Good morning. My name is Maria, and I'll be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the First Quarter 2021 Discover Financial Services Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question and- answer- session. If you would like to ask a question at that time, please press star one on your touch-tone phone. If you should need operator assistance, please press star zero. Thank you. I'll now turn the call over to Mr. Eric Wasserstrom, head of investor relations. Please go ahead. Thank you, Maria, and good morning, everyone. Welcome to this morning's call. I'll begin on slide two of our earnings presentation, which you can find in the financial section of our investor relations website, investorrelations.discover.com. Our discussion today contains certain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially. Please refer to our notices regarding forward-looking statements that appear in today's earnings press release and presentation. Our call will include remarks from our CEO, Roger Hochschild, and John Greene, our Chief Financial Officer. After we conclude our formal comments, there will be time for a question and answer session. During the Q&A session, please limit yourself to one question, and if you have a follow-up question, please get back into queue so we can accommodate as many participants as possible. Now it's my pleasure to turn the call over to Roger. Thanks, Eric, and thanks to our listeners for joining today's call. Last April, if you'd told me that a year into the pandemic we'd be reporting excellent credit performance, positive sales trends, and solid earnings growth, I wouldn't have believed it. While the pandemic is far from over and there may be twists and turns ahead, as a nation, we have made tremendous progress toward addressing the health crisis and reopening the economy. This quarter, we earned $1.6 billion after tax, or $5.04 per share. I'm very pleased with these results, which reflect our robust business model, strong execution, including a disciplined approach to managing credit, improving economic trends, and the impact of federal support for U.S. consumers. Since the end of 2020, our view on economic conditions has improved. The rapid pace of the recovery has lessened our concern of job losses spreading to the white-collar workforce, and there has also been substantial support for the U.S. consumer through stimulus in January and in March. Our current expectation is that credit losses in 2021 will be flat to down year-over-year. This improved economic view, combined with lower loan balances and continued strong credit performance, were the primary drivers of an $879 million reserve release in the quarter. As discussed in previous quarters, this strong credit performance was accompanied by elevated payment rates that continue to put pressure on loan balances, which were down 7% year-over-year. Payment rates were over 350 basis points higher than last year and at their highest level since the year 2000. While the impact from stimulus payments should abate over the next few months, we expect payment rates will remain elevated for the rest of the year as households use savings to meet debt obligations and continue to benefit from payment relief programs such as federal student loan and mortgage payment forbearance. Despite this pressure, we still expect modest loan growth this year, supported by several factors. First, there has been a significant increase in sales volume, up 11% from a year ago and up 15% from the first quarter of 2019. Improving trends in categories like retail and restaurants are positive signs for future growth. Additionally, based on our credit performance and our current outlook for macro conditions, we have begun to migrate our credit standards back to pre-pandemic levels. This is particularly true in card, where our value proposition centered on best-in-class customer service, valuable rewards, and no fees continues to resonate strongly among consumers. We're also expanding credit standards in personal loans, not quite back to 2019 norms. To offset the higher payment rate as well as leverage these credit actions, we intend to increase our marketing spending through the rest of this year. Outside of marketing, we expect that expenses will be relatively flat year-over-year as we remain committed to expense management. We're reinvesting some of the benefits from our strong credit performance and efficiency gains into technology and analytics to further improve our account acquisition targeting, fraud detection, and collections capabilities. The rapid pace of the economic recovery and strong credit performance may provide additional opportunities to lean further into growth. We intend to take advantage of these opportunities and may make additional marketing and non-marketing investments that will create long-term value. On the payment side, we had continued strong performance in our PULSE business, with volumes up 23% driven by stimulus payments in the first quarter and higher average spend per transaction. We also continue to expand our global acceptance through network partnerships, and this quarter we signed new partners in Jordan and Malaysia. Our digital banking model generates high returns, and we remain committed to returning capital to our shareholders. This quarter, we restarted our share repurchase program with $119 million in buybacks, in line with the regulatory restrictions still in place. Looking at our strong credit performance and robust earnings, we see an opportunity to revisit our capital return to shareholders in the second half of the year. As I look towards the future, I'm excited about Discover's prospects. Our products continue to bring value to our customers. We remain flexible as we support our employees and their families through the pandemic, and we are well-positioned to continue driving long-term value for our shareholders. Before I turn it over