Welcome, everyone, and thank you for standing by for the Alphabet Inc second quarter 2022 earnings call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. To ask a question during that session, you will need to press star 11 on your telephone. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Jim Friedland, Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead. Thank you. Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to Alphabet's second quarter 2022 earnings conference call. With us today are Sundar Pichai, Philipp Schindler, and Ruth Porat. Now, I'll quickly cover the safe harbor. Some of the statements that we make today regarding our business, operations, and financial performance may be considered forward-looking, and such statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. For more information, please refer to the risk factors discussed in our most recent form 10-K filed with the SEC. During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release, which is distributed and available to the public through our Investor Relations website located at abc.xyz/investor. Now, I'll turn the call over to Sundar. Thank you, Jim, and good afternoon, everyone. I'm proud of how our teams continue to build helpful products and experiences for people and partners. Reflecting this, our performance in Search in the second quarter was strong. We're also seeing momentum in Cloud. With an uncertain global economic outlook, our strategy to invest in deep technology and computer science to build helpful products for the long term is the right one. Our ability to take the long view stems from our timeless mission to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. At Google I/O in May, I talked about two key ways we move that mission forward: advancing both knowledge and computing. Those goals are at the heart of what we do. We know that our services are particularly helpful to people and businesses during uncertain moments, whether it's using Search or YouTube to find anything from anywhere, or highly efficient tools like Search Ads that help businesses of all sizes reach customers, or Google Cloud, which helps companies adapt to hybrid work and find efficiencies. We'll continue to invest in areas like AI, Search, and Cloud, and we'll do it responsibly and in a way that is responsive to the current environment. Earlier this month, I announced that we'll be slowing our hiring and sharpening our focus as a company. We are focused on hiring engineering, technical, and other critical roles, and we are working to improve productivity and ensure that the great talent we do hire is aligned with our long-term priorities. Turning now to product highlights. Years ago, we made a big bet on AI. We believed that it would be transformational for our business and for the world. We are still in the early days, yet AI already underpins many of our most helpful products and services. For example, AI is helping us create entirely new ways to search. People are using Google Lens to do visual searches more than eight billion times per month. A new feature called Multisearch helps people find what they need using words and images at the same time. Later this year, Multisearch will be able to help people find local results near them. AI is also helping improve translation. With a new monolingual approach to translation, we've added 24 new languages to Google Translate spoken by 300 million people, and a new Immersive View in Maps uses computer vision, AI, and billions of images to create high-fidelity representations of places around the world. Beyond AI, we are also seeing a new frontier with augmented reality. We've been testing exciting prototypes in our labs, like the device we shared at I/O that puts real-time translation and transcription in your line of sight. It's one example of how AR can solve real needs in the real world, and last week, we announced that we will soon begin early testing of AR prototypes in real-world scenarios. Our goal is to learn how they can help people in their everyday lives. Our investments in commerce are another way we deliver helpful experiences. People are shopping across Google more than a billion times each day. We see hundreds of millions of shopping searches on Google Images each month. Merchants will soon be able to submit 3D images of their products to appear directly on Google Search so customers can try before they buy. We're also focused on bringing together hardware, software, and AI in a range of helpful devices. At I/O, we announced great new products, including Pixel 6a, Pixel Buds Pro, and Pixel Watch. We are currently taking pre-orders for Pixel 6a and Pixel Buds Pro. It's been great to see the positive feedback so far. And on platforms, I'm proud that Android remains the world's most popular operating system with more than 3 billion monthly active devices worldwide. Last year alone, consumers activated 1 billion Android phones. We are making it easy for Android users to share photos and communicate with friends and family with a modern messaging standard called Rich Communication Services, or RCS. Across our platforms and beyond, we keep more people safe online than anyone else in the world. Safe Browsing on Chrome browsers helps protect billions of people every day by warning them when they try to access dangerous sites or files. Earlier this year, we rolled out a new machine learning model that identifies more than twice as many potentially malicious sites and phishing attacks as the previous model, helping to contribute to a safer and more secure web. We've also unified our password managers across Chrome and Android. Now, stored passwords can be grouped and protected across devices, apps, and the web. Taking a closer look at YouTube, YouTube Shorts are watched by over 1.5 billion signed-in users every