Welcome, everyone. Thank you for standing by for the Alphabet Third Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in listen-only mode. After the speaker presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. To ask a question during the session, you will need to press star one on your telephone. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Jim Friedland, Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead. Thank you. Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to Alphabet's Third Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. With us today are Sundar Pichai, Philipp Schindler, and Ruth Porat. Now I'll quickly cover the safe harbor. Some of the statements that we make today regarding our business operations and financial performance may be considered forward-looking. Such statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially. Please refer to our Form 10-K, including our risk factor section and our Form 10-Qs. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement. During this call, we will present both GAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release, which is distributed and available to the public through our Investor Relations website located at abc.xyz/investor. Our comments will be on year-over-year comparisons unless we state otherwise. And now, I'll turn the call over to Sundar. Thank you, Jim, and hello, everyone. I'm pleased with our business results this quarter, which demonstrate strong growth in Search and YouTube and momentum in Cloud. Google turned 25 in September, which offered an opportunity to reflect on our progress over the last quarter century and to look ahead to the opportunities enabled by AI we are so excited and confident about. Our product momentum continued this quarter, as you saw with Cloud Next, Made on YouTube, and Made by Google. It's all part of our focus on making AI more helpful for everyone, and we are making good progress across the four areas that we shared last quarter. First, improving knowledge and learning. This includes our work with the Search Generative Experience, which is our experiment to bring generative AI capabilities into Search. We have learned a lot from people trying it, and we have added new capabilities like incorporating videos and images into responses and generating imagery. We have also made it easier to understand and debug generated code. Direct user feedback has been positive, with strong growth in adoption. In August, we opened up availability to India and Japan, with more countries and languages to come. As we add features and expand into new markets, we are engaging with the broader ecosystem and will continue to prioritize approaches that add value for our users, send valuable traffic to publishers, and support a healthy open internet. With generative AI applied to search, we can serve a wider range of information needs and answer new types of questions, including those that benefit from multiple perspectives. We are surfacing more links with SGE and linking to a wider range of sources on the results page, creating new opportunities for content to be discovered. Of course, ads will continue to play an important role in this new search experience. People are finding ads helpful here, as they provide useful options to take action and connect with businesses. We'll experiment with new formats native to SGE that use generative AI to create relevant, high-quality ads customized to every step of the search journey. The second area we have focused on is boosting creativity and productivity. Bard is particularly helpful here. It's a direct interface to a conversational LLM, and we think of it as an early experiment and complementary experience to Google Search. Bard can now integrate with Google Apps and services, showing relevant information from Workspace, Maps, YouTube, and Google Flights and Hotels. We have also improved the Google It feature. It provides other sources to help people evaluate Bard's responses and explore information across the web. Earlier this month, we announced Assistant with Bard, a personal assistant powered by generative AI. It combines Bard's generative and reasoning capabilities with Assistant's personalized help. You can interact with it through text, voice, or images, and in the coming months, you'll be able to opt in on Android and iOS mobile devices. Our collaborative tools in Workspace and YouTube are also part of how we boost creativity and productivity, and they are seeing great initial traction. Third, we are enabling developers, businesses, and other organizations to build their own transformative products and services. For example, thousands of customers and partners are already using Google Cloud to capture the potential of AI, and we'll share more there in a minute. Fourth, we are building and deploying AI responsibly so that everyone can benefit. One area we have focused on is making sure people can more easily identify when they are encountering AI-generated content online. Using new technology powered by Google DeepMind SynthID, images generated by Vertex AI can be watermarked in a way that is invisible to the human eye without reducing the image quality. Underlying all this work is the foundational research done by our teams at Google DeepMind and Google Research. We are excited to roll out more of what they've been working on soon. As we expand access to our new AI services, we continue to make meaningful investments in support of our AI efforts. We remain committed to durably re-engineering our cost base in order to help create capacity for these investments in support of long-term sustainable financial value. Across Alphabet, teams are looking at ways