to John, one last thing. You may not know it, but our CLO, Wanji Walcott, sits in on these calls and is a great part of the team. Today is her birthday, so I want to wish Wanji a very happy birthday. With that, I'll now ask John to discuss key aspects of our financial results in more detail. Thank you, Roger. Happy birthday, Wanji, Good morning, everyone. I'll begin by addressing our summary financial results on slide four. As Roger indicated, the results this period reflect many of the same dynamics we've seen over the past few quarters. The influence of stimulus resulted in elevated payment rates, which pressured loan growth. It also contributed to strong asset quality and our significant reserve release in the quarter. Revenue, net of interest expense, decreased 3% from the prior year, mainly from lower net interest income. This was driven by a 7% decline in average receivables and lower market rates, partially offset by a reduction in funding costs as we continued to manage deposit pricing and optimize our funding mix. Non-interest income was 5% lower, primarily due to a $35 million net gain from the sale of an equity investment in the prior year. Consistent with our excellent credit quality, lower loan fee income reflects a decline in late fees, while net discount and interchange revenue was up 12% from the prior year, reflecting the increased sales volume. The provision for credit losses was $2 billion lower than the prior year, mainly due to an $879 million reserve release in the current quarter compared to a $1.1 billion reserve built in the prior year. Our improved economic outlook, lower loan balances, and strong credit drove the release. Additionally, net charge-offs decreased 30%, or $232 million from the prior year. Operating expenses decreased 7% year-over-year as we remained disciplined on expense management. Other than compensation, all other expenses were down from the prior year, led by marketing, which decreased 33% year-over-year. Looking ahead, we intend to accelerate marketing investments over the remainder of the year. We'll go into details on our spending outlook in a few moments. Moving to loan growth on slide five. Total loans were down 7% from the prior year, driven by a 9% decrease in card receivables. The reduction in card receivables was driven by two primary factors. First, the payment rate remains elevated, driven by the latest round of stimulus and improved household cash flows. Second, promotional balances have continued to decline, reflecting the actions we took at the onset of the pandemic to tighten credit. As a result, these balances were approximately 300 basis points lower than the prior year, although we expect new account growth will cause promotional balances to begin to stabilize. As the economy reopens further, we believe consumer spending and prudent expansion of our credit box should drive profitable loan growth going forward. Looking at our other lending products, organic student loans increased 5% from the prior year, and originations returned to pre-pandemic levels. We continued to gain market share through the mini peak season. Personal loans were down 9%, primarily due to actions we took early in the pandemic to minimize credit losses. As we've previously mentioned, we see opportunity to expand credit a bit given the strong performance of this portfolio. Moving to slide six. The net interest margin was 10.75%, up 54 basis points from the prior year, and 12 basis points sequentially. Compared to the prior quarter, the improvement in net interest margin was driven by lower deposit pricing as we cut our online savings rates from 50- 40 basis points during the quarter. We also continue to benefit from the maturity of higher rate CDs and a favorable shift in funding mix. Our funding from consumer deposits is now at 65%. Future deposit pricing actions will be dependent upon our funding needs and competitor pricing. Average consumer deposits were up 14% year-over-year and flat to the prior quarter. Consumer CDs were down 7% from the prior quarter, while savings and money markets increased 4%. Loan yield was flat to the prior year. Seasonal revolve rate favorability and a lower mix of promotional rate balances were offset by the impact of reduced pricing on personal loans. Looking at slide seven. Total non-interest income was $465 million, down $25 million or 5% year-over-year, driven by the one-time gain in the prior year that I previously mentioned. Excluding this, non-interest income was up 2%. Net discount and interchange revenue increased 12% as revenue from higher sales volume was partially offset by higher rewards cost. The decrease in loan fee income was driven by lower late fees, which move in line with delinquency trends. Looking at slide eight. Total operating expenses are down $78 million or 7% from the prior year. Marketing and business development decreased $77 million or 33% year-over-year. The reduction reflects actions we implemented in March of last year to align marketing spend with tightened credit criteria. We accelerated our marketing spend late in the first quarter and plan to continue this through the year. These investments will drive new account acquisition and loan growth. The year-over-year decrease in other expenses was mainly driven by lower fraud volume due to enhanced analytics around disputed transactions and decreased fraud in deposits. This improvement demonstrates a small part of the benefit we expect from the investments we've made in analytics over the past few years. Partially offsetting the favorability was a $39 million increase in employment compensation that was driven by two factors: $22 million from a higher bonus accrual in the current year. The remaining increase was driven by higher average salaries reflecting the talent build in our technology and analytics team. Moving to slide nine. We had another strong quarter of very strong credit performance. The