Good day, welcome to the Federal Signal Corporation first quarter earnings conference call. All participants will be in listen-only mode. Should you need assistance, please signal a conference specialist by pressing the star key followed by zero. After today's presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. To ask a question, you may press star, then one on a touch-tone phone. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. Please note this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to Ian Hudson, Chief Financial Officer. Please go ahead. Good morning, welcome to Federal Signal's first quarter 2023 conference call. I'm Ian Hudson, the company's Chief Financial Officer. Also with me on the call today is Jennifer Sherman, our President and Chief Executive Officer. We will refer to some presentation slides today, as well as to the earnings news release, which we issued this morning. The slides can be followed online by going to our website, federalsignal.com, clicking on the Investor Call icon and signing in to the webcast. We have also posted the slide presentation and the earnings release under the Investor tab on our website. Before we begin, I'd like to remind you that some of our comments made today may contain forward-looking statements that are subject to the safe harbor language found in today's news release and in Federal Signal filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These documents are available on our website. Our presentation also contains some measures that are not in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In our earnings release and filings, we reconcile these non-GAAP measures to GAAP measures. We will file our Form 10-Q later today. I'm going to begin today by providing some detail on our first quarter results before turning the call over to Jennifer to provide her perspective on our performance, market conditions, and our outlook for the remainder of the year. After our prepared comments, Jennifer and I will address your questions. Our consolidated first quarter financial results are provided in today's earnings release. We delivered strong financial results for the quarter with double-digit year-over-year net sales and earnings growth, gross margin expansion, a 130 basis point improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin, and new records in orders and backlogs. Consolidated net sales for the quarter were $386 million, up $55 million or 17% compared to last year. Organic sales growth for the quarter was $44 million or 13%. Consolidated operating income for the quarter was $39.5 million, up $11 million or 39% compared to last year. Consolidated adjusted EBITDA for the quarter was $54.5 million, up $12.3 million or 29% compared to last year. That translates to a margin of 14.1% in Q1 this year, up from 12.8% last year. GAAP EPS for the quarter was $0.45 per share, up $0.12 per share or 36% from last year. On an adjusted basis, EPS for the quarter was $0.46 per share, up $0.12 per share or 35% from last year. Order intake for the quarter was outstanding. We again reported record orders surpassing the previous high, which we set in Q1 last year. In total, orders in Q1 this year were $475 million, an increase of $22 million or 5% compared to Q1 last year. Backlog at the end of the quarter was $968 million, another all-time high for the company. An increase of $216 million or 29% compared to Q1 last year. In terms of our group results, ESG's net sales for the quarter were $319 million, up $45 million or 16% compared to last year. ESG's operating income for the quarter was $37.6 million, up $10.8 million or 40% compared to last year. ESG's adjusted EBITDA for the quarter was $51.2 million, up $11.9 million or 30% compared to last year. That translates to an adjusted EBITDA margin for the quarter of 16.1%, an improvement of 180 basis points compared to last year, despite higher chassis revenues, which represented a year-over-year headwind of approximately 40 basis points. ESG reported total orders of $396 million in Q1 this year, an improvement of $8 million or 2% compared to last year. SSG's net sales for the quarter were $67 million, up $11 million, or 19% from last year. SSG's operating income for the quarter was $12.1 million, up $4.2 million or 53% compared to last year. SSG's adjusted EBITDA for the quarter was $13.2 million, up $4.3 million or 48%. That translates to an adjusted EBITDA margin for the quarter of 19.8% towards the upper end of SSG's new target range and up 390 basis points compared to last year. SSG's orders for the quarter were $79 million, up $14 million or 21% compared to last year, with much of the increase resulting from the receipt of a large fleet order for public safety equipment from a customer in Mexico. Corporate operating expenses for the quarter were $10.2 million compared to $6.2 million last year, with about half of the increase resulting from unfavorable changes in fair value adjustments of post-retirement reserves. Turning now to the consolidated income statement, where the increase in sales contributed to a $20.1 million