Good day, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Lam Research Corporation September Quarter Earnings Call. At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Ms. Tina Correia, Corporate Vice President, Corporate Finance, and Investor Relations. Please go ahead. Thank you, and good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the Lam Research quarterly earnings conference call. With me today are Tim Archer, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Doug Bettinger, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. During today's call, we will share our overview on the business environment, and we'll review our financial results for the September 2021 quarter and our outlook for the December 2021 quarter. The press release detailing our financial results was distributed a little after 1:00 P.M. Pacific Time this afternoon. The release can also be found on the investor relations section of the company's website, along with the presentation slides that accompany today's call. Today's presentation and Q&A include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties reflected in the risk factors disclosed in our SEC public filings. Please see accompanying slides in the presentation for additional information. Today's discussion of our financial results will be presented on a non-GAAP financial basis unless otherwise specified. A detailed reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP results can be found in today's earnings press release. This call is scheduled to last until 3:00 P.M. Pacific Time. A replay of this call will be made available later this afternoon on our website. With that, I'll hand the call over to Tim. Thanks, Tina. Welcome everyone. Lam delivered a solid September quarter, with revenues in line and earnings per share above the midpoint of our guided ranges. These results represent our sixth consecutive quarter of revenue and earnings per share growth for the company. Over this time period, we have scaled our operations to support rapidly growing demand for our products and services. As we look forward, we see continued strengthening across both leading edge device segments and specialty technology markets. In response, we have expanded our manufacturing capacity at existing facilities in the United States, Korea, and Taiwan. In the September quarter, we celebrated the grand opening of our new Malaysia facility, which when fully ramped, will be the largest factory in our global network. Just last month, we announced a new factory in Oregon, primarily designed to meet increased demand for Lam tools in foundry logic and advanced packaging applications. With these investments, we are building a solid foundation for delivering on our long-term growth objectives. In the near term, however, we are not immune to the widely reported supply chain constraints and elevated costs that continue to create new challenges for Lam and others across our industry. Our employees and supply chain partners are working tirelessly to meet the needs of our customers, and I would like to sincerely thank them for their efforts. From a wafer fab equipment spending perspective, we now see calendar 2021 ending in the mid-$80 billion range. Overall, WFE is higher in the second half versus the first half of the year, with both DRAM and foundry logic up in the second half, while NAND is more balanced. Demand remains strong, and while it's a bit early to give a specific forecast for calendar year 2022, indications are that it will be another year of WFE growth. We believe sustained strength in WFE spending is due to several factors we have previously highlighted. First, drivers of semiconductor demand continue to broaden, and sectors such as automotive, healthcare, and security are increasingly dependent on semiconductor content to deliver the performance requirements of end users. As a result, we are seeing a strong uptick in trailing edge technology nodes served by our Reliant business. Our Reliant business has now posted 11 consecutive quarters of record revenues, and in calendar year 2021, we expect Reliant to outgrow the WFE investment in this segment. Furthermore, high utilization rates across our installed base are driving strength in all subsegments of our CSBG business. In the September quarter, CSBG revenues increased year-over-year by more than 30%. At the leading edge, semiconductor content growth, larger die, and rising capital intensity are fueling increased wafer starts and strong WFE spending. In foundry logic, for instance, the next-generation processor chip for a top smartphone maker is more than 20% larger than its prior iteration. In DRAM, higher capital intensity is being driven by the increasing need to correct single-bit errors through the addition of an extra on-chip bit. In 3D NAND, increasing device layer counts and the resulting higher degree of manufacturing difficulty is requiring the addition of new deposition and etch processes to address stress management, defect control, and multi-stack integration challenges. We see the WFE investment required to achieve the same bit growth