Good afternoon. My colleagues and I remain squarely focused on achieving our dual mandate goals of maximum employment and stable prices for the benefit of the American people. Our economy is strong overall and has made significant progress toward our goals over the past two years. The labor market has cooled from its formerly overheated state. Inflation has eased substantially from a peak of 7% to an estimated 2.2% as of August. We're committed to maintaining our economy's strength by supporting maximum employment and returning inflation to our 2% goal. Today, the Federal Open Market Committee decided to reduce the degree of policy restraint by lowering our policy interest rate by a half percentage point. This decision reflects our growing confidence that with an appropriate recalibration of our policy stance, strength in the labor market can be maintained in a context of moderate growth and inflation moving sustainably down to 2%. We also decided to continue to reduce our securities holdings. I will have more to say about monetary policy after briefly reviewing economic developments. Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has continued to expand at a solid pace. GDP rose at an annual rate of 2.2% in the first half of the year, and available data point to a roughly similar pace of growth this quarter. Growth of consumer spending has remained resilient, and investment in equipment and intangibles has picked up from its anemic pace last year. In the housing sector, investment fell back in the second quarter after rising strongly in the first. Improving supply conditions have supported resilient demand in the strong performance of the U.S. economy over the past year. In our Summary of Economic Projections, committee participants generally expect GDP growth to remain solid, with a median projection of 2% over the next few years. In the labor market, conditions have continued to cool. Payroll job gains averaged 116,000 per month over the past three months, a notable step down from the pace seen earlier in the year. The unemployment rate has moved up but remains low at 4.2%. Nominal wage growth has eased over the past year, and the jobs-to-workers gap has narrowed. Overall, a broad set of indicators suggest that conditions in the labor market are now less tight than just before the pandemic in two thousand and nineteen. The labor market is not a source of elevated inflationary pressures. The median projection for the unemployment rate in the SEP is 4.4% at the end of this year, four-tenths higher than projected in June. Inflation has eased notably over the past two years, but remains above our longer run goal of 2%. Estimates based on the Consumer Price Index and other data indicate that total PCE prices rose 2.2% over the twelve months ending in August, and that excluding the volatile food and energy categories, core PCE prices rose 2.7%. Longer-term inflation expectations appear to remain well anchored, as reflected in a broad range of surveys of households, businesses, and forecasters, as well as measures from financial markets. The median projection in the SEP for total PCE inflation is 2.3% this year and 2.1% next year, somewhat lower than projected in June. Thereafter, the median projection is 2%. Our monetary policy actions are guided by our dual mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people. For much of the past three years, inflation ran well above our 2% goal, and labor market conditions were extremely tight. Our primary focus had been on bringing down inflation, and appropriately so. We are acutely aware that high inflation imposes significant hardship as it erodes purchasing power, especially for those least able to meet the higher costs of essentials like food, housing, and transportation. Our restrictive monetary policy has helped restore the balance between aggregate supply and demand, easing inflationary pressures and ensuring that inflation expectations remain well anchored. Our patient approach over the past year has paid dividends. Inflation is now much closer to our objective, and we have gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2%. As inflation has declined and the labor market has cooled, the upside risks to inflation have diminished and the downside risks to employment have increased. We now see the risks to achieving our employment and inflation goals as roughly in balance, and we are attentive to the risks to both sides of our dual mandate. In light of the progress on inflation and the balance of risks, at today's meeting, the committee decided to lower the target range for the federal funds rate by a half percentage point to 4.75%-5%. This recalibration of our policy stance will help maintain the strength of the economy and the labor market and will continue to enable further progress on inflation as we begin the process of moving toward a more neutral stance. We are not on any preset course. We will continue to make our decisions meeting by meeting. We know that reducing policy restraint too quickly could hinder progress on inflation. At the same time, reducing restraint too slowly could unduly weaken economic activity and employment. In considering additional adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks. In our SEP, FOMC participants wrote down their individual assessments of an appropriate path for the federal funds rate based on what each participant judges to be the most likely scenario going forward. If the economy evolves as expected, the median participant projects that the appropriate level of the Federal funds rate will be 4.4% at the end of this year, and 3.4% at the end of 2025. These median projections are lower than in June, consistent with the