total charge-offs were 2.5%, down 79 basis points year-over-year and up 10 basis points sequentially. The card net charge-off rate was 2.8%, 85 basis points lower than the prior year, with the net charge-off dollars down $209 million or 31%. Sequentially, the card net charge-off rate increased 17 basis points, and net charge-off dollars were up $11 million. The increase in card net charge-offs from the prior quarter was driven by accounts that had been in Skip-a-Pay and did not cure. The program ended six months ago, at this time, most of the accounts that were in Skip-a-Pay have returned to making payments. Looking forward, we expect minimal impacts to charge-offs from this population. The card 30+ delinquency rate was 1.85%, down 77 basis points from the prior year and 22 basis points lower sequentially. With the influence of the Skip-a-Pay group now largely complete, we think that delinquencies are the most clear indicator of our loss trajectory over the short term. Credit remained strong in private student loans. Net charge-offs were down 15 basis points year-over-year and 18 basis points compared to the prior quarter. The 30+ delinquency rate improved 55 basis points from the prior year and 19 basis points sequentially. In personal loans, net charge-offs were down 79 basis points year-over-year, with a 30+ delinquency rate down 47 basis points from the prior year and 24 basis points from the prior quarter. The positive impact of additional stimulus, combined with an improved economic outlook, have shifted our expectation on the timing of losses. We had previously expected losses would increase in the second half of this year and remain elevated into 2022. That is no longer the case. Based on our current delinquency trends, we believe losses are likely to be flat to down this year, with the possibility of some increase in 2022. That said, a material shift in the economic environment could alter the timing and magnitude of losses. Moving to the allowance for credit losses on slide 10. This quarter, we released $879 million from the allowance. This reflected several factors, including favorable changes to our macro assumptions, a moderate decrease in our loan balance, the continued decline in delinquencies, and lower losses. Relative to our view in January, the economic outlook has continued to improve. As we've done in prior quarters, we've modeled several different scenarios and took a conservative but more optimistic view. Our assumptions on unemployment were a year-end 2021 rate of 6%, with a return to full employment in late 2023. We assume GDP growth of about 4.6%. Our reserve assumptions did not contemplate any additional stimulus directed to consumers but did anticipate broader economic benefits from infrastructure spending beginning in the second half of this year. The modest increase to reserves in our student loan portfolio was driven by loan growth coming out of the mini-peak season. Looking at slide 11. Our common equity Tier 1 ratio increased 180 basis points sequentially to 14.9%, well above our internal target of 10.5%. We have continued to fund our quarterly dividend at $0.44 per share and repurchased $119 million of common stock during the quarter. Our board of directors previously authorized up to $1.1 billion of repurchases. We will likely accelerate our share repurchases in the second quarter, and we see the potential for capital returns to increase in the second half of the year. As I mentioned earlier, we continued to optimize our funding mix, and consumer deposits now make up 65% of total funding. Our goal remains to have 70%-80% of our funding from deposits, which we feel is achievable, though we expect some quarter-to-quarter variability in this figure. Moving to slide 12. Our perspectives on 2021 have evolved from last quarter. We continue to anticipate modest positive loan growth for the year. We are investing in new account acquisition and have already seen strong sales growth through the first quarter. High payment rates will continue to pressure loan growth near-term, but should become less of a headwind over the course of the year. Versus the first quarter level, we expect our NIM to remain in a relatively narrow range over the rest of the year. While we'll continue to benefit from improved funding cost and mix, we may experience modest yield pressure over the next few quarters from variability in the revolve rate. Our commitment to expense management has not changed, but as Roger mentioned, we believe there is an opportunity to drive long-term growth through increased marketing and further investments in data and analytics. Excluding marketing, expenses should be near flat from the prior year. Credit performance has remained stronger than originally anticipated, and we now expect credit losses to be flat to down compared to 2020. Lastly, we remain committed to returning capital to shareholders through dividend and buybacks. Given the level of reserve release and the strength of our fundamental performance, we plan to revisit our capital return levels for the second half of this year. In summary, we're pleased with our first quarter results. Our sales trends, credit expansion, and marketing investments position us well for growth going forward. We released $879 million of reserves. NIM continued to improve, driven by lower funding costs, and expenses were down. We'll invest in marketing analytics that will drive revenue as well as operating and credit cost improvements over the longer term. As the economy reopens, I'm positive regarding the opportunities for growth. We have a strong value proposition that resonates with our consumers, and our digital banking model positions us well for strong returns going forward. With that, I'll turn the call back to our operator, Maria, to open the line for Q&A. Thank you. At this time, if you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your touch-tone phone. If