Welcome, everyone, and thank you for standing by for the Alphabet Q3 2021 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. To ask a question during the session, you will need to press Star one on your telephone. If you require any further assistance, please press Star zero. I'd now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Jim Friedland, Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead. Thank you. Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to Alphabet's third quarter 2021 earnings conference call. With us today are Sundar Pichai, Philipp Schindler, and Ruth Porat. Now, I'll quickly cover the Safe Harbor. Some of the statements that we make today regarding our business, operations, and financial performance, including the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on those areas, may be considered forward-looking, and such statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. For more information, please refer to the risk factors discussed in our most recent forms 10-K and 10-Q filed with the SEC. During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release, which is distributed and available to the public through our investor relations website located at abc.xyz/investor. And now, I'll turn the call over to Sundar. Thank you, Jim, and good afternoon, everyone. In 2016, I laid out our vision to become an AI-first company. Five years later, this quarter's results show how our investments in AI are building more helpful products for people and for our partners in local communities. Today, I'll begin with new product highlights, then I'll cover our cloud business, followed by YouTube. First, product highlights. Search remains the heart of what we do. We've made remarkable advances over the past 23 years that benefit search and related products like Google Assistant. We've just celebrated five years. Earlier this year, we announced that we reached a significant milestone with Multitask Unified Model, or MUM for short. MUM is a thousand times more powerful than BERT and can understand information across many contexts, like text and images. At our Search On event in September, we shared how we are using MUM to improve Google Lens so people can search using both images and words. We also shared that we are bringing a more visual shopping experience to search, powered by the Google Shopping Graph. It links shoppers with over 24 billion product listings from merchants across the web. Google Maps now offers eco-friendly routing. It lets drivers in the U.S. choose a more fuel-efficient route, saving money and reducing emissions. Maps now has a wildfire layer so that people can get up-to-date details and make quick, informed decisions during emergencies. Finally, in Search and our Discover feed, we are continuing to support the news ecosystem and make quality journalism more accessible. Philipp will give a bit more detail about our new News Showcase partnerships. Turning next to hardware, I hope you saw our fall Pixel event last week. I'm very excited about the range of Pixel phones available this holiday season. The new Pixel 6 and 6 Pro bring together the best of Google AI, software and hardware, with the most advanced and inclusive cameras we've ever built. They're beautiful, fast, and powered by Google Tensor, a first-ever system on a chip. It's specifically built to support Google AI and machine learning on-device and provides a long-term foundation for our Pixel devices. We also introduced our new Nest Renew program, which uses Nest thermostats to support clean energy use in the home. On to Android. Android 12 is getting great reviews. It's the biggest design change in Android's history, with new widgets to personalize your phone. We also introduced accessibility features that use gestures to control your phone and communicate. Android 12 is secure by default and private by design. New dashboards and indicators make it easier to view and adjust privacy permissions and disable access to device sensors and location information. We've also made progress with the made-for-India affordable smartphone co-developed with Reliance. The JioPhone Next device features premium localized capabilities and is on track to launch in-market by Diwali. On to Cloud, where we see continued momentum with Q3 revenue growing 45% year- over- year, with GCP's revenue growth rate above Cloud overall. At Cloud Next two weeks ago, we unveiled hundreds of new capabilities, services, and solutions. We also announced 20 new and expanded partnerships to support the growth and scale of our customers around the world. More than any other top cloud provider, Google Cloud has unique capabilities to meet the needs of enterprises, digital natives, and SMBs around the world. I'll highlight three. First, our leadership in real-time data, analytics, and AI is winning customers like Carrefour Belgium, Deutsche Post DHL, and Wendy's, who are unlocking data to deliver unique business outcomes. BigQuery, our leading data warehouse solution, is reducing costs and driving productivity at Cardinal Health and ATB Financial. Our differentiated AI and ML-based industry solutions are helping leading global companies. GE Appliances, a Haier company, is integrating Vision AI into their next-generation smart home appliances. And IKEA Retail is using Recommendations AI to drive a 30% increase in customer click-through rate. Second, customers see value in our open, scalable infrastructure that enables them to run workloads anywhere: on our cloud, at the edge, or in their data centers. Fields scaled its SAP environment, Siemens Energy is migrating its global network of data centers and company-wide SAP systems, and Indonesia's largest technology digital native, GoTo Group, is supporting over 100 million monthly active users with Google Cloud. General Mills, Bell Canada, and Wells Fargo are harnessing our leadership in multi-cloud and our open development environment and to meet the unique digital sovereignty needs of customers around the world, we announced industry-first partnerships with T-Systems in Germany and Thales in France. Third, as consumers, businesses, and