Good afternoon. My colleagues and I remain squarely focused on our dual mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people. The economy has made considerable progress toward our dual mandate objectives. Inflation has eased substantially over the past year, while the labor market has remained strong, and that's very good news. But inflation is still too high. Further progress in bringing it down is not assured, and the path forward is uncertain. We are fully committed to returning inflation to our 2% goal. Restoring price stability is essential to achieve a sustainably strong labor market that benefits all. Today, the FOMC decided to leave our policy interest rate unchanged and to continue to reduce our securities holdings, though at a slower pace. Our restrictive stance of monetary policy has been putting downward pressure on economic activity and inflation, and the risks to achieving our employment and inflation goals have moved toward better balance over the past year. However, in recent months, inflation has shown a lack of further progress toward our 2% objective, and we remain highly attentive to inflation risks. I'll have more to say about monetary policy after briefly reviewing economic developments. Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has continued to expand at a solid pace. Although GDP growth moderated from 3.4% in the fourth quarter of last year to 1.6% in the first quarter, private domestic final purchases, which excludes inventory investment, government spending, and net exports, and usually sends a clearer signal on underlying demand, was 3.1% in the first quarter, as strong as the second half of 2023. Consumer spending has been robust over the past several quarters, even as high interest rates have weighed on housing and equipment investment. Improving supply conditions have supported resilient demand and the strong performance of the U.S. economy over the past year. The labor market remains relatively tight, but supply and demand conditions have come into better balance. Payroll job gains averaged 276,000 jobs per month in the first quarter, while the unemployment rate remains low at 3.8%. Strong job creation over the past year has been accompanied by an increase in the supply of workers, reflecting increases in participation among individuals aged 25 years to 54 years and a continued strong pace of immigration. Nominal wage growth has eased over the past year, and the jobs-to-workers gap has narrowed, but labor demand still exceeds the supply of available workers. Inflation has eased notably over the past year, but remains above our longer run goal of 2%. Total PCE prices rose 2.7% over the 12 months ending in March. Excluding the volatile food and energy categories, core PCE prices rose 2.8%. The inflation data received so far this year have been higher than expected. Although some measures of short-term inflation expectations have increased in recent months, longer-term inflation expectations appear to remain well anchored, as reflected in a broad range of surveys of households, businesses, and forecasters, as well as measures from financial markets. The Fed's monetary policy actions are guided by our mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people. My colleagues and I are acutely aware that high inflation imposes significant hardship as it erodes purchasing power, especially for those least able to meet the higher costs of essentials like food, housing, and transportation. We are strongly committed to returning inflation to our 2% objective. The committee decided at today's meeting to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 5.25%-5.5% and to continue the process of significantly reducing our securities holdings, though at a slower pace. Over the past year, as labor market tightness has eased and inflation has declined, the risks to achieving our employment and inflation goals have moved toward better balance. The economic outlook is uncertain, however, and we remain highly attentive to inflation risks. We've stated that we do not expect that it will be appropriate to reduce the target range for the federal funds rate until we have gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2%. So far this year, the data have not given us that greater confidence. In particular, and as I noted earlier, readings on inflation have come in above expectations. It is likely that gaining such greater confidence will take longer than previously expected. We are prepared to maintain the current target range for the federal funds rate for as long as appropriate. We're also prepared to respond to an unexpected weakening in the labor market. We know that reducing policy restraint too soon or too much could result in a reversal of the progress we've seen on inflation. At the same time, reducing policy restraint too late or too little could unduly weaken economic activity and employment. In considering any adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks. Policy is well positioned to deal with the risks and uncertainties that we face in pursuing both sides of our dual mandate. We will continue to make decisions meeting by meeting. Turning to our balance sheet, the committee decided at today's meeting to slow the pace of decline in our securities holdings, consistent with the plans we released previously. Specifically, the cap on Treasury redemptions will be lowered from the current $60 billion per month to $25 billion per month as of June 1. Consistent with the committee's intention to hold primarily Treasury securities in the longer run, we're leaving the cap on agency securities unchanged per month, and we will reinvest any proceeds