you wish to remove yourself from the queue, you may do so by pressing the pound key. We remind you to please pick up your handset for optimal sound quality. We'll take our first question from Sanjay Sakhrani of KBW. Thanks. Good morning. I have a question on loan growth and marketing. Roger, you talked about moving standards to pre-pandemic levels. Maybe you could just talk about the opportunities for growth relative to 2019 and how we should think about the marketing budget in relation to that. Maybe you could just also tie in your confidence level on the loan growth, given the stimulus. It seems like you guys have kept it flat in terms of the loan growth expectations. Maybe just elaborate on that. Thanks. Sure. Thanks for the question, Sanjay. Maybe starting at the end with the stimulus. Clearly, one of the biggest differences versus 2019 is the payment rate. That's partly driven by the cash payments to consumers, the savings rate, but also the relief they get, be it on their federal student loans or other payments they have to make. That's a real headwind against loan growth. As I mentioned on the call, it's actually at the highest level since the year 2000. In terms of marketing, we feel very good about the cost per accounts, about the projected returns we'll get on those. Have widened our credit box back to pre-pandemic, although as you recall, we had been tightening for a couple of years, and I would say continue to remain conservative in our overall credit approach. I really think it's that headwind from payment rates that has kept us from being even more enthusiastic about loan growth. When we think about the marketing amount in relative to 2019, is there any context you could provide for that? Sorry for the follow-up. Yeah. I think part of it, and John indicated this, I think we're probably more comfortable giving you some view around where we expect total expenses to be. Also it will depend on what we see in the back half of the year. To the extent we see opportunities to deploy more capital against organic growth, we've been clear that's our top priority. That's why we're continuously revisiting where and how much we should allocate to marketing. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Ryan Nash of Goldman Sachs. Hey, good morning, guys. Morning. Roger, John, on capital, post this quarter's performance, you're at 15% CET1. You talked about reevaluating in the second half of the year, I guess. Given the outlook for credit potential for further reserve releases, I think it's safe to say you guys are going to be building in capital in the near term. How should we think about the timeframe of getting back to that 10.5% CET1 level, and how does CECL day one factor into that? I guess, Roger, as a follow-up to that, just given all the capital sitting around, does that at all change the way you think about acquisitions? If so, what would be the priorities? Thanks. Hey, Ryan, thanks for the question. I'll start it, and then I'll turn it over to Roger for the second piece of the question. Really strong performance, and the economy has strengthened beyond our expectations, as we said in our prepared remarks. We came into the year somewhat optimistic, but also cautious given the amount of uncertainty. What we're seeing is kind of a broad-based improvement in the economy. Our credit fundamentals have been extremely strong. As a result, we made an appropriate decision to release about $900 million of reserve, taking the, obviously, CET1 ratio well above our internal target of 10.5%. We're looking to come back to that 10.5%. We're not going to do it overnight. We know the CECL transition is somewhere between 200 and 250 basis points on CET1, but that still leaves ample room for actions in terms of dividends, buybacks, and targeted M&A, when and if appropriate. Specifics around timing, getting back to the 10.5, I would broadly say medium- term, but we're certainly committed to that target. We'll do a number of efforts, including revisiting our buyback levels in the second half of this year to get there. The follow-up might be, what do we expect the buyback levels to be incrementalized to? We're not going to give specifics, but I will give a little bit of history. If you go back 2017 and 2018, our level of buybacks was about $2 billion. I'm not saying history's going to repeat. It'll be subject to a bunch of conversations with our team internally and then obviously board approval, but we'll continue to evaluate. Roger, you want to. Yeah. On the M&A front, we try and be disciplined. I would say we'd not let extra money burn a hole in our pocket. For those of you who've been with us for longer, you'll recall we had significant excess capital post the financial crisis. We're limited by the payout ratios and the CCAR process. As I said, we will return it over time and stay disciplined. As we think about M&A opportunities on the banking side, not much out there that fits with our digital model. You're seeing acquisitions that are branch mergers, cost takeout, which doesn't fit. On the payment side, while valuations have come in, they're still really high. We lean a bit more towards partnerships, potentially smaller minority investments. Again, I think you can expect no change to our disciplined approach around returning capital to our shareholders. Got it. If I could squeeze in one other. On the slightly higher expenses, John, can you maybe just help us, what is the base for that? Is it GAAP or adjusted? Second, Roger, there's numerous mentions of accelerating investments in data analytics and account growth. Can you maybe just give us a sense for what you would need to see for you to bring those investments on, in term whether it's in the macro account acquisition or what would you expect to drive that? Thanks. Great. Real quick, first part of your question, the expense growth relative to GAAP last year. Yeah. On the investment side, a lot