schools continue their shift towards hybrid work, the threats of cybersecurity continue to increase. Customers are turning to Google Workspace and our cybersecurity platform to provide the ease of use, collaboration, and security they need. These include organizations like Discovery, CommonSpirit Health, and the State of Maryland, who want to foster creativity while securely protecting their users. We are also seeing strong growth in our broad portfolio of cybersecurity products. This includes Chronicle, one of our zero trust offerings, which JetBlue uses to detect cybersecurity threats, helping to protect its customers and enterprise. We are bringing our team's deep expertise to customers through the Google Cybersecurity Action Team and a new WorkSafer program, which provides best-in-class security for emails, meetings, messaging, and more. Earlier, I mentioned a few of the sustainability-related product features we announced. Our cloud customers already benefit from operating on the world's cleanest cloud, and last year, we set an ambitious goal to run our data centers and campuses on 24/7 carbon-free energy by 2030. Two-thirds of the electricity consumed by Google data centers in 2020 was matched with local carbon-free sources on an hourly basis, and our new Carbon Footprint tool gives customers carbon emissions insights associated with their Google Cloud Platform usage. Now, over to YouTube for a few highlights. We recently surpassed 50 million music and premium subscribers, including those in trial. YouTube Shorts continues to see high adoption rates. In the past year, the average number of daily first-time creators more than doubled. Next week, as global leaders gather in Glasgow to address climate change, YouTube is partnering with COP26 to livestream conference activities, making the event more accessible for everyone. As we grow, we are maintaining our open global platform responsibly by removing harmful content and reducing borderline content. Both our AI investments and the promotion of trusted sources have helped us significantly lower the violated view rate, which is the percentage of views on YouTube from content that violates our policies. On to our other bets. Waymo began welcoming riders to its Trusted Tester program in San Francisco, in addition to its fully autonomous ride-hailing service currently in Phoenix. Next year, Waymo will open a dedicated trucking hub in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, helping support commercial freight routes across the Southwest, and we announced last week the first commercial expansion of Wing's on-demand air delivery service to Walgreens customers in select locations. To close, the world is slowly starting to travel and meet up in person, and this quarter, I joined events virtually to celebrate some big milestones in regions around the world. Earlier this month, we announced a $1 billion investment in Africa over five years to support the continent's digital transformation, and September marked 20 years since we opened our first office outside of the U.S. in Tokyo. We now have thousands of employees in 28 offices across the Asia-Pacific region, and we are investing in cloud regions and digital skills programs to help expand economic opportunity there. As you can see, our business in APAC is growing really well. In Africa, Asia-Pacific, and beyond, it's been a successful quarter. And we have lots more innovation and product development on the way. Thanks to our employees around the world for their contributions. As we continue our move to hybrid work, I hope to see more of you in person soon. Thank you, and over to Philipp. Thanks, Sundar, and hi, everyone. It's great to be with you all today. We're pleased with the growth in Google services revenues in the third quarter. Year-on-year performance was driven by broad-based strength and advertiser spend. Consumer online activity also remained elevated. In the third quarter, retail was again by far the largest contributor to year-on-year growth of our ads business. Media and entertainment, finance, and travel were also strong contributors. Let's take a deeper look at some of the trends that drove this quarter's performance. First, from a big picture, global recovery perspective, we continue to see a lot of unevenness. Some economies have restarted and reaccelerated, albeit at different speeds. Other countries, depending on local regulations and vaccines, have been slower to rebound. It's clear that uncertainty is the new normal. The world is in flux. So when it comes to anticipating change, predicting demand, and investing in innovation, businesses need as much support now as they did a year and a half ago. And we continue to help. Like in travel, where free hotel booking links are increasing traffic for many partners, from OTAs to boutique hotels. Consumers like more choice. Travel partners like free exposure. And advertisers like to augment paid campaigns with free listings. So last month, we launched free booking links for Things to do and a new ad format that makes it easier to promote local experiences. Now, when you search zip lining, aquariums, or the Tokyo Tower, you can buy tickets directly on Google. And then there are companies like Alaska Airlines that are harnessing first-party data and automation across search to navigate market fluidity and better understand the lifetime value of their customers. They've increased return on ad spend by 30% plus versus the same period pre-COVID. Beyond travel, businesses of all kinds are increasingly adopting tools like AI-driven automation and insights to connect with customers, no matter what stage of the recovery they're in. 150-year-old luxury retailer De Bijenkorf turned to local insights and automation to speed up cross-border expansion beyond the Netherlands and Belgium to Germany, France, and Austria. With a multi-pronged approach, including shopping campaigns, De Bijenkorf drove substantial growth throughout the pandemic. Returning visitors to online stores were up four-fold in the first half of 2021 versus 2020. Which leads me to retail, where we had another