projections for lower inflation and higher unemployment, as well as the changed balance of risks. These projections, however, are not a committee plan or decision. As the economy evolves, monetary policy will adjust in order to best promote our maximum employment and price stability goals. If the economy remains solid and inflation persists, we can dial back policy restraint more slowly. If the labor market were to weaken unexpectedly or inflation were to fall more quickly than anticipated, we are prepared to respond. Policy is well-positioned to deal with the risks and uncertainties that we face in pursuing both sides of our dual mandate. The Fed has been assigned two goals for monetary policy: maximum employment and stable prices. We remain committed to supporting maximum employment, bringing inflation back down to our 2% goal, and keeping longer-term inflation expectations well anchored. Our success in delivering on these goals matters to all Americans. We understand that our actions affect communities, families, and businesses across the country. Everything we do is in service to our public mission. We at the Fed will do everything we can to achieve our maximum employment and price stability goals. Thank you. I look forward to your questions. Steve. Steve Liesman, CNBC. Thank you, Mr. Chair, for taking our questions. In July, you said you weren't necessarily thinking about a fifty. You didn't want to be specific, but you said you were thinking about a fifty. The inflation data last week came out a little firmer than expected. Retail was strong, third quarter GDP running 3%. So what changed and made the committee go fifty, and how do you respond to the concerns that perhaps it shows the Fed is more concerned about the labor market? And I guess, should we expect more fifties in the months ahead, and based on what should we make that call? Thank you. Okay, a lot of questions in there. Let me jump in. Thank you. So, since the last meeting. Okay, the last meeting, we have had a lot of data come in. We've had the two employment reports, July and August. We've also had two inflation reports, including one that came in during blackout. We had the QCEW report, which suggests that maybe, that not maybe, but suggests that the payroll report numbers that we're getting may be artificially high and will be revised down. You know that. We've also seen anecdotal data like the Beige Book. So we took all of those, and we went into blackout, and we thought about what to do, and we concluded that this was the right thing for the economy, for the people that we serve, and that's how we made our decision. So that's one question. What was the second and third? Sorry. Thank you, sir. How do we figure out, in the months ahead, is there another 25 or 50 coming in? Sure. Based on what shall we make that call? Thank you. Sure. So, a couple things. A good place to start is the SEP, but let me start with what I said, which was that we're gonna be making decisions meeting by meeting based on the incoming data, the evolving outlook, the balance of risks. If you look at the SEP, you'll see that it's a process of recalibrating our policy stance away from where we had it a year ago, when inflation was high and unemployment low, to a place that's more appropriate given where we are now and where we expect to be, and that process will take place over time. There's nothing in the SEP that suggests the committee is in a rush to get this done. This process evolves over time. Of course, that's a projection. That's a baseline projection. We know, as I mentioned in my remarks, that the actual things that we do will depend on the way the economy evolves. We can go quicker, if that's appropriate. We can go slower, if that's appropriate. We can pause, if that's appropriate. But that's what we are contemplating. Again, I would point you to the SEP as just an assessment of where, of what the committee is thinking today, what the individual members, rather, of the committee are thinking today, assuming that their particular forecasts take, you know, are realized. Go ahead, Chris. Hi, Chris Rugaber, Associated Press. Thank you. The projections show that the Fed officials expect the Fed funds rate to still be above their estimate of long-run neutral by the end of next year. So does that suggest you see rates as restrictive for that entire period? Does that threaten the weakening of the job market that you said you'd like to avoid? Or does it suggest that maybe people see the short-run neutral as a little bit higher than. Thank you. I think it would, the way I would really characterize it is this: I think people write down their estimate, individuals do, and I think every single person on the committee, if you ask them what's your level of certainty around that, they would say there's a wide range where that could fall. So I think we don't know. There are model-based approaches and empirically based approaches that estimate what the neutral rate will be at any given time, but realistically, we know it by its works. So that leaves us in a place where we expect, in the base case, to be continuing to remove restriction, and we'll be looking at the way the economy reacts to that, and that'll be guiding us in our thinking about the question that we're asking at every meeting, which is: Is our policy stance the appropriate one? We know, if you go back, we know that the policy stance we adopted in July 2023 came at a time when unemployment was 3.5%, and inflation was 4.2%. Today, unemployment is up to 4.2%, inflation's down to a few tenths above 2%. So we know that it is time to recalibrate our policy to something that is more appropriate, given the progress on inflation and on employment moving