in excess of this cap in Treasury securities. With principal payments on agency securities currently running at about $15 billion per month, total portfolio runoff will amount to roughly $40 billion per month. The decision to slow the pace of runoff does not mean that our balance sheet will ultimately shrink by less than it would otherwise, but rather allows us to approach its ultimate level more gradually. In particular, slowing the pace of runoff will help ensure a smooth transition, reducing the possibility that money markets experience stress, and thereby facilitating the ongoing decline in our securities holdings, that are consistent with reaching the appropriate level of ample reserves. We remain committed to bringing inflation back down to our 2% goal and to keeping longer-term inflation expectations well anchored. Restoring price stability is essential to set the stage for achieving maximum employment and stable prices over the longer run. To conclude, we understand that our actions affect communities, families, and businesses across the country. Everything we do is in service to our public mission. We, at the Fed, will do everything we can to achieve our maximum employment and price stability goals. Thank you. I look forward to your questions. Howard. Thank you. Howard Schneider with Reuters. A question to follow up, if I could. Do you consider the current policy rate still? Are you confident that it's sufficiently restrictive to get inflation back to 2%? So I do think the evidence shows, you know, pretty clearly that policy is restrictive and is weighing on demand, and there are a few places I would point to for that. You can start with the labor market. So demand is still strong, the demand side of the labor market in particular, but it's cooled from its extremely high level of a couple of years ago, and you see that in job openings. You saw it, more evidence of that today in the JOLTS report, as you'll know. It's still higher than pre-pandemic, but it has been coming down, both in the Indeed report and in the JOLTS report. That's demand cooling. The same is true of quits and hiring rates, which have essentially normalized. I also look at the—we look at surveys of workers and, pardon me, surveys of workers and businesses and ask workers: Are jobs plentiful? And ask businesses: Are workers plentiful? Is it easy to find workers? And you've seen that the answers to those have come back down to pre-pandemic levels. You also see in interest-sensitive spending, like housing and investment, you also see that higher interest rates are weighing on those activities. So I do think it's clear that policy is restrictive. Sufficiently restrictive, I guess, is the- So I would say that we believe it is restrictive, and we believe over time it will be sufficiently restrictive. That will be a question that the data will have to answer. As a follow-up, if inflation- Pardon me. continues running roughly sideways, as it has been, the job market stays reasonably strong, unemployment low, and expectations are anchored and maintained, would you disrupt that for- Expectations are not anchored. Are anchored. Are anchored. Stable, roughly. Would you disrupt that for the last half point on PCE? You know, I don't wanna get into complicated hypotheticals, but I would say that, you know, we're committed to retaining our current, restrictive stance of policy for as long as is appropriate, and we'll do that. Jeanna. Thanks for taking our questions, Chair Powell. I wonder, you know, obviously, Michelle Bowman has been saying that there is a risk that rates may need to increase further, although it's not her baseline outlook. I wonder if you see that as a risk as well, and if so, what change in conditions would merit considering raising rates at this point? So I think it's unlikely that the next policy rate move will be a hike. I'd say it's unlikely. You know, our policy focus is really what I just mentioned, which is how long to keep policy restrictive. You ask, what would it take? You know, I think we'd need to see persuasive evidence that our policy stance is not sufficiently restrictive to bring inflation sustainably down to 2% over time. That's not what we think we're seeing, as I mentioned, but that's something like that is what it would take. We'd look at the totality of the data to answer that question. That would include inflation, inflation expectations, and all the other data, too. Would that be with the acceleration in inflation? Well, I think, again, what I'm saying is, if we were to come to that conclusion, that policy weren't tight enough to achieve that. So it would be the totality of all the things we'd be looking at. It could be expectations, it could be a combination of things, but if we reach that conclusion, and we don't see evidence supporting that conclusion, that's what it would take, I think, for us to take that step. Chris. Thank you. Chris Rugaber at Associated Press. You didn't mention the idea that rates are at a peak, for the cycle, and didn't mention the idea that it might be appropriate to cut rates later this year, as you have at previous press conferences. So has the Fed sort of dropped its easing bias? Where are you standing on that? So one, let me address cuts. So obviously, our decisions that we make on our policy rate are gonna depend on the incoming data, how the outlook is evolving, and the balance of risks, as always, and we'll look at the totality of the data. So I think, and we think, that policy is well-positioned to address different paths that the economy might take. And we've said that we don't think it would be appropriate to dial back our restrictive policy stance until