to operate as effectively as possible, focused on their biggest priorities. Turning next to YouTube, which saw solid momentum in both its ads and subscription businesses in Q3. NFL Sunday Ticket is now live and receiving excellent reviews. Fans love our Multiview feature, which can livestream up to four games on a single screen. We have heard positive feedback from our partners at the NFL about the new features and livestream reliability. This is a clear example of our ability to execute big partnerships with excellence and at scale. I'm really pleased with the growth and engagement on YouTube Shorts. We continue to work on closing the monetization gap here. Shorts now average over 70 billion daily views and are watched by over two billion signed-in users every month. At Made on YouTube in September, we announced new tools that make it easier to create engaging content. Dream Screen is an experimental feature that allows creators to add AI-generated video or image backgrounds to Shorts, and YouTube Create is a new mobile app with a suite of production tools for editing Shorts, longer videos, or both. Next, Google Cloud. We see continued growth with Q3 revenue of $8.4 billion, up 22%. Today, more than 60% of the world's 1,000 largest companies are Google Cloud customers. At Cloud Next, we showcased amazing innovations across our entire portfolio of infrastructure, data and AI, workspace collaboration, and cybersecurity solutions. We offer advanced AI-optimized infrastructure to train and serve models at scale, and today, more than half of all funded generative AI startups are Google Cloud customers. This includes AI21 Labs, Contextual, Elemental Cognition, Writer, and more. We continue to provide the widest choice of accelerator options. Our A3 VMs powered by NVIDIA's H100 GPU are generally available, and we are winning customers with Cloud TPU v5e, our most cost-efficient and versatile accelerator to date. On top of our infrastructure, our Vertex AI platform helps customers build, deploy, and scale AI-powered applications. We offer more than 100 models, including popular third-party and open-source models, as well as tools to quickly build search and conversation use cases. From Q2 to Q3, the number of active generative AI projects on Vertex AI grew by 7x, including Highmark Health, which is creating more personalized member materials. Duet AI was created using Google's leading large foundation models and is specially trained to help users to be more productive on Google Cloud. We continue expanding its capabilities and integrating it across a wide range of cloud products and services. With Duet AI, we are helping leading brands like PayPal and Deutsche Bank boost developer productivity. And we are enabling retailers like Aritzia and Gymshark to gain new insights for better and faster business results. In fact, companies are increasingly using AI for the purpose of analyzing data, and customers are choosing Google Cloud because we are the only large cloud provider with a unified platform to analyze structured and unstructured data. In Workspace, thousands of companies and more than 1 million trusted testers have used Duet AI. They are writing and refining content in Gmail and Docs, creating original images from text within slides, organizing data in Sheets, and more. These innovations enable us to provide new services and grow our base of 10 million paying customers, including enterprises like Grupo Boticário, Unilever, and Warner Music. We also integrated Duet AI across our cybersecurity portfolio to differentiate in the marketplace, providing generative AI-powered assistance in Mandiant Threat Intelligence, Chronicle Security Operations, and Security Command Center. This reduces the time security teams spend writing, running, and refining searches by seven times. We are the only leading security provider that combines frontline intelligence and expertise, a modern security operations platform, and a trusted cloud foundation, all infused with generative AI, helping protect customers and partners like BT, Jack Henry and Associates, and CoverMyMeds. Turning to hardware, we unveiled our new products this month. We introduced our new Pixel 8, Pixel 8 Pro, and Pixel Watch 2 to very positive consumer feedback and reviews. Pixel is the fastest-growing smartphone brand in our top markets and the only one that grew in units sold year- over- year. Our portfolio of Pixel products is brought to life thanks to a combination of foundational technologies, AI, Android, and Google Tensor. Google Tensor G3 is the third generation of our tailor-built chip. It's designed to power transformative experiences by bringing the latest in Google AI research directly to our newest phones. A new AI-powered editing feature in Google Photos on Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro removes distractions, generates the best shot from multiple images, and reduces distracting sounds in videos. Pixel and our third-party ecosystem are powered by Android. We just released Android 14 with more accessibility features. I also want to mention Chromebooks Plus, a new category which provides the best of Chrome on great hardware with built-in Google apps and powerful AI capabilities. We also shared that Chromebooks will now get regular automatic updates for 10 years, more than any other operating system. In other bets, Waymo is onboarding more riders to its commercial ride-hailing service as it gradually adds over 100,000 people from its San Francisco waitlist. Austin will follow as its next ride-hail city. Wing and Walmart announced a new partnership to provide drone delivery service in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Before