Welcome to the Lineage Cell Therapeutics first quarter 2025 conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. An audio webcast of this call is available on the investor section of Lineage's website at www.lineagecell.com. This call is subject to copyright and is the property of Lineage. Recordings, reproductions or transmissions of this call without the express written consent of Lineage are strictly prohibited. As a reminder, today's call is being recorded. I would now like to introduce your host for today's call, Ioana Hone, Head of Investor Relations at Lineage. Ms. Hone, please go ahead. Thank you, Carly. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. A press release reporting our first quarter 2025 financial results was issued earlier today, May 13th, 2025, and can be found on the investor section of our website. Please note that today's remarks and responses to your questions reflect management's views as of today only and will contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. Statements made during this discussion that are not statements of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. The company's actual results or performance may differ materially from the expectations indicated by such forward-looking statements. For discussion of certain factors that could cause the company's results or performance to differ, we refer you to the forward-looking statement sections in today's press release and in the company's SEC filings, including its most recent annual report on Form 10-K and in subsequent SEC filings. We caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of today and are qualified by the cautionary statements and risk factors described in our SEC filings. With us today are Brian Culley, our Chief Executive Officer, and Jill Howe, our Chief Financial Officer. I'll now hand the call over to Brian. Thank you, Ioana. Good afternoon, everyone. We appreciate you taking the time to join us on the call. I'll start off today with an update on OpRegen and talk about some interesting results reported at the recent Eyecelerator and ARVO conferences. I also want to ensure everyone is aware of the forthcoming 36-month clinical data, which will be presented next month at the CTS meeting. After OpRegen, I have a brief but important update on a recent manufacturing milestone that gives us the opportunity to broaden our business strategy. After that, I'll say a few words about the DOSED study of OPC1 before Jill reviews our financials, and we'll leave plenty of time today for analyst questions. Starting with OpRegen, this is an allogeneic RPE cell transplant intended for patients suffering from dry AMD with geographic atrophy. Unlike the currently approved anti-complement therapies, which require monthly or semi-monthly injections and only slow disease progression by around 20%, OpRegen has shown evidence of both anatomical and functional benefits, lasting for up to two years and from a one-time surgical delivery of RPE cells to the subretinal space. Importantly, the benefits we've seen today have not been observed to occur spontaneously in the natural course of the disease, which makes their presence increasingly meaningful with each passing year. Based on the totality of the data collected to date, we believe there's a tremendous opportunity to provide better outcomes for GA patients than from what is available from existing therapies. OpRegen is currently being evaluated in a phase IIa study called the GAlette study that is being paid and run for by our partners, Roche and Genentech. The GAlette study is exploring various parameters of surgical delivery to help enable a safe and repeatable procedure. Overall, the goal of the GAlette study is to refine the surgical procedure and optimize the risk-benefit profile. We believe the ongoing GAlette study is progressing well because it is an open-label study with 90-day endpoints, and it has been enrolling continuously for approximately two years. While we do not have access to data from that trial, we note that Genentech has continued to invest in the program by, for example, seeking and obtaining RMAT designation, opening additional clinical sites, and acquiring proprietary surgical delivery devices designed for delivery to the subretinal space. These positive steps have occurred against the background of Roche reducing its pipeline, which adds further conviction to our belief that OpRegen is delivering promising results in this open-label study. I want to remind everyone that there is no timeline available yet for a decision by Genentech whether to advance OpRegen into a controlled study. We don't know how such a decision would be made or communicated, but we do know there's no regulatory requirement to complete the ongoing GAlette study or announce any GAlette data before initiating such a controlled study. It is possible a larger controlled study could be announced while the GAlette study continues. As a reminder, OpRegen is a pioneering new technology for which delivery is an important component, so we expect at least some aspect of surgical optimization could continue for a long time. At the same time, we're encouraged that Genentech could elect to advance OpRegen to the next stage of development whenever they're comfortable doing so. Until such a decision is made, we will continue to await further updates from our highly capable partners. While we all await information from the ongoing phase IIa or any subsequent trials of OpRegen, there are two additional things I'd