stellar quarter. We've seen explosive growth in digital over the last 20-some months. But as the world begins to reopen, shoppers are returning to stores. Brick and mortar isn't dead. Instead, omnichannel is in full force. Searches for "Open Now Near Me" are up four times globally versus last year. Strong growth in local shopping queries means people are researching their visits to stores more often before they go. As a result, we've seen more advertisers include in-store sales alongside e-commerce goals to drive omnichannel growth. Adoption has nearly doubled over the past year. Take Coles. It optimized media spend into trending categories and launched curbside pickup just two weeks after its 1,100 stores shut down. After testing local inventory ads in Q4, Coles went all in on omnichannel bidding across its paid search portfolio and is leaning heavily into a full-funnel approach on YouTube, including CTV. Coles' net sales were up 31% year-over-year in Q2, led by higher foot traffic and continued strength in digital. Innovating in omnichannel and next-gen user experiences remains core to our shopping strategy. A few of our latest launches include easier ways for businesses to show the local services they offer, from hair extensions to auto repair across search and maps. Local inventory ads that highlight which products are in stock and when to pick them up. Free shipping and easy return annotations across search and shopping. AR capabilities that bring in-store moments online and let users try before they buy, and then instantly shoppable images with Google Lens. Plus, a new visual browsable experience on search. There's a lot more to come, including tapping into commerce on YouTube. From shoppable livestream experiments with retailers like Sephora, Target, and Walmart, to pilots that let viewers buy directly from their favorite creators' videos, we're still in the early innings of what's possible. Our direct response momentum remains strong. Video action campaigns are driving more conversions than previous formats. By adding product feeds to these campaigns, advertisers are achieving, on average, over 60% more conversions at a lower cost than those without. Our brand business is also performing well. As I said last quarter, YouTube's reach is becoming increasingly incremental to TV. We're helping advertisers find audiences they can't find anywhere else. Connected TV is driving part of this growth. It's our fastest-growing screen. The precision of digital paired with the scale of linear is proving to be an awesome combo, and even more so now with the expansion of video action campaigns for CTV. Advertisers can now drive conversions on the big screen. Which brings me to how brands of all sizes continue to buy YouTube at both ends of the funnel to create future demand while they convert existing demand. They're seeing upside. For example, we found that advertisers using both DR and brand video see brand driving 28% of conversion assists. Domino's Pizza is a great example. Their U.K. business delivered a 9X return on ad spend on their direct response campaigns when paired with their brand campaigns. Lastly, I've said it before, and I'll say it again. Our success is only possible because of our customers and partners. We do well only when they do well. And it's a result of the revenue share models we've talked about many times before. Three highlights. First, as Sundar mentioned, our commitment to high-quality journalism and open access to information remains steadfast. It's been one year since we launched News Showcase. In Q3 alone, we signed over 120 deals and launched in three new markets: Japan, Colombia, and Austria. And of the more than 1,000 publications across a dozen-plus countries that we now have on board, 90% are considered local, regional, or community newspapers. Second, over 2 million creators are now making money and building their businesses on YouTube via our YouTube Partner Program, with 10 different ways to monetize their content, from Super Chat to BrandConnect. The next generation of businesses and media companies are being built by creators on YouTube, and we're excited to help them grow. Third, I echo Sundar's excitement on Pixel. And to bring it to life and to users, we worked with an entire ecosystem of partners. We signed partnership agreements with over 45 carriers and retailers across nine countries at launch, including deep collaboration with each of the major U.S. carriers: AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon. On behalf of many, I want to say how grateful we are to collaborate with so many amazing customers and partners every day. We can't wait to start doing more of this in person again soon. Also, a huge thank you to our sales, partnerships, product, and support teams for their work and dedication. The impact you all continue to have is, as we say in German, wunderbar. With that, Ruth, over to you. Thank you, Philipp. Our revenue performance in the third quarter reflects continued broad-based strength in advertiser spend and elevated consumer online activity, as well as a strong contribution from Google Cloud. My comments will be on year-over-year comparisons for the third quarter, unless I state otherwise. We will start with results at the Alphabet level, followed by segment results, and conclude with our outlook. For the third quarter, our consolidated revenues were $65.1 billion, up 41%, or up 39% in constant currency. Our total cost of revenues was $27.6 billion, up 31%, primarily driven by growth in TAC, which was $11.5 billion, up 41%. Other cost of revenues were $16.1 billion, up 24%, reflecting in part the benefit from the change in useful lives made earlier this year. The largest driver of the growth in other cost of revenues was content acquisition costs. Operating expenses were $16.5 billion, up 19%, in terms of the three component parts of OpEx. First, the increase in R&D expenses was driven primarily by headcount growth. Second, the growth in sales and marketing expenses was driven by headcount growth, followed by the continued ramp-up of spending on ads and promo, in contrast