Welcome to the Lineage Cell Therapeutics 1st Quarter 2023 Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. An audio webcast of this call is available on the Investors section of Lineage's website at www.lineagecell.com. This call is subject to copyright and is the property of Lineage, and recordings, reproductions, or transmissions of this call without the express written consent of Lineage are strictly prohibited. As a reminder, today's call is being recorded. I would now like to introduce your host for today's call, Ioana Hone, Head of Investor Relations at Lineage. Ms. Hone, please go ahead. Thank you, Abby. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. A press release reporting our first quarter 2023 financial results was issued earlier today, May 11, 2023, and can be found on the Investors section of our website. Please note that today's remarks and responses to your questions reflect management's views as of today only and will contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. Statements made during this discussion that are not statements of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. The company's actual results or performance may differ materially from the expectations indicated by such forward-looking statements. For a discussion of certain factors that could cause the company's results or performance to differ, we refer you to the forward-looking statement sections in today's press release and in the company's SEC filings, including its most recent annual report on Form 10-K. We caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of today and are qualified by the cautionary statements and risk factors described in our SEC filings. With us today are Brian Culley, our Chief Executive Officer; Jill Howe, our Chief Financial Officer; and Gary Hogge, our Senior Vice President of Clinical and Medical Affairs. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Brian. Thank you, Ioana. Good afternoon, everyone. We appreciate you taking the time to join us today. Our most recent quarterly call was just two months ago, but I'm happy to report today on additional and fairly exciting progress which has occurred since then. The most significant event of the past two months was the Arvo annual meeting held in New Orleans, where Dr. Eyal Banin, one of the investigators involved with the initial phase 1/2a trial of OpRegen, presented never-before-seen analyses which Genentech performed on data collected in our study. To be clear, these were new, independently generated analyses conducted by Genentech's masked expert grader. While the data support and reinforce our original findings as well as the sub-study findings made by the Doheny Image Research Lab, these were novel analyses and results which Lineage had not previously reported. We have previously reported and presented on unique clinical findings among some of our Cohort 4 patients, including areas of GA being smaller at 12 months than at baseline and increases in patient visual function at 12 months, which occurred notably among the 5 patients who received extensive coverage of OpRegen across their area of GA. Genentech took these data analyses even further. Using proprietary technology and imaging expertise, they were able to generate new analyses from the raw data and images. These additional results support what Lineage had reported previously, including structural and functional improvement in a disease previously thought to be inevitably progressive. Genentech showed new findings supporting the observation that extensive placement of OpRegen cells across the area of GA appear to result in the best clinical outcome seen in clinical trials to date, as well as continued evidence that transplant of OpRegen cells may result in a multi-year treatment effect from a single dose. We believe these findings compare favorably versus the burden of someone, typically elderly and with very poor vision, seeking out a monthly or even every other monthly injection of a complement inhibitor. Importantly, these data were collected using a common surgical technique which every licensed vitreoretinal surgeon is capable of performing using standard instrumentation. These outcomes occurred 5 out of 5 times when OpRegen was placed extensively across the area of GA. Additionally, something which I believe has continued to be overlooked is the evidence Genentech presented, which showed a patient who no longer had features of cRORA near the border of their GA following treatment with OpRegen. I'll remind you that cRORA is an area of complete RPE and outer retinal atrophy, which essentially means the complete loss of photoreceptors and the essential supporting RPE. I'd also like to point out that thousands of patients have completed clinical trials for the two leading complement inhibitors. Despite recent reports from extensive subgroup analyses of those data, I'm not aware of even a single case of cRORA resolution among them. While Lineage may not have yet as many data points as the competition, but even setting aside the vision gains we report in patients who should be losing vision. We are reporting much larger anatomical changes than the competition, and we're using objectively collected methods on anatomical features unaffected by patient effort. I believe these direct comparisons and questions about relative value are completely valid. We welcome these