handing over to Philipp, I want to thank our employees around the world who are working to create innovative products and provide great services to people and businesses who use our products. Philipp. Thanks, Sundar. And hi, everyone. I'll start with our performance for the quarter and then give color into the three key priority areas for ads: Google AI, retail, and YouTube that we've identified on past calls as opportunities for long-term growth in advertising. Google Services revenues of $68 billion were up 11% year- on- year. In Google Advertising, Search, and other, revenues grew 11% year- on- year, led by solid growth in the retail vertical. In YouTube Ads, revenues were up 12% year- on- year, driven by growth in both brand and direct response. In Network, revenues declined 3% year- on- year. Google Other revenues were up 21% year- on- year, led by strong growth in YouTube subscription revenues. Let's start with Google AI. Recent dramatic advances in everything from foundational research models to LLMs to generative AI are improving our ability to deliver better performance and profitability for advertisers and more helpful, delightful experiences for users. We covered many innovations last quarter after GML, like our conversational experience in Google Ads, significant updates to Performance Max, and new campaign types like Demand Gen. And as Sundar said, we're continuing to experiment with new ad formats on SGE. It's extremely important to us that in this new experience, advertisers still have the opportunity to reach potential customers along their search journeys. I'll highlight more ways we're innovating with the best of Google AI as we double-click into our core business. In retail, we had a great quarter. In a market where every dollar counts, our proven AI-powered solutions like Search and PMax are helping retailers drive reliable, strong ROI and meet customers wherever they are across the funnel. In Q3, we also started prepping retailers for what will be a long holiday season. Let me share some themes. Number one, with a maximum number of days between Thanksgiving and Christmas and expectations for many micro-peaks beyond Cyber Five, we're arming businesses with insights and planning tools, including OptiScore and Performance Planner, to uncover new opportunities, plan budgets, and targets to stay competitive and be smarter with their inventory and pricing strategy. Number two, consumer expectations are shifting, especially around price and convenience. We've seen 4X deals queries during the holidays versus other periods. 75% of users say they'll shop with those offering free shipping. Retailers are capitalizing on these trends with our differentiated merchant offerings like merchant promotions and fulfillment options, and we're making improvements to significantly boost the number of deals shown to shoppers in Search this holiday season. Look out for more in the coming days about new ways we'll help shoppers browse deals across the web this year. Number three, no surprise, omnichannel is the way to succeed. With our suite of omni-product solutions, including local inventory ads, omni-bidding, and PMax for store goals, retailers, big and small, are capturing demand and incremental store budgets while engaging with high-value customers. Innovation continues across our shopping and merchant experiences powered by Google AI. Our virtual try-on tool for apparel launched in June and has been a hit with consumers and brands. Users engage with virtual try-on images at a higher rate versus regular brand-provided images. Product Studio is another launch from GML getting positive feedback in pilot mode. It uses the best of Gen AI to help businesses create unique and tailored imagery for free that they can then scale across their channels. We're seeing early merchant testers using it to seasonalize their content for the holidays. Let's shift to YouTube. It's worth repeating, our intense focus on creator success coupled with our multi-format strategy are at the center of how we think about YouTube's long-term growth. Shorts, Connected TV, and our subscription offerings are key drivers here, and we're investing across each to solidify YouTube's position as the best place to create, the best place to watch, and the best place to deliver results. Sundar mentioned watch time and engagement momentum on Shorts, as well as our monetization progress. He also covered subscription growth and NFL Sunday Ticket. As for Connected TV, we continue to be the number one overall streaming destination, according to Nielsen. 150 million plus people are watching YouTube on CTV screens every month in the U.S. Whether it's music videos, NFL Sunday Ticket, free movies, Shorts, a continuous stream of MrBeast, or some other creator-led content, viewers want choice and variety. We're giving it to them all in one place. To help creators and advertisers connect with these billions of viewers across moments, screens, and formats, we're bringing Google AI to awesome new creation tools and ad solutions. AI will do wonders for creation and storytelling. From Dream Screen and YouTube Create, which Sundar talked about, to features that auto-adopt content in multiple languages, flip and trim existing assets, remix and clip videos, and more, we're just getting started. We're also helping brands break through at speed and scale across the funnel to drive results. Spotlight Moments launched last week. It uses AI to identify trending content around major cultural moments for brand sponsorship opportunities. There's Video reach campaigns, which are expanding to In-f eed and Shorts and will be generally available in November. AI is helping advertisers