percentage over the next five years to be notably higher than the five-year period just completed. As the leading equipment supplier to the 3D NAND market, we are investing in new and differentiated capabilities to ensure scaling remains cost-effective. As one example, Lam has developed a new high productivity Cryo-Etch solution, which increases etch rates in high aspect ratio features required for NAND devices with greater than 200 layers. We have installed this new capability at every major 3D NAND manufacturer for qualification, with additional shipment systems now shipping to support planned ramps to high volume production next year. While initially developed to meet the demanding requirements of high aspect ratio etch in 3D NAND, we believe the technology may also have benefits for foundry logic and DRAM at the leading edge, where we are presently engaged with customers on critical applications. Looking in more detail at the foundry logic segment, we see spending at record levels. Lam's foundry logic revenues are likewise set to grow significantly in 2021, and we expect this expansion to continue in 2022 as well. Foundry and logic performance in the sub 5 nm era is being driven by both device architecture innovation and traditional area scaling. We are prioritizing technology development in three areas where we see the fastest growth and the greatest need, namely deposition and etch processes to support the efficient adoption of EUV patterning, new etch capabilities to enable the formation of critical transistor features, and new materials and deposition techniques to assist in RC management. In patterning, we are using the learning we have acquired over many years of multi-patterning etch leadership to win new applications as the industry adoption of EUV progresses. EUV requires use of special photoresist materials, which given the material composition, can amplify existing challenges with pattern roughness and defectivity. Unaddressed, these will lead to performance and yield loss, especially at smaller device dimensions. Lam has developed critical etch and deposition technologies to help solve these EUV implementation issues. In etch, we introduced earlier this year a new pulse plasma etch capability that has demonstrated an order of magnitude reduction in EUV-related pattern defectivity. This innovative etch solution is currently shipping to leading foundry and logic customers. In deposition, hard masks and transfer films require enhanced mechanical properties in order to maintain fidelity of extremely small features and minimize line roughness. Utilizing a combination of proprietary hardware design and RF power technology, we are depositing high-quality films that have replaced incumbent technologies such as PVD and spin-on materials at multiple foundry logic customers. Related to the formation of critical transistor features, including gates, fins, and source drains, we saw significant etch wins in the September quarter. These wins continue to confirm the benefit of our unique plasma pulsing capabilities in conductor etch for gate-all-around and FinFET applications. For advanced device architectures, we also see ultra-high selectivity isotropic etch increasingly required. Lam's growing selective etch portfolio delivers superior results through a combination of process technologies and reactor innovations that include new chemistries and plasma sources. This has helped us win a greater number of applications in recent quarters. Finally, RC management continues to be a limiter on performance scaling, and we are seeing demand for our atomic layer deposition technologies as a result. Our Striker ALD system deposits thin, low-k films that can withstand harsh integration steps encountered later in the process flow. These films have demonstrated the ability to reduce capacitance by 20%-30%, and Striker is now the tool of record at leading foundry logic customers. This technology is also extendable to gate-all-around devices where there is an additional requirement of conformal coverage in recessed cavities, which can then be selectively etched back. In advanced packaging, momentum remains strong, with orders received in the September quarter from multiple foundry logic customers for through silicon via etch and deposition systems. Our experience in high aspect ratio etching has allowed us to deliver a production-proven process with fast etch rates and smooth profiles, helping to minimize the cost of integrating TSVs in the overall flow. Similarly, for copper metallization, our SABRE 3D solution enables void-free fill by employing an innovative advanced pretreatment, and our high throughput electroplating process reduces cost of ownership. To wrap up, we delivered a solid September quarter in an environment of ongoing supply chain challenges. We are seeing robust semiconductor demand across all segments, broadening of semiconductor applications across industries, and rising capital intensity. We are excited about the healthy outlook for WFE spending and believe our innovative product portfolio is poised to capture new opportunities as semiconductor technology continues to advance. Thanks again for joining. Now here's Doug to cover the quarter in more detail. Great. Thank you, Tim. Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for joining us on our call today. Lam's delivered another quarter of strong results with revenue, operating income dollars, and earnings per share coming in at record levels in the September quarter. All financial metrics came in at or above the midpoint of our guidance, demonstrating our continued focus on operational execution. We've achieved this performance while also navigating significant supply chain challenges. We're pleased with Lam's ability to scale the company in this demanding environment. September quarter revenue was $4.3 billion, an increase of 4% from the June quarter and more than 35% growth from a year ago. Looking at the breakout of the systems revenue, the memory segment represented 64% of systems revenue in the September quarter, which was up from the prior quarter level at 59%. Memory growth was driven by investments in DRAM, primarily in the 1z and 1-alpha nodes. DRAM systems revenue nearly doubled in dollar terms and grew from 10% in the June quarter to 19% in the September quarter. NAND segment concentration came in at 45% of our systems revenue versus 49% in the June quarter and was flattish in dollar terms. Our NAND customers are investing in both capacity additions and conversions, with equipment investments focused towards 128-layer through 192-layer devices. The foundry segment spending represented 25% of our systems revenue compared with 35% in the June quarter. We're seeing investments in equipment for both leading-edge and mature device nodes from multiple sources of end-use demand such as AI, IoT, cloud, and 5G. Logic and analog device companies are driving capacity additions at the foundries. There was notable growth in the logic and other segment, which hit a record level of systems revenue for Lam in the September quarter. Logic and other contributed 11% of systems revenue in the September quarter, which is up from 6% in the June quarter. It was driven by leading-edge and mature nodes ramping for microprocessors, image sensors, power management, and 5G demand. Let me turn now to the regional composition of our total revenue. The China region came in at 37% of total revenues, which was flat with the prior quarter percentage level. The revenue from China domestic customers and multinational customers with fabs located in China was again fairly balanced in the September quarter. Korean, Taiwan regional spending represented 21% and 15% of revenues respectively in the September quarter. I do expect that the December quarter revenue will have a lower China concentration. The Customer Support Business Group revenue was nearly $1.4 billion, 34% higher than the September quarter in calendar 2020, and flat with the prior quarter level. As Tim noted, the Reliant product line that serves the specialty market delivered record results, and we also had solid results in the spares, service, and upgrade side, with the focus on maximizing the productivity and value of the installed base tools while supporting the high fab utilization levels in the industry. I continue to have confidence that CSBG will grow revenue consistently on an annual basis. Let me now shift to margin performance. Our September quarter gross margin was 46%, right at the midpoint of our guided range. I just remind you that our gross margin can fluctuate quarter to quarter due to overall business levels along with customer and product mix. The supply chain constraints discussed earlier have resulted in elevated costs broadly, with freight and logistics costs continue to be one of the biggest headwinds. Additionally, we currently have margin dilution from our new factory in Malaysia, which is not yet operating at full capacity. We've included these costs in our December quarter guidance as we expect they will remain for the near future. Operating expenses for September were $586 million, a slight increase from the prior quarter. We've continued to manage our expenses as we scale the company with a strong focus on operational efficiencies while prioritizing R&D spending to deliver a differentiated product portfolio that supports our customers' technology roadmaps. September operating margin exceeded the midpoint of our guidance range at 32.4% or approximately $1.4 billion. Our non-GAAP tax rate for the quarter was 12.2%, generally in line with our expectations. As we've noted in previous quarter calls, our tax rate may fluctuate from quarter- to- quarter, and you should expect the ongoing tax rate to be in the low teens level for the 2021 calendar year. We continue to monitor potential tax changes under consideration in the United States, we've not reflected the impact of any potential changes in our financial models at this point. Other income and expense came in for the quarter at $36 million in expense. This amount is higher than the prior quarter due to an unrealized gain we had in June for one of our private equity investments, partially offset by lower