Company requires that all directors and executive officers sign the form attached to this Code acknowledging their understanding of the Code and agreeing to comply with it at all times. Conflicts of Interest The Company’s Conflicts of Interest policy is a part of this Corporate Code of Conduct. All directors, officers and employees are expected to be familiar with the policy and comply with its requirements. Corporate Opportunities Directors, officers and employees are prohibited from (a) taking for themselves personally opportunities that are properly within the scope of the Company's activities, (b) using corporate property, information or position for personal gain, and (c) competing with the Company. Directors, officers and employees owe a duty to the Company to advance its legitimate business interests to the best of their abilities. No director, officer, employee or an immediate family member, who is in a position to influence or control decisions affecting business transaction or relationships of the Company shall have any obligation to, have any material interest in, or receive any benefit from, any outside person, company or vendor which either directly or indirectly competes with or does business with the Company. If an obligation or material interest exists or develops, the director, officer or employee must make full disclosure of the obligation or material interest and obtain the approval of the appropriate authority. Confidential Nature of Bank and Customer Affairs The Company’s Confidential Nature of Bank and Customer Affairs policy is a part of this Corporate Code of Conduct. All directors, officers and employees are expected to be familiar with the policy and comply with its requirements. Inside Information/Insider Trading
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BancFirst Corporation is a registered public company and is subject to laws, rules and regulations regarding the use of non-public inside information and insider trading. In the course of performing their duties directors, officers and employees may receive information about the Company or its customers which, if known to the public, might affect the decision of a reasonable investor to buy, sell, or hold securities of the Company or that customer’s business. Directors, officers and employees are prohibited from acting upon material inside information prior to public disclosure through the purchase or sale of such securities for their own accounts or for fiduciary or agency accounts, and from divulging such information to others except as required by Company business. All directors, officers and employees will promptly report suspected abuse of inside information to the Chairman or Chief Executive Officer, or through the Reporting Hotline as described below. All directors, officers and employees are prohibited from engaging in “short-swing” trading of securities issued by the Company by purchasing and selling, or selling and repurchasing such securities within a period of less than six months. Illegal Payments, Bribes, Kickbacks Directors, officers and employees shall not authorize or make any improper payment for any form of bribery, payoff, illegal contribution, or other payment of a questionable nature to individuals, businesses or government entities. Under no circumstances should the purchase or sale of products and/or services result in any Company director, officer or employee or an immediate family member receiving any form of kickback, rebate or gratuity. If you are approached by anyone to make or receive a questionable payment, immediately contact the appropriate authority. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) The Company and the law prohibit giving and/or offering money or anything of value to a foreign governmental official, agency, political party, party official or candidate under any circumstances which appears that such items were offered or given to induce the recipient to benefit the Company's business in their country. The FCPA, as well as Company policy, prohibits bribing a governmental official or any other form of commercial bribery. If you are approached by anyone to make a questionable payment, immediately contact the appropriate authority. Public Reporting and Disclosure All directors, officers and employees of the Company should ensure that all information contained in reports and documents that the Company files with the banking regulatory agencies, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or other regulatory agencies, and/or contained in other public communications made by the Company is complete, accurate, timely, and in accordance with applicable requirements. In the event that a director, officer or employee has reason to believe that any such information does not meet these standards, then he or she should contact the Chairman or the Chairman of the Audit Committee, or file a report through the Reporting Hotline as described below. Books and Records Laws, rules and regulations require, and it is the Company's policy, that all business records (including customer records, transaction records, invoices, statements, tax records, payroll records, time cards, expense reports, benefit plan information, and documentation supporting financial and other reports) be prepared accurately, reliably, and in a timely manner. It is very important that no director, officer or employee create or participate in the creation of (or falsification or alteration of) any Company records which are intended to mislead anyone or conceal anything improper. Company books and records should be maintained in confidence, be safeguarded from loss and destruction, and be under effective internal controls. Directors, officers and employees should always be honest and straightforward when dealing with internal or outside auditors with respect to the Company's transactions, records, accounts, and financial statements.