to a more sustainable level. So the balance of risks are now even, and this is the beginning of that process. I mentioned the direction of which is toward a sense of neutral, and we'll move as fast or as slow as we think is appropriate in real time. But But what you have is our individual accumulation of individual estimates of what that will be in the base case. Howard? Howard Schneider with Reuters. How close was this in terms of the decision? You do have the first dissent by a governor since 2005, I think. Was the weight clearly in favor of a 50, or was this a very close decision? I think we had a good discussion. You know, if you go back, I talked about this at Jackson Hole, but I didn't address the question of the size of the cut and left it open, and I think we left it open going into blackout. And so there was a lot of discussion, back and forth, good diversity of opinion, excellent discussion today. I think there was also broad support for the decision that the committee voted on. So I would add, though, look at the SEP. All 19 of the participants wrote down multiple cuts this year. All 19. That's a big change from June, right? Seven of them wrote down three or more, and sorry, 17 of the 19 wrote down three or more cuts, and 10 of the 19 wrote down four or more cuts. So, you know, there is a dissent, and there's a range of views, but there's actually a lot of common ground as well. Follow-up to that. Now that this is in the books, can you give us some guidance as sort of follow to Steve on the pacing here? Would you expect this to be running every other meeting, once we get into next year, for example? Yeah, we're gonna take it meeting by meeting. As I mentioned, there's no sense that the committee feels it's in a rush to do this. We made a good, strong start to this, and that's really, frankly, a sign of our confidence. Confidence that inflation is coming down toward 2% on a sustainable basis. That gives us the ability. We can, you know, make a good, strong start, but. I'm very pleased that we did. To me, the logic of this, both from an economic standpoint and also from a risk management standpoint, was clear. But I think we're gonna go carefully, meeting by meeting, and make our decisions as we go. Thank you. Jeanna. Hi, Chair Powell. Jeanna Smialek with The New York Times. Thanks for taking our questions. You and your colleagues in your economic projections today see the unemployment rate climbing to 4.4% and staying there. Obviously, historically, when the unemployment rate climbs that much over a relatively short period of time, it doesn't typically just stop. It continues increasing. And so I wonder if you can walk us through why you see the labor market stabilizing, sort of what's the mechanism there, and what do you see as the risks? Again, the labor market is actually in a solid condition, and our intention with our policy move today is to keep it there. You can say that about the whole economy. The U.S. economy is in good shape. It's growing at a solid pace. Inflation is coming down. The labor market is in a strong pace. We wanna keep it there. That's what we're doing. Sorry. Nick? Nick Timiraos of The Wall Street Journal. Chair Powell, does today's action constitute a catch-up in action, given recent substantial revisions to the employment data, or is this larger-than-typical rate cut a function of the elevated nominal level of the policy rate, such that an accelerated cadence could be expected to continue? Okay. Multiple questions there, but let's, so I would say, we don't think we're behind. We do not think we're... We think this is timely, but I think you can take this as a sign of our commitment not to get behind. So it's a strong move. Sorry, your other question was? Is this about what happened in the employment data between this meeting and the last meeting, or is this about the level of the funds rate, the high nominal level of the funds rate, relative to what might be expected if you're trying to maintain equilibrium? So I think it's about we come into this with a policy position that was put in place, as you know, I mentioned, in July of two thousand twenty-three, which was a time of high inflation and very low unemployment. We've been very patient about reducing the policy rate. We've waited. Other central banks around the world have cut, many of them several times. We've waited, and I think that patience has really paid dividends in the form of our confidence that inflation is moving sustainably down to 2%. So I think that is what enables us to take this strong move today. I do not think that anyone should look at this and say: "Oh, this is the new pace." You know, you have to think about it in terms of the base case. Of course, what happens will happen. So, in the base case, what you see is, look at the SEP. You see cuts moving along. The sense of this is we're recalibrating policy down over time to a more neutral level, and we're moving at the pace that we think is appropriate, given developments in the economy in the base case. The economy can develop in a way that would cause us to go faster or slower, but that's what the base case says. And if I could follow up on the balance sheet-... In 2019, when you did the mid-cycle adjustment, you ceased the balance sheet runoff. With a larger cut today, should there be any signal inferred about, how the committee would approach, end state on the balance sheet, policy? So in the current situation, reserves have really been stable. They haven't come down, so reserves are still abundant and expected to remain so for some time. As you know, the shrinkage in our balance sheet has really come out of the overnight RRP. So I think what that tells you is we're not thinking