month, with more than 30 billion daily views. In Q2, YouTube TV surpassed 5 million subscribers, including trialers. There's also a lot of potential for shopping on YouTube. Just last week, we announced a partnership with Shopify. It'll help creators easily connect their stores to YouTube and enable shopping across their live streams and videos. There's more to come here. Moving on to Cloud, which surpassed the $6 billion quarterly revenue mark for the first time. Q2 revenue grew to $6.3 billion, with momentum across Google Cloud Platform and Workspace. We saw continued demand in all geographies, with global brands like Target in North America, H&M Group in Europe, Banco BV in Latin America, and Bio F arma in Asia. We launched Google Public Sector in June, expanding our commitment to help U.S. government agencies and public institutions accelerate their digital transformations, from New York State and Arizona State University to the U.S. Forest Service and the state of Rhode Island. Customers are choosing Google Cloud as their technology partner because of our leadership in four areas. First, we continue to lead in the data cloud market because we unify data lakes, data warehouses, data governance, and advanced machine learning into a single platform that can analyze data across any cloud. Companies like SC Johnson, Northwell Health, and the Golden State Warriors choose Google Cloud for our strength in data analytics. Our capabilities helped SWISS Air optimize its flight operations. They're also helping ENGIE explore ways to optimize wind energy management and Ford to create smarter factory floors. Second, companies like KeyBank and Mayo Clinic choose our open cloud infrastructure to modernize their IT systems on our cloud, at the edge, or in their data centers. Our infrastructure scales to help customers like Deutsche Telekom modernize its network, Wipro to modernize its core systems, and Garvan Institute of Medical Research to process 14,000 genomes in under two weeks. Our multi-cloud strategy remains a differentiator for customers like Elevance Health, formerly known as Anthem, and AMD. Third, cybersecurity. Google has always provided a secure cloud infrastructure, and we continue to introduce new cybersecurity products that help customers detect, protect, and respond to a broad range of cybersecurity threats. Customers like GitLab, Highmark Health, and Iron Mountain protect their critical systems and data with our products. Caribou Coffee and Etsy are among the five million websites protected by our cybersecurity technology. Finally, Google Workspace, easy to use and secure communication and collaboration tools continue to be chosen by many organizations as they return to hybrid work. Google Workspace helped St. Luke's Medical Center, a leading healthcare system in the Philippines, address a 38% increase in telehealth visits during the pandemic. Results like this are driving growth in many customer segments around the world, including digital natives like Canva, large enterprises like Travis Perkins plc, and public sector institutions, including the central Dutch government. Finally, our other bets. Waymo expanded rider-only testing with employees to include downtown Phoenix and started testing at Phoenix's Sky Harbor Airport. It also began charging trusted tester riders in San Francisco, a step closer to launching a commercial service with fully autonomous trips. Waymo also opened a new facility to support Waymo Via, their autonomous Class 8 trucking solution, as they continue to increase their operations and investment across the Southwest region. Calico is testing an investigational drug treatment in patients with ALS developed in collaboration with AbbVie. It's an early step of many in the development process. Wing recently surpassed 250,000 commercial deliveries and unveiled a series of delivery drone prototypes able to carry different-sized packages. There is good progress here and will continue to be intentional across the portfolio. To close, while the economic outlook is uncertain, it's been great to see people gathering in person again. We are pleased to see people coming back into the office more often, resulting in more opportunities for collaboration. It's a privilege to build technology that's helpful in both good times and uncertain ones. And I want to thank everyone at Alphabet and Google for their work in support of people, businesses, and all of our partners everywhere. Over to you, Philipp. Thanks, Sundar, and hi, everyone. It's always great to be with you all. As Sundar indicated, we're as focused as ever on helping businesses navigate complexity and operate from a position of confidence. AI-powered tools, insights, and automation are arming customers and partners with the ability to stay agile and responsive so they can capture short-term opportunities while also building for the long term. You've seen our own commitment to the long term in our latest innovation announcements at I/O, Google Marketing Live, and Brandcast. Sundar covered a number of these. I'll dive deeper into a few more, including how we're improving our advertiser experiences and building simpler, more useful products for our partners. Within Google Services, Search delivered strong revenue growth in the second quarter, driven by performance in both travel and retail. In travel, users' appetite continued to remain strong heading into the summer season. Searches for places to visit in summer were up 2x globally year-over-year, while searches for last-minute hotel deals were up 50%. However, as we've all seen in the news recently, the travel sector has been experiencing some challenges. As always, we're committed to helping our travel partners navigate this with insights and new tools. Then there's retail, where we had another solid quarter. At GML, we highlighted