improvement in gross profit. Consolidated gross margin for the quarter was 24.9%, a 200 basis point increase over last year. As a percentage of sales, our selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses for the quarter were up 30 basis points from Q1 last year. Other items affecting the quarterly results include a $300,000 increase in amortization expense, a $400,000 increase in acquisition-related expenses, a $500,000 reduction in other income, and a $3.4 million increase in interest expense. Tax expense for the quarter was $7.3 million, up $200,000 from the prior year. Our effective tax rate for the quarter was 21% compared to 25.7% last year, with the reduction primarily due to a $900,000 increase in excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation activity and the recognition of a $500,000 benefit associated with changes in tax reserves. At this time, we expect our full year effective tax rate to be between 24% and 25%, excluding any additional discrete tax benefits. On an overall GAAP basis, we therefore earned $0.45 per share in Q1 this year, compared with $0.33 per share in Q1 last year. To facilitate earnings comparisons, we typically adjust our GAAP earnings per share for unusual items recorded in the current or prior quarters. In the current year quarter, we made adjustments to GAAP earnings per share to exclude acquisition-related expenses. On this basis, our adjusted earnings for the quarter were $0.46 per share, compared with $0.34 per share last year. Looking now at cash flow, we generated $7 million of cash from operations during the quarter, which was about the same level as Q1 last year, despite a meaningful increase in rental fleet investment during the quarter to support anticipated strength in rental and used equipment demand. We ended the quarter with $337 million of net debt and availability under our credit facility of $415 million. Our current net debt leverage ratio remains low even after funding the acquisitions of Blasters and Trackless. With our financial position remaining strong, we have significant flexibility to invest in organic growth initiatives, pursue strategic acquisitions and return cash to stockholders through dividends and opportunistic share repurchases. On that note, we paid dividends of $5.5 million during the quarter, reflecting a dividend of $0.09 a share, and we recently announced that we are increasing the dividend by 11% to $0.10 a share in the second quarter. That concludes my comments, and I would now like to turn the call over to Jennifer. Thank you, Ian. Over the last several years, we have put several building blocks in place to fuel the long-term growth of the company. This has included making significant investments in plant expansions, new product development and strategic acquisitions that have expanded our product offerings and geographic footprint. With those pillars in place, we announced on our year-end earnings call that we are expecting 2023 to be another record year for Federal Signal. We are off to a strong start with our Q1 net sales at ES at the highest level in the company's history for the first quarter of the year. Within our Environmental Solutions Group, an improving supply chain supported higher production levels with increased sales volumes, contributions from recent acquisitions, robust aftermarket demand and strong price realization. We were able to deliver a 16% year-over-year net sales increase and a 180 basis point improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin. During Q1, production at two of our largest manufacturing facilities within ESG improved by 17% compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. This represents the second consecutive quarter of double-digit production growth. The teams achieved their highest average daily build rates since Q1 of 2020. This strong execution contributed to a 27% year-over-year increase in street sweeper sales and double-digit increases in sales of both sewer cleaners and safe digging trucks. Our aftermarkets team also had another strong quarter, with overall aftermarket revenues in Q1 this year up 22% over last year, with particularly strong parts sales. To meet growing demand, our FS Depot parts business has successfully increased its workforce and during the first quarter, had a significant focus on reducing backlog and improving lead times in order to deliver essential parts to our dealers and minimize equipment downtime for our end customers. In addition to strong organic growth, we were pleased with the contributions from M&A during the first quarter. Ground Force and TowHaul continued to perform in line with our expectations. We also completed the acquisition of Blasters in January, and the team is off to a strong start. While we are encouraged by the improving supply chain environment, we are still not out of the woods, and there continue to be pockets of supply-related disruptions for certain components, specifically hydraulics and pumps. Given that, we are not yet maximizing our production capacity. Chassis availability also continues to be a constraining factor within