comparisons, especially as the OpRegen program advances through the clinic. As a reminder, the primary and secondary endpoints for the ongoing study occur just 90 days post-treatment, which means these data are detectable and collected 9 months earlier than the more common 12-month treatment outcomes. Before moving on, I'd just like to convey my appreciation to our partners, Roche and Genentech, for enthusiastically supporting our desire to have these new data presented at Arvo. Their retinal tissue segmentation algorithm and additional resources which they deployed give us further conviction in our cell transplant approach and reflect the insights and expertise which we were counting on when entering into the license agreement for the development and commercialization of OpRegen, from which I'll remind you we're eligible to receive up to $620 million in additional payments as well as double-digit royalties. In the meantime, we'll closely monitor the establishment and size of the dry AMD commercial market. While Lineage does not have a commercial product today, we believe the recent approval of Syfovre and reported $5.9 billion acquisition by Astellas of a similar complement inhibitor asset will not only help create engaged and informed physician and patient populations, but also set the stage for potential next-generation products like OpRegen by verifying expectations of a multi-billion dollar commercial market, which is comprised of patients eager to find effective interventions for their debilitating condition. Moving next to our OPC1 program, which is intended to help patients recover more fully from a spinal cord injury, our recent focus has been on completing the requisite regulatory interactions to support the initiation of the DOSE trial, which is a 6 to 10 patient safety study of a new spinal cord cell delivery system. This new system is expected to greatly improve the transplant procedure by allowing the surgeon much more time to administer the cells to the spinal cord and to do so while the patient's respirator is still connected. As you'll recall, we previously held an RMAT meeting with FDA to discuss the use of the new delivery device. Along with the device information, we included a protocol synopsis for the clinical safety study we plan to conduct in subacute and chronic SCI patients. That RMAT interaction was followed by a request from Lineage for a Type B meeting to discuss specific items which would be included in an IND amendment. Unexpectedly, the FDA noted in response to our request that their written responses from that meeting would not be available until the last week of June, which is approximately 8 weeks later than we'd expected for a Type B meeting request. I want to provide some comfort that to our knowledge, this later than expected meeting date is in no way a reflection on the OPC1 program. The FDA explained that the delay was due to time constraints among certain essential staff members necessary for our topics. We find this to be unfortunate, but not entirely surprising given the deluge of cell and gene therapy programs currently in development. Nevertheless, after the Type B meeting is held this summer and provided that the agency's responses support the use of the new delivery system, we expect to be able to submit an IND amendment for OPC1 in Q4 and open the DOSE study clinical sites as soon as possible thereafter. I do have three additional updates on OPC1 today. The first is that we strengthened our intellectual property position through a patent which was granted for claims covering manufacturing processes which Lineage developed. That patent has claims which expire no earlier than 2040, providing us with a long period of protection for this program. Second, I want to provide an update on our announcement regarding the creation of the first annual SCI Investor Symposium, a conference which Lineage will be presenting this year alongside the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, and which will be held the last week of June at the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine in La Jolla, California. We created this event to increase engagement between industry and patients and the patient advocacy community, which in our experience can help inform and improve the product development process. The Reeve Foundation is a recognized leader in the field of spinal cord injury, and we're proud to have them as a partner as we advocate for those affected by paralysis. We aim to increase disease awareness, elevate the probability of success for product development, and promote clinical trial participation by focusing on topics such as patient-appropriate endpoints and the benefits of partnerships among and between for-profit and non-profit organizations. Most notably, 2 days ago, we announced that we'd received an education grant from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, or CIRM, recognizing the SCI Investor Symposium as an important scientific conference and supportive of CIRM's overall mission and objectives. We are thankful for this additional financial support from CIRM. You may recall that OPC1 was one of the first clinical trials ever supported by CIRM, and we're grateful to the agency for its continued commitment to spinal cord injury. As I have shared before, we still expect to approach CIRM about a clinical trial grant to support the DOSE