how we're continuing to innovate to help merchants make the most of how quickly consumer shopping is evolving. Like Best Buy, who's embracing a full omnichannel approach, from measurement to bidding to using omni ad formats across Google. By adopting omni across its Local Inventory Ads portfolio and showcasing curbside and in-store pickup, Best Buy increased in-store revenue from Google Ads by 34% last year. Today's customers expect to shop wherever, whenever, and they care as much about local as they do about finding inspiration for the next purchase online. In Q2, searches for "Open Now Near Me" were up 8x globally year-over-year, while searches for designer outlet jumped 90%. We also saw strong interest in apparel categories like women's clothing and in beauty categories like perfume and fragrances. With AI-powered tools like Performance Max, which local and Smart Shopping campaigns will upgrade to in time for the holidays, we're helping businesses move at speed and scale to reach new and existing customers wherever they are in their shopping journey with relevant, useful content. We've seen strong momentum with PMax. Advertiser adoption is up five times year to date. Sustainable apparel brand Rothy's drove a 59% increase in conversions and a 60% increase in revenue after turning to PMax. By leveraging its creative assets and showing them at scale, Rothy's reached more customers in a way it hadn't been able to do before. Innovating across search and YouTube also remained top priorities. Sundar mentioned new 3D AR features. Target and Wayfair are testing these to help customers see and shop products in real life. We launched new ad formats for our more visual, browsy search experiences, and then there's cool live commerce capabilities like Live Redirect, which let creators start a shopping live stream on their channel and then redirect viewers to a brand's channel for more. Let's dive deeper into YouTube. In the second quarter, the biggest factor in the year-over-year comparison was the lapping of a very strong second quarter in 2021, when we experienced a strong recovery from the impact of COVID in early 2020. Ruth will provide more details on this later on. As we continue to help advertisers manage through uncertainty, I would point out three key highlights for YouTube. First, Brandcast joined the upfronts in New York in May for the first time ever, a reflection of how digital and linear TV worlds are converging for both viewers and advertisers. As the number one streaming video platform to reach viewers across all devices, with billions of hours of video watched every day, YouTube remains well-positioned to deliver the reach, results, and relevance that advertisers need. In fact, even in TV's biggest moments, YouTube is still delivering huge incremental reach. According to Comscore, 49.9% of adults that saw a Super Bowl ad on YouTube on the day of the Super Bowl did not see the ad on TV. And as more advertisers tap into connected TV, they're also driving results. According to Google-commissioned Nielsen meta-analysis of MMMs that measured YouTube CTV and TV across U.S. consumer packaged goods, on average, YouTube CTV effectiveness was 3.1 times greater than TV. Take GSK Consumer Healthcare, now Haleon, who piloted CTV campaigns across its top 10 global markets to drive effectiveness at scale and tap into the shift to streaming. The results: 73% of campaigns drove substantial lift in brand and unbranded searches, and viewers were up to 14 times more likely to search for Haleon-related terms. Adding CTV to its existing plans also led to greater efficiencies and savings. Haleon has since upped its 2022-2023 investment and is now expanding CTV across LATAM and EMEA markets. Second, as Sundar said, our momentum in shorts continues. Last quarter, we shared that we're in the early stages of testing monetization with ads, and we continue to be encouraged by the results so far. Third, there's full-f unnel, which we've covered before, and more advertisers are embracing. On average, YouTube advertisers using a full- funnel strategy experienced 80% unique reach across brand and action campaigns. With this incremental reach across upper and lower funnel formats, advertisers meet different audiences based on where they are in the purchase journey. Estée Lauder, Taiwan's recent campaign for its advanced night repair serum, is a great example. Branded content collaboration with top creators raised awareness, while YouTube's shopping shelf feature boosted consideration. And to generate new leads and sales, a series of well-orchestrated action formats did the trick. This full- funnel strategy drove 29% more unique visits to its website and a 95% increase in sales. With our performance products, advertisers can convert demand. With our massive reach products, they create net new demand at scale. Lastly, an update on how we're bringing the best across Google to our partners and key ecosystems. First, in gaming, to help Bandai Namco Entertainment drive immersive gaming experiences and build a more robust IP strategy, we're partnering across cloud, geo, ads, YouTube, and more. And then there's news. Google News Showcase now has 1,500-plus partnerships with publications across 17 countries, including recent agreements with publications in the U.K., Romania, and Slovakia. I'll close, as I always do, with gratitude for customers and partners, and for Googlers across sales, partnerships, product engineering, and our many, many support teams. Thank you for your tireless commitment to making a positive impact around the world. Ruth, over to you. Thank you, Philipp. Our financial results for the second quarter reflect strength in Search and momentum in Cloud. My comments will be on year-over-year comparisons for the second quarter, unless I state otherwise. I will start with results at the Alphabet level, followed by segment results, and conclude with our outlook. For the second quarter, our consolidated revenues were $69.7 billion, up 13%, or up 16% in constant currency. Our total cost of revenues was $30.1 billion, up 15%, primarily driven by other cost of revenues, which was $17.9 billion, up 17%. The biggest factor here was costs associated with data centers and other operations. Operating expenses were $20.1 billion, up 24%, reflecting the following. First, the increase in R&D expenses, which was driven primarily by headcount growth. Second, the growth in sales and marketing expenses, which was driven primarily by increased spending on ads and promo, followed by headcount growth. And finally, the growth in G&A, which reflects increases in both professional service fees and in headcount, partially offset by a decline in charges related to legal matters. Operating income was $19.5 billion, flat versus last year, and our operating margin was 28%. Other income and expense was a loss of $439 million. Net income was $16 billion. We delivered free cash flow of $12.6 billion in the quarter and $65 billion for the trailing 12 months. We ended the quarter with $125 billion in cash and marketable securities. Let me now turn to our segment financial results, starting with our Google Services segment. Total Google Services revenues were $62.8 billion, up 10%. Google Search and other advertising revenues, up $40.7 billion in the quarter, were up 14%, driven by both travel and retail. YouTube advertising revenues of $7.3 billion were up 5%. The modest year-on-year growth rate primarily reflects lapping the uniquely strong performance in the second quarter of 2021. Network advertising revenues of $8.3 billion were up 9%, driven by AdSense. The quarter-on-quarter deceleration in both YouTube and network advertising revenues primarily reflects pullbacks in spend by some advertisers. Other revenues were $6.6 billion, down 1%, reflecting a year-on-year decline in Play, primarily driven by the fee changes we have discussed previously. We also saw a slowdown in buyer spend due to a number of factors, including lower engagement levels compared with earlier stages of the pandemic. In terms of costs within Google Services, TAC was $12.2 billion, up 12%. Google Services operating income was $22.8 billion, up 2%, and the operating margin was 36%. Turning to the Google Cloud segment, revenues were $6.3 billion for the second quarter, up 36%. GCP's revenue growth was again greater than Cloud's, reflecting significant growth in both infrastructure and platform services. Strong revenue growth in Google Workspace was driven by solid growth in both seats and average revenue per seat. Google Cloud had an operating loss of $858 million. As to our other bets for the second quarter, revenues were $193 million, and the operating loss was $1.7 billion. Let me close with some comments on our outlook. In terms of the Google Services segment, we are pleased with our performance in search in the second quarter, which continued to deliver strong results. As a reminder, the 2022 revenue growth rates are presented against particularly tough comps as we lapped the recovery in the second quarter of 2021 from the impact of the pandemic in early 2020. Going forward, the very strong revenue performance last year continues to create tough comps that will weigh on year-on-year growth rates of advertising revenues for the remainder of the year. In YouTube and network, the pullbacks in spend by some advertisers in the second quarter reflects uncertainty about a number of factors that are challenging to disaggregate. Within other revenues in the third quarter, we expect an ongoing headwind from the fee changes and the slowdown in buyer spend that impacted results in the second quarter. Turning to Google Cloud, customers are transforming their businesses utilizing GCP's secure infrastructure with data, analytics, and AI capabilities, uncovering real-time insights and leveraging the collaborative tools of Workspace. They are in the early days of this transformation, and we continue to invest in our products, go-to-market capabilities, and cloud regions. In terms of foreign exchange, our second quarter results reflect that the U.S. dollar strengthened versus last year from a significant tailwind last year to a 3.7 percentage point headwind in 2Q. Looking to the third quarter, based on strengthening of the U.S. dollar quarter to date, we expect an even larger headwind from foreign exchange. As a reminder, all segment revenues are reported on a GAAP basis. We provide fixed FX revenues only at the consolidated level and by geographic region. In addition, as we've said previously, the impact of foreign exchange is greater on operating income than it is on revenues, given that our expense base has weighted more toward the U.S., with most of our R&D efforts located here. With respect to Alphabet headcount, we added 10,108 people in the second quarter, with the majority of hires for technical roles. Given the uncertain global economic outlook and the hiring progress achieved to date, as Sundar previously announced, we intend to slow the pace of hiring. We expect our actions on hiring to become more apparent in 2023. Our headcount additions in the third quarter will reflect we already have a strong number of commitments, including new graduate hires. As a reminder, we also expect the acquisition of Mandiant to close by the end of the year, which will further increase headcount on top of hiring. Although we expect the pace of headcount growth to moderate next year, we will continue hiring for critical roles, particularly focused on top engineering and technical talent. Turning to CapEx, the largest investments in the second quarter were in servers, followed by data centers and office facilities. After several large transactions closed in the first quarter, investment in office facilities was once again focused on fit-outs and ground-up construction on existing projects. We continue to expect an increase in CapEx in 2022 versus last year. For the balance of 2022, the increase will be particularly reflected in investments in technical infrastructure globally, with servers as the largest component. Thank you. Sundar, Philipp, and I will now take your questions. Thank you. As a reminder, to ask a question, you will need to press star 11 on your telephone. To prevent any background noise, we ask that you please mute your line once your question has been stated. And our first question comes from the line of Douglas Anmuth from JPMorgan. One moment. I apologize. One moment while we open the line. Please stand by. And Doug, your line is now open. Great. Thank you. Hopefully, you can hear me. I want to ask two questions. First, Sundar, just in your letter, you talked about how the economic challenges will serve as an opportunity for Alphabet to deepen its focus and invest for the long term. Just wanted to get a sense of how that might change the investment profile and areas of priority for the company. And then, Ruth, I was hoping you could provide some color, perhaps, on how growth trended more through the second quarter and if you have any comments on what you're seeing so far in 3Q in July. Thanks. Thanks, Doug. As I said to the company, I think it's a good time to sharpen our focus. Personally, I find moments like these clarifying. It's a chance to digest and make sure we are working on the right things as a company with taking a long-term view, making sure we are continuing to invest in deep technology and computer science and doing differentiated work, and gives a chance to assess everything we are doing with a critical lens and reallocate resources to our most critical priorities. So it's a constrained optimization problem. I think it gives us a chance, given a few years of strong growth, to double down and focus. And we're going to be very disciplined in terms of how we will approach it. But our focus on the long-term areas, be it AI, be it cloud, and other critical areas, will continue. In terms of your second question, I'm going to leave the modeling to you. Just a bit of context. Sundar and I, I think Philipp as well, use the term uncertainty because we do think that's the best way to characterize what we're seeing. The data are complicated. Our results have reflected lapping and continue to reflect lapping of the significant growth rates last year. On top of that, there's uncertainty in the global economic environment. And then there are issues that differ across industry. You've seen it in the news for some. It's supply chain. For some, it's inventory issues. So we will leave the forecasting to you and try to give you sort of the components as we went through Q2 here. Thank you both. Thank you. And our next question comes from the line of Brian Nowak from Morgan Stanley. Thanks for taking my question. Can you hear me okay? Yep. Can you hear me okay? Hello? Yes, your line is open. Great. Thanks for taking my question. Sundar, I just wanted to follow up on the last question a little bit. I think the tone around investment for the year changed somewhat over the course of the last few weeks. We've kind of gone through July and heard about slowing of hiring and now a reported hiring pause. You mentioned just recently you're finding moments like these to sort of optimize spend. Could you just talk to what are you seeing in your business specifically on the advertising side or the cloud side that is sort of saying, "Now is when we really do need to make sure we're optimizing"? Are you seeing pullbacks, or is it more sort of just you're seeing the macroeconomic headlines and wanting to get ahead of it? Thanks, Brian. I think Ruth gave color on what we are talking about as uncertainty. I think we see that as well. All of us are reacting to quite a varying set of dynamics, and it's tough to summarize it because the underlying factors are different, and they vary by maybe geography and verticals. But there is some commonality to it in terms of the macro environment. So there's definitely something we are looking at and want to be more disciplined as we go forward. So that's the higher-level theme. I think in terms of underlying areas, pretty much I'm focusing my time on what are the right set of things to do with a longer-term view. And I do think as a company, when you're in growth mode, it's tough to always take the time to do all the readjustments you need to do. And moments like this give us a chance. So I view it as an opportunity. And so some of the sharpening our focus is taking advantage of the moment. Great. Thank you. Thank you. And our next question comes from Eric Sheridan from Goldman Sachs. Thank you for taking the question. Maybe I can ask a two-parter on YouTube. You've called out the tougher comps over the last couple of quarters. Can you give us a better sense of how you move away from some of those tougher comps in the periods ahead of us over the next 12 to 18 months and how maybe we should think about the digestion of the direct response growth and consumption growth that YouTube saw a year ago and how that might lead to better growth ahead for YouTube in the periods going forward? And then when you look at the broader competitive landscape for video, how do you think about positioning YouTube short-form video versus long-form video or enabling creators and businesses to have tools to build their businesses within YouTube? How do you think about product development and aligning the product against the broader competitive landscape? Thanks so much. Thanks, Eric. There was a lot in your questions, so I'll start, and then I'll pass it to Philip. An obvious point was we're pointing out the lapping of what truly were extraordinary growth rates as time will get us through the lapping, so that's obvious math, but you asked the question, so starting with that, and then I did note that we have seen pullbacks in spend by some advertisers. That, in fact, was the biggest factor in the quarter-on-quarter change, the sequential decline in the growth rate, and we do view that as rather idiosyncratic, as I said, some of it's supply chain, some of it's inventory, and so just working through that, and then I would say there were a couple of other factors that were relevant. The war was a modest headwind to year-on-year and sequential growth. AT&T impact, in fact, remained relatively constant. We've said that for the last couple of quarters. So that does remain a headwind. So we're working through those. But again, it goes really to continuing to invest in YouTube and the experiences and the opportunity to deliver for our entire ecosystem users, creators. And why don't I pass it to Philipp to maybe take you a step deeper into those? Yes, thank you. Despite the pullback from some advertisers, we really believe YouTube remains well-positioned to benefit from the shift to digital video. Maybe first on brand, it's worth calling out that this was our first year participating in the upfronts, which is really exciting and really a testament to YouTube's evolution. We were very pleased with our strong growth and upfront commitments. Customers tell us they see value in YouTube's reach and the ability to drive results. I talked about CTV earlier and as well on our last call, and we're very excited about the roadmap here. We're also continuing to give advertisers unique and creative storytelling opportunities and the ability to lean into very precise KPIs. We recently rolled out some very critical measurement tools. On the direct response side, we still think there's a lot of runway to address commercial intent on YouTube between video action campaigns and app campaigns and product feeds and new live commerce features. We're testing a number of different things across live commerce, so we're excited about the opportunities here, especially to connect brands with creators. We're also seeing advertisers buy YouTube at both ends of the funnel, which I talked about earlier, giving advertisers the ability to drive reach and relevance and action, is really where YouTube excels, so the big picture long term remains very encouraged by the opportunity for innovation at brand and DR and across YouTube, and I can also briefly touch on the shorts piece. Consumers are increasingly consuming short-form videos, obviously. We're seeing this across multiple platforms, including YouTube. Sundar noted earlier that shorts are being watched by 1.5 billion plus locked-in users every month. So overall, we're continuing to see good user engagement on YouTube. And last quarter, we shared that over the past two years, YouTube has seen significant growth in watch time and even as people have returned to in-person activities, time spent on YouTube globally has continued to grow. And as I said before, early results in shorts monetization are also encouraging, and we're excited about the opportunities here. Thank you. And our next question comes from Michael Nathanson from MoffettNathanson. Can I ask one of Ruth and Sundar and then one of Philipp? For Ruth and Sundar, given just how strong this company is in terms of balance sheet and profitability, I wonder what's your North Star when you think about sharpening your focus? What's driving your decision-making? Is there an optimal margin you're looking to seek to or cash generation? I'm just trying to get when you say these things, I know what other companies have to do because they're pressured on balance sheets or profitability. So what is the mathematical formula that you're looking for that you're driving towards? And then for Philipp, I think people are wondering just, and this is a big question, but the composition of the ad base. I think people are worried that some other companies may have really benefited from a lot of growth in younger, newer companies that were not profitable. Can you talk a bit about what you're seeing in terms of mix of your composition? Is there any shift maybe towards Fortune 500 companies that are spending more from a healthier, maybe starting base? Anything you tell us on composition of your ad base? I know it's a huge question, but that'd be helpful. Thanks. Maybe one thing I'll say in true moments like this. Look, I think for a few years we've been talking about, particularly in our newer areas, the focus on building sustainable value. And so for me, it's a long-term framework. We obviously have areas where we've been doing this for a long time, like search and so on. But there are newer areas, and we definitely want to make sure while we are investing for the long term, we are thinking through the business model, the value creation, and profitability over time. And so all of that are the frameworks we use. And I think it's important regardless of the health of your balance sheet on an area by area, everything you're building is sustainable on its own, and you're very disciplined. And so I think times like this gives us a chance to bring more focus and spend more time with that lens. I would just add, we talked about this last year. Some of the operating margin upside last year was due to timing issues with the surge of revenues, and we indicated at the time there was a lag in part on some of the investments, whether that's data centers or otherwise, and so in part, you're seeing some of that, but very much to Sundar's point, the way we look at it is we are continuing to invest in long-term growth that has paid wonderful