find as many people as possible in their ideal audience for the lowest possible price. Early tests are delivering 54% more reach at 42% lower cost. And then with Video v iew campaigns, AI is serving skippable ads across In-s tream, In-f eed, and Shorts and helping advertisers earn the maximum number of views at the lowest possible cost. So far, they're driving 40% more views on average versus In-s tream alone. Then for YouTube and other feed-based services, there's our new Demand Gen campaign, which launched in April, rolled out worldwide last week, and was designed for the needs of today's social marketers to engage people as they stream, scroll, and connect. It combines video and image ads in one campaign with access to 3 billion users across YouTube and Google, and the ability to optimize and measure across the funnel using Google AI. Demand Gen is already driving success for brands like Samsung and Toyota. Before I wrap, one quick highlight on our close collaboration and commitment to our most important ecosystems and partners. In July, we launched Google News Showcase in the U.S., our curated online news experience and licensing program with more than 150 news publications, 90% of which are local or regional. Globally, over 2,500 news publications have signed on to News Showcase, and the product is live in 23 countries today. Our commitment to open access to news and information remains strong. With that, I'll end with a thank you to our customers and partners around the world for their continued trust and collaboration, and our Googlers everywhere for their incredible hard work and dedication. Ruth, over to you. Thank you, Philipp. We are very pleased with our financial results for the third quarter, driven by meaningful growth in Search in YouTube and momentum in Cloud. My comments will be on year-over-year comparisons for the third quarter, unless I state otherwise. I will start with results at the Alphabet level, followed by segment results, and conclude with our outlook. For the third quarter, our consolidated revenues were $76.7 billion, up 11% in both reported and constant currency. Search remained the largest contributor to revenue growth. In terms of expenses, total cost of revenues was $33.2 billion, up 7%, primarily reflecting other cost of revenues of $20.6 billion, which was up 6%. Growth here was primarily driven by content acquisition costs, mainly for YouTube subscription offerings. As noted in our earnings release, the overall increase in data center and other operations costs was partially offset by a reduction in depreciation expense due to the change in estimated useful lives we made starting in the first quarter of the year. Operating expenses were $22.1 billion, up 6%, reflecting the following: first, an increase in R&D expenses driven primarily by compensation. Second, an increase in G&A expenses reflecting the impact of charges related to legal matters. And finally, sales and marketing expenses, which were relatively flat to last year. Operating income was $21.3 billion, up 25%, and our operating margin was 28%. Other income and expense was a loss of $146 million. Net income was $19.7 billion. This reflects an effective tax rate of 7% in the third quarter from an IRS change related to the use of foreign tax credits, which had an outsized impact on the third quarter rate because the change resulted in a catch-up for prior periods. We delivered free cash flow of $22.6 billion in the third quarter and $78 billion for the trailing 12 months. We ended the quarter with $120 billion in cash and marketable securities. As a reminder, our cash balance and free cash flow in the second and third quarters benefited from the deferral of certain tax payments to the fourth quarter of 2023. As noted in our earnings release, on October 16, we made an estimated tax payment of $10.5 billion related to this deferral, which will be reflected in our cash balance and free cash flow in the fourth quarter. Turning to segment results, within Google Services, revenues were $68 billion, up 11%. Google Search and other advertising revenues of $44 billion in the quarter were up 11%, led again by growth in retail. YouTube advertising revenues of $8 billion were up 12%, driven by both brand advertising and direct response. Network advertising revenues of $7.7 billion were down 3%. Other revenues were $8.3 billion, up 21%, primarily reflecting growth in YouTube non-advertising revenues driven by subscriber growth in YouTube TV, followed by YouTube Music Premium. TAC was $12.6 billion, up 7%. Google Services operating income was $23.9 billion, up 27%, and the operating margin was 35%. Turning to the Google Cloud segment, revenues were $8.4 billion for the quarter, up 22%. GCP revenue growth remained strong across geographies, industries, and products, although the Q3 year-on-year growth rate reflects the impact of customer optimization efforts. Google Workspace also delivered strong revenue growth, primarily driven by increases in average revenue per seat. Google Cloud had operating income of $266 million, and the operating margin was 3%. As to our other bets, for the third quarter, revenues were $297 million, and the operating loss was $1.2 billion. Turning to our outlook for the business, with respect to Google Services, first within advertising. After a period of historic volatility, we were pleased with the year-on-year revenue growth of Search and YouTube advertising in the third quarter. Second, within other revenues, in our YouTube subscription products, the substantial growth in revenues primarily reflects subscriber growth. Looking ahead, a full quarter of NFL Sunday Ticket revenues, as well as associated content