we've gained greater confidence that inflation is moving down sustainably toward 2%. So for example, let me take a path. If we did have a path where inflation proves more persistent than expected, and where the labor market remains strong, but inflation is moving sideways, and we're not gaining greater confidence, well, that would be a case in which it could be appropriate to hold off on rate cuts. I think there's also other paths that the economy could take, which would cause us to wanna consider rate cuts, and those would be two of those paths would be that we do gain greater confidence, as we've said, if that inflation is moving sustainably down to 2%, and another path could be, you know, an unexpected weakening in the labor market, for example. So those are paths in which you could see us cutting rates. So I think there, it really will depend on the data. In terms of peak rate, you know, I think, really, it's the same question. I think the data will have to answer that question for us. Well, and could you just follow on the path where you might not cut, is that... You mentioned there would be inflation persistent, I mean, is inflation, would that be the key data in making that decision, or could you expand a bit more on that? Thank you. Right. Again, we've set ourselves a test, that we, for us to begin to reduce policy restriction, we'd wanna be confident that inflation is moving, you know, moving sustainably down to 2%. And for sure, one of the things we'd be looking at is the performance of inflation. We'd also be looking at inflation expectations. We'd be looking at the whole story, but clearly, incoming inflation data would be at the very heart of that of that decision. Thank you. Nick. Nick Timiraos of The Wall Street Journal. Chair Powell, to what extent has the easing in financial conditions since November contributed to the re-acceleration in growth? And do you now expect a period of sustained tighter financial conditions will be needed to resume the sort of disinflation the economy saw last year? So I think it's hard to know that. I think we'll be able to look back, you know, from down the road and look back and understand it better. You know, if you look at... Let's look at growth. Really, what we've seen so far this year in the first quarter, is growth coming in about consistent with where it was last year. I know GDP came in lower, but you don't see an acceleration in growth. I mean, the thought would be that financial conditions loosened in December, and that caused an uptick in activity, and that caused inflation. Presumably, that's what we're tightening in the labor market. You don't really see that happening. What you see is economic activity at a level that's roughly the same as last year. So you know, what's causing this inflation, you know, we'll have a better sense of that over time. I don't know that there's an obvious connection there, though, with the easing of financial conditions. In terms of tightening, you're right. I mean, rates are certainly higher now, and have been for some time, than they were before the December meeting, and they're higher, and that's tighter financial conditions, and you know, that's appropriate, given what inflation has done in the first quarter. You've said in the past that stronger growth wouldn't necessarily preclude rate cuts. I wonder, would continued strength in the labor market change your view about the appropriate stance of policy if it was accompanied by signs that wage growth was re-accelerating? So I just wanna be careful that we don't target wage growth or the labor market. And remember what we saw last year: very strong growth, a really tight labor market, and a historically fast decline in inflation. So, and that's because we know there are two forces at work here. There's the unwinding of the pandemic-related supply side distortions, and the demand side distortions, and there's also monetary policy, you know, restrictive monetary policy. So I wouldn't rule out that something like that can continue. You know, I wouldn't give up or, at this point, on further things happening on the supply side, either because, you know, we do see that there are supply side issues that they're facing. And also, even when the supply side issues are solved, it should take some time for that to affect economic activity and ultimately inflation. So there are still those things. So I don't like to say that either strong either growth or a strong labor market, in and of itself, would automatically create problems on inflation, because of course, it didn't do that last year. You ask about wages. We also don't target wages. We target price inflation. It is one of the inputs. The point with wages is, of course, we like everyone else like to see high wages, but we also wanna see them not eaten up by high inflation, and that's really what we're trying to do, is to cool the economy and work with what's happening on the supply side to bring the economy back to 2% inflation. Part of that will probably be having wage increases move down incrementally toward levels that are more sustainable. Rachel. Hi, Chair Powell, Rachel Siegel from The Washington Post. Thanks for taking our questions. You talked about needing time to gain more confidence that inflation is sustainably moving back down to 2%. It's May now. Do you have time this year to cut three times, just given the calendar? Yeah, I'm not really thinking of it that way. You know, what we've said is that we need to be more confident, and we've said, my colleagues and I today said, that we didn't see progress in the first quarter. I've said that it appears then that it's gonna take longer for us to reach