interest expense in the September quarter as a result of the payoff of our 2021 notes last quarter. Just to note, OI&E is subject to market-related volatility that could cause a difference from our typical run rate. We were active in our buybacks during the September quarter, allocating over $1.2 billion towards share repurchases. We deployed this cash in a combination of open market repurchases as well as an accelerated share repurchase program. This ASR will continue to execute in the December quarter. In addition, we paid $185 million in dividends in the quarter. I'd also like to highlight that in August, we announced a 15% increase in our quarterly dividend, growing it from $1.30 to $1.50 per share, which was paid in October. We're tracking very well to our capital return plans, with returns of over 100% of our free cash flow year-to-date in calendar year 2021. Diluted earnings per share for the September quarter was $8.36 above the midpoint of the guidance range. The diluted share count balance was down slightly from the June quarter level, coming in at 143 million shares, generally in line with our expectations. Let me now shift to the balance sheet. Cash and short-term investments, including restricted cash, totaled $4.9 billion, which is down from the prior quarter. The decrease in cash is attributed to the capital return activities that I described earlier. Additionally, the timing of shipments and resulting impact on accounts receivable, as well as an increase in our inventory balance consumed cash in the quarter. Days sales outstanding was up to 72 days from 66 days in the June quarter. Inventory turns were down slightly from the prior quarter level, coming in at 3.2 x, which was planned as we've increased inventory levels to meet the increase in investments from our customers, as well as to help mitigate the challenges that we see in our supply chain. Non-cash expenses for the September quarter included approximately $58 million for equity compensation, $61 million for depreciation, and $19 million for amortization. Capital expenditures for the September quarter were up versus the June level, coming in at $136 million. The increase in our expenditures is associated with capacity expansion in the network, in particular at our critical spare parts facility in Ohio, as well as spending for our Korea Technology Center that will be formally opening in 2022. We expect to see elevated levels of capital expenditures in the remainder of calendar 2021 and into 2022 as we support the growth that we see in the business. We ended the September quarter with approximately 15,400 regular full-time employees, which is an increase of approximately 1,300 people to meet the increased output levels and to support customers with their technology and production requirements. Let's now take a look at our non-GAAP guidance for the December 2021 quarter. We're expecting revenue of $4.4 billion ±$250 million. We continue to maintain a widened revenue range given the supply chain uncertainties that we mentioned. Gross margin of 46% ±1 percentage point. Operating margins of 32% ±1 percentage point. Finally, earnings per share of $8.45 ±$0.50 based on a share count of approximately 142 million shares. Just an additional note: Our guidance does not include an estimated gain related to one of our private equity investments that recently raised capital in a public offering. The gain, as of today, is in the $50 million range and is subject to market volatility. The amount recognized in our financials as of the end of December 21 quarter may fluctuate, and I'll obviously give you an update at our next earnings release. In closing, we're experiencing ongoing output challenges in our global supply chain that are continuing to negatively impact both our revenue and gross margin. We're improving known items while new items continue to emerge that we need to further work through. Lead times remain stretched, and we continue to have unmet demand. Despite these constraints, we're operating at record levels in terms of revenue and earnings while delivering the technology solutions our customers require. Industry demand remains strong as we look forward to growth in 2022. I remain very excited about the multitude of opportunities for the company, and I'd obviously like to thank the dedicated Lam Research employees for their tireless support in this environment. Operator, that concludes my prepared remarks. Tim and I would now like to open up the call for questions. Thank you. If you'd like to ask a question, please press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. If you're calling from a speakerphone, please make sure your mute function is off to ensure your signal can reach our equipment. Again, star one to ask a question. And first we'll go to Timothy Arcuri from UBS. Your line is open. Thanks a lot. Doug, I'm, you know, hoping that you're not sick. You sound, you know, a little bit sick. Hopefully, you're feeling okay. I guess the first thing I wanted to say was, that can you quantify, Doug, can you quantify what the gross margin headwind is right now? You