about stopping runoff because of this at all. We know that these two things can happen side by side. In a sense, they're both a form of normalization, and so for a time, you can have the balance sheet shrinking, but also be cutting rates. Colby? Thank you. Colby Smith with the Financial Times. I'm just following up on Jeann a's question on rising unemployment. Is it your view that this is just a function of a normalizing labor market amid improved supply? Or is there anything to suggest that something more concerning perhaps is taking place here, given that other metrics of labor demand have softened, too? And I guess, in direct follow-up to Jeanna, why should we not expect a further deterioration in labor market conditions if policy is still restrictive? So I think what we're seeing is, clearly, labor market conditions have cooled off by any measure, as I talked about in Jackson Hole. But they're still at a level. The level of those conditions is actually pretty close to what I would call maximum employment. You know, so you're close to mandate, maybe at mandate on that. So what's driving it? Clearly, payroll job creation has moved down over the last few months, and this bears watching. By many other measures, the labor market has returned to or below 2019 levels, which was a very good, strong labor market, but this is more sort of 2018, 2017. So the labor market bears close watching, and we'll be giving it that. But ultimately, we think, we believe, with an appropriate recalibration of our policy, that we can continue to see the economy growing, and that will support the labor market. In the meantime, if you look at the growth in economic activity data, retail sales data that we just got, second quarter GDP, all of this indicates an economy that is still growing at a solid pace. So that should also support the labor market over time. So but again, we're... It bears watching, and we're watching. Just on the point about starting to see rising layoffs, if that were to happen, wouldn't the committee already be too late in terms of avoiding a recession? So that's. You know, our plan, of course, has been to begin to recalibrate, and there, as you know, we're not seeing rising claims. We're not seeing rising layoffs. We're not seeing that, and we're not hearing that from companies, that that's something that's getting ready to happen. So we're not waiting for that. Because, you know, there is thinking that the time to support the labor market is when it's strong and not when you begin to see the layoffs. There's some lore on that. So that's the situation we're in. We have, in fact, begun the cutting cycle now, and we'll be watching, and that'll be one of the factors that we consider. Of course, we're gonna look at the totality of the data as we make these decisions, meeting by meeting. Michael McKee. Michael McKee with Bloomberg TV and Radio. To follow up on that, what would constitute for you and the committee a deterioration in the labor market? You're pricing in, basically by the end of next year, two hundred basis points of cuts just to maintain a higher unemployment rate. Would you be moving to a more preemptive monetary policy style, rather than, as you did with inflation, waiting until the data gave you a signal? You know, we're gonna be watching all of the data, right? So, as I mentioned in my remarks, if the labor market were to slow unexpectedly, then we have the ability to react to that by cutting faster. We're also gonna be looking at our other mandate, though. We have greater confidence now that inflation is moving down to 2%, but at the same time, our plan is that we will be at 2%, you know, over time. So, and policy, we think, is still restrictive, so that should still be happening. I'm just curious as to how sensitive you'll be to the labor market, since you forecast we are gonna see higher unemployment, and it is going to take a significant amount of monetary easing to just maintain it. So you know, what I would say is, we don't think we need to see further loosening in labor market conditions to get inflation down to 2%. But we have a dual mandate, and I think you can take this this whole action as... Take a step back. What have we been trying to achieve? We're trying to achieve a situation where we restore price stability without the kind of painful increase in unemployment that has come sometimes with disinflation. That's what we're trying to do, and I think you can take today's action as a sign of our strong commitment to achieve that goal. Rachel. Hi, Chair Powell. Rachel Siegel from The Washington Post. Thanks for taking our questions. You're describing this view that you don't think you're behind when it comes to the job market. Can you walk us through the specific data points that you found to be most helpful in the discussions at this meeting? You've mentioned a couple, but would you be able to walk us through what that dashboard told you as far as what you know about the job market now? Sure. So we'll start with unemployment, which is the single most important one, probably. You're at 4.2%. That's, you know, I know that's higher than we were used to seeing numbers in the mid- and even below mid-threes last year. But if you look back over the sweep of the years, that's a low, that's a very healthy unemployment rate. And anything in the low fours is a really good labor market. So that's one thing. Participation is at high levels. It's, you know, we've had. We're right adjusted for demographics, for aging. Participation's at pretty high levels. That's a good thing. Wages are still a bit above what would be their wage increases, rather, are still just a bit above where they would be over the very longer term to be