acquisition costs, will be reflected in Q4 results compared to only a few weeks in the third quarter. Play had solid growth in the third quarter, driven primarily by an increase in the number of buyers. With respect to hardware, there is a headwind to revenues in the fourth quarter, reflecting efforts to optimize the portfolio with tighter targeting of our go-to-market investments, as well as the ongoing impact from the difference in launch timing for the Pixel 6a and 7a that we mentioned last quarter. Turning to Google Cloud, we are pleased with the ongoing customer engagement with GCP and Workspace and the potential benefit of our AI solutions, including infrastructure and services such as Vertex AI and Duet. We continue to invest aggressively given the significant potential we see while remaining focused on profitable growth. In terms of expenses and profitability, we're pleased with our operating performance. As we have repeatedly stressed, we remain focused on durably re-engineering our cost base to create investment capacity to support our growth priorities, most important of which is with AI. We have a number of work streams in place. First, we are maintaining a slower pace of headcount growth, reflecting product prioritization and reallocation of talent to support our most important growth opportunities. Second, we remain focused on optimizing our real estate footprint, including how and where we work, to reduce our expense growth. As you can see from our earnings release, we incurred $207 million in accelerated rent and depreciation in the third quarter related to these actions. Third, we have engineering work streams underway to improve productivity across Alphabet. Given the magnitude of investment in our technical infrastructure, we have a superb team focused on efficiency of our operations there. We are also making progress in streamlining operations across Alphabet through the use of AI. Finally, there are ongoing work streams that are improving the efficiency of our spend with suppliers and vendors through our central procurement organization. And to be clear, across the portfolio of Other Bets companies, we have also been working to identify opportunities to create sharper focus and to operate more efficiently and effectively. With respect to sequential quarter-on-quarter trends, two further points. First, cost of sales in the fourth quarter will reflect both higher hardware costs given Pixel family launches, as well as increased CAC for YouTube, as previously noted. Second, as usual, we expect sales and marketing expenses to be more heavily weighted to the end of the year, in part to support product launches and the holiday season. Finally, our reported CapEx in Q3 was $8 billion, driven overwhelmingly by investment in our technical infrastructure, with the largest component for servers, followed by data centers, reflecting a meaningful increase in our investments in AI compute. The growth in reported cash CapEx in Q3 is somewhat muted due to the timing of supplier payments, which can cause variability from quarter to quarter. We continue to invest meaningfully in the technical infrastructure needed to support the opportunities we see in AI across Alphabet and expect elevated levels of investment, increasing in the fourth quarter of 2023 and continuing to grow in 2024. In closing, we remain very excited about the opportunities ahead and committed to deliver sustainable financial value. Thank you. Sundar, Philipp, and I will now take your questions. Thank you. As a reminder, to ask a question, you will need to press star one on your telephone. To prevent any background noise, we ask that you please mute your line once your question has been asked. And our first question comes from Brian Nowak with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open. Great. Thanks for taking my questions. I have two. The first one, maybe somewhat of a jump ball, there's somewhat of an investor debate about sort of the incremental return on capital to Search when it comes to AI. I know it's early, but are there any examples that you're seeing with SGE or Bard on higher utility, higher conversion rates, more engagement, just something to sort of show signal around the return that could come from these investments? And the second one, Ruth, I know you've spoken a lot about durably re-engineering the cost base. I think in the past, you've talked about how expenses could grow slower than revenue in 2024. Is that sort of still the high-level way to think about it, or is that potentially changing a bit as investments are continuing? Thanks. Ruth, do you want to take the second part? Sure. Thanks for that, Brian. So overall, that's sort of a truism, as you know well, that looking to grow revenues at a faster rate than expenses as we're focused on delivering sustainable financial value, and so that really takes us to the work streams, which I tried to tick through again. Those remain the driver. They're the real priority. Those are the efforts that are going to enable us to keep expense growth as moderated as possible while supporting the investment growth that is so exciting in front of us, in particular around AI. To your first part, obviously, we see AI as a foundational platform shift, and we are excited about the opportunities across our business. It starts with Search, and I've been pretty pleased with how the use of feedback has been on SGE. We are rolling it out to more users. Through it all, we are making sure the product works well, and we are generating value for our ecosystem, and that adds transitions well. And I think I view this as, with AI, the opportunity to evolve Search and Assistant over the next