our dump body businesses, particularly for our businesses that build on Class 5 chassis. Our Safety and Security Systems Group also delivered impressive results during the quarter, including 19% top-line growth and an adjusted EBITDA margin of 19.8%, a 390 basis point improvement compared to last year and towards the high end of the new target range announced on our last earnings call of 18%-21%. As Ian mentioned, during the quarter, SSG was awarded a large international fleet order for public safety equipment, and the team was able to promptly deliver about a third of the equipment during Q1. This order was another success story for the team in penetrating new geographic markets with new product introductions, such as the Allegiant and Reliant value line of light bars. In addition, we continue to grow domestic market share and recently secured fleet orders with several new state and local municipality police departments. Overall, sales of public safety equipment in Q1 this year were up $4.5 million or 12% compared to Q1 of last year. With supply chains continuing to ease, we also saw a 35% year-over-year increase in sales of industrial signaling equipment. Demand remains strong, and the team is focused on increasing throughput to reduce lead times. Over the last several years, we have made meaningful investments in organic growth within our SSG business, including purchasing the University Park facility and insourcing production of several key components in order to reduce our reliance on overseas suppliers. For example, during the first quarter of 2022, we launched the in-house production of our MicroPulse line, which leverages automated laser technology. The MicroPulse is a low-profile, high-performing LED lighting product for both first responder and work truck vehicles. The line includes production of both new product models and those that were previously outsourced. With the incremental revenues from new product models and lower cost production of previously outsourced models, the MicroPulse production line has improved product margins and generated incremental operating income of approximately $1.5 million in 2022, with further growth projected in 2023. We have recently invested in a third printed circuit board manufacturing line at University Park to increase production volumes of public safety equipment, achieve cost savings, and reduce reliance on our suppliers, which have been unable to meet our current demand. The new production line is expected to be operational in the third quarter of 2023. We expect the broad actions taken to mitigate component shortages, including investments to insource production and bring additional suppliers online, will provide meaningful long-term benefits to Federal Signal. Demand for our products and our aftermarket offerings remains at unprecedented levels with both our orders and backlog this quarter again setting new company records. There are several macroeconomic tailwinds contributing to the strong demand, and I'll highlight a few of the key market trends today. Within our municipal markets, we are continuing to see benefits from the American Rescue Plan Act, which in 2021 earmarked $350 billion for state, local, and territorial governments for a variety of purposes, including the maintenance of essential infrastructure, such as sewer systems and streets. In the first quarter, municipal orders were up 11% compared to last year, primarily driven by significant street sweeper demand. We also continue to expect meaningful multiyear tailwinds arising from the $1.2 trillion Infrastructure Act, which has $550 billion earmarked for new investments in roads, bridges, power, water, and broadband infrastructure, public transportation, and airports. For example, increased demand and spend on broadband infrastructure is generating additional interest in our broad range of safe digging products that can vacuum excavate and/or convey materials in a safe and efficient manner. While we typically discuss this public funding source in the context of our ESG product offerings, we are also seeing the benefits within SSG, in particular with higher demand for warning systems. The Infrastructure Act earmarked $6.8 billion for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, to invest in disaster mitigation programs. This includes $500 million over five years to provide hazard mitigation assistance to local governments through the STORM Act. Typically, FEMA allocates around $50 million annually for tornado, flood, and fire warning projects. Under the act, funding to FEMA is anticipated to increase by 50% annually over the five-year period. To date, we have received hundreds of proposals for communities across the country that are seeking government grants from this funding source to update or expand warning systems and are currently working with two counties that have been awarding grants totaling several million dollars to expand their tornado warning systems. As part of our warning systems offering, we also provide ongoing maintenance and subscription alerting services, which following the initial sale of the