consistent with 2% inflation, but they're very much coming down to what that sustainable level is, so we feel good about that. Vacancies over, you know, per unemployed is back to, but it's still a very strong level. It's not as high as it was. That number reached two to one, two vacancies for every unemployed person, as measured. It's now below, around, it's around one, but that's still a very good number, I would say. You know, quits have come back down to normal levels. I mean, I could go on and on. There are many employment indicators. What do they say? They say this is still a solid labor market. The question isn't the level, the question is that there has been change over, particularly over the last few months. And, you know, so what we say is, as the risks, the upside risks to inflation have really come down, the downside risks to employment have increased. And because we have been patient and held our fire on cutting while inflation has come down, I think we're now in a very good position to manage the risks to both of our goals. What do you expect to learn between now and November that will help inform the scale of the cut at the next meeting? You know, more data, the usual. Don't look for anything else. We'll see another labor report. We'll see another jobs report. I think we might actually get two jobs reports. We get a second jobs report on the day of the meeting, I think. No, on the Friday before the meeting and inflation data. We'll get all this data. We'll be watching. You know, it's always a question of look at the incoming data and ask what are the implications of that data for the evolving outlook and the balance of risks, and then go through our process and think, "What's the right thing to do? Is policy where we want it to be to foster the achievement of our goals over time? So that's what it is, and that's what we'll be doing. Neil. Thanks. Hi, Chair Powell. Neil Irwin with Axios. We've only been running a little above a hundred thousand jobs a month on payrolls the last three months. Do you view that level of job creation as worrying or alarming, or would you be content if we were to kind of stick at that level? And relatedly, you know, one of the welcome trends over the last couple of years has been labor market steam coming out through job openings falling rather than job losses. Do you think that trend has further to run, or do you see risk that further labor market cooling will have to come through job losses? So on the job creation, it depends on the inflows, right? So if you're having millions of people come into the labor force, then, and you're creating a hundred thousand jobs, you're gonna see unemployment go up. So it really depends on what's the trend underlying the volatility of people coming into the country. We understand there's been quite an influx across the borders, and that has actually been one of the things that's allowed the unemployment rate to rise. And the other thing is just the slower hiring rate, which is something we also watch carefully. So it does depend on what's happening on the supply side. And on the Beveridge curve question, yes. So we all felt, on the committee, not all, but I think everyone on the committee felt that job openings were so elevated that they could fall a long way before you hit the part of the curve where job openings turned into higher unemployment, job loss, and yes, I mean, I think we are. It's hard to know that. You can't know these things with great precision, but certainly it appears that we're very close to that point, if not at it, so that further declines in job openings will translate more directly into unemployment. But it's been a great ride down. I mean, we've seen a lot of tightness come out of the labor market in that form without it resulting in lower employment. Edward. Thanks, Chair Powell. Edward Lawrence with Fox Business. So we've heard some speculation that you may be going with the federal funds rate to 3.5%, maybe under 4%. And there's basically an entire generation that has experienced zero or near zero federal funds rate. And some think we're heading in that direction again. What's the likelihood that cheap money is now the norm? So this is a question, and you mean after we get through all of this? Yeah. It's just a great question that we can only speculate about. Intuitively, most, many people anyway would say we're probably not going back to that era where there were trillions of dollars of sovereign bonds trading at negative rates, long-term bonds trading at negative rates. And it looked like the neutral rate was, might even be negative. So, you know, it was, people were issuing debt, issuing debt at negative rates. It seems that's so far away now. My own sense is that we're not going back to that. But, you know, honestly, we're gonna find out. But you know, it feels to me that the neutral rate is probably significantly higher than it was back then. How high is it? I just don't think we know. It's, again, we only know it by its works. And one more. How do you respond to the criticism that will likely come that a deeper rate cut now before the election has some political motivations? ... Yeah, so, you know, this is my fourth presidential election at the, at the Fed, and, you know, it's always the same. We're always going into this meeting in particular and asking, "What's the right thing to do for the people we serve?" And we do that, and we make a decision as a group, and then we announce it, and it's, that's always what it is. It's never about anything else. Nothing else is discussed. And I would also point out that the things that we do really affect economic conditions for the most part with a lag. So, nonetheless, this is what we