that point of confidence. So I don't know how long it'll take. You know, I can just say that when we get that confidence, then rate cuts will be in scope, and I don't know exactly when that will be. With hindsight, are there any signs that you can look back on now, looking at the reports from January or February or March, that suggested something more worrying than just expected bumpiness? I, you know, not really. You know, what... So I thought it was appropriate to reserve judgment until we had the full quarter's data, until we saw the March data. So take a step back. What do we now see in the first quarter? We see strong economic activity, we see a strong labor market, and we see inflation. We see three inflation readings. So I think you're at a point there where you should take some signal. We don't like to react to one or two months' data, but this is a full quarter, and I think it's appropriate to take signal now, and we are taking signal. The signal that we're taking is that it's likely to take longer for us to gain confidence that we are on a sustainable path down to 2% inflation. That's the signal that we're taking now, yeah. Steve? Yeah, Mr. Chair, if I could, Steve Liesman, CNBC. If I could follow up on that, what particular areas were sort of temporary or blips in the inflation data in the first quarter? And what's the dynamic by which you expect them to work out in the coming months and quarters? Yeah. So we will, you know, we will put the thing—we have put the thing under a microscope. I will say nothing is gonna come out of that that's gonna change the view, I think, that, in fact, we didn't gain confidence and that it's gonna take longer to get that confidence. But confidence, I just think you—I mean, you know the story. What's happened since December is you've seen higher goods inflation than expected, and you've seen higher non-housing services inflation than expected, and those two are working together to sort of be higher than we had thought. And there are stories behind how that happened. And, you know, I think my expectation is that we will, over the course of this year, see inflation move back down. That's my forecast. I think my confidence in that is lower than it was because of the data that we've seen. So we're, you know, we're looking at those things. We also continue to expect, and I continue to expect, that housing services inflation, given where market rents are, those will show up in measured housing services inflation over time. We believe that it will. It just looks like that there are substantial lags between when, you know, lower market rates turned up and for new tenants and when it shows up for existing tenants or for in housing services. So. If I could just follow up, is there a bit of a contradiction in the idea that you are reducing quantitative tightening, which is sort of an easing, while you're holding rates steady at a restrictive rate to try to slow and cool the economy and inflation? Thank you. No, I wouldn't say that, no. I mean, the active tool of monetary policy is, of course, interest rates. And this is a plan we've long had in place to slow, really not in order to, you know, provide accommodation to the economy, but to be less restrictive to the economy. It really is to ensure that the process of shrinking the balance sheet down to where we wanna get it is a smooth one, and doesn't wind up with financial market turmoil the way it did the last time we did this, and the only other time we've ever done this. Craig. Thank you, Chair. Craig Torres from Bloomberg. Two questions. First, simple one: Given the run of data since March, has the probability in your mind of no cuts this year increased or stayed the same? That's the first question. Second question: Chair Powell, you joined the board in 2012, and I'm sure you remember, as I do, what the jobless recovery was like. Lawyers, accountants, all kinds of highly qualified people who couldn't get jobs. Given your history there, I wonder if there's an argument for being more patient with inflation here. We have strong productivity growth that's helping wages go up. We have good employment. So it seems to me there's a lot of hysteria about inflation. I agree, it's you know, nobody likes it, but is there an argument for being patient and working with the economic cycle to get it down over time? Thank you. So on your first question, I don't have a probability estimate for you, but all I can say is, that, you know, we've said we, that we didn't think it'd be appropriate to cut until we were more confident, that inflation was moving sustainably at 2%. Our confidence in that didn't increase in the first quarter, and in fact, what really happened was, we came to the view that it will take longer to get that confidence. And I think there are, you know, I think it's, the economy has been very hard for forecasters broadly to predict, to predict its path, but there are paths to, to not cutting, and there are paths to cutting. It's really gonna depend on the data. In terms of the employment mandate, to your point, if you go back a couple of years, our sort of framework document says that when you look at the two mandate goals, and if one of them is further away from goal than the other, then you focus on that one. It actually, it's the time to get back there times the, you know, times how far it is from the goal, and that was clearly inflation. So our focus was very much on inflation. As, and this is what we referred to in the statement. As... We, as inflation has come down now to below 3% on a 12-month basis, it's become we're now focusing the other goal, the employment goal, now comes back in to focus, and so we are