to the pullback in the third quarter last year. Finally, the increase in G&A reflects the impact of charges relating to legal matters, followed by headcount growth. Operating income was $21 billion, up 88%, and our operating margin was 32%. Other income and expense was $2 billion, which primarily reflects unrealized gains in the value of investments in equity securities. Net income was $18.9 billion. We continue to generate strong free cash flow of $18.7 billion in the quarter and $65.7 billion for the trailing 12 months. We ended the third quarter with $142 billion in cash and marketable securities. Let me now turn to our segment financial results, starting with our Google Services segment. Total Google Services revenues were $59.9 billion, up 41%. Google Search and other advertising revenues of $37.9 billion in the quarter were up 44%, with broad-based strength across our business, led again by strong growth in retail. YouTube advertising revenues of $7.2 billion were up 43% due to strength in both direct response and brand advertising. The deceleration in the growth rate versus the second quarter was driven by lapping a strong recovery in brand in the third quarter of last year. Network advertising revenues of $8 billion were up 40%. Other revenues were $6.8 billion, up 23%, driven by growth in YouTube non-advertising revenues and hardware, which benefited from the addition of Fitbit revenues. Google Services operating income was $24 billion, up 66%, and the operating margin was 40%. Turning to the Google Cloud segment, revenues were $5 billion for the third quarter, up 45%. GCP's revenue growth was again above Cloud overall, reflecting significant growth in both infrastructure and platform services. Strong revenue growth in Google Workspace was driven by robust growth in both seats and average revenue per seat. Google Cloud had an operating loss of $644 million. As to our other bets in the third quarter, revenues were $182 million. The operating loss was $1.3 billion. Let me close with some comments on our outlook. With respect to foreign exchange impact on reported revenues, based on current spot rates, we expect virtually no impact in Q4, in contrast to a 1.5% tailwind in Q3 and 4% in Q2. In terms of outlook by segment for Google Services, as I noted, the strength of our revenues in Q3 reflected both underlying strength in advertiser and user activity, as well as the impact from lapping weaker performance in the comparable period last year. Given the gradual recovery in results through the back half of 2020, the benefit from lapping prior-year performance diminished in Q3 versus Q2 and will diminish further in Q4. Within other revenues, in the fourth quarter, we expect the ongoing drivers of revenue growth to be hardware due to the benefit from the holiday selling season and inclusion of Fitbit, as well as YouTube subscriptions. Google Play's contribution to revenue growth will remain more muted given the ongoing impact of both lapping the increased level of user engagement that started in the first quarter of 2020 due to the pandemic, as well as the fee change that took effect on July 1. Within Google Services, we expect sales and marketing expenses to be elevated in the fourth quarter to support the holiday season. Turning to Google Cloud, we remain focused on revenue growth and are pleased with the trends we are seeing. In GCP, our customer wins, as Sundar noted, reflect our multi-year investments in products and solutions that are purpose-built to solve for the biggest opportunities within our targeted eight industries. The benefit of these solutions to our customers is clear, and they are choosing to work with us as their long-term transformation partner. With respect to Workspace, we are pleased with the ongoing momentum in both seat growth and average revenue per seat, which underscores the value of collaborative solutions, in particular as people increasingly are embracing a hybrid work model. Across Cloud, we continue to invest aggressively, both in growing our go-to-market and product teams, as well as building out our Cloud regions. At the Alphabet level, headcount grew by nearly 6,000 in the third quarter, including our seasonal campus hires, and we expect robust headcount growth in Q4 for both Google Services and Google Cloud. Turning to CapEx, the results in the third quarter primarily reflect ongoing investment in our technical infrastructure, most notably in servers, to support ongoing growth in Google Services and Google Cloud. We also continue to increase the pace of investment in fit-outs and ground-up construction of office facilities to accommodate our ongoing headcount growth globally. We will continue to pursue real estate acquisition opportunities where it makes sense, as you saw in our New York City announcement in Q3. Thank you. And now, Sundar, Philipp, and I will take your questions. Thank you. As a reminder, to ask a question, you will need to press Star one on your telephone. To withdraw your question, please press the Pound key. To prevent any background noise, we ask that you please mute your line once your question has been stated. And our first question comes from Eric Sheridan from Goldman Sachs. Your line is now open. Thank you very much for taking the questions. Maybe first one for Sundar, a big picture. Coming back to how you started the call, when you look out over the next three to five years, what do you see as some of the big investments that Google needs to make to marry your ambitions on AI and machine learning against aligning Google's broader product and services against the rising digitalization of the global economy? We'd love to have that as a framing over the next three to five years, and then maybe I'm not sure if it directed better at Philipp or Ruth, but on a shorter duration basis, there seemed to be an element of headwinds and tailwinds in the broader macro economy. Can you talk a little bit about the business elements of Google's products and what elements of reopening dynamic you're seeing on a sector basis versus potential headwinds as we move into Q4 next year from things like