do. Our job is to support the economy on behalf of the American people, and if we get it right, this will benefit the American people significantly. So this really concentrates the mind, and, you know, it's something we all take very, very seriously. We don't put up any other filters. I think if you start doing that, I don't know where you stop, and so we just don't do that. Jo Ling. Thank you, Chair Powell. I'm Jo Ling Kent with CBS News. My first question is, very simply, what message are you trying to send American consumers, the American people, with this unusually large rate cut? I would just say that, you know, the U.S. economy is in a good place, and our decision today is designed to keep it there. More specifically, the economy's growing at a solid pace, inflation is coming down closer to our 2% objective over time, and the labor market is still in solid shape. So our intention is really to maintain the strength that we currently see in the U.S. economy, and we'll do that by returning rates from their high level, which has really been the purpose of which has been to get inflation under control. We're gonna move those down over time to a more normal level, over time. Just a quick follow-up to that. Listening to you talk about inflation moving meaningfully down to 2%, is the Federal Reserve effectively declaring a decisive victory over inflation and rising prices? No, we're not. So, inflation, you know, what we say is, we want inflation, the goal is to have inflation move down to 2% on a sustainable basis. And, you know, we're not really. We're close, but we're not really at 2%, and I think we're gonna wanna see it be, you know, around 2% and close to 2% for some time. But, we're certainly not. We're not saying, "Mission accomplished," or anything like that. But I have to say, though, we're encouraged by the progress that we have made. Catarina. Hi, Catarina Saraiva with Bloomberg News. I just would love to know, kind of how the committee is thinking about, the persistence we've seen in housing inflation. You know, do you think you can return to 2% with housing inflation where it is? So housing inflation is the one piece that is kind of dragging a bit, if I can say. We know that market rents are doing what we would want them to do, which is to be moving up at relatively low levels. But they're not rolling over. The leases that are rolling over are not coming down as much, and OER is coming in high. So you know, it's been slower than we expected. I think we now understand that it's going to take some time for those lower market rents to get into this. But you know, the direction of travel is clear, and as long as market rents remain you know, relatively low inflation, over time, that will show up. Just the time, it's taking now several years rather than just one or two cycles of annual lease renewals. So that's I think we understand that now, but I don't think the outcome is in doubt. Again, as long as market rents remain under control, the outcome is not as in doubt. So I would say it's the rest of the portfolio or of the elements that go into core PCE inflation have behaved pretty well. You know, they all have some volatility. We will get down to 2% inflation, I believe, and I believe that ultimately, we'll get what we need to get out of the housing services piece, too. Some of your colleagues have expressed concern that with starting to cut rates, you could reignite demand in housing and see prices go up even more. You know, what's the likelihood of that, and how would you react to that? The housing market, it's hard to gauge that out. The housing market is in part frozen because of lock-in with low rates. People don't wanna sell their homes, so because they have a very low mortgage, it'd be quite expensive to refinance. As rates come down, people will start to move more, and that's probably beginning to happen already. But remember, when that happens, you've got a seller, but you've also got a new buyer in many cases. So it's not, you know, obvious how much additional demand that would make. I mean, the real issue with housing is that we have had and are on track to continue to have not enough housing, and so it's going to be challenging. It's hard to find zoned lots that are in places where people want to live. It's all of the aspects of housing are more and more difficult, and you know, where are we gonna get the supply? And this is not something that the Fed can really fix. But I think as we normalize rates, you'll see the housing market normalize, and I mean, ultimately, by getting inflation broadly down and getting those rates normalized and getting the housing cycle normalized, that's the best thing we can do for householders. And then the supply question will have to be dealt with by the market and also by government. Victoria? Hi, Victoria Guida with Politico. Just following up on some of the labor market talk earlier, you know, monetary policy operates with long and variable lags, and I'm wondering how much you see being able to keep the unemployment rate from raising too much comes from the fact that you're starting to act now, and that's going to give people more room to run versus just the labor market is strong. And then also, if I could, following up on Nick's question, do you see today's 50 basis point move as partially a response to the fact that you didn't cut in July, and that sort of gets you to the same place? So you're right about lags, but I would just point to the overall economy. You have an economy that is growing at a solid pace. If you look at forecasters or talk to companies, they'll say that they think 2025 should be a good year, too. So there's no sense. The U.S. economy is basically fine. If you talk to market participants, I mean, you know, business people who are actually out there doing business. So I think, you know, I think our move is timely. I do, and as I said, you can see our 50 basis points move as a commitment to make sure that we don't fall behind. So you're really asking about your second question. You're asking about July, and I guess if you ask, you know, if we'd gotten the July report, we might well have. We didn't make that decision, but, you know, we might well have. I think that's not, you know, that doesn't really answer the question that we ask ourselves, which is, let's look. You know, when at this meeting, we're looking back to the July employment report, the August employment report, the two CPI reports, one of which came, of course, during blackout, and all of the other things that I mentioned. We're looking at all of those things, and we're asking ourselves, what's the right, what's our, what's the policy stance we need to move to? It's clear that we clearly, literally, everyone on the committee agreed that it's time to move. It's just how big, how fast do you go, and what do you think about the path forward? So this decision we made today had broad support on the committee, and I've discussed the path ahead. Elizabeth. Thank you, Chair Powell. Elizabeth Schulze with ABC News. Mortgage rates have already been dropping in anticipation of this announcement. How much more should borrowers expect those rates to drop over the next year? Very hard for me to say. That's from our standpoint. I can't really speak to mortgage rates. I will say, you know, that'll depend on how the economy evolves. Our intention, though, is we think that our policy was appropriately restrictive. We think that it's time to begin the process of recalibrating it to a level that's more neutral rather than restrictive. We expect that process to take some time, as you can see in the projections that we released today. And as if things work out according to that forecast, other rates in the economy will come down as well. However, the rate at which those things happen will really depend on how the economy performs. We can't look a year ahead and know what the economy is gonna be doing. What's your message to households who are frustrated that home prices have still stayed so high as rates have been high? What do you say to those households? Well, what I can say to the public is that we had a burst of inflation. Many other countries around the world had a similar burst of inflation, and when that happens, part of the answer is that we raise interest rates in order to cool the economy off, in order to reduce inflationary pressures. It's not something that people experience as pleasant, but at the end, what you get is low inflation restored, price stability restored and a good definition of price stability is that people in their daily decisions, they're not thinking about inflation anymore. That's where everyone wants to be, is back to what's inflation? You know, we just keep it low, keep it stable. We're restoring that, so what we're going through now, really, it restores. It will benefit people over a long period of time. Price stability benefits everybody over a long period of time, just by virtue of the fact that they don't have to deal with inflation. So that's what's been going on, and I think we've made real progress. We don't tell people how to think about the economy, of course, and of course, people are experiencing high prices as opposed to high inflation, and we understand that's painful. Greg. Hi, Chair Powell, Greg Robb from MarketWatch.com. I was wondering if you could go through. You said just at the beginning that the coming into the blackout, there was, like, an open thought of twenty-five or fifty. You know, the Fed could move either twenty-five or fifty. I would sort of argue that when we had those two last speeches by Governor Waller and New York Fed President John Williams, that they were sort of saying that maybe a gradual approach was gonna win the day. I mean, I sort of want to ask a seven-part question about this. But, I mean, could you talk. Would you have cut rates by fifty basis points if the market had been pricing in, like, low odds of a fifty-point move like they were last Wednesday? You know, after the CPI number came out, it was a really small probability of a fifty-point cut. Does that play in your consideration at all? Just talk a little bit about that. You know- Thank you. We're always gonna try to do what we think is the right thing for the economy at that time. That's what we'll do, and that's what we did today. ... Simon? Thank you, Chair Powell. Simon Rabinovitch with The Economist. You've mentioned how closely you're watching the labor market, but you also noted that payroll numbers have been a little bit less reliable lately because of the big downward revisions. Does that put your focus overwhelmingly on the unemployment rate? And given the SEP projection of 4.4 basically being the peak in the cycle, would going above that be the kind of thing that would trigger another 50 basis point cut? So we will continue to look at that broad array of labor market data, including the payroll numbers. We're not discarding those. I mean, we'll certainly look at those, but we will mentally tend to adjust them based on the QCEW adjustment, which you referred to. There isn't a bright line. It, you know, it will be the unemployment rate's very important, of course, but there isn't a single statistic or a single bright line over which that thing that might move, that would dictate one thing or another. We'll look at each meeting, we'll look at all the data on inflation, economic activity, and the labor market, and we'll make decisions about: Is our policy stance where it needs to be to, you know, to foster over the medium term our mandate goals? Yeah, so I can't say we have a bright line in mind. Matt Egan. Thanks, Chair Powell. Matt Egan from CNN. I know that you discussed earlier how the Fed does whatever the right thing is, and nothing else factors in. But, you know, in general, can you talk about whether or not you believe a sitting U.S. president should have a say in Fed decisions on interest rates? Because that's something that former President Trump, who obviously appointed you, has previously suggested. And I know the Fed is designed to be independent, but why? Can you tell the public why you view that so important? Sure. So countries that are democracies around the world, countries that are sort of like the United States, all have what are called independent central banks. And the reason is that people have found over time that insulating the central bank from direct control by political authorities avoids making monetary policy in a way that favors maybe people who are in office as opposed to people who are not in office. So that's the idea is that. You know, and I think the data are clear that countries that have independent central banks, they get lower inflation. And so we're, you know, we're not. We do our work to serve all Americans. We're not serving any politician, any political figure, any cause, any issue, nothing. It's just maximum employment and price stability on behalf of all Americans, and that's how the other central banks are set up, too. It's a good institutional arrangement, which has been good for the public, and I hope it and strongly believe that it will, you know, continue. Kyle. Kyle Campbell for American Banker. Thanks for taking the questions, Chair Powell. A couple regulatory developments in the past week that I wanna ask you about. First, last week, Vice Chair for Supervision, Michael Barr, outlined his views for the changes to the Basel III Endgame. I'm wondering if you are in alignment with him on what those changes should be, if those have support on the board in a broad way that you're looking for, and if you think the other agencies are also fully on board with that approach, and then yesterday, other banking regulators- You know what? Hold the second question. Okay, sure. Let me. We'll give you the second question. So, the answer to your question is that, yes, those changes were negotiated between the agencies with my support and with my involvement, with the idea that we were going to repropose the changes that Vice Chair Barr talked about, and then take comment on them. So, yes, that is, you know, that's happening with my support. Okay, and is there a date for that? That's not a final proposal, though, you understand. We're putting them out for comment. We're gonna take comment and make appropriate changes. We don't have a calendar date for that, and as for the other agencies, you know, the idea is that we're all moving together. We're not moving separately. So I don't know exactly where that is, but the idea is that we will move as a group to put this again out for comment. And then, you know, it'll come, the comments will come back 60 days later, and we'll dive into them, and we'll try to bring this to a conclusion sometime in the first half of next year. Right. And then yesterday, there were merger reform finalizations from the other bank regulators. What does the Fed have to do to align itself on merger? You know, I would bounce that question to Vice Chair Barr. It's a good question, but I don't have that today. Thanks. Okay. Go to Jennifer for the last question. Thank you, Chair Powell. Jennifer Schonberger with Yahoo Finance. You said earlier that the decision today reflects with appropriate recalibration strength in the labor market that can be maintained in the context of moderate growth, even though the policy statement says you view the risks to inflation and job growth as roughly balanced. Given what you've said, though, today, I'm curious: Are you more worried about the job market and growth than inflation? Are they not roughly balanced? No, I think and we think they are now roughly balanced. So if you go back for a long time, the risks were on inflation. We had a historically tight labor market. There was a severe labor shortage, so very very hot labor market, and we had inflation way above target. So, you know, that said to us, "Concentrate on inflation. Concentrate on inflation." And we did for a while, and we kept at that. The stance that we put in place fourteen months ago was a stance that was focused on bringing down inflation. Part of bringing down inflation, though, is cooling off the economy and a little bit cooling off the labor market. We now have a cooler labor market, in part because of our activities. So what that tells you is, it's time to change our stance, so we did that. The sense of the change in the stance is that we're recalibrating our policy over time to a stance that will be more neutral. And today was. I think we made a good, strong start on that. I think it was the right decision, and I think it should send a signal that we, you know, that we're committed to coming up with a good outcome here. Is the economy more vulnerable to a shock now that could tip it into recession? I don't think so. There's, as I look, well, let me look at it this way. I don't see anything in the economy right now that suggests that the likelihood of a recession, sorry, of a downturn, is elevated. Okay? I don't see that. You see growth at a solid rate, you see inflation coming down, and you see a labor market that's still at very solid levels. It's, so I don't really see that, no. Thank you.