like to highlight. The first is that Genentech plans to report three-year data from the phase I/IIa trial, which Lineage conducted, and which will be presented on Genentech's behalf by Dr. Chris Riemann from Cincinnati Eye Institute. That presentation will occur at the Clinical Trials at the Summit 2025 conference on June 21st. CTS was founded by Dr. Arshad Khanani, Director of Clinical Research at Sierra Eye Associates, and the event brings together a diverse and global group of experts to discuss the latest data from ongoing clinical trials. Dr. Riemann was an investigator on the phase I/IIa study of OpRegen, and we greatly appreciate his availability to present this new data for Genentech. The reason this forthcoming data is important is that the anatomical and functional benefits that were previously reported out to two years following OpRegen treatment were notable. In comparison, the evidence from large clinical trials and natural history registries clearly show that untreated patients or patients on anti-complement therapy continue to lose vision over those two years. As we consider what happens after a third year, we believe any visual benefits or disease stability observed at year three will be even more compelling than at year two because it indicates the difference in visual performance between an OpRegen-treated patient and a patient even on the best available therapy could be widening over time. Furthermore, a three-year benefit adds additional support to OpRegen, potentially being a one-time treatment, which could mitigate compliance issues, and we believe would offer a striking advantage over the monthly injections required for best available outcomes with anti-complement therapy. We haven't seen the three-year data from Genentech yet, but we're hopeful it will provide additional conviction in our approach. Speaking of conviction, the second OpRegen item I wanted to highlight today is recent news and data updates from competing RPE companies, which I think is extremely positive for us. Recent phase I data disclosed by two separate companies at ARVO last week provides independent validation that indeed an RPE transplant can drive clinical outcomes well beyond the reach of currently approved therapies. Even more importantly, those benefits included indications of a large functional visual benefit with one-time dosing, which supports the treatment regimen that we've envisioned for OpRegen. Another reason this is important is that an RPE cell transplant is a completely new modality and the only approach credibly demonstrating the potential to improve vision in GA patients. It's normal for people to want to see more clinical data than Lineage has generated to date. Every time some other company independently reports positive data from an RPE transplant like ours, those data points can be aggregated into an increasingly powerful endorsement of our approach. At this point, we are aware of four independent reports of functional gains from an RPE transplant. From among those companies, we assume investors will try to sort out which among us is best positioned to win the large addressable and increasingly established GA market. Given everything that is required to successfully manufacture and commercialize an allogeneic cell therapy product for such a large patient population, I feel confident that the three pillars of one, Lineage's manufacturing and scale-up process, two, Genentech's device and drug development capability, and three, Roche's leadership in ophthalmology product commercialization provide us with advantages over competing RPE programs. Overall, I'll say that we continue to believe these actions reflect things moving in a very positive direction with the OpRegen program. I just mentioned Lineage's manufacturing and scale-up capability as one of the three pillars which contribute to a competitive advantage, but I want to take just a moment to explain again why I see so much value in our manufacturing platform. When comparing allogeneic and autologous cell therapies, it's important to recognize that the key advantage of allogeneic is that it offers the possibility of low-cost manufacturing of a stable and consistent material with no donor variability and a true off-the-shelf user profile that is unlike the typically expensive autologous therapies, which are made for a single patient and often include complex handling and/or logistical and transportation requirements. To date, we haven't found any examples of what we consider to be a true allogeneic manufacturing process, meaning one which fulfills the intent of low-cost and consistent production from a stable and unchanging source of cells. We believe these features are a necessary requirement to supply material to a large patient population, but it's difficult to find evidence of anyone satisfying this requirement. Last month, we revealed that on two separate occasions, we have completed a GMP production run of a product candidate from a single pluripotent cell line, which had been the source of a GMP master and GMP working cell bank system. Given the exponential expansion available from our dual banking system, we believe we are the first in our field, specifically in the field of non-cancer allogeneic cell transplantation, to have reduced to practice a GMP cell-based production system that is capable of producing millions of doses of product from a single starting cell line. We have also demonstrated that our system is not product or cell- line- specific because it was performed with