of those are on capabilities, especially in the data and analytic area, that just enhance all parts of our operations, whether it's the credit underwriting, the marketing targeting, personalization, collections, et cetera. There, given the return profile, part of it is just bandwidth and talent, I would say, are more gating factors. We're really excited about the benefits. In terms of putting more dollars to work on the marketing side, it'll vary. Competitive activity has a bit of an impact on that, but we will just look at on the new account side, what we're seeing across different channels and carefully at those marginal opportunities and the returns they generate. Thanks for all the color. Our next question comes from the line of John Pancari of Evercore ISI. Morning. Given your commentary on expenses and your plan to invest selectively there on the marketing side, can you perhaps maybe help us think about the efficiency trend longer- term? I know you came in around 38.7% in terms of the ratio this quarter. Could you think about what is a reasonable long-term expectation as we look out? Thanks. Yes. Happy to cover that. As we went through the pandemic, we really scrutinized the expense base, and there's been a long history of expense discipline in this company. Through the pandemic, we found certain opportunities. As we think about the balance this year, next year, and going forward, we're going to continue to focus on controlling corporate costs so that we can invest savings back into overall growth levers. We've done that, and we're going to continue to do that. As we think about the efficiency ratio, we'll come in this year somewhere around where we finished last year, I think, assuming revenue comes in with the modest growth we talked about in loans. Going forward, I would expect somewhere in the upper thirties would be a reasonable spot. That'll indicate that we're driving efficiencies and still investing in the business. Any follow-up, John? Our next question comes from line of Bill Carcache of Wolfe Research. Roger and John, there's a lot of debate taking place around what's going to happen with rates, whether we get more steepening at the long end and when we'll get lift-off at the short end. Is Discover's ability to get to a mid-20% ROTCE at all impacted by what happens with rates? Maybe another way to ask it is can you talk about your confidence level in being able to get to, say, mid-25% type ROTCE even if ZIRP remains in place? Yeah. Thanks, Bill. Specific to rates, if rates begin to increase, there's indications that a number of different things are happening in the economy. You would expect inflation to be increasing a very low level of unemployment probably near full employment for the economy and a robustness that might rival kind of the pre-pandemic levels on a sustained basis. You have to believe that a lot of different things are going to happen, and that the Fed also will take some actions to control inflation. We've seen this over a number of years now that the Fed and overall interest rate environment has been on a sustained basis very low. As we look forward to 2021 and 2022, my expectation is rates will remain low, and we'll enjoy the benefits of an economy that's continuing to grow. Beyond that, it gets different. It's more difficult to call. In terms of total return levels, it'll depend on a number of factors. Rate is just one of those. Credit obviously will be an important item. Certainly, longer term, we think that we're in a position to drive high returns for our shareholders consistent with what we've done historically. Our hope is when we come back to that 10.5 target that'll further enhance overall returns. Got it. Thank you. As a follow-up, can you discuss the opportunity in the student lending space among customers who may not have been thinking about refinancing their student debt to a lower rate when their loans went to forbearance? As loans start to exit forbearance, is there going to be an opportunity for you guys to see an acceleration there? We don't really participate in the student loan refi market. The pricing doesn't really meet our return hurdles. To the extent there is more activity, it can marginally impact the payment rate for student loans. We feel really good about where we're positioned. I think last year was very challenging because a lot of kids either deferred for a year or had reduced expenses because they didn't have meals or housing, et cetera. Again, we feel good about what this peak season should bring and our ability to continue gaining share. Thank you for taking my questions. Thanks, Bill. Our next question comes from line of Betsy Graseck of Morgan Stanley. Hi. Good morning. Good morning. Couple of questions. One, you were talking earlier about widening standards, in particular in card, and I just wanted to get a sense as to what you're expecting that will drive. Is that both an increase in accounts as well as higher lines extended to your existing accounts? Could you give us some color on how you expect to pull in the new clients given the fact that the consumer is in a fantastic spot? Are you pulling from other folks, or do you feel like this is generating new demand from maybe a younger cohort that's not been borrowing yet? Some color on that could be helpful. Thanks. Sure. In terms of the credit expansion, it's probably more heavily impacting new accounts, but also encompasses sort of our line increase and other criteria on the portfolio side as well. In terms of where to expect, I would say, in all times, we give cards to consumers who are in good shape. We do have particularly strong appeal to millennials and students. Our secured card is performing well in the marketplace. Also the traditional prime revolver segment that Discover has always targeted. It's a very competitive business. It always has been. It's about differentiation. There, a superior customer experience, a