focusing on it. That's how we think about that. Claire. Hi, Claire Jones, Financial Times. Thanks a lot for the opportunity to ask the questions. Just to go back to the answer before, the previous one, it seemed to suggest that you think the likeliest path of inflation is one that's gonna allow you to have a situation where rates are lower at the end of the year than they are right now. It'd be good if you could just confirm whether or not that's a correct reading. And the Q1 GDP print has led to some to start mentioning the term stagflation with respect to the U.S. economy. Do you or anyone else on the FOMC think this is now a risk? Thank you. Yeah, I'm not dealing really in likelihoods. I think there are paths that the economy can take that would involve cuts, and there are paths that wouldn't, and I don't have great confidence in which of those paths. I think I would say my personal forecast is that we will begin to see further progress on inflation this year. I don't know that it will be enough sufficient. I don't know that it won't. I think we're gonna have to let the data lead us on that. In terms of your question, your second question was stagflation. I guess I would say I was around for stagflation, and it was, you know, 10%, 10% unemployment. It was high single digits inflation. Right now, we have... Very slow growth. So, right now, we have 3% growth, which is, you know, pretty solid growth, I would say, by any measure, and we have inflation running under 3%. So, I don't really understand where that's coming from. In addition, I would say, you know, most forecasters, including our forecasting, was that that last year's level of growth was very high, 3.4%, in I guess, the fourth quarter, you know, and probably not gonna be sustained and would come down. But that would be, that would be our forecast. That wouldn't be stagflation. That would still be to a very healthy level of growth. And of course, with inflation, you know, we will return inflation to 2%, and that won't be... So I don't see the stagflation, actually. Michael McKee. Michael McKee from Bloomberg Radio and Television. The vice chair of the FOMC said recently that he's willing to consider the idea that potential growth has moved up, and of course, he's Mr. Potential Growth, r- star. Do you share that view, and would that imply that maybe policy isn't tight enough? So I think I would take that question this way. We saw a year of very high productivity growth in 2023, and we saw a year of, I think, negative productivity growth in 2022. So I think it's hard to draw from the data. I mean, the question is: Will productivity run-- There are two questions. One is, will productivity run, you know, persistently above its longer-run trend? I don't think we know that. In terms of potential output, though, if... That's a separate question. We've had a, what amounts to a significant increase in the potential output of the economy that's not about productivity. It was about having more labor, frankly, both through, in 2023, both through participation and also through immigration. So we're very much like other forecasters and economists, getting our arms around what that means for potential output this year and next year, and last year, for that matter, too. So I think in that case, I think you really do have a significant increase in potential output, but you've also got-- so you've got more supply, but those people also come in, and they work, they have jobs, they spend, so you've also got demand. So it may be that you get more supply than you get demand at the beginning, but ultimately, it should be neither inflationary nor disinflationary over a longer period. Well, you said earlier that at this point, you're not really considering rate increases. If growth is higher, but you're not considering rate increases, does that imply that you're more worried about causing the economy to slow too much than you are about inflation taking off again? No, I think we believe our policy stance is in a good place and is appropriate to the current situation. We believe it's restrictive, and, you know, our evidence for that, I went over earlier. You see it in the labor market, you see it in inflation-sensitive spending, where demand has clearly come down a lot over the past few years, and that's more from monetary policy, whereas the supply-side things that are happening are more on the supply side. So, that's how I would think about it. Edward. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Edward Lawrence from Fox Business. So GDP growth is about 2%; employment is about 4%. It feels a lot like a steady state, and we have 3% inflation. So if the data remains the same that you're seeing, and I know you said you don't see a rate hike, but it stands to reason that you would need a rate hike to get from 3% to 2% inflation. So was there any discussion about a rate hike in today's meeting? And, you know, are you satisfied with 3% inflation for the rest of the year? Well, I... Of course, we're not satisfied with 3% inflation. 