supply chain shortages or labor shortages or things like that? Thanks so much in advance for the color. Eric, great question. You're right in the fact that AI and ML itself is the broader, deeper investments we are driving, and we are using it across our product portfolio. The recent launch of Tensor and Pixel 6 is a great example of that. So, for example, we are willing to go as deep in the stack as needed, silicon both on the Cloud side with our Tensor processing units, and Google Tensor on the client side is an example of that. So, overall, thinking through compute, networking, building data centers, making sure they are clean and carbon-free, and really investing in the advanced models and algorithms on top, which is a lot of it just done by our AI Research Teams. So, making sure we are able to attract the best talent across the world is all part of that. But you'll continue to see us undertake deep technology investments. And beyond that horizon, that's why we are thinking even about areas like quantum computing and so on. To the second part of your question, we continue to watch countries as vaccination rates climb and local regulations ease. We expect some amount of heterogeneity in recovery, depending obviously on location and vaccination rates. Because every region is different, it's hard to make a generalization from the data right now. That said, the consumer shift to digital is real and will continue even as we start seeing people return to stores. Shopping habits have ebbed and flowed over the last 20 months, but the underlying takeaway is that people want more choice. They want more information, more flexibility, and we don't see this reversing. Omnichannel, I talked about it, is definitely in full force. I said this earlier. We've been really focused on building features and solutions to help retailers large and small succeed here. We think this will continue as the world reopens and shoppers fluctuate between online and in-store based on whatever is really more convenient. YouTube is exciting for many reasons. It's incredible to see the amount of content that's valuable for people across so many topics, and we're helping advertisers tap into this. Whether it's browsing for inspiration, product research, or actually making the purchase, a billion shopping sessions happen across Google every day, and they're happening on Search and YouTube and Image Search and the Shopping tab and Lens and so on. Frankly, we're really encouraged by the long-term opportunity in commerce, and we're laser-focused on helping businesses of all sizes connect with their customers wherever they are. Thank you. And our next question comes from Brian Nowak from Morgan Stanley. Your line is now open. Hi, it's Brenda Ahn for Brian. Thanks for taking our questions. We have two. The first one, you have made notable strides in the retail search category over the past 12-18 months, and there seems to be more to come. Can you talk to us about which other search verticals where you are most excited to innovate and invest around within the next year or two? My second question is maybe one on augmented reality. You have made some real progress here and now have some budding product integrations. Philosophically, how do you think about the key augmented reality use cases you are focused on enabling? And do you need an Alphabet-specific hardware set to capitalize on the opportunity? Thank you. Maybe I'll take the second one first. On augmented reality, for a while, we have deeply focused on thinking through computing for the long- term. We've talked about ambient computing, and it's just a matter of time before beyond phones, you will see other successful form factors, and AR is an exciting part of that future. We are looking at all the deep investments we need to make. I think it's going to take some time. And so, for example, when you look at something like Google Lens or when you look at the fact that we are making search work in a multimodal way, or when you think about YouTube and making sure it works well in a VR/AR world. So, we are obviously investing in all our services. And beyond that, from a computing standpoint, both our hardware teams as well as our platform teams are thinking through definitely, and it's going to be a major area of investment for us. On the first question about, I think Philipp spoke about Shopping. Search is part of what makes search so successful as people use it for a wide variety of use cases, and so we really invest comprehensively across all experiences, be it local and maps, be it images, be it videos. And so, we are definitely investing a lot. People do come to search for education as well. So, making sure we are comprehensive has just been a major area of focus, particularly through the pandemic. And so, the strength of search is both in its depth and breadth, and getting it right with a high focus on quality, and we'll continue to do that. Thank you. Our next question comes from Doug Anmuth from JP Morgan. Your line is now open. Thanks for taking the questions. I have two. First, I was just curious if you're seeing any impact at all from the Apple iOS changes in your business, perhaps particularly in YouTube. And then second, given retail is the biggest driver of services growth, and of course, you're really just touching all parts of the economy, any more commentary on how you're thinking about supply and labor shortage dynamics in the fourth quarter, and if you're perhaps seeing anything thus far there? Thank you. Thanks for the question. Starting with the iOS 14 changes. So, overall, as we said, we're pleased with the strength across our business in the third quarter. It was broad-based. It was global. In terms of the iOS 14 changes specifically, they had a modest impact on YouTube revenues. That was primarily in Direct Response. I think, as you all know well, focusing on privacy has been core to what we've been doing consistently. And let me have Philipp take you through some more on that. Yeah, so from our standpoint, we see ATT as one aspect of the many broader ecosystem changes that are underway, and we've been