talked about Malaysia and freight. Is that 50 basis points, 75 basis points? I'm just kind of wondering if you could quantify that for us. Thanks, Doug. Yeah, Tim, thanks. Thanks for the concern about my health. I'm doing quite well, frankly. I don't know, maybe just a little scratchy throat. I haven't quantified it, Tim, and I'm not going to now. except what I've said in the past, and I'll continue to say is it's a notable headwind from where, you know, once we get through this environment from where we will be. I'm not gonna quantify it though, but it's notable. It is. Okay, okay. I guess, also you talked about China domestic being down sequentially for December. I assume some of that is memory related. I guess the question is that all sort of out of the system as you go into the first half of 2022? You know, are there still some headwinds in China related to, you know, some particular projects that may persist into the first half of 2022? Yeah, no, Tim, I don't see anything new really relative to China or timing of anything. Maybe I'm not quite getting at your question, or maybe I don't understand the nature of the question. You wanna try to redirect me a little bit? There's a, you know, pretty big project in China that has had, I mean, it's been well-publicized. They've been having funding problems. They can't meet their, you know, commitments. I'm just wondering if maybe, you know, that was part of the NAND softness in the back half of the year that you cited last call. I'm wondering sort of is that, sort of, I mean, has that all played out now such that there's not, like, that's not still a headwind into the first half of next year? Yeah, I don't really see any change from a quarter ago of any major customer plans, and I won't refer to any one customer or another, but no real change, Tim. Awesome. Okay, Doug. Thank you. Yeah, thanks. Next, we'll go to Harlan Sur from JPMorgan. Your line is open. Good afternoon, and great job on the quarterly execution, guys. You know, the market is concerned that we're heading into a multi-quarter downturn in memory, kind of similar to the 2018, 2019 memory downturn, which is a pretty severe six quarter downturn. The one thing I clearly remember was that ahead of that downturn, your memory customers proactively cut their CapEx very rapidly. Now, if I look at it this time around, there's some near-term pricing weakness in memory, but the overall memory demand environment remains pretty strong, and I think most memory companies seem optimistic, right, on the demand outlook for next year. I guess the question is, has the Lam team seen any signs similar to the 2018 downturn of customers either getting concerned or canceling or slight pushing out of shipments due to a concern on a protracted memory downturn next year? Yeah, Harlan, let me take that first. I think the simple answer is no. I mean, the vast majority of our conversations with customers today is still about delivering equipment that they feel they badly need to meet their near-term requirements. As Doug mentioned in his prepared remarks, you know, I would say lead times have stretched out to the point where our visibility into demand into 2022 is better than usual. I don't think that the types of initial indicators that you're talking about are things we're seeing right now. We feel much more constrained by supply chain challenges and ability to meet shipments than an over-shipping situation. Yeah. Thank you for the insights there. Then the one area, you know, that we continue to see demand, which you alluded to, is obviously strong demand for mature and specialty processes, analog, microcontroller, RF. These guys are all dealing with supply issues. I know back at the Analyst Day, the team said that specialty market is growing about 2x-3 x faster than WFE. Is your Reliant business growing faster than that 2x-3x rate? Where is the team driving stronger than market growth? Is it etch, is it deposition, or is it more based on platform performance like throughput, uptime, or other productivity metrics? Thank you. Yeah, that's a great question. As I said in my script, the Reliant business is growing faster than the WFE investment in that segment. It would imply we're picking up share there. It's, I would say, reasonably well-balanced across our product portfolio. You're right, in that market, a lot of that is about Lam's leadership in bringing both technology and productivity to customers. You know, where there are new decisions being made about tool sets or new fabs being established for those types of specialty products, we have a lot to offer relative to hitting the cost targets that those customers are looking for. Thank you. Thanks, Harlan. Yep. Next, we'll go to John Pitzer from Credit Suisse. Your line is open. Good afternoon, guys. Thanks for letting me ask the question. Tim, I get that it's a little bit too early to get too granular on next year's WFE, and I know in your prepared comments you said it's gonna be another growth year. I'm wondering if you can give us some parameters of how you're viewing kind of the first half of next year versus