3% can't be in a sentence with satisfied. So we will return inflation to 2% over time, but over time, and we think our policy stance is appropriate to do that. So if we were to conclude that policy is not sufficiently restrictive to bring inflation sustainably down to 2%, then that would be what it would take for us to want to increase rates. We don't see that. We don't see evidence for that. So that's where we are. With the discussion, was there a discussion about a rate hike at all? So the policy focus has really been on what to do about holding the current level of restriction. That's really what that's part of the policy. That's where the policy discussion was in the meeting. Yeah, I wanted to follow on the 3%. Is there a time frame of persistent inflation that would trigger a rate hike? There isn't any rule. You can't look to a rule. You know, these are, these are gonna be judgment calls. You know, clearly, restrictive monetary policy needs more time to do its job. That, that, that is pretty clear based on what we're seeing. How long that will take and how patient we should be, it's gonna depend on the totality of the data, how the outlook evolves. Victoria. Hi, Victoria Guida with POLITICO. You've talked about your commitment to being apolitical and nonpartisan, and I was just wondering, given that it's an election year, is the bar for rate changes higher, close to an election? And, similarly, is there a significant economic difference between, you know, starting to cut in, say, September versus December? So we're always gonna do what we think the right thing for the economy is when we come to that consensus view that it's the right thing to do for the economy. That's our record. That's what we do. We're not looking at anything else. You know, it's hard enough to get the economics right here. These are difficult things, and if we were to take on a whole other set of factors and use that as a new filter, it would reduce the likelihood we'd actually get the economics right. So that's how we think about it around here, and, you know, we're at peace over it. We know that we'll do what we think is the right thing when we think it's the right thing, and we'll all do that, and that's how everybody around here thinks. So I can't say it enough, that we just don't, we just don't go down that road. If you go down that road, where do you stop? And so we're not on that road. We're on the road where we're serving all the American people and making our decisions based on the data and how those data affect the outlook and the balance of risks. Is there a significant difference between, you know, whether you start in, say, September versus December, an economic difference? There's a significant difference between an institution that takes into account all sorts of political events and one that doesn't. That's where the significant difference is. And you know, we just don't do that. I mean, you can go back and read the transcripts for every... This is my fourth election, fourth presidential election here. Read all the transcripts and see if anybody mentions in any way the pending election. It just isn't part of our thinking. It's not what we're hired to do. If we start down that road, I again, I don't know, I don't know how you stop. So... Simon. Thank you, Chair Powell. Question about the labor market. You've mentioned a few times that the labor market is normalizing. Certainly, today's JOLTS data suggested that things are kind of getting back to pre-pandemic levels. One thing that hasn't normalized is wage growth, which is still quite a bit stronger than before the pandemic. I wonder if you can share your analysis of why that's happening. Is it a lagging indicator or something else going on? So I think if you, if you go back to where wages peaked, wage increases peaked 2-3 years ago, essentially all wage measures have come down substantially to that. But they are not, not down to where they were before the pandemic. They're still roughly a percentage point higher. And we've seen pretty consistent progress, but not uniformly, and you'll note the ECI reading from Tuesday was it was expected to be, to have come down, and essentially, it was flat year over year, you know, I think, roughly. So yeah, I mean, it's that part of it is bumpy, and again, we don't target wage increases, but it, you know, in the longer run, if you have wage increases running higher than productivity would warrant, and then, you know, there will be inflationary pressures. Employers will raise prices over time if that's the case. So we've seen progress. It's, it has been inconsistent, but we have seen a substantial decline overall, but we have a ways to go on that. Sorry. Hey, Chair Powell, Nancy Marshall-Genzer from Marketplace. You mentioned consumers, and consumers are feeling the weight of interest rates right now. Mortgage rates are up, as are rates for car loans, credit cards. People looking to borrow are very discouraged. That's reflected in their views on the economy. What would you say to them? Well, the thing that hurts everybody, and particularly, people in the lower income brackets, is inflation. If you're a person who's living paycheck to paycheck, and suddenly all the things you buy, the fundamentals of life go up in price, you are in trouble right away. And so with those people in mind, in particular, what we're doing is we're using our tools to bring down inflation. It will take some time, but we will succeed, and we will bring inflation back down to 2%, and then people won't have to worry about it again. That's what we're doing, and we know that it's painful and inconvenient, but the dividends will be paid in, in the lo- will be very large, and everyone will share in those dividends.... and we've made quite a lot of progress, if you, if you can think about it. I think headline core PCE peaked at 5.8, now it's at—anyway, headline peaked at 7.1, now it's at 2.7. Don't wanna get that wrong. No, you don't. Quick follow-up: Are current interest rates really doing that much, though, to fight inflation right now for those consumers? Yes, I mean, I think, I think that restrictive monetary policy is doing what it's supposed to do, and it's, but it's also, in this case, unusually, working alongside and with the healing of the supply side. This that was