investing in privacy-preserving technology for many years. Our focus is on supporting developers, small and large advertisers, creators, publishers, so that they're able to mitigate impact to their businesses, and we really see the future of digital advertising being built on advances in privacy-preserving on-device technologies, which support the free and open internet and obviously a robust ads ecosystem. On your supply chain questions, I would say performance in Q3 was strong across ads revenue lines, regions, and nearly all verticals. In line with the widespread reporting of supply chain weakness in the auto industry, we've seen some impact on vehicles within the auto vertical, which started earlier in the year, although the impact has really been offset somewhat by increased demand in related areas like parts, accessories, repairs, and maintenance. Great. Thank you. Thank you. And our next question comes from Justin Post from Bank of America. Your line is now open. Thank you. One for Sundar and one for Ruth. Sundar, margins have been strong this year, and I think the depreciation change has helped. Can you just comment on how you see the current investing spending levels of the company? Are you in good shape? Anything where you might be increasing investment? And then for Ruth, there are news about Play Store fee cuts on the subscription piece. How do we think about that maybe impacting the business in 2022 when those start to take effect? Thank you. You know, at a high level, look, I mean, I've taken a long-term view, and we are obviously investing both in foundational technologies like AI and just deeper computer science overall and applying it across a prioritized set of areas. And so, no change in the framework. If anything, I do feel with the digital transformation underway, if anything, we feel a sense of urgency to execute against the opportunities we see. So, still working within the long-term framework. Maybe Ruth and Philipp? Yeah. If I can just add on to the margin and go to your second part of the question, just a bit of context on the third quarter here. An important point, hopefully self-evident, is that the improvement in the Q3 operating margin does reflect the strong revenue growth in the quarter. And as I said on the second quarter call, some of our costs are less variable in the short term, such as depreciation and the operations costs of our data centers. And we did have a gross margin benefit from this in the near- term, but consistent with Sundar's comments and Philipp's, we do continue to invest here. And then to support long-term growth across both Google Services and Google Cloud, we're continuing to invest at a meaningful clip across headcount, compute, sales, and marketing. I noted the headcount increase in Q3 of about 6,000, and we do expect the pace of hiring to remain strong. The benefit from the change in useful lives was obviously in the quarter as well, and that benefit does diminish, is lower in the fourth quarter, so just to put some of that in context, and as Sundar said, we are continuing to invest in the business, focusing on long-term growth. With respect to the Play changes, again, just as it relates to this quarter, and I think, as I said in opening comments, the key point to note there was that results lap the strength that we had in going into the pandemic from user engagement, and that continues seeing user engagement, but yes, there is a reduction in the fee that kicks in, the one that we just announced last week. It kicks in as of January 2022, and we'll let you do the modeling on that. Thank you. Thank you. And our next question comes from Mark Mahaney from ISI. Your line is now open. Thanks. Two questions. Is there anything that suggests that some of these ATT headwinds for other people in the industry actually cause shifts in budget over to your platforms, your different platforms? And then that's for Philipp. And then Ruth, just on the margins, is there anything other than revenue overage, that really strong revenue performance flowing against fixed costs and the extended depreciation schedules that's causing those margins to rise, or have you been able to work out, eke out, tweak out new efficiencies in the model itself? Thank you very much. So, why don't I start on that? The key points, as I said, is it starts with strong revenue growth and just timing lags. Some of the costs, as I said, are kind of more fixed in the near term, but we do continue to invest, and you can see that in gross margin. You can see it in operating margin, and we are continuing to invest to support growth we see in both Google services and Google Cloud. In up-leveling the question, we've consistently said our focus in capital allocation is investing for long-term growth and innovation and making sure that we remain focused on those long-term opportunities. At the same time, we've consistently also said that it's important to ensure that we're being sharp about investments within each product area, and we're continuing to do that, and we're continuing to focus on investing in what we call operational excellence to ensure we can deliver for all of our stakeholders in a high-quality way, and that includes all of our efforts around privacy, security, and content moderation, so you're seeing us continue to invest there. A bit of puts and takes. We're trying to ensure that we're setting up all of the areas to deliver for long-term high-quality performance and results. On the first question around ad budgets and shift and stuff, I don't think there's anything notable that we have observed to comment on. Thank you very much. Thank you. And our next question comes from Brent Thill from Jefferies. Your line is now open. Thanks. On Google Cloud, we continue to hear from the partners that the deal size is building, and BigQuery is having a big impact for a lot of your customers. Can you just talk to and expand on what you're seeing there and any other noticeable trends that you're seeing now that maybe you hadn't seen in the past? Thank you. Thanks. Look, overall, we continue to see strong momentum. The team is executing well. You