more than one cell type and with two different cell lines. We see this as a major achievement for our business because generating a GMP banking system that can deliver large-scale and low-cost production of a cell therapy opens up new opportunities for partnerships using cell types not currently in our pipeline. In fact, around the time of disclosing this achievement, we were able to initiate a number of additional partnering discussions. While these new opportunities are still just early stage for now, the willingness of others to open discussions is partly the result of us being able to point to this recent cell-based manufacturing capability. The business implication of all this is that if Genentech moves OpRegen into a comparative trial, we believe we will enjoy not only a lower cost of capital, but also a strong rationale to repeat our success with additional cell-based programs beyond OpRegen and OPC1 and ANP1 currently in our pipeline. For this reason, we believe entering into additional deals can offer an increasingly attractive, non-dilutive opportunity to expand our business model and create long-term value. Moving on, I next will provide an update on our second clinical stage allogeneic cell transplant program, OPC1, which is designed to help increase recovery and mobility for people who have suffered from a spinal cord injury. Our approach is to manufacture replacement cells of the spinal cord and deliver them to the site of injury, which is basically the same mechanism that has produced exciting outcomes in dry AMD. OPC1 has been tested in 30 individuals with severe spinal cord injuries, and the long-term safety and efficacy data we have collected so far is promising and merits further investigation. We have two areas of improvement we want to complete before we would feel ready to move OPC1 into a later- stage trial. The first area of improvement is delivery. We have initiated a small clinical study called the DOSED study to test the safety and performance of a novel delivery device in six to 10 patients. We believe the device we are testing in this study will be superior to the original delivery system in two ways. First, it's easier to use and deploy to clinical sites. More importantly, second, the new device allows a dose of cells to be administered over four to five minutes without stopping the patient's respiration. Previously, it was necessary to stop ventilation when you delivered the cells, so this is a significant enhancement to the procedure. In addition to the safety and performance of the new device, we also will be collecting functional assessments on all patients, which gives us the opportunity to investigate any signals of efficacy that may arise. This is important because this study will be the first time OPC1 will be administered to patients with a chronic spinal cord injury. Chronic SCI represents an additional and larger potential patient population for this experimental therapy. The first clinical site in the DOSED study is just down the road at UC San Diego Health, and we anticipate that UCSD can begin identifying patients for screening this week and allow us to work toward our goal of enrolling our first patient in the DOSED study in June. The second area of OPC1 improvement is our new manufacturing process, which actually has two subparts. We increase the scale, purity, and control of the cells we make, and second, we developed a new immediate-use formulation, which eliminates the lengthy dose preparation steps that were required with the original clinical material. Subject to obtaining clearance from FDA, we plan to introduce the cells we make from this improved process and the new formulation into the ongoing DOSED trial. In parallel with these two ongoing enhancements to the OPC1 program, we also are working on the design of a larger trial with a focus on collecting more specific and clinically relevant endpoints with a goal of reducing the well-documented challenges of data capture in this patient population. When all of these necessary activities have been concluded, the design, the device, and the cells, we believe we, either alone or with a future partner, will be in a position to conduct a larger trial of OPC1. Meanwhile, we still plan to apply for a CIRM clinical grant as soon as they begin accepting applications, which CIRM has indicated should occur fairly soon. Lastly, we recently announced that we are proudly collaborating again with the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation on the third annual SCI Investor Symposium. We have decided to convert this to a virtual conference because that can significantly increase participation for individuals who have difficulty with in-person events and broaden overall participation by speakers and attendees. This year's symposium will build on last year's momentum and will be available online June 27th, 2025. With that, I will turn things over to Jill for a review of our financials. Thanks, Brian, and good afternoon, everyone. As of March 31st, 2025, our overall cash position was $47.9 million. This capital is expected to support our planned operations into Q1 of 2027, which we believe will allow us to reach multiple events and milestones. As we discussed in detail on our last call, we continue to have approximately $37 million of warrant capital, which could become available to us. We continue to pursue and investigate additional sources of funding, such as milestone payments we are eligible for under the Roche Genentech Collaboration Agreement, program