decade ahead. And I think, as we've always seen, when you continue to invest and build great experiences, you can get value on the other side. And I do think over time, there'll be newer paths, just like we have done on YouTube. I think with the AI work, there are subscription models as a possible path as well, and obviously, all of the AI investments we are doing apply across cloud too, and I'm pretty optimistic about what's ahead there as well. Great. Thank you both. Your next question comes from Doug Anmuth with JP Morgan. Your line is open. Thanks for taking the questions. One for Sundar and one for Ruth. Sundar, you talked a lot about AI, and I was hoping you could talk more about Gemini and how it will differentiate from other models, some of the multimodal capabilities, and what new experiences or agents you think it could unlock, and how we should think about timing. And then also, just on cloud, I hope you can talk about some of the factors there on the DSL and cloud, and just what you're seeing in terms of optimizations, and is there any sign of new workload deployments taking place? Thanks. Thanks. Good questions. On Gemini, obviously, it's an effort from our combined Google DeepMind team. I'm very excited at the progress there, and as we're working through getting the model ready. To me, more importantly, we are just really laying the foundation of what I think of as the next generation series of models we'll be launching throughout 2024. The pace of innovation is extraordinarily impressive to see. We are creating it from the ground up to be multimodal, highly efficient at tool and API integrations, and more importantly, laying the platform to enable future innovations as well. We are developing Gemini in a way that it is going to be available at various sizes and capabilities, and we'll be using it immediately across all our products internally, as well as bringing it out to both developers and cloud customers through Vertex. I view it as a journey, and each generation is going to be better than the other, and we are definitely investing, and the early results are very promising. On cloud, maybe what I would say is, overall, we had definitely started seeing customers looking to optimize spend. We leaned into it to help customers, given some of the challenges they were facing, and so that was a factor. We are definitely seeing a lot of interest in AI. There are many, many projects underway now. Just on Vertex alone, the number of projects grew over 7X. And so we see signs of stabilization, and I'm optimistic about what's ahead. Thank you, Sundar. Your next question comes from Eric Sheridan with Goldman Sachs. Your line is now open. Thank you, sir, very much for taking the questions. Too, if I could, Sundar, you guys led over a year ago, starting with Performance Max. And I wanted to know if we could get your updated thoughts on how AI might impact the broader advertising industry and how you're aligning Alphabet and Google's goals with AI and where it might take the advertising industry in the years ahead. That'd be the first question. And then about a year ago, Philipp and Ruth started talking about some of the brand advertising headwinds that YouTube was facing. As we start to lap those headwinds, how should we be thinking about a broad recovery in brand advertising versus elements of still headwinds that are being faced in the broader ad space, specifically with YouTube? Thank you. So maybe I take the first one. We're very pleased with how Performance Max is performing. It gives advertisers really maximum performance across all inventory from one really AI-powered campaign. And it's probably the ultimate example of AI in action across our ads products. It's delivering excellent ROI. Those using it achieve, on average, over 18% more conversions at a similar cost per action. So since rolling it out about two years ago, we've continued to expand the features, give advertisers additional ways to steer how it works via a lot of things like account-level negative keywords, other details here. We launched new lifecycle goals, customer lifecycle goals, we call them, a revamped asset creation flow that really helps business adapt and scale their most successful creatives. I think that's one to watch. We will also continue to build other new PMax features based on all the advertiser feedback we're seeing. So we're very, very encouraged by the progress here. Overall, maybe there was a second part to your question a bit on what we're hearing from the customers out there. Look, driving ROI and efficiency is still top of mind for many, right? It's a rapidly shifting and still quite unpredictable consumer landscape out there. Our AI tools are very well received. AI Gen AI are top of mind for everybody, really. There's a ton of excitement, lots of questions about it. Many understand the value. Nearly 80% of our advertisers already use at least one AI-powered Search ads product. Yeah, we're hearing a lot of good feedback on, number one, our ads AI essentials, which are really helping to unlock the power of AI and set up for durable ROI growth on the advertiser side. Those are products like the foundation for data and measurement, things like Google Tag, Consent Mode, and so on. Obviously, Search and PMax, we talked about it, and then all the Gen AI products, all those different ones. So there's a whole lot of interest in those products, yeah. Then on to your second question regarding YouTube, as we said, overall year-on-year growth in revenues was driven by both brand advertising and direct response. But very much to your question, yes, there was a stabilization in spending by advertisers. We're really pleased about that. We're particularly pleased about the ongoing performance in the living room and on Shorts. And as I said, that's both watch time growth and monetization. I would say the other thing benefiting YouTube is the retail strength. We talked about with Search, retail strength in APAC in both Search and YouTube. And that really began in the second quarter, continued in the third quarter, but that was another contributor. So quite a number of things going on. Feel good about the results the team was able to deliver here. Thank you so much. Your next question comes from Lloyd Walmsley with UBS. Your line is open. Great. Thanks for taking the question. Two, if I can, first, as we just think about the rollout of SGE across the user base, how far along is that, and how do you balance the product rollout and consumer uptake versus monetization in that transition? And then the second one, also sort of generative AI related, how quickly are you guys finding new ways of optimizing, whether that's shrinking model sizes, chip efficiencies, or anything else? And do you think overall capital intensity of the business scales up, or do you just find ways to do this more efficiently as usage scales? Anything you could share there would be great. Thanks. On the first part about SGE, we are still in very early days in terms of how much we have rolled it out, but we have definitely gotten it out to enough people, both geographically across user segments and enough to know that the product is working well. It improves the experience. But there are areas to improve, which we are fine-tuning. Our true North here is getting at the right user experience we want to, and I'm pretty comfortable seeing the trajectory. And we've always worked through these transitions, be it from desktop to mobile or from now mobile to an AI-enhanced experience. So it's nothing new, and I feel very comfortable that as we go through it, the strength of our teams, both on the organic side as well as ad side, to drive the right experience for users, including ads, will pay dividends. And I think we'll continue to make improvements and make progress there. On your second question, at a high level, I would say all through the 20, we just celebrated 25 years, and of all the things I was proud about, when I looked at the strength of the work we have done across our infrastructure as a company, our technical infrastructure as a company, and various given stages at a given moment in time. When we adopted new generations of technology, we have looked at the cost of it. But then the curves, the efficiency curves we have driven on top of it have always been phenomenal to see. And I see the current moment as no different. Already through this year, we are driving significant efficiencies, both in our models, in training costs, and serving costs, and our ability to adapt what's needed to the right use case. And so I think we'll do everything that is needed to make sure we have the leading AI models and infrastructure in the world bar none, and we'll continue driving efficiencies from there. Okay, thank you. Your next question comes from Michael Nathanson with MoffettNathanson. Your line is now open. Thank you. I'm going to ask you guys a multi-part question on YouTube TV. So firstly, what were the broader objectives for getting Sunday Ticket? How did it perform versus those objectives? What lessons have you learned from having the NFL Sunday Ticket? And how did that affect your appetite for more sports going forward? Thanks. So as Sundar said earlier, we're several weeks into our first season, and we're very pleased with how it's going. I think in the broader context, you have to look at it as our overall YouTube subscription strategy. The great feedback we've gotten so far on the YouTube experience is very, very significant. People love the navigation. They love multiview. They love the chats and the polls. And frankly, people are very happy with the lack of latency here. The number one piece of concrete feedback the team has gotten is actually that people want the ability to pick their own games from multiview, which is multiview, the awesome feature we started rolling out on YouTube TV that gives fans the ability to basically watch multiple streams here at once. And yeah, overall, the teams are working hard to build a fantastic experience. And we are really trying to stay focused on getting our first season right and providing the best possible experience really for fans here. Thank you. Your next question comes from Justin Post with Bank of America. Your line is now open. Great. Thanks. A couple of questions on Q4. Can you provide any color on if there's been any pause in advertising around the Middle East conflict in October? Anything we should be aware of for Q4? And then second, when we do think about the Sunday Ticket impact, I know you can't give us revenues or expenses, but overall, would that be a headwind to margins in Q4 or something we should be thinking about? Thank you. Look, on the first question, obviously, this is a tragic, tragic, there are no words to talk about what's going on. And all of our focus has been on supporting our people there and how our products can be as helpful as possible in this very painful time broadly. And so nothing really to add. Then, in terms of the second question, Sunday Ticket, the only thing I tried to call out there is that clearly this is the first full quarter of Sunday Ticket that is contributing overall to the subscription revenues that we see. That's part of other revenues. Also, obviously, it is contributing to higher CAC in the fourth quarter. So, I tried to make that really clear. And as we look longer term, we expect to