warning equipment, provide for a longer-term recurring revenue stream. With higher frequencies of national disasters such as wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods, we are proud that our products play a role in helping to keep communities safe. Electrification remains a key area of investment for the company. During the quarter, we showcased our newest vehicle electrification offerings at large trade shows. Vehicle electrification and other green initiatives are expected to drive demand not only for our EV product offerings, but also from the corresponding increase in long-term demand for lithium batteries. With the acquisitions of Ground Force and TowHaul, we have created a platform of specialty vehicles that support the extraction of metals and minerals, including lithium. With expectations that global demand for lithium-ion batteries, many end markets will grow at a CAGR of approximately 30% over the next 10 years or so, we are energized about the positive growth trajectory in this end market. I now wanted to take a few minutes to provide an update on a couple of our internal initiatives. Our focus on 80/20 improvement is deeply ingrained in our culture and has played and will continue to play a key role in driving our organic growth and industry-leading margins. As an example, we recently completed a product line simplification 80/20 initiative for our Ox Bodies line of dump trucks, where the team was able to analyze the sales history to identify two leading product lines that comprise approximately 90% of its revenues. The team identified the most commonly ordered dump body specifications for these product lines, and through this product line simplification process, was able to reduce its standard offerings from over 4,200 body combinations to less than 400, achieving a 90% reduction in SKUs. This 80/20 improvement initiative is expected to result in annual savings of $650,000 at this plant. We recently hired a dedicated resource on the corporate tasked with driving additional throughput improvement projects across many of our businesses. This resource will play a key role in implementing and publishing our Federal Signal operating system. With our continued growth through M&A, this playbook will also support long-term value creation as we continue to standardize and implement lean manufacturing solutions at acquired businesses. Moving on to aftermarkets, which represented approximately 27% of ESG's revenues during the quarter, mainly due to the strength in parts sales that I noted earlier. Aftermarkets remains a key strategic initiative of ours. We see additional opportunities to grow that business by expanding into new geographies that we believe to be underserved. During Q1, our new facility in Colorado was opened, and we have already regained a large street sweeper fleet order with a major municipality in the region. This facility will support sales of many of our product lines in the region, including Elgin, Vactor, TRUVAC, and Jetstream. As Ian noted, we have made meaningful investments in Q1 to replenish our rental fleet and support the anticipated continuation in high demand for rentals and used equipment. On the M&A front, we are pleased to announce the closing of the Trackless acquisition in April. Trackless is a leading Canadian manufacturer of multipurpose off-road municipal tractors and a variety of attachments which provide year-round value to its customers. The Trackless integration is well underway, and we are excited about the opportunities to leverage our distribution channel in the U.S. to expand the geographic reach of Trackless products and accelerate the growth trajectory of this business. Our continued growth through disciplined M&A differentiates Federal Signal as an accumulator of leading brands of specialty vehicles and supporting aftermarket offerings. Our deal pipeline remains very active, and we continue to expect M&A to be important part of our future growth. Turning now to our outlook for the rest of the year. Demand for our products and our aftermarket offerings remains at unprecedented levels with both our orders and backlog this quarter, again setting new company records. With our first quarter performance, our record backlogs, and improving supply chain conditions, we are raising our full year adjusted EPS outlook to a new range of $2.21-$2.43 from the prior range of $2.15-$2.40. We are also increasing the low end of our full year net sales outlook range by $40 million, establishing a new range of $1.62 billion-$1.72 billion. At this time, I think we're ready for questions. Operator? We will now begin the question and answer session. To ask a question, you may press star then one on your touch-tone phone. If you are using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing the keys. If at any time your question has been addressed and you would like to withdraw your question, please press star then two. At this time, we will pause momentarily to assemble our roster. Our first question comes from Chris Moore with CJS Securities. Please go ahead. Morning, Chris. Hey, good morning. Wow, great