grants like the CIRM grant, and additional collaborations, which we may elect to enter into. With respect to our first quarter financials, we largely came in line with our historic period. Total revenues for the quarter were $1.5 million, a net increase of $0.1 million compared to $1.4 million for the same period in 2024. This increase was primarily driven by more collaboration revenue recognized from deferred revenues under the collaboration and license agreement with Roche. Operating expenses for the first quarter were $8 million, a decrease of $0.1 million as compared to $8.1 million for the same period in 2024. R&D expenses for the first quarter were $3.1 million, an increase of $0.1 million as compared to $3 million for the same period in 2024. The net increase was primarily driven by $0.2 million for our preclinical programs, partially offset by $0.1 million for other research and development programs. G&A expenses for the first quarter were $4.9 million, primarily in line with expenses for the same period in 2024. Loss from operations for the first quarter was $6.5 million, a decrease of $0.2 million as compared to $6.7 million for the same period in 2024. Other income for the first quarter was $2.4 million compared to $2.1 million for the same period in 2024, and the net increase was primarily driven by changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities. The net loss for the first quarter was $4.1 million, or $0.02 per share, as compared to a net loss of $6.5 million, or $0.04 per share, for the same period in 2024. As you can see from our financial results, we continue to demonstrate our commitment to fiscal discipline and strike an appropriate balance between our cost of capital and investments we make in our program. With that, I'll hand the call back to Brian. Thanks, Jill. I will summarize today by saying that we remain confident in the potential for OpRegen to drive positive clinical outcomes in dry AMD and are encouraged by our partners' continued signs of commitment to the program. We also believe the independent evidence generated by other RPE cell transplant trials supports and elevates the evidence, and we look forward to the three-year clinical data update coming from Genentech next month. We are planning for success by seeking to capitalize on our investments in cell manufacturing and use recent achievements as a new foundation from which additional programs can be advanced by funded partnerships and independently. We are steadily advancing OPC1 toward the goal of conducting a planned larger clinical trial in spinal cord injury while ensuring first that the necessary attributes for long-term success are in place with that program. As always, we appreciate your support and belief in our vision, and with that, Operator, we are ready to take any questions from analysts. At this time, I would like to remind everyone in order to ask a question, press star, then the number one on your telephone keypad. We'll pause for just a moment to compile the Q&A roster. Your first question comes from Mayank Mamtani with B. Riley Securities. Thank you so much for taking our questions. This is William from Mayank. Congratulations on a very nice quarter. A couple from us. We're actually just curious if you'd be willing to sort of compare your capabilities in terms of manufacturing to peers and how much of a differentiation you feel that you have in scale-up, potentially having redundancies and perhaps even supplying for the demand that OpRegen could potentially have. Yeah. Hi, William. I can speak broadly about our capabilities, but I will not speak to any particular programs. Actually, it is quite frustrating that we cannot easily make direct comparisons. Unfortunately, the majority of our peers do not actually describe in sufficient detail exactly what they are capable of. There are some exceptions. Some companies have the confidence to explicitly state that they have not achieved this level of capability. Most of them, I think, appear to evade a difficult question. That is okay because we know that it is difficult. We have been working on this kind of technology for 20 years. I do believe it is highly differentiated because of the capability, the learnings, the experience, only a portion of which is subject to patent applications or issued patents. There are a lot of things we have learned that we retain as know-how. Ultimately, I think that as cell therapy matures and investors look beyond the initial and sometimes exciting phase one data and start asking difficult questions about being able to supply material affordably to a large patient population, and noting that in some cases, that material itself in a single dose may be millions, tens, or even hundreds of millions of cells, one is going to be increasingly forced to demonstrate a production capability from a platform that can deliver that kind of scale. If you permit me to just give an illustration, if you had a master bank of 100 vials of cells and any one of those 100 vials could make a working cell bank of 100 vials, and then any one of those vials could make, let's say, 100 doses of your treatment, you have then in hand a manufacturing system that's capable of making 1 million vials of your product without going back and resetting your original cell line, without changing your process, etc. I want to be clear that we don't have millions of vials of any of our therapies frozen away waiting to be utilized, but what we have done is we have reduced to practice in a GMP