clinical study. That step is normally performed after the IND amendment has been submitted. Third and lastly for OPC1 today, I just want to convey my appreciation to all the members of Team Lineage, both in Carlsbad and Israel, as well as any investors who participated in the Wings for Life World Run last weekend. The World Run is an important and global fundraiser for SCI research and embodies the importance of broad-based collaboration, which as I just explained, we believe is core to successful product development in this condition. Moving along, I have just a few more updates to share for VAC2. As you know from our previous discussions regarding the pre-IND written feedback we received, we have a fairly clear path to support the CMC side of an IND submission. It would be expected for us to also include any ex-US clinical data which has been collected. That means providing data from the UK-based phase 1 trial performed by Cancer Research UK in eight patients with non-small cell lung cancer. We've been waiting for that data to arrive, I'm happy to share today that we received some key updates and now expect the complete data package to arrive next quarter. I have stated previously that we believe strategic alliances offer us the best mix of risk and reward for the VAC platform, our BD team has several exploratory discussions ongoing for VAC2 and the VAC platform more generally. While there can be no assurance that any development partnerships we're exploring will come to fruition, our preference for the VAC program is to de-risk it through one or more alliances rather than proceeding independently, the BD team will continue to work on this initiative. There also have been some encouraging clinical results reported in the neoantigen vaccine space lately. We intend to continue to monitor this landscape closely because doing so will better inform our corporate strategy and help us determine the best development path for VAC2 or any other VAC platform programs which we may pursue through academic or corporate partnerships. For ANP1, which is our transplant program for hearing loss, the preclinical testing is ongoing through a collaboration with the University of Michigan. Our initial objectives from this collaboration are to determine the preferred location for the cell transplants and to determine how long the cells can survive after transplantation. Last week, I was provided with the first-ever images generated from that preclinical work. In fact, I'll see if we can post one of those images to our Twitter account after this call. I think it's kind of a cool thing to see. I was excited to see the early data because as you will recall, our hearing loss program didn't even exist at the beginning of last year, yet we already have our first preclinical data emerging. This is such a great example of the speed and return on investment from our R&D dollars. We developed a differentiation method, filed intellectual property, and proceeded into in vivo testing in less than 12 months and with a commitment of less than $1 million R&D dollars. Frankly, I think one of the key advantages for Lineage in what continues to be a difficult environment for small biotech companies is that our core technology offers us the ability to make tremendous progress without also having to make tremendous expenditures. Our disciplined spending and efficient use of R&D dollars is a foundation which Jill and I believe is appropriate for our stage of development and which can help us bridge to important events and opportunities which lie ahead, such as completing enrollment and reporting data from the ongoing phase 2 trial of OpRegen, the initiation and conduct of clinical trials for OPC1, and progress and partnerships which we pursue across other areas of our business. As a final but actually quite important note, I'm also happy to report that based on preliminary estimates of market cap cutoff, we anticipate Lineage will be added into the Russell 3000 and the Russell Microcap Index this summer, an inclusion which may help to expand investor awareness, increase institutional ownership, and provide additional liquidity in our stock. With that, I will now hand the call over to Jill for a discussion of our financials. Thanks, Brian. Good afternoon, everyone. Beginning with our balance sheet, I believe we continue to be efficient with our spending and are well-capitalized to conduct the near-term activities which Brian just outlined. Our reported cash equivalents, and marketable securities as of March 31st, 2023, total of $46.8 million, which is expected to support our current planned operations into Q3 of 2024. Please note this does not account for any of the Roche Genentech milestone payments, nor for any business development or grant revenues which we may receive during the same period. Let me review our first quarter operating results. Our revenue is generated primarily from licensing fees, royalties, collaboration revenues, and research grants. Total revenues for the first quarter were approximately $2.4 million, a decrease of $2.8 million as compared to $5.2 million for the same period in 2022. This decrease was driven by lower collaboration and licensing revenues in conjunction with the Roche agreement. Our operating expenses are comprised of research and development and general and administrative expenses. Total operating expenses for the first