dividends for users and investors over the years, and we want to make sure we're doing it responsibly and judiciously. Some of these things pay out over the medium and longer term. And so as he said a couple of times now, this notion of wanting to look at what are meaningful investments to deliver continued extraordinary experiences for searchers and users that then supports longer-term growth, it requires investments. And we just want to make sure that we're getting that balance right and that we're using resources effectively where we can to redeploy it and put it back into long-term investments. And so it's that sort of balancing act. Look, when it comes to the second part of your question, we have a very, very broad base of customers: large, small, different verticals, different sectors in different geographies across the world. We're very proud to serve such a large base with such a diversity of different players. It's a broad question you're asking. If you're leaning a little bit more towards the total addressable market here, let me reiterate what I said before. We're not just addressing above-the-line marketing budgets like traditional advertising or television advertising. There's a lot of upside that we've seen below-the-line budgets, whether it's promotional pricing, product placement, sponsorships, and so on, and there are obviously cuts across the universe of different players, sectors, verticals that I just described. But in the end, our main goal is on delivering great experiences for our users and driving incremental ROI for advertisers and then making them successful across all this big universe of sectors I just talked about. And I'm positive that budgets should continue to move our ways as long as we stay focused on this one. Thank you. And our next question comes from Justin Post from Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Great. Thank you. I hope you can hear me okay. I wanted to ask about cloud. You mentioned several times cloud momentum, and I know it was a very tough year-over-year comp, but growth did slow. Wondering if you're seeing any pullback in new lift-and-shift projects or other new client adds or if you're seeing a little slowdown in volumes at all. And then on the margins, is there any urgency to move margins towards breakeven, or is it still kind of investment mode here with a lot of different products and services to build? Thank you. On cloud, we continue to see strong momentum, substantial market opportunity here, and still feels like early stages of this transformation. Constantly in conversations with customers big and small who are just undertaking the journey. So it kind of shows you the opportunity ahead. I would just say nothing noticeable other than given we are in different geographies and different sectors, you do see a varying mix of some customers impacted in terms of their ability to spend, some customers just slightly taking longer times, and maybe in some cases thinking about the term for which they're booking and so on. But I don't necessarily view it as a longer-term trend as much as working through the macro uncertainty everyone is dealing with. And then in terms of your margin question, our view continues to be that this is an extraordinary opportunity. It's a long-term opportunity, and enterprise customers are still early in their move to the cloud. And so we do very much have that debate. That same question that you posed is the right one, which it's a trade-off as between revenue growth and immediate profitability. And what we're focused on is ensuring that we're investing to support the long-term growth and given the upside that we see. And so continue to focus on it and are looking at the path to profitability, path to free cash flow positive to drive attractive returns. That's obviously in the overall model of it, but very much believe in the long-term growth and believe this is the right level of investment across the business, go to market, the product teams continuing to build it out globally. Thanks, Sundar. Thanks, Ruth. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Brent Thill from Jefferies. Good afternoon, Ruth. Good to see you lean into the buyback. I think it was your highest buyback ever while other tech companies have kind of run away from it. I'm just curious if you could talk about your capital allocation strategy and ultimately how you're thinking about the buyback? Thank you. I mean, at the heart of the capital allocation strategy is really what we've been talking about on this call, investing in long-term growth and driving cash flow so that we have the opportunity to continue to invest and return capital to shareholders. We're very pleased that we were able to increase the authorization up to $70 billion and do continue to believe it's yet another valuable tool in the overall set of investments that we make. So pleased to have it. Thank you. And our next question comes from Mark Mahaney from Evercore ISI. Great. Thanks. Philipp, you talked about the beginning of monetizing YouTube Shorts. Do you have any lessons that you've drawn so far? Or in the long term, is there any view you have on whether that inventory can be better or less monetized than other YouTube inventory that you've had traditionally, historically? And then secondly, just on these comments on the pullback by some advertisers. So you talk about strength in retail and especially in travel. So what's left? Does that mean that you're seeing weakness out of Western Europe in financial verticals and maybe automotive? Any color on which advertisers are pulling back would be helpful. Thank you. So, on the short side, on the monetization side, sticking with the statement I made before, we're encouraged by the results that we're seeing. We're excited about the opportunity. There's not a lot more detail that we can share at this point in time. On the pullback and spend by some of the advertisers, as Ruth mentioned, the pullbacks and spend on YouTube and Network by some advertisers in the second quarter reflect uncertainty about a number of factors. And for each advertiser, it's actually challenging to disaggregate the different uncertainties between companies and sectors. And as you can see from the news, some companies were impacted by multiple factors as well. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. And our next question comes from Colin Sebastian from Baird. Thanks. Good afternoon. Maybe one follow-up, Sundar, on the sharpening of the focus. You talked about, of course, AI and cloud as being key areas of long-term focus. Are there any areas worth calling out that may be a lower priority now given that focus? And then secondly, you've given us some good data over the last year or so around conversational and visual search queries and strong growth there. Curious how that also translates into maybe different types of monetization relative to text-based search. Does this give you greater monetization capability in search, or how would that impact monetization? Thank you. Yeah, thanks. Good question. And look, one way we can think about it is through moments like this. So for example, we are obviously investing deeply in AI. We do everything from pure research to applied research to research, which is now AI work, which is actually happening very close or within the areas like search and YouTube, etc. And so you can imagine a scenario in which we are prioritizing and on the margin moving resources to making sure we are driving product improvements, which flow through a moment like that. That would be an example of a sharpening focus for me. When I think about the opportunities out of AI, just coming out of I/O this year, looking at the progress we have made, how much we have made progress with Multisearch, how multimodal things are getting, and the fact that people are now actually doing voice searches a lot, visual searches a lot. All that is a good example of how we are driving value in our core products. Similarly, if you take ads at Google Marketing Live, the team talked a lot about AI-driven products and features that really give value to advertisers in the most privacy-forward way. Cloud is, I would say, a lot of the AI opportunity today plays out as more from a data analytics standpoint. It's within that segment we see the most strength. But over time, I think there'll be broader opportunities as well. And on top of it all, we are continuing to see a lot of breakthrough work coming from our research teams, be it LaMDA 2, PaLM, Minerva, or some of our recent advances. So we'll stay cutting-edge, drive progress, and keep focusing on turning that research into real products and applications. And we'll take a long-term view. Thank you. Thank you. And our last question comes from the line of Ross Sandler from Barclays. So maybe just following up on the retail segment. Some of the biggest retailers in the world, like Walmart, are really struggling and are looking to cut costs. And it sounded to me from what Ruth just said about supply chain inventory inflation that they might be cutting on YouTube. So I'm just curious, can you flesh out what you guys are doing in search from a product perspective to keep that retail category as strong as it is? You mentioned PMax for some of the smaller advertisers and Omnichannel for the larger. But maybe just elaborate on what strategies you guys are using to keep that spend flowing, or is that just a timing thing and it might drop off at some point in the future? Thanks a lot. Yeah, thank you. This is an excellent question. As I noted in my opening remarks, retail continued to be an important driver of search in the second quarter. We saw strong search interest in several categories. I called out apparel categories like women's clothing earlier. I think it's also worth clarifying when we talk about retail growth, we're talking about our overall approach to retail, which runs through all of our ads, products, and surfaces. And our shopping strategy is just one important piece of that. From a trend perspective, you're absolutely right. Omnichannel remains the way to win. Retailers continue to build their digital presence to drive both online and offline sales, and we're obviously helping them do it. Over the last few quarters, I think I've talked quite a bit about the ways how we're doing this in Q2. Like in Q1, we saw a year-over-year increase in adoption of, for example, local inventory ads. These are mobile-first and location-based and helping businesses of all sizes showcase their products in stock in store online or available for store curbside pickup, all different variations. Additionally, we're midway through the migration from smart shopping campaigns into Performance Max, which you also mentioned, and advertisers have been pleased with increased reach and the increased performance, and our focus really has always been on building tools and features that help both offline and online businesses connect directly with these customers across our platforms, and we're excited about what's next for retail commerce across our surfaces, especially search and YouTube, and we will remain focused on building helpful, great products and experiences for both users and these businesses. Thank you. And that concludes our question and answer session. I'd like to turn the conference back over to Jim Friedland for any closing remarks. Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. We look forward to speaking with you again on our third quarter 2022 call. Thank you and have a good evening. Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. 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