great rewards program, focus on value. Those traditional things are what allow us to continue gaining share and booking new accounts. It's interesting because your value prop very clear, especially versus other card lenders with no fee, et cetera. How do you think you're positioned against the fintechs who also have a light or low or no fee proposition? There aren't that many of the fintechs that are active yet in the card space. By and large, they do loans of different types. We've yet to see a significant, I would say, fintech player in the card space. Most of our competition tends to be the traditional leaders in the marketplace. Okay. If I could squeeze one in for John. You mentioned in answer to the prior question or two ago around the total expense outlook that you're thinking about for the full year 2021. I think you mentioned that you're expecting 2021 to come in similar to the end of 2020, and from there, as we look to 2022 and beyond, migrate back towards the high 30s. Could you just give us some color as to the end of 2020 expense ratio that you're thinking about? Because there's a couple different ways you could slice it based on one-timers. Is that a run rate that's north of 40% on the efficiency side? Maybe you could help us understand your sizing there. We used a GAAP basis on that. The one-timers that were included in a underlying number that actually we didn't publish, but we called out the underlying numbers, it was about $200 million. The operating efficiency's going to be dependent upon what we see in terms of loan growth, payment rates, and new account generation, which, as Roger said, and I'll echo the comments, we're very positive about how we're positioned to drive growth especially in the second half of the year as the payment rate abates a bit. What you can expect here, and I'm trying to provide as much detail as I can, is that outside of the marketing investments we talked about some select investments in data and analytics, we're looking to keep all other costs flat. And- We're going to manage that envelope as we see opportunities. We'll be able to use that as a jumping-off point to drive further improvements in efficiencies in 2022 and beyond. Okay. The $200 million is what we should X out to get to operating that's on the expense side? Subject to growth and what we see as opportunities. Right. There's no absolutes, but, and as time goes on, we'll have more clarity on the opportunities. If I look pre-pandemic, right? Betsy, we do have some other questions to get to. Oh, all right. We'll follow up later. Thanks. Bye. Our next question comes from the line of Mark DeVries of Barclays. Thanks. I was hoping you could give us some color on where we should expect the reserve ratio to migrate to. Is it appropriate to think about it going back to kind of the CECL day one level? If so, at what pace could we get there? Yeah. Thank you. We took a meaningful chunk out of the reserve levels this quarter. Honestly, the credit outlook and our models indicated that there was a range of different outcomes we could've made on that. What we tried to do was take a chunk out of the reserves that made sense given the level of absolute uncertainty in the economy. As we look forward, the absolute reserve level, or reserve rate will depend on what we see in the macros, how the portfolio is performing, and what we do in terms of account growth, loan balance. Overall, as we think about where the provision levels could be, I would use the day one CECL rate as a decent proxy, and subject to how the portfolio is performing it could migrate up or down from there. What we did last year in the first quarter and the second quarter was react to an incredibly dynamic and changing macro environment. We prudently put up an incremental $2 billion. The portfolio performs over time. We could get back to that CECL day one and perhaps a little bit lower with excellent portfolio management. Now, timing, I'm not going to be specific at. Okay. That's helpful. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Don Fandetti of Wells Fargo. There it is. Hi. Good morning. Roger, as we went through the pandemic, obviously there's more e-commerce spend. Is there anything that you've learned in terms of how you would position the company differently? It seems like big tech and technology are continuing to gain more touch points with customers. Is there anything strategically that you want to lean into or you've learned? Great question. I think it really accelerated a lot of trends that were existing prior to pandemic. Consumers were already migrating more and more of their shopping online, but that moved even quicker. Their customer interactions were moving more towards digital. That accelerated even further. I think it had us recommitted to the path we were on and looking to accelerate some of the functionality. Certainly there were some specific things around the tap-and-go cards. A lot of small dollar transactions migrating from cash to debit that benefited our PULSE volumes. I would say in general, not so much new trends, but three, four, five-year accelerations of trends that were already there, and that we had been positioning the company to take advantage of. Got it. On the potential investments or partnerships, would those be accretive? Could they potentially be more technology investments? Where we traditionally made them on the payment side is with partners that either add capabilities or to cement a relationship that will drive volume over our network. On the technology side, we've found plenty of great partners/vendors out there that people don't need money in the current environment. That's why we've tended not to do investments in pure technology companies that aren't payments related. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Rick Shane of JP Morgan. As you look forward to loan growth, how much opportunity is there to category-specific rebound that's more in-demand to borrow, like travel, for example? Great question. I think that will be constructive. Some of the categories that were strongest through the downturn, though, had a pretty good revolve rate. You think about home improvement, that was really doing well. A lot of it, I think, will be in the restaurant and travel segments, but I wouldn't necessarily expect a huge boost to revolve rates, just given, again, some of the categories that were strong in the downturn. Got it. Okay. Thank you very much. Our next question comes from the line of Mihir Bhatia of Bank of America. Good morning, and thank you for taking my question. Just really quickly, I wanted to ask about competitive intensity. First, are you seeing any impact on cost of acquisition as customers have come back? I know that had trended very well last year, and that's an area you'd be making investments in. Then maybe I'll just ask the related question I had on that. Last year, Discover's no annual fee, no cashback card was just really well-suited for the backdrop. As we reopen and maybe travel rewards become more relevant for consumers, are you seeing any impact on your usage? Any early indicators from consumers who had maybe moved your card to top of wallet last year and what you're seeing? Just, I guess, competitive intensity more broadly. Thank you. Yeah. I'll start with the second one. We are not seeing an impact. We think the lesson learned in the pandemic of the utility of cash rewards hopefully will last. We feel very good about even the newer redemption offers we've added. The ability to redeem at point of sale at PayPal, with Amazon. We just announced the ability to redeem for carbon offsets, which we think will be popular with millennials. No real change to that. In terms of competitive intensity, we talked about, I would say, just extraordinarily attractive cost per account last year as there was a significant pullback. I think we're now moving towards more normalized levels of competition, and my guess is we'll see that increase. Our job is to grow the business in face of the competition that's there. While I miss the CPAs from last year, we feel good about the returns we'll generate from our marketing, even in a more intense environment. Understood. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of John Hecht of Jefferies. Morning, guys. Thanks very much for taking my question. Morning, John. First question, and Roger, you addressed some of this. With respect to the loan growth, maybe you talked about it being a mix of line utilization and new customers. I'm wondering, is there one bigger contribution to that relative to the others? And what's the cadence? Is this more of a second half factor, or is this going to be balanced over the course of the year? On the cadence, I do expect marketing expenses to ramp up over the course of the year. They weren't overly large Q1, again, with the wider credit box, we'll get more leverage for the marketing spend. Would expect a ramp, we'll look at that continuously and make adjustments as we see fit. In terms of the impact of the credit changes, it's probably more heavily weighted towards the new account side versus portfolio. We always look for a blend of those two as we think about growth. Okay. And then- John, Sorry. Please go ahead, John. I was going to say, John, just more of a kind of concept question is, we're a year into CECL now, and obviously it's had a pretty big impact in how things have turned out from a GAAP perspective. How do you stack the major decision-making factors with respect to your ALL now? Is it the Moody's model? Is it unemployment? Is it just your internal opinion of your performance trends? How have things changed with respect to the way you look at that ALL level? Yeah. Good question. Certainly evolving. We use Moody's and also two other providers. The broad macros are very important. The portfolio performance itself is also obviously a key input, and we have a team of technical modelers that have run various scenarios, regression sort of scenarios, to help make a determination on what overall life of loan losses could be, which is a key input. There's probably 12- 15 different variables that go into that model that help do the projection. The other piece is your loan balance, right? What you have on the balance sheet as of the measurement date in order to set reserves. I would say all of those factors are important. Finally, one other one is the recovery rate, which actually also does go into the model. Four important factors. We've taken a measured approach to ensure that our balance sheet is appropriately stated and we're on the conservative end of the judgment calls. Appreciate the context. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Meng Jiao of Deutsche Bank. Hi. Good morning. Thanks for taking my call. A couple questions. It looks like monthly sales for travel and restaurants and retail seemed to have pretty much materially accelerated from February into March, and in particular for restaurants. Have you guys seen that carrying over into April as well? Yeah. We have. Actually, incredibly, the sales performance the first three weeks of April versus 2019, overall were up about 17%. It's three weeks into the month, things can change. Versus last year, which was certainly dented significantly by the pandemic, we're up 68% on sales. Really strong there. The mix between revolvers and transactors, obviously transactors are up higher than revolvers are up almost near double digits versus prior year. All good. Great. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Moshe Orenbuch of Credit Suisse. Great. Thanks. Most of my questions actually have been already asked and answered. Maybe if you could just follow up on two quick points. One is the stubbornly high payment rates and how that will likely decline. I guess maybe the question is how much of that is a function of the actual stimulus dollars versus some of the ongoing impacts that you highlighted, whether it's enhanced unemployment benefits or student loan interest forbearance in terms of thinking about the pace of that decline? Just very quickly, you talked about the CECL day one. Just conceptually, do you think that the life of loan has a higher or lower likelihood on January 1, 2022 of a near-term recession than it did on January 1, 2020? I'll cover the first part. I'll let John forecast recessions. In terms of the elevated payment rate, it is a mix. You are seeing a lot of it come from the governmental support. We do expect it to come down over the course of the year but remain elevated compared to historic levels. This is because households have a lot of savings to draw on, and there are just a lot of other forms of support. It is a headwind against loan growth. It's really being driven by external factors. I would say we're not overly alarmed about it. Again, would expect it to start drifting downward as we get further past the really extraordinary levels of government stimulus. I'll pass it to John for the questions on reserves. Great. Yeah, I think what you're getting at is what will be our macro assumptions at the end of this year forecasting out to 2022. Today, obviously, there's no perfect answer or perfect insight. I will say this, the pent-up demand for consumers, I believe is fairly pronounced and will continue to drive spending activity through this year and well into next year. That to me indicates that the macros should be positive through 2022. Beyond 2022, it's really difficult to call at this point. Okay. Thank you. You're welcome. Thanks for the questions. Our next question comes from the line of Kevin Barker of Piper Sandler. Good morning. Could you give us a little bit more detail on some of the investment spend you're making on data analytics and driving account growth? Is there any way to quantify how much incremental spend you're putting into that and the returns that are being generated from that, whether it's additional growth or other trends that we can identify to quantify the growth or the investment returns that you're getting? Yeah. Great. I'll hit the second part of the question first. In terms of returns, we have a rigorous process where we take a look at incremental investments to ensure that they deliver strong cash on cash returns. In terms of ROEs or return thresholds, I won't be specific, but very strong double digits on those. In line with what you can expect from the company on a normalized basis in terms of return on capital. In terms of what we're investing in data analytics on specifically on looking at attrition from the portfolio, we feel like there's an opportunity to reduce attrition level through some early identification of customers who may not be maximizing the usage of the card. We have data analytics projects going on in collections. I mentioned in our prepared remarks in fraud and fraud analytics. Frankly, there's almost an insatiable demand for these sorts of programs and what we are, we're being very selective in terms of making sure that we prioritize the highest returning ones in the current year. Okay. Thank you. You're welcome. Maria, why don't we make this our last question, please? Our final question comes from the line of Dominick Gabriele of Oppenheimer. Hey, thank you so much for taking my question. I just wanted to go back to the expenses, and sorry, I don't mean to beat a dead horse here. If you look at the GAAP operating expenses in the fourth quarter of 2020, they were almost about $1.3 billion. Are we expecting a quarter that could be that high? Just because it seemed to be, I got a little confused on one of the comments there. Is that reasonable to think that one of the quarters could be near that $1.3 billion level? I'm certainly not in the business of forecasting quarterly. I will tell you this from an expense standpoint. The marketing expense for the balance of the year, we expect will continue to grow into that kind of envelope we talked about earlier. The quarter-over-quarter comparisons are frankly, relatively challenging given what happened in 2020 in terms of our focused approach to look at every single dollar that potentially was going out the door on an expense item. I would just focus on the broad numbers and the quarterly breakouts. I'll leave it to you to figure out what makes the most sense. We here, we're looking at 2021 and 2022, and don't specifically try to manage to any particular quarterly number. Makes sense. I guess if you kind of look at what happened this quarter with the kind of benefits that you guys have with having not only a lending business, but one that also gains interchange, that really helped offset some of the slowdown in loans, I guess. Do you expect that we could see that Discover proprietary network being much higher as far as a growth basis going forward year-over-year versus your loan growth in 2021? You expect that divergence to be there for at least a few quarters. Thanks so much, guys. Really appreciate it. Sure. Our total network spend is benefiting from growth in some of our third-party payments areas. If you include the debit side, PULSE is growing very strongly, and so that's helpful. We also believe that having a proprietary network is an important differentiator and gives us a whole series of capabilities that helps us grow our banking business. Again, total volume will depend somewhat on some of the partners, and we are a little skewed towards debit for the third parties. We're going to work for a continued robust volume growth. Great. Thanks so much. All right. Well, sorry, Maria. Thank you very much. If you have any follow-up questions, feel free to reach out to John, Emily, and I. Thank you for joining us. Thank you, folks. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. This does conclude today's call. You may now disconnect.