quarter. It is a good morning. That's right. Yeah, maybe start with backlog. Just, yeah, maybe your thoughts in terms of the pricing of your backlog today versus, you know, six months or 12 months ago? You know, when you factor in things like year-to-date seal increase, you know, obviously freight costs are changing, some improving. Just, you know, kind of your thoughts on how that backlog sits today from a pricing perspective? Yeah. I think, Chris, obviously, you know, last year we took a series of pricing actions in response to the inflationary environment that we saw at that time. We feel pretty good about the pricing of the backlog. I, you know, I think if you look at the margin improvement, price was a factor in driving some of that improvement. We also had increased sales volumes and some nice operating leverage within both our groups. Price was a factor. I think overall, where we sit today, Chris, I think we feel comfortable with the pricing of the backlog. Got it. You know, record orders, record backlog. What's your sense of, you know, kinda customer perception regarding lead times? Do they feel, you know, less need at this point in time to pre-order than they might have this time last year? You know, we look carefully at the order trends across the business. You know, one of the things that was notable was that we saw strong orders on both the industrial and municipal side. You know, we still continue to have challenges on the dump body side of the business because of the limited chassis availability, particularly for Class 5 chassis, that impact a couple of our businesses. Overall, you know, we're still expecting strong orders in Q2, although, you know, sequential and year-over-year comparisons may be distorted kind of given the size of the backlog. I think, Chris Moore, we are, you know, actively trying to work down some of those lead times. You know, that's what one of the things we cited on the, on our prepared comments was just the increased production levels that we've seen at both of our Vactor and Elgin facilities, and that's the second quarter in succession where we've seen meaningful improvement in production levels, you know, and that's encouraging that we're seeing some improvement on the supply chain there. I think overall we, you know, we are trying to work down some of those lead times. Yeah. You know, I'll just add there. You know, we're very focused on, you know, trucks per day and kind of building on what Ian said. We saw a 17% sequential improvement. We were really encouraged at our largest facility. If you just look at that particular facility, we saw a 22% sequential improvement. Very focused on reducing the lead times, but encouraged by the order trends we're seeing. Got it. That's very helpful. I'll leave it there. Thanks, guys. Thanks, Chris. Our next question comes from Mike Shlisky with D.A. Davidson. Please go ahead. Morning, Mike. Hi. Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Actually, I actually want to follow up on your last answer, or maybe it was two questions ago, about the chassis comment for dump bodies. You had mentioned, Ian, during your prepared comments that you had a chassis headwind in the quarter, and it sounded like it was a headwind that implied a positive mix for dump bodies. In other words, having more chassis is positive for the dump body business, I would imagine. Can you square those two up? Did you have better chassis supply in this quarter or worse? Two separate when we talk about chassis, Mike, two separate kind of, groups, I would say, is that we never provide the chassis for the dump truck business. Right. The customer always provides the chassis. In the prepared comments, what we were talking about was the other side of the business where historically we've had about a 50/50 split where, you know, 50% of the time we provide the chassis, 50% of the time the customer provides the chassis. In the last couple of, you know, last year or two, we've actually increased the amount of chassis that we supply, because we've had, you know, pretty decent access to chassis. So we've been able to provide those to our customers. It's, you know, we've made some strategic investments in procuring chassis on behalf of our customers. What that means from a margin standpoint is we don't make much of a margin on those chassis. It's more of a pass-through. That as we increase the chassis revenue, that can be a drag on gross margin and EBITDA. That was we cited on our prepared comments that year-over-year, the increase in the chassis revenue where we're supplying more of the chassis, that caused us a headwind year-over-year about 40 basis points on EBITDA margin. It's not necessarily linked to the dump body business. Okay. it's just mix. Correct. All it is. Okay. Mix with more chassis revenue of, for more chassis that we provide. Perfect. Perfect. Thank you. To put it a different way, on that business, our chassis revenue was up $12 million year-over-year, and that had a, as Ian pointed out, a drag. Got it. My next question, I can ask it two different ways. I'll just pick 1. The SSG margins