environment that system or that platform, and we've done it with multiple cell lines, and we've done it for multiple cell types. I do hope that others do come forward so that we can make direct comparisons. We welcome the challenge, but right now, we believe we stand alone with this capability at this time. Got it. That's very helpful. Just sort of taking a step out and just looking at some of the dynamics that we've seen with the current administration, just thinking about tariffs. You have a manufacturing site in Israel. I was just kind of curious what type of potential tariff impacts we might expect and how those might be mitigated depending on the degree of tariffs that we might see come. Obviously, a little bit of speculation there. Yeah, Brian, I'm happy to take that question. In general, with our manufacturing site in Israel, we don't expect to experience any type of tariff impact. We do, however, purchase materials way in advance and are able to store them on site to ensure that we can properly mitigate any type of production issues in the future. Yeah. If you'll permit me, William, to add, there are a couple of other things that are floating in the ether these days. We're really encouraged by comments that the new commissioner, Martin Makary, has said about cell and gene therapies holding tremendous promise. I think that's a direct quote. I think that the even more recent discussion around MFN simply highlights how important it is to have really wide margins if there's cost pressures and pricing pressures. Being able to manufacture your material very affordably will become increasingly important in order to be protected from some of those constraints. Got it. Appreciate that extra color. We'll hop back into queue. Really appreciate you answering our questions, and congratulations on a very productive quarter. Thank you. Thank you, William. Your next question comes from Jack Allen with Baird. All right. Thanks so much for taking the questions, and congrats on all the progress. I guess I'll start with one on the manufacturing side of things as well. It seems like you believe you developed a unique capability here, and it sounds like you've already seen some interest as it relates to partnerships. I'd love to hear a little bit more of your thoughts on how potential deals could take shape. Is it a technology that you'd look to outlicense, or is it something that you'd look to kind of utilize as a platform and take small pieces as an enabler of other people's products? How are you thinking about the potential partnership formation around this new outcome here? Yeah. Thank you for that question, Jack. I think each opportunity will be specific to itself. I think, as a general matter, we are not aspiring to become a CDMO. We're not aspiring to do some sort of contract fee-for-service manufacturing for others. However, I think this new capability and being able to show some clear evidence of that capability, meaning actual specific vial counts, etc., gives us an opportunity to collaborate with others, where we would have, in my vision, some sort of payments, success payments over time, and some ownership in an asset. I think that the ultimate scope of what a deal or multiple deals would look like, I think from our perspective, part of the answer is that it's prudent to have a balance or a mix of different deal types. I think that offers diversity and optionality to us as an innovator, but it takes two to strike a deal, and it's going to depend on what the scope and need of potential partners is going to look like. What we're most encouraged by is an ability to be able to speak with people, not about some prophetic aspiration that we have, but being able to, again, point to a specific example or two where we've achieved something. Perhaps we would do some pilot work to prove our worth and then increase the value of a deal thereafter. It's still new. It's still breaking, but it's very exciting because it allows us to begin to act on something we've wanted to do for a long time, which is look beyond just a program like OpRegen and think about how we can expand our capabilities and our success into other areas and own pieces of that action and those other assets in other disciplines where, frankly, we would not be experts in all of those different disease states, but we could be experts in directed differentiation and process development. Got it. Got it. That's very helpful. As it relates to the OPC1 program, it seems like you've made some real progress there and that you're hoping to have the first patient enrolled in June. When might we expect data from that program? A bit of an aside here, but there's been a recent kind of spotlight on the space with 60 Minutes highlighting Onward's device technology in spinal cord injury. How do you expect OPC1 could play in with potential device innovations? I know Onward has theirs, and Neuralink is also working on a device for this population as well. Yeah. Thank you. I had an opportunity to watch the 60 Minutes piece. I thought it was almost as good as the CNN piece that included OPC1 and the recent interview with Dr. Sanjay Gupta. The nice advantage of OPC1 is that it really could partner well with other technologies. Whether those technologies are electrostimulation-based, mechanical-based, a technology like Neuralink or Precision that have brain chip interfaces, all of these things could partner with OPC1. I do think that many in the field believe that maximum clinical outcomes, meaning the greatest improvements to