quarter were $8.9 million, a decrease of $2.5 million as compared to $11.4 million for the same period in 2022. R&D expenses for the first quarter were $4.2 million, an increase of $1.2 million as compared to $3 million for the same period in 2022. The increase is primarily driven by a half million of non-clinical related expenses to support the OPC1 program and $0.2 million in OpRegen program expenses to support the Roche collaboration. $0.4 million and $0.2 million of the increase was related to R&D spending on the auditory neuron and photoreceptor programs, respectively. G&A expenses for the first quarter were $4.7 million, a decrease of $3.7 million as compared to $8.4 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by the $3.5 million in lower litigation and legal expenses related to the Asterias litigation settlement that was accrued in the prior year and $0.2 million in lower expenses for accounting and tax services. Loss from operations for the first quarter was $6.6 million, an increase of $0.2 million as compared to $6.4 million for the same period in 2022. Other income for the first quarter was $0.4 million compared to other expenses of $0.7 million for the same period in 2022. The income was primarily driven by the change in the fair market value of our marketable equity securities, interest from our marketable debt securities, and a receivable for the Employee Retention Credit program, partially offset by exchange rate fluctuations related to our international subsidiaries. The net loss for the first quarter was $4.4 million or $0.03 per share compared to a net loss of $7.1 million or $0.04 per share for the same period in 2022. Overall, we continue to maintain our same spending discipline as we have adhered to for years and which has served us well in the past. As the biotech markets continue to face uncertainty, we believe that maintaining discipline in our spending will continue to allow us to maintain our plan to reach meaningful milestones, make important progress, and create value for shareholders from our investments in our programs. Now let me hand the call back to Brian. Thanks, Jill. I continue to believe Lineage is making good decisions in a challenging biotech environment. We've been conservative and disciplined with our spending, and we're advancing our programs in a responsible way. Our collaboration with Genentech and Roche is progressing extremely well, and one of the many things we'll be excited to work on this year will be continuing to support Genentech and Roche in the further clinical development of OpRegen for the treatment of dry AMD with geographic atrophy. As always, we sincerely appreciate your support of the company as we look to position Lineage to become a leader in cell therapy and cell transplant medicine. With that, operator, we are ready to respond and to any analyst questions. At this time, I would like to begin our question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question, press star one on your telephone keypad. If you would like to withdraw your question, again, press star one on your telephone keypad. We'll pause for just a moment to compile the Q&A roster. Your first question comes from the line of Jack Allen from Baird. Your line is open. Awesome. Thank you so much for taking the questions and congratulations to the team on the progress made throughout the quarter. I'll kick things off with a question on the OpRegen program. I realize that the clinical study right now is being run by Roche, but I was wondering if you had any comments as it relates to getting data read out from that phase 2A study. You do reference the rather rapid time point here with the 90-day post-treatment follow-up. As a follow-up to that, I was hoping you could provide some more color as it relates to the milestones that we could expect from the Roche Genentech deal and any of those that could be coming in the near term as well. Thank you so much. Thank you, Jack. No doubt the top two questions that I would expect to receive today and you got both of them. Dosing is underway in the study, which is confirmable by the fact that at Roche's quarterly update, we have been moved to a phase 2 program. They only do that after first patient has been initiated. We've got three sites open right now. More sites are expected, but there are two variables that are very hard for us to provide the firm answer on when data be expected. One is that the study could enroll anywhere from 30 to 60 patients. This is a surgical optimization study. You can imagine that if there is a variable which is tested and it looks interesting, they may continue to investigate that variable to see if they can squeeze out some more benefit or ease of use. We don't know how many patients will be defining the end of enrollment. The other part of the question is whether what we're looking for is full data, such as what might be publicized or at a major medical meeting, versus top-line data. My view is that while subject matter experts surely would like to see B-scans and OCT images, the main question I believe that is out there is whether Roche will be able to observe and report the same kind of data as Lineage has, and will you find that to be satisfying in 30 patients, in 10 patients, in 5 patients, in just 1 patient? It's very difficult for us to say exactly when the data will arrive, but we do have this one advantage