different this time was that a big part of the source of the inflation and the reason why we're having this conversation is that we had this supply side kind of collapse with shortages and bottlenecks and all that kind of thing. And so this was to do with the shutting down and reopening of the economy and other things that really raised demand. So many factors did that. So I think now you see those two things working together, the reversal of those supply and demand distortions from the pandemic and the response to it, along with restrictive monetary policy. Those two things are working to bring down inflation, and we've made a lot of progress. Let's remember how far we've come. And we have a ways to go. We've got work left to do, but we're not looking at the very high inflation rates that we were seeing two years ago. Courtneay. Courtenay Brown from Axios. Thanks for taking our questions, Chair Powell. I wanted to follow up on something you mentioned earlier on, housing inflation. There's kind of been this long-awaited disinflation in shelter that still hasn't arrived. So I guess two questions: How do you explain the substantial lags between some of the private sector data we're seeing and, the government data? And how confident are you that rents will be helpful on the inflation front in the coming months? So essentially, there are a number of places in the economy where there's a lag where there are just lag structures built into the inflation process, and housing is one of them. So when you have, when you, when, when someone, a new person goes to rent an apartment, that's called market rent. And you can see market rents are barely going up at all. The inflation in those has been very low. But it takes... Before that, they were incredibly high. They sort of led the high part. So what happens is, those market rents take years, actually, to get all the way into rents for tenants who are rolling over their leases. Landlords don't tend to charge as much of an increase to a rollover tenant, for whatever reason. What that does is, it builds up a sort of an unrealized portion of increases when there have been big increases. And what happens is, you know, it's complicated, but the story is it just takes some time for that to get in. Now, I am confident that as long as market rents remain low, this is gonna show up in measured inflation, assuming that, that market rents do remain low. What will be the exact timing of it? I think we've learned that the lags are longer. We now think significantly longer than we thought at the beginning. And so, confident that it will come, but not so confident in the timing of it. But yes, I expect it, that, that this will happen. Thanks. Nick Jasinski. Thank you, Chair Powell, for taking the questions. This is Nicholas Jasinski from Barron's Magazine. It seems that over the past three or four years, economies and central banks in developed markets at least, have been on more or less the same trajectory: easing during the pandemic, fighting inflation with restrictive policy on the way out. Feels like that may be ending in 2024, based on some of the economic data from Europe and the U.S. and Japan, and statements from those central banks as well. My question is: What, what considerations or risks does a period of more divergent global economic trajectories and central bank policies present for the FOMC? So, you're right, I think that, that may happen. And I, you know, you know that we all serve domestic mandates, right? So I think the difference between the United States and, and other countries that are now considering rate cuts, is that they're just not having the kind of growth we're having. They, they have their inflation performing about like ours or maybe a little better, but they, they're not experiencing the kind of growth we're experiencing. So we actually have the luxury of having strong growth and a strong labor market, very low unemployment, high job creation, and all of that, and we can be patient, and we, and we will, we'll be careful and cautious as we approach the decision to cut rates, whereas I think other, other jurisdictions may go before that. In terms of the implications, I, you know, I think, obviously, markets see it coming. It's priced in now, and so I think markets and economies can adapt to it. And I think, you know, we haven't seen, in addition, for the emerging market economies, we haven't seen the kind of turmoil that was more frequent 20 years ago, 30 years ago. And that's, I think, partly because emerging market countries, many of them have much better monetary policy frameworks, much more credibility on inflation, and so they're navigating this pretty well this time. Jennifer. Thank you, Chair Powell. Jennifer Schonberger with Yahoo Finance. You sort of backed away from the notion that the economy would need to encounter pain for inflation to come back down. But given sticky inflation data in the first quarter, can disinflation still happen along a relatively painless path for the economy, or is some softening in the labor market and the economy likely needed to bring inflation back down? So you're right. I think we thought, and most people thought there would have to be probably significant dislocations somewhere in the economy, perhaps the labor market, to get inflation all the way down from the very high levels it was at, at the beginning of this episode. That didn't happen. That's a tremendous result. We're very, of course, gratified and pleased that that hasn't happened. And if you look at the dynamics that enabled that, it really was that so much of the gain was from the unwinding of things that weren't to do with monetary policy, but