mobility and quality life for patients, will come from a combination of different approaches. Regrettably, there are almost disincentives to testing multiple approaches simultaneously. We all have to show on a standalone basis that we can move the needle. If we can utilize, for example, someone has an injury, maybe there's a procedural step that's beneficial immediately following an accident. Maybe there's some new insights regarding mobilization or immobilization. Then maybe shortly thereafter, a patient is receiving a transplant of OPC1, and then maybe they're going into a really well-refined and patient-specific physical therapy course, and then maybe they're getting aided by either some STIM or some mechanical devices, and maybe they ultimately have a chip implanted so they can really maximize the gains provided by those prior modalities. I think that's where many people see the vision of spinal cord injury becoming less and less devastating by all of us working together, which is one of the reasons we pulled together this conference is to imagine what it looks like. I think that we're not certainly going to claim that OPC1 on a standalone basis is going to compete with those modalities or displace them. I think it's exactly the opposite. I think OPC1 can make those modalities better and vice versa, and that's probably the best and highest use of a cell transplant in spinal cord injury. That's great color. Brian, sorry, just being more pointed too, do you have a sense for when we could get initial data from that DOSED study of OPC1? The DOSED study is an open-label study. The primary endpoint regarding the success and safety of delivery occurs at 30 days. I imagine that we would be forthcoming on a regular basis from that open-label study. The other component of it is functional assessments. Those would necessarily lag. A typical functional assessment would be 6 or maybe more likely 12 months after administering a therapy. There would probably be sort of two waves of information. The first affirming for investors that our decision to move to this new device, that that device is being deployed successfully without unusual adverse events that would be an important announcement. I think lagging to that by several quarters or more would be any information regarding functional changes in patients unless those functional changes were extremely striking and notable on a standalone basis. I will remind you, and I'll remind everyone that when we first observed retinal restoration with OpRegen, it was approximately nine months before we disclosed that to the public because it really is an astounding achievement, and we wanted to make sure it was authentic and verified by experts in the field before we went public with those claims. If we did see something extraordinary, in particular with one of the chronic patients, you can have some assurance that we would carefully assess that before making it public so as to not get out in front of any excitement too early. Got it. Great color. Congrats again on all the progress. Thanks so much. Thank you, Jack. Your next question comes f rom Michael Okunewitch with Maxim Group. Hey, Brian. Thank you so much for taking my questions today. Congrats on all the progress. Thank you, Mike. I guess just to start, on the DOSED study, can you just help us understand what a successful delivery outcome would look like? Is this pretty much all safety? You're looking for different adverse events, or are there some metrics that would demonstrate successful delivery? Is there a benchmark that we should be looking at to compare to the prior delivery method? Yeah. Thank you, Michael. It's a very good question. Importantly, we are initially using the same material delivered in the same way by the same needle into the same lesion or damaged area. So many aspects of this, including, importantly, aspects of it that are internal to the patient, are identical to what was seen before. We do have a reference point. We do have something to compare to. The external components are all about how that needle is held and the apparatus, the physical apparatus that's attached to the patient, which, as I described in my remarks, includes the ability to avoid the cessation of respiration and allows us to deliver the cells while the patient is still connected to the respirator and having supported breathing. I do actually think it's a fairly low bar with relatively low risk because the material is the same, the needle is the same, the process is the same. The process meaning where you're aiming your target destination and the dose. I do think that success for us is largely going to be pointing at the exterior equipment. Is it easy to use? Are there any unexpected complications which pertain to the use of the equipment more so than AEs pertaining to the patient for the reasons I just shared? I think that, really, this is about enabling a better, superior method of surgical delivery, which can be more easily deployed into a large number of clinical sites so that a larger clinical trial can be performed. If we were to utilize the original surgical delivery apparatus, it's very complicated. It's very unwieldy, and frankly, none of us want to go into a phase two or other design using that first-generation equipment when we have the ability to very quickly, in a small number of patients, test a second-generation device, which is more easily deployed. We're talking about something that's about the size of a shoebox. You can imagine comparing that with something that's