that is quite meaningful, which is we're gonna be getting our data approximately 9 months sooner than you might expect because they are both anatomical primary and secondary endpoints. With respect to milestones. The milestones are redacted for competitive reasons by our partner. You know, big pharma often doesn't want to disclose exactly how much they're paying and when, because that can of course be used against them by future partners that they negotiate with. It's not unusual for us to have redacted milestones. We have been asked whether there was a milestone in connection with the current study, and we haven't reported one, and what you can take from that is that there was not a milestone. That is because that surgical optimization study, which is running right now, was not originally contemplated when we entered into the deal. We're very happy that the optimization study is being done. It gives us additional confirmatory data. It gives us potentially even a greater benefit. It is a study that Lineage very likely would not have been able to conduct on its own. We're very glad that this study is happening, but it really was conceived and decided to proceed with this study after the deal was already determined, i.e., the milestones were already placed where they belong. Hopefully that is as much of an answer as I can provide on data on milestones, and hopefully that can provide at least some insight as to the information that we've been able to provide to date. Great. Thank you so much for that color. Then maybe just one very brief follow-up. I know you had very strong efficacy in the Cohort 4 data, once you had realized that you had to fully cover the lesion. The question would be, do you get the sense from Roche as to whether they're looking to optimize efficacy here? Or could it be that they're also looking to optimize safety? How do you think about their relative, I guess, objectives with this study? Yeah, Jack. We think that the answer is both. Obviously cover as much of the area of GA as possible, 'cause that's where the efficacy and effect were observed, and how best to safely do that. Certainly the group at Roche and many of their surgical experts are some of the foremost in the world. As Brian alluded to, they may have some ideas on how better to approach both the front of the ILM, the retinotomy, as well as perhaps other delivery routes. We await those data, and that may be involved in whether it's 30 or up to 60 patients, we don't know, but we leave it to them to optimize that. Got it. Thank you so much for the questions. Congratulations again on the progress. Thank you, Jack. Your next question comes from the line of Joe Pantginis from H.C. Wainwright. Your line is open. Hey, everybody. Good afternoon. Thanks for taking the questions. 2 questions, please. Obviously with the Arvo data, you know, pictures speak volumes. I'm just curious, you know, seeing these new imaging analyses and, you know, being able to see better coverage, et cetera, you know, do you think that will impact any of the plans moving forward with regard to still assessing various delivery techniques through Genentech studies? Number 2, would you be able to just remind us as you're awaiting the FDA meeting for OPC1, what your wish list is? Sure, Joe. With respect to question 1, of course, one of the reasons to partner with the number 1 ophthalmology company in the world is to rely on their judgment on those decisions. This is a new technology. We have, you know, 5 of, you know, potentially the best ever clinical outcomes that you can get in this disease setting, but it's still 5. Is there room for improvement through different approaches, methods, safety, ease of use? All of these things will really be data-driven decisions, but data-driven decisions that are inextricably linked to Roche's ophthalmology experience. With respect to OPC1 and the wish list, the device that we are proposing to use has advantages that feel very obvious to us in terms of the ease of use and potentially the safety, maybe even spilling over into efficacy. We'd like to get a green light to be able to deploy that device. It does look like a device that could be used at many more centers than the original method of delivering cells, which required a lot of scaffolding and equipment and the handling and construction of that equipment. In terms of ease of use and deployability, we'd really like to get a green light there. We have not yet taken the new process by which we manufacture the cells and presented that comparability data to FDA because we're doing these things sequentially. That may help us just be able to continue on under the current IND, for example. The agency is aware that we have developed a new process, and they know that when we have completed our comparability testing and we are in a position to do so, we will bring all of that data to them. Step one is a clean bill of health to be able to initiate the DOSE study, and then step two will be to get the cell data in front of the agency. Longer term, we have some really interesting ideas around assessment tools and endpoints, but that would be for a future conversation. Awesome. Thanks for the color, Brian. Thank you, Joe. Your next question comes from the line of Kristen Kluska from Cantor. Your line is open. Hi, good afternoon, everybody. Thanks so much for taking the questions and congrats on these