were very strong. That's really solid. It's already towards the high end of the range that you just put out, a few months ago. Are you already thinking about maybe even an additional range higher from here, given what you've learned? I guess what could go wrong from here in that segment to not go towards the high end of the range that you just put out, in the foreseeable future? Look, we are really encouraged by SSG's performance. As we've talked about on previous calls, you know, they were a couple quarters ahead. We've seen in kind of supply chain improvement. I spent some time on the call talking about some of the insourcing that we've done, which has made a difference out there. They also had a large fleet order, which, you know, helped them during the quarter. We're confident that, you know, they'll continue to operate within that range. It can fluctuate quarter to quarter, but we're really encouraged by what we saw in Q1. Okay. fair enough. Maybe one last one for me. Just want to ask about the dealer network. Given the higher interest rates we're seeing out there for floor plan or inventory type lending, or even just lending in general, are any of your dealers experiencing any challenges finding adequate financing at decent rates? Is that affecting anyone's inventory decisions? Then maybe secondly, you know, are there any dealerships that are potentially experiencing financial distress at the moment? Yeah, a couple of things. One is we have several large dealers that are very well-financed and very well-capitalized. In addition to that, you know, given the amount of public funding that's available for our products, that's been, you know, a positive tailwind. The short answer to your question is we really haven't seen any issues with respect to our dealer network, and we monitor it closely. We're very fortunate to have well-financed dealers. Outstanding. I'll leave it there. Thank you so much. Thanks. Bye. Our next question comes from Felix Boeschen with Raymond James. Please go ahead. Good morning, Felix. Hey, good morning, Jennifer, Ian. Felix. Hey, I appreciate the comments on the 17% sequential improvement in output at your two biggest facilities. I did note that ESG sales were down just a bit quarter-over-quarter. Can you maybe square that away for us, just sort of what worked against you? Maybe if you could also comment just how much the production for in-house rental equipment might have impacted revenue, or EBIT within ESG. Felix, you're talking sequentially? Yes. Okay. Yeah. You know, I think, aftermarkets was a piece of that. There is, you know, there is less aftermarket business in Q4 than, sorry, in Q1 than versus Q4. The other piece would be, as you pointed to, was just the production of the units in the rental fleet. We added about, I think it was about $18 million gross, into the rental fleet during Q1. We wouldn't have been putting any of that really in the fleet during Q4, so that's probably the biggest factor. We also had a bit of a step down at TBEI with the chassis supply situation. Versus Q4, that was down a little bit in Q1. Got it. Super helpful. How do you feel about the rental size today, just relative to the opportunities you're expecting sort of into the back half of the year and presumably into 2024? Given the lead times that we're experiencing, rental demand continues to be strong. We're seeing several contractors, you know, as they bid and execute on some of these public funding through the Infrastructure Act, supplement their fleets through rental. We're very encouraged by what we're seeing. Got it. Just maybe if I could, my last one. Jennifer, if you don't mind giving some more color, around maybe, specific vehicle locations. I'm curious how orders in TBEI is holding up versus maybe some of their municipal-centric locations. Yeah. We're, you know, we focused on Ox Bodies. We gave the example, in terms of, what, you know, the 80/20 improvement initiative could do, and that's a good example of where they're sitting on record backlogs. In addition to that, where we're seeing some softness is really on the Class 5 chassis side of things. Two of our businesses are relying on Class 5 chassis, and those are down year-over-year. That's where we've seen some softness. Across the rest of the enterprise, excuse me, on the dump body side of things, you know, we're seeing various puts and takes depending on what chassis availability is. I think, Felix, if you look at, kind of the breakdown, you know, municipal was up 11% year-over-year. That's a lot of that is driven by strength in street sweeper orders, which is tied to some of the funding, as Jennifer mentioned, the American Rescue Plan Act. I think we talked about the fact that Q1 of last year was the prior record in terms of the highest orders. Even when we're comparing, you know, Q1 of this year to Q1 of last year, that was a pretty strong comp. Even with all of that, we didn't see a major drop-off year-over-year in any really product line. The largest product line that was down year-over-year was probably the dump trucks, which was down about $11 million