the size of a dresser drawer with all of the packaging that goes with it. It's a pretty low bar, but it affords us a very nice upgrade with respect to usability and convenience, and deployment in multiple sites. All right. Thank you for that. You did mention a new immediate use formulation. Is this different from the thaw- and- inject formulation, and how so if it is? No, I often use those terms interchangeably. I think going back to the first question that I think my aunt was asking, some of the differences and nuances across the different ways that people prepare and utilize cells are important considerations. We are aware that the original material that was used in the clinical development of OPC1 by other sponsors before we acquired the program it required hours of dose preparation. The cells had to be plated and washed. They were being manipulated and counted. If I recall correctly, there was even a dosing error in one of the patients on that study attributable to this dose preparation. What we have done is developed, patented, and employed a thaw- and- inject formulation which allows that product candidate to be immediate use. For us, immediate use means that we are taking it out of a frozen state. We're putting it into a ThawSTAR device, and approximately five minutes later, those cells are ready to be injected into the patient without significant manipulation or counting. The reason why this is important is that many of the cell therapies, including some that have been quite successful, have extensive dose preparation or handling or shipping requirements. Everywhere you have a step, you have cost, you have tracking, you have the potential for error. By having material that can be used immediately for the patient and using our thaw- and- inject formulation, it gives us a greater level of convenience. It reduces cost. We've even had discussions about people who wanted to see if they could use it for their program. We've had people who have been asking us questions about licensing and using that technology. Thank you for the question. Yeah, immediate use and thaw -and- inject. I think I typically use those interchangeably, but the point here is to avoid the manipulation and the handling of complex biologic at the bedside and instead being able to store for many, many years this material and use it on demand, which obviously helps with the entire supply chain. Yes. Thank you. I appreciate the additional clarity as well as the additional commentary. One more for me, if you don't mind, and then I'll hop back into the queue. I just wanted to see if the inclusion of the two surgical devices to Roche's OpRegen study is this something new that Roche is doing? Yeah. Thank you. That was a small comment I made at the recent Eyecelerator meeting. Roche or Genentech, rather, permitted me to note that they were planning to evaluate two proprietary surgical devices. One of those is a dual- lumen transvitreal subretinal injection. The other is a next-generation Orbit SDS. You may recall that Lineage utilized the first-gen Orbit SDS. One of several reasons I think this is important is these are proprietary. I do not particularly feel like I need to convince anyone that we are the leader in RPE transplanting. If you consider that there is a surgical optimization study being conducted and that if there are any improvements and findings in surgical delivery, if those are done with a proprietary device, that is just making the moat between us and others that much larger. I feel like it is already quite significant, but this is exactly the original vision. This is what we had. One of the things we had hoped for through the alliance with Roche and Genentech is they are bringing to this program advanced surgical delivery know-how, tools, technology, and ability to test that are beyond what Lineage was prepared or capable of doing at that time. I think if they are able to increase the risk-benefit of that program even further, it just makes it all the more appealing. That is what I was able to speak at publicly at that Eyecelerator conference just a week or two ago. Yeah. Thank you. It's certainly encouraging to see the level of optimization they're putting into the program. Thank you, Michael. Your next question comes from Albert Lowe with Craig-Hallum Capital Group. Hi. Maybe just a follow-up from the previous question and comments. I was just wondering if you can maybe give us a little more color, I guess, on the potential advantages of these new devices, whether maybe they aim to be a little safer or somehow, I guess, apply themselves a little better. Yeah, whatever else you can share, I'd be interested to hear. Yeah. Thanks, Albert. A little bit. The dual- lumen transvitreal, that enables delivery of a saline pre-bleb followed by the OpRegen suspension through a simplified procedure and one with a single retinotomy. One of the things that we did in our phase one was you would deliver a pre-bleb into the subretinal space, and then you would have to follow that with a second delivery of your material. The pre-bleb was largely present to confirm that you had reached the correct destination. If you could do that with a single retinotomy, that would be advantageous. A dual- lumen but still transvitreal injector is one approach. The other is a next-generation Orbit SDS. SDS stands for Superciliary Delivery System. When we utilized the original SDS, this utilized a transscleral approach. You would actually cut a small, you'd make a small incision into the sclera, and you