recent data. Had a couple quick questions for you. The first is, Brian, since I've known you've been a huge advocate for OCT, and not just you, but others in the field, including companies, thought leaders, et cetera. Just wanted to ask if you would say that broadly speaking, the field is really moving towards appreciating and recognizing the advantages related to looking at OCT specifically for GA? Thank you, Kristen. I appreciate that question. I'm not a doctor, so I use really simple ideas. I feel like it's sort of like the difference between an X-ray and an MRI. OCT gives you almost histological levels of observation, and I think there's been a trend toward that as a very informative tool. I, in fact, had a physician say to me that he doesn't need to see his patient. He can just see the OCT images and knows what to do next. Gary, do you have anything to add? You might have some additional insights on kind of the state-of-the-art with the imaging technologies. Yeah. I think the statement from AO, which they consider the gold standard for evaluating the posterior section of the eye, it kinda speaks for itself. Other companies that are obviously in this space are also looking at not only FAF, but OCT to better assess how they're potentially slowing the progression of GA as opposed to hopefully arresting or even reversing. I think in conjunction with these other corporations and academic efforts, the FDA will also come around as well. Thank you. Specifically to this analysis that was reported at Arvo, can you maybe give us a little bit color of understanding why these analyses were conducted to begin with? It seems that before you reported this data, there was a clear correlation with the placement of cells related to the best patient outcomes, which these data definitely support that case, but perhaps give us a little bit more confidence in definitively saying that in light of the data. I guess that would be the first part, is just understanding why they did these studies. The second part is if they've communicated, if anything based off of these studies has changed how they've thought about looking at this ongoing 2a study. Hey, Kristen, I'll preface for Gary and just say that I, while I wish it weren't the case, the reality is that the data which are reported from Lineage are going to be viewed differently than data which are reported from Roche. The reason why I've gone to great lengths to emphasize that these were new analyses that they hadn't been seeing before they reinforced our finding is because I'm quite aware that hearing it from Roche can easily mean a lot more to one's evaluation of the data than just hearing it from Lineage team. Gary, perhaps you could speak a little more specifically to Kristen's question. I think Roche looked at the sub-study conducted by Doheny, some of the additional analyses, by Brandon Lujan and Jordi Monés and others. They certainly believed it 'cause that's why they did the deal. The thought is there a way that on a much larger pivotal registrational study on a global basis that you can look at a standardized way to assess the progression or regression of the area of atrophy? There are certain methodologies that they would appear to be exploring to automate this process and make it reproducible across multiple central reading sites. Thanks. Just last question I have for you is, based off of all the feedback you're hearing now that the first drug has been officially launched, do you think that having an approved treatment is going to change how physicians and patient appetite to getting diagnosed earlier and doing more routine testing in this landscape? I mean, we often hear from KOLs that even if patients are aware that they could be at risk or there's an indication, they just don't frankly wanna know a whole lot about it if there's nothing that a doctor can offer them. Now that narrative has changed. Thanks again. Yeah. Thank you for that question. I do believe very strongly that in a market which has no approved therapies, that the first approved agent to come along does wonders for everyone who follows. That's because the first company will invest in educating the patient population, helping them become aware that there are therapies. You end up now with a captured audiences. I mean, literally databases are created of patients. you end up with a much more mature and established market landscape than if you're going in there and trying to say to someone who five years ago was told, "There's nothing I can do for you." Now all of a sudden there is an effective therapy. You know, if they don't happen to see your commercial on TV, they're never gonna go see their doctor because they don't think there's anything they can do. I absolutely feel very strongly that it is better for this space, better for these patients to become smarter about their disease and the education that will occur with the conversations that they have with their physicians. I can tell you anecdotally through a conversation I had with one surgeon that he has patients coming in off the street with printouts of press releases about the recently approved agent, and they want it. I think we've always known that vision is important, and now we may have a convergence of that desire for an intervention with the presence of an intervention, which as Roger Bannister said many years ago famously, "Après moi, le deluge." I