mentioned BigQuery. Data and analytics and AI continues to be kind of a foundational shift for what companies are trying to accomplish, and BigQuery does stand out there. And we are definitely seeing continued momentum there. It's a source of strength. The other areas I would highlight are security continues to be an increasing area of focus and a differentiator for us, given over two decades of investment we have had. We pioneered zero trust and so on. So, as cybersecurity elevates in concern across companies I talk to and the CEOs, it's definitely been an area. Multi-cloud continues to be a differentiator. I do think customers are increasingly looking for it, and we've embraced it from early on, so that is an area as well. But above all, I think we are very, very focused on industry value propositions, so really sharpening our solutions by vertical, and that's really helped us get some of the bigger deals you mentioned as well. And we'll continue doing that. Thank you. Thank you. And our next question comes from Michael Nathanson from MoffettNathanson. Your line is now open. Thanks. I have one for Sundar and then one for Philipp. Sundar, you talked earlier about the JioPhone Next and the launch next week in India. I wonder if you can talk about the longer-term opportunity for Alphabet in India from opening up that product in any type of time frame when you think you will see maybe the benefits of what you're doing on the low-price phone there. And then for Philipp, it just seems longer term as mobile targeting becomes more difficult due to all these privacy changes that there has to be a mind shift in budgets. I wonder, how do you think the value proposition of search will change going forward, and what can you do even more than you've done before to take advantage of what looks like real challenges in ability to target and measure when it comes to mobile search, I mean, when it comes to mobile advertising? Thanks. On India, thanks for the question. Look, I think obviously the pandemic has been hard, but through it all, people are looking for access, and there's definitely been a wave of people who have adopted smartphones, and there is still, we see the demand for people looking to shift from feature phones to smartphones, and so part of what excites me about the upcoming partnership with Jio in building a phone is really investing beyond just English and getting languages and getting the local needs right for people and doing it in a way that many more people can take advantages of a smartphone, so I view it as laying the foundation. It's a version of digital transformation, and it's palpable, the demand we see, and I think over a three to five-year time frame, it'll end up having a lot of impact. But overall, India, just like Asia-Pacific, continues to be an exciting market for us. We see strength across the categories we are involved in, and so you'll continue to see us stay focused there. And to the second part of your question, look, as I said, we see the future of digital advertising being built on advances and privacy-preserving on-device technologies. This is a big area that we've invested already and that we're going to invest in even more. And as far as how we think about our runway for growth, we really think about improving user and advertiser experience for years and years to come. And we're always asking ourselves the same questions, right? How do we drive better answers to queries, especially on search, especially including those with commercial intent? How do you use machine learning to deliver even more relevant and higher quality experiences for users that then drive higher clicks and more conversions for advertisers? So really, our main goal is to consistently deliver great experiences for users, drive incremental value for our partners, and make them successful. As long as we do this and we continue to invest in the privacy-preserving technologies I mentioned, we should continue to see budgets move our way. Thank you. Thank you. Our next question comes from Ross Sandler from Barclays. Your line is now open. Hey, guys. I just had a high-level question on YouTube. So you're obviously doing really well there. And as large as it is and as high as the engagement is compared to just about any other app that we see across the broader internet, the revenue at just around $30 billion this year pales in comparison to core Facebook or Instagram. So do you think that this is obviously a huge opportunity for YouTube, especially with connected TV? Is there something that you guys need to change about your approach with either direct sales or kind of decoupling search from YouTube and some of the other products that Google has under the same roof? Or do you kind of think continuing along the same path is the right strategy for YouTube specifically? Any color on that would be helpful. Look, I think obviously YouTube is unique in the sense that it's a true video-native video-first product from day one, and so you are dealing with a new form, and obviously, as a company, I think we have taken a long-term view, which is why you see the engagement on the product. It's working at scale. Content responsibility has been our most important focus for the past many years, and beyond that, I think we have worked hard to make sure both creators can do well, and it's a great platform for advertisers. We've had strengthened brand. We've built on it with robust momentum and direct response. There's obviously newer opportunities such as shopping, which we are investing in, and Shorts represents an additional early but important area for us from an investment and a growth standpoint, so I feel the fundamentals of the platform are strong. With a long-term view, I see this as an area where we have more upside. And so we'll continue our investments with that in mind. Thank you. And our next question comes from Colin Sebastian from Baird. Your line is now open. Thank you. A couple of big picture questions. Sundar, first off, looking at GCP and some of the innovations you've talked about, like Distributed Cloud, I just wonder what you think the long-term