would thread the needle around the back of the eye and deliver the material to the target area, to the subretinal space, without the need for a retinotomy. That has certain advantages as well. I'm not familiar with exactly what the attributes of the next-gen Orbit SDS, what those specifically are, but they are designed to be easier to use and more comfortable for the surgeon. I've often said, as a way to analogize what's going on, that something like LASIK surgery, when it was first conceived, required a scalpel, and then over time it became a laser. The technology improved and got easier, more trustworthy over time, until it became virtually commonplace. The OpRegen RPE cells being delivered to a subretinal space, it's a delicate surgery. Although we had some outstanding outcomes and others are having outstanding outcomes, if there are opportunities to make it easier, to have higher success rates, to have lower AE profiles, that is just going to make an increasingly compelling product profile. I do not have all of the details about numbers of patients or timelines. I have shared substantially everything that I am able to share with you and others today. I think the most important thing is that the organizations are looking at ways to continue after years now of work, continue to look at ways of making things better. We see that as a positive indication that reflects positively on the probability of long-term success of this program. That explains why we're looking at other ways to drive long-term growth of the business and not be just the OpRegen company, but to go far beyond that. Again, we're very, very good at process development and directed differentiation and banking systems, but we can't possibly know every indication at the level of expertise that's required. We're going to need to do some partnerships. The first and best case of that to date is what we did with Roche and Genentech, and it continues to be going very well, which validates our business and it validates our technology. All right. Great. Thanks. That extra information is helpful. Yeah, it seems clear that the OpRegen program continues to advance. Yeah, looking forward to hearing some about these other potential partnership opportunities. All right. Thank you. Thank you, Albert. Your final question comes from Sean McCutcheon with Raymond James. Hi. Good afternoon, team. This is Yang Ong for Sean. We have two quick questions. The first one is wondering your thoughts on the new director for CBER, especially his take on cell therapy, and what's your consideration for FDA regulation regarding cell therapy. Second question is, could you comment, please, on the spinal cord injury trial, a little bit on the design, for instance? Is it single-arm, and the dosing, is it single or multiple, as well as preliminary efficacy evaluation? Thank you. Yeah. Thank you, Yang, for the questions. With respect to Dr. Prasad, I'm not too concerned about the comments that I see regarding secondary markers of efficacy and so forth because the OpRegen program probably is not going to rely—I can't speak for the regulatory strategy, but I presume it's not going to rely on some of the secondary endpoints that are so often used in oncology trials. I think that, having watched Dr. Prasad sitting down doing a between-the-ferns conversation with Dr. Makary, I heard a lot about supporting innovation, being flexible, and accelerating timelines where such opportunities made sense, right? A very data-driven and rational, no shortcut. In many ways, maybe it feels like elevating the bar. Frankly, we welcome that. I think I can look no further than anti-complement and the drama regarding anti-complement that a 1 in 5,000 or 1 in 10,000 severe adverse event really impaired the uptake of that product because the clinical benefit was, to be fair, quite questionable. I think it was present, but it wasn't very exciting. I think, in contrast, you look at something like what an RPE transplant is capable of doing, and I don't think that there's any need for shortcuts because I think that the clinical magnitude is so significant. With respect to your second question on the FCEI design, the total enrollment would be between 6 and 10 patients. There is a stagger. The first three patients will be thoracic patients. Those are T1-T10 injury patients, but they can be chronic or subacute. When we get to patient four, that's where we introduce our first cervical patient, which can be C4 to C8, and then we go into open enrollment. We do have a stagger, and we have to get through that stagger. I am thinking that it may be the case that chronic patients are easier to enroll than subacute. We haven't seen that because we don't have experience yet, but it's part of our belief system. It remains to be seen what enrollment looks like. Definitely, the first three patients will be thoracic injuries, and then we go to cervical, and then it's open enrollment beginning with patient five, five through six, or five through ten. Thank you for the color. You're welcome, Yang. Thank you for the question. There are no further questions at this time. I will now turn the call back over to Brian Culley, CEO of Lineage, for closing remarks. Thanks, everyone. Really, no closing remarks. I think we covered everything we were hoping to cover today. If you did not get your question answered, feel free to follow up with myself or Jill at any time. Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes today's call. Thank you all for joining. You may now disconnect.