think the further, the follow-on assets which arise on the market are going to benefit from the precedent which is set. Regardless of whether it has a big clinical impact or not, regardless of whether it's got a convenient administration or not, it is going to automatically create an educated patient population. Abby, I think Kristen took the answer offline, so if we have any others, please let me know. Your next question comes from the line of Mayank Mamtani from B. Riley. Your line is open. Well, good afternoon. This is Yuan, for Mayank, and thank you for taking our questions. Great to see the data update at Arvo. First, could you maybe discuss if Roche is or has plans to incorporate the Arvo findings of relying more on OCT during the analysis for their phase two OpRegen trial? As a protocol-specific question, I'll let Gary go ahead and address it. Yeah. It, publicly available is on ClinicalTrials.gov, and it's primarily a safety and delivery study, and the secondary, tertiary endpoints are not been publicly made at this point. We do expect that OCT would be incorporated as part of that. Got it. Our second question is, can you provide any extra color on the MRI findings in your upcoming publication and how this will or were incorporated into your learnings for your novel delivery system? Yeah. The MRI findings which you're referring to is a forthcoming publication from the phase 1/2 study in spinal cord injury using the oligodendrocyte cell transplant, which we call OPC1. What's notable there is that a large number of patients who suffer from a spinal cord injury will experience a cavity or a vacancy in an area of injury. That can lead to complication. Of course, you cannot conduct an electrical impulse across a gap. The MRI is a wonderful tool for observing the presence or absence of a cavity and in particular, the presence or absence of a cavity following administration of our OPC1 cells. Much in the same way that the eye gives us a convenient way of seeing what's going on through the direct imaging, we can use an MRI to image the spinal cord and see if our cells have migrated, if they're present, if the patient has a cavity or not. We want to report these data because the rate of cavitation, i.e., the frequency of an open area or a gap in the spinal cord, was vastly reduced following administration of OPC1. That is an important and notable finding which speaks to durability of the cells and also provides some very good information for long-term follow-up of the durability of our cells, which again, we see quite easily in the setting of the eye because we have such good access, and we're able to replicate that work in the spinal cord through the use of an MRI. Got it. Thanks for the helpful color. You bet. Thank you very much. Your final question comes from the line of Michael Okunewitch from Maxim Group. Your line is open. Hey, guys. Thank you for taking the question, and congrats on the progress. Thank you, Michael. I guess to start off, you touched on how activity in the space surrounding geographic atrophy highlights the value of the OpRegen program, in particular, you know, the $5.9 billion acquisition of Iveric. I'd like to get a better understanding of how the programs stack up. Is there any difference in treatment setting between where OpRegen fits versus the complement inhibitors? The three areas that I always look at when comparing OpRegen to the complement inhibitors are the magnitude of effect on the anatomical side, which is vastly greater. You can see from the complement inhibition what you can imagine is the best possible effect. It's not a smaller area of GA. These areas of GA always get larger. On the anatomical side, number 1, we've got wonderful data that suggests that we are far beyond the complement inhibitors. Number 2, we have an effect on visual acuity, and I referred the extensive data analysis, the post hoc analyses that are being done, which I feel in many cases are highly selective and are an attempt to find evidence of functional improvement, which in this case would be less loss of vision. That's not what we have seen. We have seen gains of vision. Now, I recognize that vision as assessed with a more variable tool compared to the anatomical changes, but nevertheless, the differences between catastrophic vision, i.e., losing 15 letters or let's say extraordinary gain of 15, 20, 25 letters, that is such a large difference that I feel it is notable and worthy of some, you know, some great consideration. Thirdly is the administration. Again, we are talking about elderly people who are being asked with, despite their extremely poor vision, to get to a clinic to get an injection. If they want the best effect, they need to have that injection every month. If they wanna forfeit a little bit of the already small benefit, then they go every other month. I really feel like compared to a one-time therapy, we have the triple benefit of a large anatomical effect, a large functional benefit, and a single administration. I really think that is just a much better product profile because when you get down to it, products are driven through sales through the sales rep and the physician excitement and interest, and it all has to be detailed off of a package insert, which means it all has to be backed up by your data. I think that, I feel great comfort that there will be a day in the future where we'll have