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Appropriate Authority for Disclosure/Waiver If any director, officer or employee becomes aware of a possible violation of this Code, he or she should report such possible violation immediately to any director or the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, or Director of Human Resources, or through the Reporting Hotline. Only the Board of Directors may grant waivers or exceptions to this Code for directors or executive officers. Reporting Hotline The Company provides an anonymous Internet and telephone based reporting tool that assists management and employees to work together to address fraud, abuse, misconduct, and other violations in the workplace. Instructions to file a report can be found in the Human Resources folder of the Document Library on HelpNet. Every effort will be made to protect the confidentiality of those furnishing information. The Company will not tolerate retaliation in any form against any person for complaints or reports made in good faith. Any intentional violation of this Code by directors, officers or employees will lead to appropriate action, up to and including termination of the violator's position and/or employment. BANCFIRST CORPORATION CORPORATE CODE OF CONDUCT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I understand that BancFirst Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company") have adopted a Corporate Code of Conduct that requires all directors, officers and employees conduct the business affairs of the Company and their personal affairs ethically and in compliance with both the letter and spirit of the law. I have read, understand and approve the Corporate Code of Conduct and agree to act consistently with it at all times. I have no knowledge or information of any unreported possible violations of the Code and will report them as required if such possible violations come to my attention. Signature Print Name Date
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Exhibit 21.1 Subsidiaries of BancFirst Corporation Subsidiary Name State of Incorporation Percentage of Ownership BancFirst Oklahoma 100.00% Pegasus Bank Texas 100.00% BFC Capital Trust II Delaware 100.00% Council Oak Partners, LLC Oklahoma 100.00% BancFirst Insurance Services, Inc. Oklahoma 100.00% Worthington Bank Texas 100.00% BFC PNC, LLC Oklahoma 100.00% Calimesa Town Center, LLC Oklahoma 80.00% American Bank of Oklahoma Oklahoma 100.00%
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Exhibit 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Audit Committee, Board of Directors, and Stockholders BancFirst Corporation Oklahoma City, Oklahoma We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement on Forms S-8 (File No. 333-289244, effective August 5, 2025, File No. 333-272368, effective June 2, 2023, File No.333-268168, effective November 4, 2022; File No. 333-259292, effective September 3, 2021; File No. 333-233241, effective August 13, 2019; File No. 333-228152, effective November 2, 2018; File No. 333-201524, effective January 15, 2015; and File No. 333-175914, effective July 29, 2011) of BancFirst Corporation of our report dated February 26, 2026, with respect to the financial statements of BancFirst Corporation and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. /s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP Oklahoma City, Oklahoma February 26, 2026
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Exhibit 31.1 CEO’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR RULE 15d-14(a) I, David Harlow, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of BancFirst Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(e) and 15d – 15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(f) and 15d – 15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this annual report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors: a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal controls over financial reporting. Date: February 26, 2026 /s/ David Harlow David Harlow President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
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Exhibit 31.2 CFO’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR RULE 15d-14(a) I, Hannah Andrus, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of BancFirst Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(e) and 15d – 15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(f) and 15d – 15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this annual report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors: a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal controls over financial reporting. Date: February 26, 2026 /s/ Hannah Andrus Hannah Andrus Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
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Exhibit 32 CERTIFICATION I, David Harlow, Chief Executive Officer and Hannah Andrus, Chief Financial Officer of BancFirst Corporation (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that: (1) The Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the annual period ended December 31, 2025 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and (2) The information contained in the Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ David Harlow David Harlow President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 26, 2026 /s/ Hannah Andrus Hannah Andrus Executive Vice President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 26, 2026
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Exhibit 97 Section: BancFirst Corporation Effective Date: October 26, 2023 Subject: Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Revision Date: Executive Compensation Purpose: To establish the requirements for recovery of erroneously awarded executive compensation in accordance with the requirements of Section 5608 of the Nasdaq Stock Market Corporate Governance Requirements. Policy: In the event BancFirst Corporation (the “Company”) is required to issue an accounting restatement of its financial statements due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under securities laws, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”), or a designated committee or committees authorized by the Board, will enforce the reimbursement or forfeiture of incentive compensation received by any current or former executive officer (those that perform “policy-making functions”, that is Section 16 officers) during the three-year period preceding the date when the Company is required to prepare the accounting restatement. This reimbursement or forfeiture should be the amount of incentive compensation received that exceeds the amount that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the restated amounts, without regard to any taxes. The recovery of any amounts from an executive officer who participates in the Deferred Bonus Pool shall be made first against the balance of that officer’s deferred bonus in the pool. It is important to note that incentive-based compensation, for the purpose of this policy, does not include any equity granted, such as stock options or restricted stock units. These equity awards are subject to vesting solely upon the completion of a specified employment period, without any performance condition.