future is for hybrid cloud environments. Are they really, or is this really just part of the process or stepping stones to bring more companies or most companies over to full cloud adoption? And then secondly, we're seeing a clear blurring of the lines among e-commerce, digital payments, and social platforms. So I was hoping you could share the vision for Google and YouTube and the other Google apps in this context, how those pieces fit together as a closed-loop shopping platform, if that's the right way to think about it. Thank you. To your first question on GCP, part of our strength is we have taken a very open and scalable and flexible approach. And we don't view it as a one-size-fits-all. So we want to meet the customers the way they want to take this journey. And I think our gearing up to support them both from a multi-cloud, from a hybrid cloud standpoint. But I do think over time, when I look at the scale at which we are investing to support, particularly to my points earlier around security and so on, I think people will see the value more, so value more of a hosted cloud solution. But I think we want to be customer-centric here, and then we want to go where the market goes. And that's why we've built the scalable infrastructure we have. So I'm excited about the opportunity there. On your second question around e-commerce, digital platforms, shopping, social, how does it all fit together? For me, I see it as two things. One is we want to get the primitives right, which means as a user being able to be in search and YouTube either on the products or as you we are trying to connect merchants to users, right, and be it organically or through advertising. And so we are investing in identity, payments, making sure it's seamless for users. And so that's a big part of our focus. The second is really from a user experience standpoint, both in search and in YouTube and other areas like Maps and Discover over time. We want to make sure if users want to act more beyond Discovery and they want to do more, that it's seamless to do so. But we are going to be very focused on making sure for merchants that they get access to users, and that's the value proposition we deeply care about. And so we'll invest with that view in mind. Okay. Thank you very much. Thank you. And our last question comes from the line of Stephen Ju from Credit Suisse. Your line is now open. Okay. Thank you. So Sundar, I think in the past, we've talked about the intersection of hardware and software for Google. And you touched on the Pixel 6 as well as the other examples in your prepared remarks. But as you look at all the different directions you're going with Fitbit, Nest, and all the other devices, how has your thinking evolved over the years? And what do you envision a hardware and software integrated Google meaning to the consumer over the longer term? And I guess, Philipp, if you look at some of the emerging and developing markets today, some of the companies there around the world have had to play multiple roles in helping to solve for transactional friction by rolling out payments, logistics, and other solutions that we probably take for granted here in the States. So do you think Google should or could play a more expansive role in India and some of the other emerging markets to help accelerate the growth of e-commerce versus the role that you played in the U.S. and the West? Thanks. In overall hardware and computing, obviously, we have been doing this for a while now. If you look at the Google Tensor bet, these are multi-year bets which finally play out. And I couldn't be more excited at the reception for Pixel 6 and Google Tensor. And I think it lays a good foundation of what we want to do in the future. We definitely have a long-term view on where computing is headed. We want to make sure and to innovate there, you have to think at the intersection of user experience, software, and hardware. I think we have a unique perspective to bring, a unique point of view with our AI-first approach and applying that to bring new features and new experiences. So we'll be doing it to push computing forward. We want to guide our ecosystem. When we do well in a category, the whole ecosystem benefits from it. And finally, we're going to be doing this with a view to building a sustainable business. And we see this as an important area, and we are investing with that viewpoint. And I'm really excited with what Google Tensor and the Pixel 6 team has been able to accomplish and view it just as a start. So on the second part of your question, look, every commerce experience is also a payment experience. And friction-laden checkout can take the joy out of a purchase. I think we've all been there. So think about Google Pay as a checkout facilitator. We want to make it even easier for consumers to access whatever payment method they really want: credit card, PayPal, Shop Pay, and so on and so on. And to the global nature of your question, 150 million people across 40 countries are now using Google Pay to manage transactions and stay on top of their finances. And millions of merchants are using it to provide their customers with a simple and safe way to check out, whether it's in store or online or via their app. Right now, we continue to be very focused on helping both merchants and financial institutions create more intuitive digital experiences and connect with their customers. In the U.S., we're partnering with merchants to surface what we call card-linked offers and coupons within Google Pay. In August, we announced the partnership with a Setu fintech company in India that was a part of your question to help users open fixed deposit accounts directly from Google Pay. We think there's much more that we can do for both consumers and our partners. Stay tuned on this one. Thank you. Thank you. And that concludes our question and answer session. I'd like to turn the conference back over to Jim Friedland for any closing remarks. Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. We look forward to speaking with you again on our fourth quarter 2021 call. Thank you and have a good evening.