the unwinding of the distortions to the economy, you know, supply problems, supply-side problems, and also some demand issues as well. The unwinding of those really helped inflation come down. Now, as I've said, I'm not giving up on that, so I think it is possible that those forces will still work to help us bring inflation down. We can't be guaranteed that that's true, though, and so we, you know, we're trying to use our tools in a way that keeps the labor market strong and the economy strong, but also helps bring inflation back down to 2% sustainably. We will bring inflation down to 2% sustainably. We hope we can do it without, you know, without significant dislocations in the labor market or elsewhere. Speaking of dislocations in the labor market, in terms of cutting, you said if there were weakness in the job market, that could be a reason to cut rates. If the unemployment rate were to tick above 4%, but inflation not back down to your 2% target, how would you look at that? Would the unemployment rate popping back above 4% catch your attention? You know, I said an unexpected weakening is what I, the way I characterized it. So, you know, and I'm not gonna try to define exactly what I mean by that, but, you know, it would be—it'd have to be meaningful and get our attention, and lead us to think that the labor market was really significantly weakening for us to wanna react to it. You know, a couple of tenths in the unemployment rate would be, would probably not do that, but a broader... It would be a broader thing that would suggest that, that it would be appropriate to consider cutting. And I think whether you decide to cut will depend on all the facts and circumstances, not just that one. Kyle. Chair Powell, thanks for taking the question. Kyle Campbell with American Banker. You've said that broad and material changes are needed for the Basel III Endgame proposal, and you've mentioned that a re-proposal is something that's on the table. As you've had more time to sort of sit with the public commentary, process that, and understand the options available to you, do you have a better sense of whether a re-proposal will be necessary? And do you have a timeline in mind for when, you know, some sort of movement will be made on that front, either a re-proposal or a move to finalize? So let me start by saying that the Fed is committed to, you know, completing this process, and carrying out Basel III Endgame in a way that's faithful to Basel and also comparable to what the other large comparable jurisdictions are doing. We haven't made any decisions on policy or on process at all. Nothing, no decisions have been made. I'll say again, though, if we conclude that that re-proposal is appropriate, we won't hesitate to insist on that. And then, do you need to resolve issues with the capital proposal in order to advance other parts of the regulatory agenda, or do you expect to continue to make progress on those other agenda items? You know, there's no mechanical rule in place there, but I would say that the, you know, the Basel III process is by far the most important thing and really is, I think, occupying us at this time in terms of what we're moving ahead with. Let's go to Mark for the last question. Thank you. Mark Hamrick with Bankrate. Mr. Chairman, what can you tell us about your, the approach that you take, with your role in the sense of trying to achieve consensus, which you recently identified as a priority, while allowing for a range of views or even dissent? We don't see many dissenting votes in the official statements, even when more spirited discussions are noted in the minutes after the fact. How do you avoid groupthink, and avoid a higher risk of a policy mistake? Thank you. So I, I think if you listen to, and you all do, listen to my, my 18 colleagues on the, on the FOMC, you'll see that we do not lack for a diversity of voices and perspectives. We really don't, and it's one of the great aspects of the Federal Reserve System. We have 12 Reserve Banks around the country where they have their own economic staff, not the people who work here at the board. They're different people and, you know, and, and so each, each reserve bank has its own culture around monetary policy and its own approach and that kind of thing. It guarantees you a, a, diversity of perspectives. So I, I think that the perspectives are very diverse, but... In terms of dissents, you know, we have dissents, and, you know, a thoughtful dissent is a good thing, you know, if someone really makes you think, that kind of thing. But, all I can say from my standpoint is I try, I listen carefully to people. I try to incorporate their thinking or do everything I can to incorporate their thinking into what we're doing. And I think many people, if they feel that's happening, you know, that for most people, most of the time, that'll be enough, and but I'm not, I mean, it's not, you know, frowned upon or illegal or against the rules or anything like that. It just is the way things come out. I mean, I think we have a very diverse group around the table, frankly, more diverse than it used to be in many dimensions, a more diverse book from the obvious, you know, gender and demographic ways, but it also we have, we have, more people who are not PhD economists. So we have people from business and, and law and academia, things like that. So I think you actually do have quite a, quite a good diverse perspective. I think all of us read these stories about a lack of diversity, and we look around the room and say, "I don't understand—I really don't understand what they're talking about." So, but I, I get the question, though. Thank you very much.