year-over-year in terms of orders, and that's about 15%. Even with that order intake, it was still at a pretty good level. Got it. Really appreciate the time. Thanks, Felix. Thanks, Felix. If you have a question, please press star then one. Our next question comes from Steve Barger with KeyBanc Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Good morning. As I think about your focus on trucks per day, your guidance increase and your existing capacity, presumably this will be the low quarter for ESG revenue. I'm wondering, do you expect that revenue will be fairly level quarter to quarter for the rest of the year as you build to, you know, these really strong demand levels? Yeah. Steve, I think we'll see in Q2 and Q3, those tend to be strongly like because of the aftermarket business, which we'd expect that to pick up. I think we'd expect Q3 to be, you know, our highest for the year in terms of both revenue and EPS. That's primarily driven by the strength in the aftermarket business because you have, you know, three solid months of a lot of activity. I think our cadence would be, you know, we'd to your point Q1, we would expect to be the lowest. We'd see a step up in Q2, then Q3, we'd expect that to be the high point. You know, Q4 is always relatively strong, but we would expect Q3 to be, kind of the highest quarter of the year. Presumably, you wouldn't expect to see a significant drop-off in Q4, just even as aftermarket goes away. if supply chain has improved... Yeah. Given your backlog, you'd be running at a high capacity, right? Right. Yeah. Agreed. Yeah. Okay. Your M&A strategy has obviously been focused on bolt-on deals serving good niches. As you think about the funding environment and the visibility out there, is that driving deal multiples higher? Are you changing how you think about multiples? You know, what looks reasonable just given how you see growth and your ability to leverage the dealer network? You know, it all depends on the synergy numbers. You know, we're pretty conservative when we develop those numbers. Again, we've seen multiples actually come down over the last year. You know, I think a combination of the pandemic and supply chain challenges, particularly in the markets, the primary transactions we're looking at, we've seen more reasonable multiples. We've also, candidly, we talked about in the last call, you know, we have a number of sellers that have come to us and said, you know, "We wanna sell to Federal Signal," which we've developed a pretty good reputation in the marketplace as being a preferred buyer. Yeah. Okay, good. Then last quarter, you talked a bit about, you know, higher than normal investment in the lease fleet and allocating the production capacity to that. With demand this strong, are you more inclined to keep third-party customers happy or to make that lease fleet investment? How are you gonna balance that as supply chain improves and you work to reduce lead times? Yeah. I think, Steve, the heavy investment for the year was really during Q1. The reasons for that is really you wanna have the units added to the rental fleet come, you know, April, May time, just when the season kind of. Mm-hmm Starts picking up. I think the heavy lift in terms of production was during Q1, and that's one of the factors why Q1 is our lowest in terms of revenue and EPS. There may be some incremental investment as we go throughout the course of the year, but I think Q1 is when the bulk of that takes place. Yeah. Got it. As I mentioned earlier, we're very focused on reducing those lead times with, you know, increasing unit production. Right. Yeah. That generates, you know, obviously better revenue, but also good operating leverage as you know, offset the absorption. Yep. Volume matters. Yep. Great. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks, Steve. Our next question comes from Walter Liptak with Seaport. Please go ahead. Hi. Thanks. Good morning, guys. Good morning, Walt. ... congratulations on the next quarter. Hey, hey, I wanted to ask first about the, you know, the SKU reduction at Ox Bodies was really interesting, and it's great to see, you know, just to hear the stories about 80/20 work that's happening. The question I have is about, is this an initiative that's been ongoing and you just decided to call this one out, or is there more of an effort to bring 80/20 to some of the newly acquired businesses? Yeah. A couple things, Walt. This was just one example of many. Our Ox team has done, you know, such a good job. What I really was trying to message as we come out of this pandemic supply chain, you know, our teams, there's a refocused effort on 80/20 across the enterprise. I think what's important also to note is it's such a part of our culture that we've hired a dedicated individual as part of the corporate team now that is working with each of these businesses on these 80/20 type projects. We believe that will be a driving factor in our margin improvement as we go forward. Oh, that's great. Good to hear. I wanna do a follow-up on the, you know, selling prices and inflation. I wondered, are you seeing, you