generate an attractive return over the life of the deal. We're continuing to invest in support of this and excited about the additional opportunities that come out of it, working with partners to deliver clips and other opportunities. As we've said, we've heard positive feedback from our partners at the NFL about the new features and live stream reliability. This is really a clear example of our ability to execute big partnerships with excellence at scale and really leverage a lot of the extraordinary magic at YouTube and across Google. That's what we're excited about. Great. Thank you. Your next question comes from Ken Gawrelski with Wells Fargo. Your line is now open. Thank you so much. Two questions, if I may. First, how do you think about the future structure of AI-driven search capabilities? Will activity remain centralized in a search bar, or will it be decentralized and present in many different applications, including on third-party applications? You alluded to Bard being integrated into multiple Google experiences early in the call. Then the second question is, any update on the Chrome cookie deprecation planned to begin in 1Q24? What have you seen so far based on your early testing of Privacy Sandbox and what advertiser feedback have you received? On your first question, look, I broadly think of it as people are looking for information. They've always looked for it in many, many different ways. We've given the product search example. People can directly go to Amazon as an example or come to Google. So if you zoom back and take an information view of the world, there's always been many different ways to get it. And part of our work we do in making search be world-class and give users what they're looking for so that we can get at as much of that intent as possible. So I don't see that changing. With mobile, there were more ways people could get information, but we worked hard to make search work better in the mobile world. And similarly, I view with AI, there'll be many ways people will get information, but it also offers us an opportunity in search and in assistant to take it to the next level and answer use cases which we couldn't have done before and expand the diverse set of needs where we are a source. So that's how I see the opportunity ahead. And to the second part of your question, yes, Chrome still plans to begin phasing out third-party cookies in the second half of 2024. In the last several months, Chrome has really made significant progress on the Privacy Sandbox with APIs for developer testing, and they're now generally available in Chrome. Our ads team is testing these APIs. And as we shared back in April, the preliminary results of our interest-based ads testing showed that a combination of what we call privacy-preserving signals and AI optimization actually provides positive results for businesses preparing for a cookieless future. We also recently announced that in Q1 of 2024, we plan to deprecate third-party cookies for 1% of Chrome users. And this will support developers, obviously, in conducting their real-world experiments to assess the readiness and effectiveness of their products without third-party cookies. And we're overall encouraged by the ecosystem engagement on Privacy Sandbox. We'll continue to work with industry and regulators and how these technologies can support the transition to, frankly, a more private web. Thank you. And our last question comes from Mark Mahaney with Evercore. Your line is now open. Thank you. Two questions, please. Ruth, you talked about these elevated levels of investments in Q4 and in 2024. I'm sorry, were you referring to just CapEx or CapEx and total expenses? And then on the comments around stabilization in cloud, is this something that you just started to see in the September quarter, or had you seen that starting earlier in the year? And if you just started seeing in the September quarter, would you have any thoughts on why you would have seen it, why Google Cloud would have seen it maybe later than some of the other hyperscalers? Thank you. So I think what you're referring to is my CapEx comment. I was trying to make the point that we are committed to meaningfully investing in CapEx, given all the opportunities we see. We do continue to expect elevated levels of investment in our technical infrastructure. It will be increasing in the fourth quarter and talked about some of the difference in timing, muted timing in the third quarter due to the timing of supplier payments, and then tried to make it clear that we will continue to grow CapEx in 2024, or more specifically to your question, 2024 aggregate CapEx will be above the full year 2023, so that was the main one, and then as it relates to cloud, as Sundar said, what we're really excited about is the revenue growth does reflect healthy customer adoption across the portfolio, and that's infrastructure, data analytics, security, and so I can't comment on others, but we feel good about where we're sitting here and looking forward, and we'll let you do the forecasting. GCP growth in the third quarter was above the growth rate for cloud overall, and we feel really good about the work that they're doing there. And then, of course, in addition to that is all of the contribution from Google Workspace. Thank you. Thank you. And that concludes our question and answer session for today. I'd like to turn the conference back over to Jim Friedland for any further remarks. Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. We look forward to speaking with you again on our fourth quarter 2023 call. Thank you and have a good evening. Thank you, everyone. This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.