a data package which is very compelling compared to anything else that's in development or that can only hit on a single pathway or a handful of pathways compared to a complete replacement of the cell that has dysfunctioned or been eliminated. Right. Thank you. Then just to follow up on that, on that point, I'd like to see if you could how you envision if the data holds up with what we've seen so far, OpRegen and the complement inhibitors fitting into the treatment flow. Would you expect this to be something where, you know, both therapies could be used in tandem, either, you know, complement to slow down the progression, and then you get OpRegen to reverse and restore? Do you believe that based on the current data at least, it's efficient enough that this is something that would potentially, you know, be a replacement or a competitive offering? Thank you for the clarification. I believe if our data holds up, it would be an easy decision whether you're on a complement inhibitor or not to switch to a one-time surgical intervention which holds the promise of halting the expansion of your GA and providing you with a benefit vision in the near term. I also don't think that it has to be exclusive. Gary, I know you've had some conversations with docs about this, and perhaps you can add for Michael your thoughts on how these products could be used together or in different sequences. Yes. We've had hypotheses from our scientific steering committee and others to suggest it could be used either way. You could try to tamp down the inflammation with a complement inhibitor and then come on with OpRegen. Alternatively, you could afford, put in fresh, healthy RPE cells in OpRegen and then follow that up with a complement inhibitor to help address the patient's own RPE that are still sick and aging. We can see either scenario coming through. Ultimately, the controlled randomized studies of OpRegen will dictate how it's ultimately used. Michael, I'll add. All right. Thanks. Just a curious point for you, because I have a kid of video game playing age that I like to think about the complement inhibitors similar to a tower defense video game where you are using an agent that is going to slow down the disease process. To my mind, that will create a pooling, a clogging, a greater number of patients in an addressable zone for treatment for OpRegen. If you're slowing the progression of GA, as more and more people demographically are getting into a treatment, the beginning, the early phase of treatment, but they stay there longer because they've got, let's say, 20% slower growth, you will mathematically end up with more people in a treatment paradigm opportunity for OpRegen. Thank you. I really appreciate that analogy. One last one from me, and then I'll hop back in the queue. I'd just like to ask on the one of your preclinical programs, can you talk about the role of the B2M deficiency in your collaboration with Eterna for CNS disorders? Absolutely. I'm glad you asked. We don't always have time to put everything into these calls or press releases, but the Eterna collaboration is an option agreement which is part of a seed planting process. A company that believes it's going to be successful with its lead asset, i.e., OpRegen, obviously it can be prudent to prepare for the future. Where we believe the future of cell therapy is headed is that editing can provide a number of advantages, such as safety of your cells, tolerability of your cells, or perhaps some additional properties of your cells. This is the convergence of engineering and biology. Eterna has a very suitable ex vivo editing technology. We do not need to get involved in the assessment of the in vivo editors because we're able to develop lines and then test the material before it goes into patients, so we can rely on any number of alternate editing technologies. B2M, and specifically dealing with the MHC class I proteins, is of course around rejection. Now, we've never had a report of rejection of our cells across any of our programs, but we have interest in a number of other areas and applications of our technology and gaining experience with edited cells and how they behave, gaining experience with iPSCs and how they behave are things that are important to us. We're not yet going to discuss exactly the kinds of edits that we may be contemplating because there are a number of them that are relevant, HLA-G, HLA-E, CD47. There are a bunch of things that different companies are doing, and we actually benefit from watching and reading their data to see what seems to be encouraging or seems to be less encouraging. We don't have anything to say other than generally, we are interested in having hypoimmune lines. Generally, we are interested in iPSC programs. Things go very well, and we continue to execute on our plans, then we would be able to disclose some of our more specific ideas down the road when we're in a position to do so, and that would of course include specific applications of future cell types. All right. Thank you very much for that, Brian. Again, congrats on the progress. Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. Mr. Brian Culley, I turn the call back over to you. Thank you, Anna. Thank you everyone for joining today, and we will look forward to our next update. Feel free to get in touch in the meantime. Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect.