Hello and welcome to CME Group third quarter 2022 earnings call. My name is Sarah, and I will be your coordinator for today's event. Please note this conference is being recorded and for the duration of the call, your lines will be on listen only. However, you will have the opportunity to ask questions. This can be done by pressing star one on your telephone keypad to register your question. If you require assistance at any point, please press star zero and you will be connected to an operator. I will now hand you over to your host, John Peschier, to begin today's conference. Thank you. Good morning, and I hope you all are doing well today. I'm gonna start with the safe harbor language, then I'll turn over to Terry and team for brief remarks, followed by your questions. Other members of our management team will also participate in the Q&A session. Statements made on this call and in the other reference documents on our website that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. They involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or implied in any statement. Detailed information about factors that may affect our performance can be found in the filings with the SEC, which are on our website. Lastly, on the final page of the earnings release, you will see a reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP measures. On a personal note, today will be my last earnings call as I am retiring after more than 20 years with CME. My first day on the job was December 24, 2001 with a plan that CME would go public soon after I joined. CME ultimately went public in December 2002, and it has been an amazing journey. We have created a lot of value for our investors. I want to thank all of our shareholders and sell-side analysts who I have met on this journey, and I want to thank all my CME colleagues I have worked closely with during the last two decades. In particular, the CFOs Dave, Jamie, and John. Most importantly, Jennifer George and Susan Jacks, with whom I have worked closely for many years, have been instrumental to our success. Lastly, I'd like to thank Terry for his leadership of this successful journey. He and I are the only ones left who were on the first CME earnings call in 2003, and it's been a great run. With that, I will turn it over to Terry. Well, thank you all for joining us this morning. Let me take a quick moment first to thank you, John, on behalf of all of us for an incredible run, more than two decades, as you said, with CME and giving service to the organization and its shareholder relations organization. You have been an instrumental force in our investor relations and analyst outreach, helping us grow from our early days, as you said, as a public company to the leading derivatives marketplace we have become today. As a friend and respected colleague to so many, you've made a significant impact on our business. There is no doubt you'll be missed. We wish you nothing but the best for you and your family going forward. Again, on behalf of everybody at CME and throughout the investor community, John, we thank you very much for your leadership. Thank you. Thank you. We are leaving the investment community in good hands with the remaining members of the investor relations team, as John referenced, Jennifer George and Susan Jacks, who have worked side by side with John through his entire career, as well as Adam Minick, who you'll all get to know soon, who recently joined the investor relations department coming over from our strategy department. Look forward to all of you meeting up with Adam. We released our executive commentary earlier today, which provided extensive details on the Q3 of 2022. I have John Pietrowicz, Sean, Derek, Sunil, and Julie Winkler on the call this morning, as well as Tim McCourt, our Global Head of Equity and FX Products. I felt it was important to take some time to not only run through a snapshot of our current business and financial results, but more importantly, to expand on why we feel our business is in such a strong position to finish out the year and head into 2023 on a high note. I will start, and then Sean, Tim, and Derek will provide some thoughts before John finishes up our commentary with details related to our financial results and our JV. Then we will open the call for your questions. Let me start by talking about the tremendous amount of uncertainty in the markets today. Whether that be uncertainty around the U.S. Federal Reserve policy, varying views about the recession risk with inflation at levels not seen since the 1980s, or uncertainty around the size and speed of the unwind of the Fed's balance sheet. When there is uncertainty driving activity in our interest rate business, the impacts cascade to other asset classes, most prominently in equities, as rate changes impact corporate valuations, and in foreign exchange, with varied policies and approaches from central banks around the world. We're also seeing high level of volatility in the commodities markets, which appear likely to persist given the impact of the Russian invasion in Ukraine and the resulting disruption affecting both agriculture and energy markets in the region and around the world. Risk management is our business, and we have been and always will be committed to helping our customers manage uncertainty. We do this across our unique breadth of asset classes and our broad range of deeply liquid, globally relevant products. With that being said, let me transition into our Q3 performance. Our performance for Q3 and year-to-date in 2022 highlights the effectiveness of our risk management solutions. Our volume is up 23% year-to-date versus the same period last year, and up 19% from the same period in 2019 prior to the pandemic. The highest average daily volume quarter in CME Group's history was Q1 of 2020, when risk management was critical at the onset of the pandemic. The first three quarters of this year have been the second, third, and fourth highest ADV quarters in our history. So far in 2022, our interest rates, equities, and FX products have hit peak levels of large open interest holders with our interest rate products at an all-time high again just last week suggesting that this represents a risk on environment. Additionally, Q3 represented our fifth sequential quarter of double-digit year-over-year growth in total ADV. With the pandemic becoming part of our lives, global economics and market participants are left to manage not only uncertain market risk, but also potential new risk associated with the pandemic. We're pleased the next integration is complete, and market participants are able to access cash treasuries and cash foreign exchange through one platform, complementing our existing futures on treasuries and on foreign exchange. The breadth of the assets we've built over time, combined with the work we are currently doing in partnership with Google to transform markets, will provide us further opportunity to continue our industry-leading innovation going forward, and we are 100% focused on growing in the short term while also positioning the business for long-term sustained growth. I'll now turn it over to Sean and then Tim and Derek to dig into more detail around these themes. Thanks, Terry. With the return of interest rate volatility and central bank activity, we've seen strong year-over-year growth in our fixed income businesses. Interest rate futures and options ADV were up 28% in Q3, and we've now delivered six consecutive double-digit year-over-year ADV growth quarters for the asset class. The tailwinds Terry described should continue moving through 2023. Every FOMC meeting is in play, and with high and uncertain inflation, every jobs report and every consumer price index reading is important. You could see this very clearly with the 34 million contracts trading on a single day on October 13th following the latest CPI release. The uncertainty here could remain for years as inflation readings for rent and shelter tend to lag the real economy by up to 18 months. These factors have led to significant trading volumes in our short-term interest rate complex, with volumes up 45% through the first three quarters. During this time, we have progressed the Eurodollar to SOFR migration, with SOFR futures and options both now trading more contracts per day than their Eurodollar counterparts, reaching a record 5.9 million SOFR contracts traded on October 13th. Lastly, our ARRC-endorsed term SOFR benchmark has already been licensed to over 1,700 firms in 83 different countries and has been referenced in over 2.8 trillion of loans and OTC derivatives. On the long end of the curve, we saw double-digit ADV growth in both Q2 and Q3, and Treasury futures and Treasury options have had particular strength with 21% growth in Q3. The tailwinds from Fed balance sheet reduction and inflation are becoming larger and have the potential to be long-lasting due to the huge increase in government debt. As Terry mentioned, uncertainty in monetary policy then drives uncertainty in other asset classes. I'll turn it over to Tim to speak to this very point. Thanks, Sean, and it's a pleasure to be on the call today. Allow me to start with the strength of our equity index business, where our deep and liquid markets offer access to the most important global benchmark indices on one platform around the clock. This strong foundation positioned us well in 2022 as interest rate expectations have led to equity valuation adjustments and increased need for risk management. The first three quarters of this year were the first, second, and third highest ADV quarters on record respectively for overall equity index ADV as well as equity index options ADV. Year-to-date through Q3, total ADV has increased 44% and options ADV has increased 74% compared with the same timeframe of last year. It is important to note that our growth is driven not only by volatility, but also by product innovation. One of our most successful innovations was the launch of our Micro E-mini products in 2019. We view the Micros as a useful tool to continue to attract new international and U.S. based customers, given the smaller contract size and the lower upfront financial commitment. Due to the premium price point on a risk equivalent basis, the 3.2 million micro equity contracts that trade per day add the revenue equivalent of approximately one million E-mini contracts, despite being 1/10th the notional size. We've also introduced a suite of products that bring traditional OTC functionality to CME, such as Basis Trade at Index Close, adjusted interest rate total return futures, sector futures, dividend futures, equity option block, and most recently, derived block functionality. These OTC alternative products meet customers' need under the Uncleared Margin Rules while benefiting from the capital efficiency afforded by our equities franchise. These premium products command fees of 3 times-4 times that of standard equity rates and added approximately 160,000 contracts per day in the Q3. Now I will turn to FX, which has certainly come alive following an extended period of historic low volatility with the Q3 FX ADV up 41% year-over-year. Similar to equities, we have introduced innovations in our FX business during the low volatility period, and we are now harvesting those investments. We've changed minimum price increments, built out emerging market currencies, introduced OTC alternative like FX Link, added EBS cash markets, and created tools and analytics that show the efficiencies of trading FX at CME. These innovations position us well to continue to benefit from the volatility in the currency markets as the disparate interest rate approaches of the global central banks continue to flow through to the foreign exchange market. Derek will now address the trends in our commodities, options, and international businesses. Thanks, Tim. While our energy business, which has been impacted by temporary market dislocations, was the only asset class that was down in Q3, we like our long-term structural positives for our U.S. energy benchmarks, including WTI crude oil, refined products, and Henry Hub natural gas. The U.S. is producing nearly 12 million barrels of oil a day and exporting record levels of crude and refined products. The U.S. is the marginal supplier of crude oil to Europe and Asia, which positions WTI and our refined product benchmarks well for the long term beyond the current supply and price dislocations. Similarly, the U.S. is the world's largest producer and exporter of natural gas, boosted by increasing liquefied natural gas exports priced off Henry Hub futures markets. Additional LNG facilities are coming online in the U.S. in the medium term, which further bolsters Henry Hub as the benchmark for the global natural gas market for decades to come. As the market transitions through the short-term disruptions caused by the war in Ukraine, we believe that we have the strongest portfolio of risk management tools in the global energy and environmental products markets, which positions us well to grow this asset class over the long term. In agricultural products, CME's markets serve as the benchmarks for global price discovery in grains, oilseeds, livestock, dairy, and lumber. We saw increased customer activity in the Q3 with average daily volume of 1.2 million contracts, up 6% year-over-year, with particular strength in options. Buy-side and bank customers are our strongest performing client segments this year, and our strongest global growth is coming from Latin America. Turning to metals, Q3 average daily volume increased 4% to 498,000 contracts, led by a 20% growth in September. CME Group's aluminum futures continue to see strong adoption by both commercial and financial market participants. Given the customer growth we are seeing, the adoption of COMEX aluminum by top metals broker Marex, and the success we've had in getting our reference prices to be included in physical procurement contracts from commercial customers, we feel that we are at an inflection point for growth in this important market. Turning to options, we continue to see options ADV and open interest outpacing futures. Terry spoke earlier about the high levels of uncertainty in the world today, and options are a powerful tool for helping our global customers to manage risk in that environment and can be a more cost-effective means for getting exposure since only the option premium is included. With year-to-date options ADV up 27% to 4.1 million contracts a day, we are on track to surpass our record year from 2019 of four million contracts. Finally, our international business continues to generate record volumes. In the Q3, we delivered 6.1 million ADV, up 21% versus last year. Based on our strong year-to-date results, we're on track to deliver another record year with our non-US ADV through September of 6.5 million contracts compared to our record of 5.5 million ADV from last year. With that, I'll turn it over to John. Thanks, Derek. CME's revenue for the Q3 was approximately $1.23 billion, driven by a 26.1% growth in trading activity. This was up 10.6% compared to the Q3 of last year and up nearly 15% when adjusting for the impacts of the formation of OSTTRA, our post-trade joint venture with S&P Global that we formed in September of last year. This is our fourth consecutive quarter when making that adjustment of double-digit revenue growth, demonstrating the importance of our markets in these uncertain times. Market data revenue was again a record during the quarter, up 6% compared to a year ago to $154 million, reflecting the strong need for the information our markets produce. Expenses continue to be very carefully managed and on an adjusted basis were $441 million for the quarter and $359 million excluding license fees. Our efforts towards moving to the cloud progressed as expected, and we are nearing the completion of the initial foundational work necessary to migrate our applications. Year-to-date, we spent approximately $21 million in incremental cash costs towards that effort and expect to end the year at approximately $30 million and within our first year guidance for that project. On a year-to-date adjusted basis, excluding our Google spend license fees and the impacts of the formation of OSTTRA, our revenues were up 13% and our expenses were only up 3%. We continue to manage our capital expenditures effectively and with an eye towards our move to the cloud. As a result, we are lowering our CapEx guidance to $100 million. For the quarter, our capital expenditures were approximately $20 million. Our joint ventures and investments continue to produce meaningful results for CME Group. Year-to-date, on an adjusted basis, these investments have contributed $272.5 million or close to 10% of our pre-tax income this year. In addition to the earnings they contribute, their strategic importance continues to play out. The OSTTRA joint venture is capturing synergies through the combination of our post-trade businesses with that of S&P Global. This creates the leader in the space and has the scope and scale for long-term growth. Our S&P Dow Jones Indices joint venture has delivered 14% average annual earnings growth s ince the first full year of inception in 2013. Strategically, the exclusive rights to the indices that we have secured through our ownership of the joint venture underpins over 20% of the overall futures contracts traded at CME Group and creates significant capital efficiencies across our equity complex, making us the global destination for equity futures. We also benefit from the trading of products licensed by the joint venture to other exchanges and from the continued move from active to passive investing. These joint ventures and other investments that we've made continue to position CME well strategically and financially. For the quarter, CME had an adjusted effective tax rate of 23.4%, which resulted in an adjusted net income of $719 million, up 25% from the Q3 last year, and an adjusted EPS attributable to common shareholders of $1.98. CME paid out $2.3 billion of dividends so far this year, and cash at the end of the quarter was approximately $2.2 billion. In summary, our global benchmarks, data, innovation, investments, and strong focus on execution continue to address the needs of our clients and deliver results for our shareholders. Please refer to the last page of our executive commentary for additional financial highlights and details. We'd like to now open up the call for your questions. Based on the number of analysts covering us, please limit yourself to one question and then feel free to jump back into the queue. Thank you. As a reminder, if you would like to ask a question or make a contribution on today's call, please press star one on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, please press star two. Please ensure your lines are unmuted locally, as you will be advised when to ask your question. The first question comes from the line of Rich Repetto from Piper Sandler. Please go ahead. Yeah, good morning, Terry. Good morning, John. I guess the first thing is for John Peschier. You know, he has been a very thoughtful and unwaveringly committed and loyal employee, and it's been a pleasure working with him for however many years. He has done a great job, you know, training Jennifer and Susan. We're excited to work with the team going forward as well. Congrats, John. Thanks, Rich. Terry, I guess my one question would be, the media reported, you know, I think within the last month or so that you applied for an FCM license or tried to obtain an FCM license, through the CFTC. I'm just trying to understand what was the purpose of the rationale behind doing that? Thank you. Yeah. Thanks, Rich. Appreciate it. Here, first it was at the NFA we filed the application at, and then it'll eventually go to the CFTC just for. Correct. Cadence of perspective. You know, I think what's important is I never defined how we would ever use an FCM. I think there's been a tremendous amount of speculation about how CME would or would not use an FCM. I also think it's important to note that I don't know, and I don't know anybody that does know, what an FCM is gonna look like 3 years, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years from now. I just don't know what that's gonna look like. Is it gonna look the same as it does today, or will it look completely different? I don't know. I don't think it's in anyone's best interest to wait to find out. I think you should be going along with that process to see. I wanna make sure something's very clear. My commitment, our commitment at CME to our FCM community, as I've said, is unwavering. You know, we are going to continue to work to make them better, our existing FCMs and our future FCMs, how we can partner with them and make them better. I think that's really important. I know there's been speculation about CME is looking to get their own FCM because of retail products. You know, let me be very clear about this. Our existing FCM base and our future FCM base, wherever that may or may not be, has plenty of wherewithal to address the retail market for CME Group. That is not the purpose of doing an FCM. I think it's really important that we just clarify a few of these things. Again, my position is, and the company's position is we want to work with our existing FCMs. We will continue to do so. That is the model that we enjoy. We're also not of the mind that we don't think things could potentially change down the road, and we will be prepared. When I say that, you know, our cost associated with this FCM so far is about zero. We have not put any money into this. We just filed an application. We will be watching this space very, very carefully. Again, we will not ever put CME in a position where it's coming from behind. We will always be leading going forward. I'd hopefully I answered the questions and more. I really wanna make it clear there's been no defined FCM that CME has applied for that is competing with the existing FCM model today. I know all the pitfalls that people have talked about with the DSR status and things of that nature. Those things can all be worked around if in fact they need to be worked around. That's not the purpose of our application. Got it. Super helpful, Terry, and I'll get back in the queue. Thank you. Thanks, Rich. The next question comes from the line of Dan Fannon from Jefferies. Please go ahead. Thanks. Good morning and congrats, John Peschier, on your retirement. My question is for the other John, just on expenses. Just obviously the guidance implies a pretty material step-up into the Q4. Could you know, talk about what that entails in terms of where what you're spending on and how that ramps? I know it's early, but just thinking about 2023 and kind of the roll forward of the Google spend and other investment priorities, can you talk about you know, how to think about, you know, a growth in expenses versus what you guys have done historically. Yeah. Thanks, Dan. Thanks for the question. Pardon me. Yeah, the Q4 of this year, of all years, generally speaking, and the Q4 of this year, you know, is traditionally the heaviest quarter in terms of expenses, and we expected that to occur this year. There are a number of planned customer events and marketing spend in the Q4, and we expect increased in-person sales activity reflecting the improved business environment. If you look at last year and adjust for OSTTRA, you saw about a 10% increase in expenses from Q3- Q4. This year, it's a little bit heavier between Q3 and Q4. This would imply about a 15% increase. If you look at the expense spend between Q3 and Q4 last year, we did not have the improving business environment that we see this year. We are expecting definitely more increased in-person sales activity, marketing spend, and travel. That, you know, accounts for some of the increase that we're seeing this year. When you take a look at Q3- Q4, we expect approximately 70% of the increase to be in the marketing, travel, and in-person events. The remainder of the sequential increase would be related to salary and wages, reflecting variable compensation related to our company's performance and staffing of key roles and customer-facing resources. Last year, you know, again, the variable compensation is higher this year than last year, and also the number of employees are higher this year than last year. We're expecting to hire more going into the Q4. We also expect to see increased professional services as we are investing in growth projects. That kind of accounts for Q4 growth compared to Q3 and a bit about the difference between last year and this year. You know, you are right, as we are early in the process of looking at our budget for next year. As you know, the entire team knows, the entire group here at CME has done a very effective job over the years of managing our costs, and we tend to do the same towards this incoming year. It's a bit too early to give guidance, you know, as I said, we're still in the budget-building process, and that has to be approved by the board. We are definitely keeping our eyes on inflationary impacts, and we're looking to mitigate those impacts through process efficiencies, leveraging lower cost locations, partnering with vendors, and being judicious in hiring. You know, I think the way to think about 2023 is to think about how we've been managing costs over the last several years. We've done a very effective job ensuring that we're spending right, you know, very efficiently and, you know, we'll continue to leverage that approach going into next year. That's some of the kind of core business. In terms of the Google spend, in terms of our migration, we're working through the plan for next year now. We are, as I mentioned the last couple of earnings calls ago, you know, we're expecting on average to be approximately $30 million in incremental spend over the next four years as we, you know, approach the point where, you know, costs will be lower, assuming similar volume levels. You know, I think we're planning on kind of a similar type spend as this year, but it'll be a function of how fast we're gonna be migrating the applications onto the Google platform. You know, we're pleased with where we're at in terms of our Google progress. It's about where we expected it would be, and as I said in my prepared remarks, the initial foundation that we needed to create in order to start rolling those apps is nearing completion. You know, we'll be looking to see the apps migrate at a quicker rate going into 2023. That's the kind of expense view so far this year. Great. Thank you. Yeah. Thanks, Dan. The next question comes from the line of Alex Kramm from UBS. Please go ahead. Yes. Hey, good morning, everyone. I wanna talk about the LIBOR, SOFR or Eurodollar SOFR transition now that you have, I guess, a date next April to basically shut down Eurodollar, if I understand this correctly. I wanna really understand what that means, both from a potential volume and also revenue impact. Can you remind us what you're charging for when it comes to SOFR and Eurodollar today independently, where there's still certain discounts or non-charging? And then more importantly, as one contract goes away, I assume today there's a lot of, I guess, trading or arbing between those two products happening. Just wondering if you have an estimate how much that could be today and how much of that could potentially go away. We're clear about, again, like a revenue or volume impact come April next year? Thanks. Sean? Thanks, Terry, and thanks, Alex, for the question. We are very pleased with the progress we have made in the SOFR transition. SOFR futures traded 2.6 million contracts a day in September, while SOFR options traded more than 850,000 contracts per day. The volumes of Eurodollar futures and SOFR options are now trading 130% of what Eurodollar options trade every day. SOFR futures now have more than eight million contracts in open interest or 98.5% of Eurodollar futures. SOFR options have reached 15 million contracts open interest or 70% of Eurodollar options. In terms of RPC, as you know, in June, July, and August, we executed our SOFR First for Options initiative, which had very strong support from U.S. and U.K. regulators as well as from our customers. On the back of that, we've achieved the incredibly strong growth that you've seen. That program, in terms of SOFR First for Options, was completed at the end of August. That program had, first of all, fee waivers for all participants for June, July, and August, and secondly, a significantly enhanced incentives to create liquidity in order to build the same ecosystem and to have as much liquidity and efficiency in that marketplace as the marketplace has enjoyed in Eurodollar futures and options. We have now achieved very much of what we needed to there. With that, as I said, we did remove those fee waivers at the end of August, and we did decrease the overall incentives to market participants. As you know, incentives are important to ensure that we have liquidity for all participants, and our Eurodollar futures have had incentives historically and continue to have incentives. We do expect that the incentives that are required for Eurodollar futures and options will be required in the longer run for SOFR futures and options. We do expect, however, that we will be able to continue to decrease the incentives, the extra incentives above what we've had for Eurodollar futures and options in the coming months. We think we're in a very good place. We think we're on a very good path. We are following our plan. Overall, I think we're in a good place. Alex, let me just. This is Terry Duffy. Let me add to what Sean said, because one of the parts of your question that we didn't answer is on the arb between Eurodollars and SOFR. You have to remember what Sean said, I said, and others said a year and a half, two years ago, and subsequently every quarter going forward, is that we were at an extreme benefit to have both these contracts listed at CME, and we did see a lot of trading going back and forth between the two, but the objective and the goal was to have that arb end up in the SOFR products, knowing full well that LIBOR was going to be discontinued. I think when you look at the arb, you will have to look at it in a success rate of arbing from Eurodollars into the SOFR, which Sean gave you the statistics, which are now larger than the Eurodollars. So, Sean. Yeah, I apologize for not answering that part of the question. Thank you, Terry. The inter-commodity spreads between the two products are running between 250,000-350,000 contracts a day to make it perfectly quantitative. Yeah. Hopefully that gives you a little bit more insight. You know, all along that was our strategy as the incumbent of the Eurodollars is to move it into the SOFR and we successfully did that. Yep. No, that's great numbers there. Thank you. For our next question, we have Michael Cyprys from Morgan Stanley on the line. Please go ahead. Oh, hey. Good morning. Thanks for taking the question. Just wanna ask about customer collateral, just given the movement in interest rates. I was hoping you can update us on your latest expectations around the take rates on cash collateral as well as non-cash collateral, and how you expect those take rates and balances to evolve from here, particularly if we get another 75 basis point hike in November, and what you expect to see from customers in terms of shifting back and forth between cash and non-cash collateral? Thank you. Thanks, Michael. I'll let John go ahead and answer that, and I might jump in as well. Yeah, thanks. Thanks, Michael. Yeah, let's take a look at our collateral earnings in its totality. You know, first, in the non-operating section of our income statement, we've got earnings on cash held by clients at the clearinghouse, and that was up $14 million sequentially. Average cash balances were lower by $27.5 billion- $117.5 billion, and that was more than offset by higher returns, which were 29 basis points for the quarter, an increase of nine basis points. The last two rate hikes were passed on to our clients, which helped lessen the reduction in those balances. Looking in our other revenue section of our income statement, custody revenue was up $9 million, driven primarily by an increase in average non-cash collateral balances held by our clients in the clearinghouse and a fee increase on those balances from five basis points to seven basis points. Balances eligibly charged to a fee increased from an average of $81 billion in Q2 to $95 billion in Q3. We had a sequential increase in non-cash collateral earnings of $9 million, which is in the revenue line, an increase of $14 million sequentially on cash, and that's in the non-operating section of our income statement for a total of a $23 million sequential increase in earnings on collateral. Let's take a look at what is going on in the Q4 so far. Average cash balances through October24th were $117.8 billion, so roughly flat with the average for Q3. We had an ending balance of cash of $110 billion on October 24th. Non-cash collateral, which is subject to fees. Again, there's another non-cash collateral which we don't earn fees on, but the non-cash collateral subject to fees average for October so far through the 24th was $90.3 billion, with an ending balance of $95.6 billion. That gives you an idea of what happened for the quarter and how those balances are trending for the Q4 so far. In terms of what happens going forward, there's a number of factors that play into that. First is the total amount of collateral that needs to be put up at the clearinghouse, which is subject to the types of trading and the risk management required for that trading. That determines the total size of the amount of collateral that's put up. Then clients will have a certain amount of cash and non-cash collateral that they need just to run their business. They'll put that up depending on what they have on hand. To the extent they can optimize their portfolio, they will put up that instrument that yields the highest return. They'll look at the amount of return they can get on cash they put up with the clearinghouse versus other instruments that they could put up at the clearinghouse. Now, what we've done over the last several rate hikes is that we've maintained a -25 basis point spread versus what the Fed has moved. You know, I think that's proven to be effective to maintain the balances that we've been able to maintain so far. You know, it's really gonna be a function of what their businesses require and how they optimize their portfolio. Great. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks for your question, Mike. Our next question comes from the line of Brian Bedell from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead. Great. Thanks very much for taking my question. Maybe just one other clarification on the collateral balances. Were there other drivers in that non-operating income line in the investment income and other non-operating costs aside from the collateral balances? Just one question. The other question, if I can squeak one in, is on the RPC trends coming into the Q4. I guess, first of all, is sort of some of that noise on the RPC on rates from that SOFR LIBOR transition, and you expect that to sort of go away in the Q4 or over the next coming months. Then it looks like you have pricing power on the micro products as well across that franchise. Maybe just some sort of outlook on how that may develop coming into 2023. Okay. Wow, Brian, that's a lot of questions in there. A lot of ones. Um, so. Yeah. Let's start out and take a look at the entire non-operating section of our income statement. That can. I think that'll be helpful for you know for that you know for you to understand what all the moving parts are there. If you take a look between Q2 and Q3 in the non-operating section of our income statement, you can see that it's a sequential increase of $13 million. I talked a little bit about the earnings on cash held by our clients at the clearinghouse, and that was up $14 million. We also saw earnings on CME cash, and that was up about $8.6 million. That was an increase in earnings. We did see a slight increase in interest expense. That was up about $500,000 and that was related to a credit that we received last quarter. Finally is the earnings in unconsolidated subsidiaries. You know, I think here you know, again, I kinda highlighted it in the prepared remarks, we're very pleased with the way our joint ventures and investments have been performing. This quarter, however, we did see some impacts of one-time items in the joint venture. OSTTRA, which is our post-trade joint venture with S&P Global, was down about $3 million, and the S&P Dow Jones Indices sequentially was down about $6 million. That's because both in Q2 and in Q3, there were one-time adjustments. If you normalize those out, the earnings on those joint ventures were relatively flat with, you know, earnings on the OSTTRA joint venture in the $19.5 million-$20 million range. Then if you look at the S&P Dow Jones joint venture, its results are roughly in the $61 million-$62 million range. Another kind of key point to make there is that when you look at the S&P Dow Jones joint venture in the equity and unconsolidated subsidiaries line, year-to-date, the joint venture, when you make the adjustments for the one-time items, is up about 13% year over year, and it's had a CAGR of 16% since 2020. Very pleased with how those are performing. That gives you kind of the breakdown on that part of your question. You had a question about the RPC, which I think, Sean, you kinda hit that in the last question. Do you wanna just kinda reemphasize that? Yeah. In terms of the RPC, as I said, we had market-wide fee waivers in June, July, and August. All of those were removed at the end of August. In addition to that, we had very significant liquidity incentives in June, July, and August, and all of those are gone. We do have some incentives that are greater than, the incentives that we've had historically for Eurodollar futures and options still in place. However, you know, we will look to reduce those as we have been. I do expect, right, a significantly higher RPC for SOFR options for obvious reasons in Q4. Again, the fee waivers are gone and the additional, the significant additional liquidity incentives that we had during June, July, and August are gone. Those will be positive impacts in Q4. There's a question on. I think, Brian, you had a question on the pricing power for micros. For the micros, yeah. They've been increasing across all of the categories. Just wondering if that's sustainable? Why don't you break down the asset class that you're talking about? You wanna talk to him about the equities? Go ahead. Sean? Go ahead. Yeah, sure. This is Tim. Thanks, Brian. When we look at the Micro E-mini contract, as I said in my opening remarks, they are at a premium price to the older sibling E-mini contract. They're about one-tenth the size, but they're, depending on the index you're looking at, between 1/4-1/3 the cost. That is something that is of importance. It's been a good driver of growth, both in terms of volume and revenue for us. I think one thing that's important to note with respect to the pricing power of Micro E-minis, not commenting on where that might go in the future, is that when we look at its relative value to other product choices in the market, despite being at a premium, it's still growing faster than, say, the SPY ETF. You look at the Micro E-mini S&P 500 contract growth in 2021, that's up about 57% versus last year. When you look at the SPY ETF, that's up only a little over 30%. Despite the premium to the E-mini contract and the premium to the ETF, it is still of tremendous value to the marketplace, as evidenced by the premium price it commands, as well as the sustained growth at CME and versus comparable products. Yeah. Just in terms of pricing in general, you know, as I mentioned, from the question that Dan Fannon had, you know, we're going through the budget building process, you know, right now, and this is the time that we take a look at our pricing. There's a number of factors that go into the pricing decisions, you know, including the health of the market, how our clients can get exposure in other markets, innovation that we've created, the liquidity that we've created. You know, we've done a, I think, a tremendous job of developing a lot of value for our clients. But that is in the process, you know, that we normally do every year about this time. We review our incentive plans as you know, as Sean has mentioned, and we do that regularly. We'll reallocate resources, you know, in terms of programs to ensure that we're developing the liquidity and creating value for our clients. That process is underway now as we develop the plan for 2023. Thanks so much. My regrets to John Peschier here also. Thank you. Thanks. The next question comes from the line of Kyle Voigt from KBW. Please go ahead. Hi. Good morning. Maybe a question on the growth in Asia. It was extremely strong in the quarter at 41%. It looks like the growth there has accelerated over each of the past three quarters. It looks like a lot of that growth is being driven by equity index and FX. Maybe you could just help us drill in a bit further and provide any more color or help us understand which customer segments you think are driving that growth, or is it asset managers, hedge funds, retail, or other users? Is there a way to help investors kinda frame the ultimate size of that opportunity from Asia and how much more runway there is to grow at these levels? Sure. Yeah. Appreciate the question, Kyle. Yeah, international continues to go from strength to strength. As I mentioned at the top of the call, we're on track for a pretty significant beat on last year's total non-US volume record, which was 5.5 million last year, we're averaging 6.5 million a year this year. As you rightly point out, our growth in Asia continues to go from strength to strength. In the Q3 of this year, we put our sixth consecutive quarter up and fourteenth consecutive quarter of growth. On the APAC business, we're up 41% this year, our fastest growing part of our business. EMEA grew up 14%, and LatAm grew at about 31%. When you dig into the region, as you rightly point out, we're seeing particular strength and growth with our financial products, equities, and fixed income. Actually, Asia, interestingly, is the strongest area of growth for our energy business. Our Asian energy business is up 30% year-to-date this year as well. It's broad growth. Equities is a strong driver for us. When you look at the individual countries, it is spread stronger across multiple countries. It's no one particular country that's delivering strongest growth. Where we've seen particular bright sparks is in Korea. Our Korean business this year is up 45%. That has now stepped into our second largest revenue generator for us across all of our non-U.S. jurisdictions. That has been a pretty significant climb over the last couple of years. Other significant growth drivers coming out of Asia is Taiwan is up 53% volumes this year, India up 65%, and the Middle East, primarily, United Arab Emirates and Dubai specifically, is showing a volume growth of almost 70% growth. Asia continues to be a strong support area for us. Julie Winkler and her global sales team are pursuing the global sales campaigns for our regional products and bringing in new clients working through our channel partners. Retail is a big part of that story and the micro story. As I said, that's a strong part of the energy growth there as well. Hopefully that gave you some color on what we're seeing, and we think that we're probably early innings of the client penetration in Asia as well, going forward. Kyle, and I know the other analysts know this as well, Derek has now taken over the international business over the last several months. He has restructured the division and he has actually been globe-trotting around and being a customer-facing participant as a managing team member. I think that's added a lot to the success of the international business, is putting a face with the name and a name with the face, whatever you like to say. But it's been really important for us to get back out there. We've been stressing this. John reflected some of the cost in our numbers, but we are back in front of clients all over the world, and Derek's done a really good job with that in heading up the new international. Okay. I think the numbers are reflecting it. Thank you for your question. Yep. Thank you. Yeah. Our next question comes from the line of Alex Blostein from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead. Great. Good morning. Thanks for taking the question. I was hoping we could zone in on sort of what are some of the dynamics in cash fixed income markets. We've seen volumes relatively slow there, especially in light of the volatility we've seen in the marketplace broadly, and CME's revenue I guess on the kind of former Nex business have also been trending a little bit slower. Any color you could provide in terms of the look-through to clients, you know, who is doing better, who is doing worse, and what do you think ultimately needs to happen to get this market going a little bit more? Is QT the catalyst or as long as volume as high as it is, there's just muted activity? Sean, you wanna go ahead and address that? Sure. Thanks very much for the question, Alex. If you look at our BrokerTec U.S. Treasury volumes, they're up 11% year-over-year, year-to-date. That is very similar to our Treasury Futures complex. BrokerTec U.S. Treasuries and CME's Treasury Futures, the most liquid treasury instrument available on the planet, are growing at similar levels. If you look at the BrokerTec business in a bit more detail, U.S. repo is up 21% year-over-year, and European repo is up 17% year-over-year. Our U.S. repo business and our European repo business are on track for all-time record years. Some of the initiatives that we have been engaged in relative to the post-migration of BrokerTec to Globex have also seen some good success. Our RV trading order type achieved a new all-time record in the Q3 with $2.1 billion a day, and our cross-selling of BrokerTec into our futures clients, working with our CD&S team under Julie Winkler, we've added nine new clients to the BrokerTec platform that had never traded on it before, and they are currently trading $6.1 billion a day. If you look at the Greenwich survey, likewise, you can see our results there. Year-over-year in September, we saw a significant increase in market share relative to the alternative marketplaces. In terms of go forward for the Treasury market, as we said in our opening remarks, inflation obviously is at the highest level in four years and is very volatile. You've also only just begun to see the Federal Reserve reduce its balance sheet. The Federal Reserve to date has only reduced its balance sheet by about $200 billion. If you look at their expectations for reduction in balance sheet for next year at $95 billion a month, that would mean more than $1 trillion in reduction in that Fed balance sheet next year relative to the $200 billion that we've seen so far. In terms of the BrokerTec business doing well post-migration, new initiatives getting good traction. We're also investing in further analytics. We're also investing in, you know, a direct streaming platform, leveraging the technology that we built for EBS. Reusing that technology a second time for a new business. Overall, you know, I think that the increased deficits of the U.S. government, the decreased size of the Fed balance sheet, and the high level of inflation should be a tailwind for that business for years to come. Okay, thanks. Thanks, Alex. The next question comes from the line of Gautam Sawant from Credit Suisse. Please go ahead. Good morning, and thank you for taking my question. I just had two follow-ups here. One was just on the commentary around the interest rates complex. Given the types of trading and risk management strategies you're seeing right now with the rising short-term rates, can you speak to the types of trading strategies or changes in client behavior that could translate into activity migrating from the short end of the curve to maybe the medium and longer term products? Yeah, sure. We've seen far stronger growth in the short end, as we mentioned, with every single Fed meeting in play. We've also seen very strong growth in our SOFR futures and options. At the long end, we have seen double-digit growth, although at a slower pace. You know, we do expect, as I said already, with the reduction in the size of the Fed balance sheet and the expected trillion-dollar deficits, as far as the eye can see from the Congressional Budget Office, you know, that long end will have a tailwind for market participants as we move forward. Okay, thank you. As a follow-up, can you just provide an update on the metal complex and if there's an increased willingness to participate from maybe some of the international physical warehouse operators? Sure. Derek. Yeah. This is Derek. Good question. We've certainly seen a pretty significant change in what's happened in the industrial metals market post March of this year. We, as we've been talking about, have been putting significant efforts into providing a robust alternative market in markets like aluminum. We've established a great deal of success in the copper markets over the last five years. We have seen a significant increase in activity in our aluminum business specifically since March. We've seen an influx of new client interest and demand from customers looking to take advantage of what they know is how COMEX markets operate within CME Group on the precious metal side and on the copper side. As I mentioned at the top of my call, there was an exciting development and announcement yesterday out of London, where Marex, which is the largest broker on the LME, has announced that they'll be providing direct market access into COMEX aluminum products and providing market commentary on a daily basis to expand their customer market reach and access into COMEX aluminum markets. We're also seeing more commercial customers right in COMEX references for aluminum for their physical procurement, which when you're moving physical benchmarks, that's a heavy lift. We're excited to see both on the commercial participant side as well as on the financial participant side, increasing record levels of volume, open interest, and commercial participation as well as the broker intermediary adoption of COMEX based on client demand. We are here to serve client needs. We're seeing that and our global efforts to procure access into that market, I think has been something we've done a good job over those last few months. We're a point of inflection in this market, but we like where things are positioned and where we're going from here. Thanks, Derek. All right, Gautam, thank you for the question. Thank you. The next question comes from the line of Owen Lau from Oppenheimer. Please go ahead. Good morning, and thank you for taking my question. First of all, I congratulate John for the retirement. In terms of capital return, given the amount of cash you have on your balance sheet and also the leverage, how do you think about variable dividend this year? Also for valuation, given where your shares are trading at compared to historical levels, how would you think about share buybacks as well? Thank you. I'm gonna let Sean and Lynn comment a little bit here, but on our variable, obviously we meet with our board and our finance committee, we walk through a process and make a determination, and we look at, you know, obviously certain factors in the market, what we see coming. We will be getting that information coming out the end of the year, beginning of next year sometime. Beginning of next year? Yeah. Generally early December. Early December. Okay. We got a little time on that one yet, so we're not gonna commit to where we're at on that yet. We are still finalizing that process. Yeah. [crosstalk] I guess I would just add that, you know, the structure we have has been in place since 2012. We've returned over $18.8 billion to shareholders through dividends since that time. We do like the transparency of the approach, and we think it has served us well. But as Terry said, this policy is something we review regularly with our finance committee of the board, and we'll continue to do that going forward. Got it. Thank you very much. Thanks, Owen. The next question comes from the line of Chris Allen from Citi. Please go ahead. Morning, everyone, and congrats, Mr. Peschier. I hope you play a lot of golf in the future. I hope I get to play with you, Chris. Thank you. Hopefully, no caddies light any fires this time. Yeah, I just wanted to ask about basically getting back to the rates market and revisiting some of the questions already asked. We're seeing consistent headlines on liquidity issues in U.S. Treasuries seem to be exacerbated by high volatility levels. There's a cautious outlook when you talk to players in the Treasury complex and also the swaptions markets, for example, moving forward. I'm just trying to reconcile that with what you're seeing, a record large open interest holders in rates right now, obviously in a very good trajectory in rates. Maybe help us understand like how you're thinking about potential liquidity issues and volatility issues in the cash markets and other OTC markets and how that's impacting you or it's not impacting, particularly the Treasury complex, on the futures side moving forward? Sean? Yeah. Thanks for the question, Chris. A really good one. If you look at the ten-year notes, as of a week ago, we had the fastest increase in U.S. ten-year note yields over the previous 12 weeks since 1987. The level of volatility and the speed with which rates are trading, we have not seen in you know more than 35 years. Given that, whenever you have much greater volatility, it makes sense for market participants to reduce the you know what they are trading, right, in terms of the size. In terms of prudent risk management for our customers, there is a tendency to lower the amount of liquidity that they are willing to give at any individual price level. We are seeing through this very high volatility that every price level is typically trading in our markets, even when the markets move quickly. Overall, I think the markets are operating very well. Something to keep in mind is that as prices move much more quickly, top of book tends to be much smaller, and that is just a natural reaction to how the market works. Again, I would say it's prudent risk management by our customers. Chris, I would also say this has had to be the most telegraphed liquidity potential drop that we've ever seen. When you have the Fed raising, you know, three-quarters of a percent at a clip, and also them talking about bringing down their balance sheet at the exact same time. You know, people expected liquidity to maybe be a little bit disruptive, but I think they priced, to Sean's point, that into their activity. I think this is different than when we saw in 2018 when they had to step in and to add some liquidity. I think this has been fairly well telegraphed about what's happening with the liquidity situation, and participants have priced it in. The volatility is gonna be there. We know that, and we think we benefit from it. Do you guys think about this as kind of a temporary situation, that the volatility would actually settle down and be a positive catalyst moving forward? I won't speak for Sean, but when he referenced some of the numbers that could go out for years to come, you're at $31 trillion on a debt and rising. You have a whole host of other issues fundamentally, associated with not only with the U.S. but globally. I don't think this is a one and done deal, so this could be around for a while. Thanks, guys. Thanks, Chris. The next question comes from the line of Ken Worthington from JP Morgan. Please go ahead. Hi. Thanks for taking my question. If we dig into open interest after jumping in February from about 100 million contracts to 110, open interest has been stable at about 50 million of futures OI at about 60 million of options OI. What is the outlook or what is your outlook for open interest over the next 12 months or so? Maybe what asset classes do you think might see the best percentage growth from current levels? Is it ultimately, you know, lower volatility that drives a better OI outlook from here or might it be something else? You know, Ken, I think that's no crystal ball here by anybody in the room to make that determination of what it could or could not be. It's just like we cannot predict future volumes. We just don't know. There's so many geopolitical factors, pandemic factors, a whole host of issues that could have a reflection on open interest or not. The trade could go up with open interest going down. The trade could go down with open interest going up. Who knows what the ultimate is going to look like? We do believe that the open interest is a function that we keep a very close watch on. Julie and her team, Julie Winkler and team have an internal tool that helps us give guidance to what we think internally, the open interest is going to look like. Again, it's very, very difficult to make that prediction and especially on the asset classes. When you look at some of the asset classes, I guess, you know, you would think in fundamentally that the ag should be higher and maybe something else should be lower, or the energy should be higher and something else should be lower. And maybe it's the opposite for that particular time. You know, people do different things at different times, which has a massive reflection on the open interest each and every day. That's obviously why we publish it, so people can see the transparency of it. Derek. Yeah, I think there's probably a bit of a story there relative to the options, Ken. When you actually look across every single asset class now on the financial side has been a very strong year up across the board. Commodities has struggled on the volume side. When you look at the options versus futures side, it's a story you hear us continue to tell. Options continue to perform more strongly than our futures. Our futures year-to-date across the entire franchise are up 21%, options are up 27%. When you dig into the open interest there, it's even a stronger story. Even in asset classes in commodities where futures volumes are down and open interest is down, you actually see open interest and volumes in options up. For example, when we're seeing energy futures open interest down 24%, energy options open interest is up 6%. Every single asset class, almost regardless of the volume trajectory this year, is seeing open interest gains. I think that's reflective of more people using options more broadly as a bigger part of their portfolio management tools. That's why it's important that we provide the deepest, most liquid electronic markets in every asset class, and we're seeing growth in futures and options. Just, you know, but just be careful. Don't price in that if the options OI is higher than the futures, that has an effect on the business because the futures and options open interest can go back and forth for a whole host of reasons. There's no one particular reason why there'll be more options growth and futures growth or more futures open interest and options open interest. Please be careful not to hold to that number of growth in options open interest 'cause it goes back and forth. Great. Thank you very much. Thank you. The next question comes from the line of Craig Siegenthaler from Bank of America. Please go ahead. Hey, good morning, everyone. This is Eli from Craig's team. Thanks for taking my question. Could you discuss the opportunity in front of CME with the mortgage TBA futures? It's definitely a large addressable market, but could you maybe elaborate on the deficiencies with the existing system for hedging, and then maybe discuss how this new product could potentially address those? Thanks. Thanks, Eli. Yeah, we'll let Sean go ahead and address that market. Yeah, as you know, we continuously innovate and continuously launch new products that we see client demand for. In terms of our TBA futures, we are launching them on November seventh. You know, the unique value proposition that we offer here is a distribution to our client set. Many of CME Group's clients do not have access to the TBA market today, and they want to be able to trade the TBA market. This will allow us to use our distribution channel to have a much wider audience have access to the marketplace than has liquid access to it today. In addition to that, as with any new rates product that we add to our platform, this will offer unique portfolio margining or margin offset opportunity. You'll be able to trade the TBA futures at a spread to our Treasury futures. If you look in the cash market, TBAs versus cash Treasuries is a very common trade. The ability to trade the TBA futures versus CME's very liquid Treasury futures, number one, and then secondly, the ability to a wider audience, the ability to trade those spreads, last, the portfolio margining that you can get between the Treasury futures and the TBAs are all unique value propositions. I don't know, I'm not going to predict. I think new product launches are very difficult to predict, so I will not predict the impact. In addition to that, though, a couple of other things I would mention as long as you brought it up, we are also launching on October 31, €STR futures. €STR is the European short-term rate. It is the European equivalent of SOFR. There is no significantly successful €STR future on the market. If you look at the foreign exchange cross-currency swap market today, it is being quoted as a spread between SOFR and €STR. We are very excited and we're seeing a lot of demand for €STR futures. We're very excited about how participants then can use our €STR futures that have spread to our SOFR futures in order to manage their short-term interest rate risk, both in the US and Europe, as well as their cross-currency business. In addition to that, we're seeing very strong demand, as I said earlier, out of our repo business. €STR rates are used heavily in European repo. We're seeing an all-time record year in European repo. We're also seeing demand from our European repo participants. The last thing I will mention is in terms of portfolio margining, we will be launching in December of this year, portfolio margining between SOFR options and interest rate swaps, and also Treasury options and interest rate swaps for the first time. We're very excited that in the month of September, we offered market participants a new all-time record in terms of efficiencies of $8.4 billion a day on average. And as you can see, we're continuously enhancing that offering, as I just said in December. I hope that helps to answer the question. Thanks, Eli, for your question. Sean, thank you. Do we have another question? The next question comes from the line of Simon Clinch from Atlantic Equities. Please go ahead. Hi, guys. Thanks for taking my question. I'll just say congrats to you, John Peschier as well, for retiring, you know, way too young, so I'm very jealous. [crosstalk] My question actually is just on the treasury market, the cash treasuries market. I've been reading about the prospects of the market moving to all-to-all trading, and I was just wondering how CME's BrokerTec is positioned for any kind of transition like that and sort of what the implications are, generally speaking for you. Sean, it's your day. Thank you very much for the question. You know, clearly, Mr. Gensler has set out several new proposals in terms of the U.S. Treasury market, you know, including requirements for certain hedge funds and proprietary trading firms to become broker-dealers, for Treasury platforms to become full Regulation ATS compliant, and most recently, for significant increases in the requirements to clear U.S. Treasuries. Many are talking about this as being very similar to the requirements to clear U.S. swaps, you know, now, almost a decade ago. We navigated that at CME Group, I think, very successfully, and we used it in order to build our OTC swap clearing business, and we used it to build unique efficiencies that could not be offered by anyone else, as I mentioned earlier, in the portfolio margining between swaps and futures. We will navigate this similarly. We are all over it. We are in close contact with our customers. We are closely watching the developments in the proposed regulations, and we will adjust our products and services in order to ensure that we provide everything that our clients need in that type of environment. Great. Thanks very much. Thanks, Simon. The next question comes from the line of Andrew Bond from Rosenblatt Securities. Please go ahead. Hey, good morning. Just wanted to follow up on the open interest question, particularly in energy. I just wanted to see if you could discuss some of the dynamics driving the natural gas market currently. Over the past few years, we've seen the emergence of TTF as kind of more of a global benchmark as natural gas moved from a regionally to a globally priced commodity. We've seen some of the shift back to the U.S., given the dislocations in Europe and Russia, but CME open interest has remained relatively low. Can you kind of discuss the Henry Hub benchmark? Do you think it's become somewhat dislocated relative to the international gas market or the other dynamics that are driving this market? Thanks. Yeah. Great question. I appreciate that. You've heard us talk about the prominence that physical benchmarks play in global energy markets, WTI and Henry Hub specifically. When you look at the global trends in the energy markets right now, the U.S. is now the largest producer and exporter of natural gas, and that LNG shipment is now becoming more important than ever before. Rather than pipeline gas coming into Europe from what used to be Russia, TTF is under pressure to be redefined into something different than pipeline gas because that simply has been cut off. There's both opportunity and threat in that situation. Certainly, TTF market is trying to figure out what that input is going to be. Right now we have actually just about three weeks ago launched a new contract to specifically address what is a gap in the European natural gas market to specifically go into a European LNG contract, which is an import contract based in Northern Europe. As TTF no longer can rely on pipeline gas coming in from Russia, we've worked with Platts as a price assessment agent to launch a futures contract that is European LNG that we think is probably the best opportunity for the market to adopt as LNG is going to be that import source of gas for Europe. Taking a step back and looking at the long-term picture Given the lowest price gas in the world is coming from the U.S., we're at record export levels. If you look at, as I mentioned at the top of the call, the pipeline for LNG liquefaction facilities coming out of the U.S. over the next ten years, natural gas is a transition fuel, but it's also the energy fuel of the future itself, not just the transition. Henry Hub is the price marker for LNG cargos coming out of the U.S. Increasingly, that is becoming the source of fuel for Asia and Europe. Henry Hub is at the pivotal center of the natural gas market. We think as the physical marker where LNG cargo shipments are priced off Henry Hub, that further positions and strengthens Henry Hub as the central price marker globally for both Europe and Asia. We like the position, we like the structural growth of physical benchmarks with the U.S. being the leading exporter of these markets. We think that the long-term prospects for Henry Hub and our market particularly are very well placed for long-term strength there. Great. Thanks. Thank you. As for our last question, we have Rich Repetto from Piper Sandler on the line. Please go ahead. Yeah, thank you. I since it was already brought up earlier, I do want to point out a flaw in John Peschier's service, and that's his golf game was very suspect over the 20 years. Anyway, we'll leave it at that. Until last week. Believe it or not, he had a par four. Well, you have more time to work on it, like Chris said. I do have a serious question, though. It's been mentioned a number of times about cross-margining and margining efficiencies. I know, Terry, you've been working on it, and I think there's a leadership change going on at DTCC. I guess, what is the potential or when to get, you know, increased cross-margining efficiencies in the Treasury complex with DTCC? Is that something that could come on board and it just immediately releases capital and is a benefit to clients? Yeah. Let me, Rich, let me make a couple comments about that on the timing, and then I'll let Sunil, who obviously has been living and breathing this for several years when he in his former life in the clearing entity, working with DTCC and the regulators. We are at a point now where I believe, sometime early next month, we'll be doing the final filings along with to the government agencies to submit into the SEC for approval on the cross-margining. Then hopefully, you know, sometime thereafter when the clock is up or in between that, we will get it. I think we've had a. You know, it's been a long process in achieving to try to achieve these efficiencies. We feel confident that we're going to get them. Hopefully we're at the, you know, in the ninth inning of getting approval on this. Again, I don't wanna overpromise and underdeliver on that. I do. That is the timeline right now. I've been head-to-head with DTCC here in Chicago, the new president of it two weeks ago. We had a good meeting. I've talked to the SEC, I've talked to others. I think we're in a very strong position to get this done. Let me ask Sunil to give comments as it relates to the offsets for the clients. Rich, I'll spend a brief moment on offsets. We've done cross-margining with several clearing houses. We do that with DTCC today as well. The effort we are going through right now is to improve the margin and portfolio benefit. In terms of actual offsets, it's a function of one's portfolio. If it is duration matched and it's a basis rate, then the offsets tend to be very high. If it is of a different nature, then the offsets are a function of that risk profile. It's very hard to actually come and give an exact offset number, and it's very portfolio dependent. Having said that, the idea here is to give clients who trade both futures and cash products the most capital efficient solution, so they can carry their portfolios through time. That's our objective, and I think, we are on our way to actually deliver that. Thanks, Sunil. Got it. Thank you. Thanks, Rich. Thanks, Rich. As there are no further questions, I'll hand the floor back to management for closing remarks. Well, again, we all thank John Peschier again, but thank you all for participating in today's call. We appreciate you taking time to listen to us, and we look forward to talking to you soon. Be well. Thank you for joining today's call. You may now disconnect your line. Hosts, please stay on the line and await further instructions.