know, there's kind of a mix out there of some inflation and some material costs coming down. I wonder if you could just comment on, you know, where you're seeing inflation in 2023 and where are selling prices going? Are you able to get price kind of across the board or are there some products that where, you know, pricing is a little bit more difficult? Yeah. You know, we've seen, like many companies, wage inflation. In addition to that, steel, we've seen that come down some depending on the type of steel that you're talking about. You know, that kind of can vary month to month. We have a large percentage, as we've talked about before, of our steel fixed. As we move forward on price, that is something that, you know, it depends business to business, and each one of our businesses monitor end market conditions. We've been successful at, you know, price increases across the businesses as reflected in the numbers. Okay, great. Then maybe a last one, just another follow-up. You commented that some of the multiples are a little bit lower. I wonder if you had a thought about why? You know, it's great that some multiples are coming down. You know, I wonder if you have a thought about, you know, why is that? Are there more private equity funds that are liquidating to raise capital? You know, why do you think multiples are coming lower? You know, I think the interest expense, and the impact interest rates have on private equity's models plays an important role in the types of transactions that we're looking at. In addition to that, you know, as we've talked about before, as we do more and more acquisitions, you know, we've become more of a preferred buyer. With many of our transactions, it's not all about price, it's about much more than price. You know, I think that I'm proud of the reputation that our teams have developed, with respect to M&A and the execution integration. I think that will benefit us long term, as we've seen in some of the transactions that we've recently done. Trackless is a great example. Okay, that sounds great. Thanks very much. Our next question comes from Dave Storms with Stonegate Capital Markets. Please go ahead. Thank you. Good morning. Good morning. With regards to the production improvements that you've mentioned a lot, can you break that out in terms of, you know, is that driven by supply chain improvements? Is that driven by the operational improvements through the 80/20 initiative that you've talked about? How much runway do you see left there? We've seen obviously some supply chain improvements. That's been a critical driver. We've also, you know, the teams are... You know, there's been a refocus, as I mentioned earlier, as we've gotten out of the nightmare of pandemic and supply chain on our 80/20 initiative. We've seen benefits of that, at various businesses across the enterprise. You know, we continue to believe we're kind of back to, as we talked about, our businesses, we're back to that kind of Q1 of 2020 type unit production levels at a couple of our businesses. You know, there's still room for, more. You know, we, invested in, you know, our expansion of our largest facility, and we still believe there's more opportunity for margin expansion as supply chain improves. We're excited about those opportunities. Very helpful. Thank you. Then, Ian, you mentioned an increased demand in rentals that are expected through the rest of the year. Do you see this coming as at the expense of sales or in concert with growing sales? Then also, any relation that has to any aftermarket sales through the rest of 2023. Yeah. No, I think we're expecting, you know, strong demand for all of our product offerings. I think if you look at the contribution of aftermarkets, it was about 27% of ESG's revenues in Q1. That was about the same level as Q1 of last year and also for the whole of last year. I think our growth, you know, on the new equipment side has been keeping pace with the growth that we've seen in aftermarkets. That's what we'd expect. I think with lead times where they're at, I think having the offerings that we have where we can offer used equipment sales and rentals, that positions us really well to serve our customers. I think, as we think, you know, about the potential for the infrastructure bill and the various projects, having the ability to sell new, to provide rentals, to sell used, I think that positions us really well. That's very helpful. Thank you. This concludes our question and answer session. I would like to turn the conference over to Jennifer Sherman, Chief Executive Officer, for any closing remarks. In closing, I'd like to reiterate that we are confident in the long-term prospects for our businesses and our markets. Our foundation is strong, we are focused on delivering profitable long-term growth through the execution of our strategic initiatives. We would like to express our thanks to our stockholders, employees, distributors, dealers, and customers for their continued support. Thank you for joining us today, we'll talk to you soon. The conference is now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.