the second half of this year. Yeah, I think we're not gonna give first half and second half of 2022. We, you know, what we would say is, you know, we're exiting this year with significant unmet demand. We talked about a constrained environment, which means we enter 2022 with a lot of tailwinds relative to business. You know, I tried to, in my remarks, lay out some of the trends that we think over a slightly longer term, maybe through 2022 on into 2023, are driving not only demand, but really on the supply side, rising capital intensity, larger die, different architectures, new processes that need to be inserted into process flows to deal with increased manufacturing complexity. You know, those will be drivers for WFE, structurally for a very long time. I think there are a lot of things that will be positives for WFE in 2022 from an equipment perspective. That's helpful. Then Tim, as a follow-up, pretty big milestone in the logic business. I think this quarter's revenue was about 1/3 higher than prior peak. It's the first time you've been run rating over $1 billion ever. I know you've kind of talked about some of the things you've prepared comments that are driving that, but to what extent do you believe that this is sustainable? To what extent is it TAM growth in logic versus kind of your market share and SAM growth starting to kick in? Any sort of view on sustainability from these levels? Yeah. I would say it's probably a combination of both us expanding into some new applications that I talked about related to emerging device architectures. You know, gate-all-around new processes like selective etch technologies that are expanding our market opportunity, but also, you know, share gains. I mean, it's We've seen the increase in spending in the foundry logic area, and for a number of years, we've been focused on developing products that bring real value to customers in that space. What we always said was we have to be a little patient because changes in the foundry logic will come a little more slowly than in the memory world. I would say you're starting to see the fruits of those qualification efforts starting to play out in our actual business results. Perfect. Thank you. Thanks, John. Next, we'll go to CJ Muse from Evercore. Yeah. Good afternoon. Thanks for taking the question. I guess first question, hoping to go back to supply constraints. Doug, can you perhaps speak on the revenue side, you know, where you're seeing the impact? Is it primarily due to perhaps a slower ramp in Malaysia? Are you seeing it across all products or limited to a few? Curious as part of that, is it impacting CSBG both for Reliant and upgrades or less so there? CJ, thanks for the question. You know, frankly, when I look at what we're doing with our own internal manufacturing capability, that's not what the biggest constraint is. It's getting back into the supply chain. I think we've done quite a nice job actually accelerating the ramp of the factory in Malaysia. Tim referred to all the places that we're opening new capacity. We're adding capability pretty much everywhere internally in the network. As we get further and further down the road and demand continues to be quite strong, we're beginning to see constraints in the supply chain. We're having to work our way back up through some of those things, and that's the biggest thing we're dealing with right now, CJ. Tim, I don't know if you wanna add anything. No, I guess I'd just reiterate, you know, we build incredibly complex machines. They do amazing things on the wafer. They require a lot of parts from a lot of different suppliers to do that, including tremendous amount of semiconductors themselves. When we've heard so much about chip shortages, you know, clearly that hits some of our machines and it only takes a few of those critical chips to delay us being able to ship what otherwise is a very complex system. We're, as Doug said, just having to work down through the supply chain through lots of suppliers to find out where those pinch points are. It's a daily activity, but so far we're working through those and being able to deliver growth and also meet the most urgent needs of our customers. That's really our key focus. Very helpful. As my follow-up, you know, I get the sense whenever I have conversations with you both that you feel like investors underappreciate your foundry logic exposure. Within your slide deck and then prepared comments, you know, you talked quite a bit about kinda new quals, new design wins. Curious, you know, I think over the last three years, your SAM or as a percentage of foundry logic's running around 8%, 9%, when do you think we see an inflection, you know, based on these design wins? What should we be looking for to gauge that? Thank you. That's a great question. I'm glad you noted. I spent a lot more time on these prepared remarks talking about foundry logic. I think our memory story and leadership there is pretty well understood. You know, we want to make sure that people are understanding the progress we're making in foundry logic and also the new opportunities that are being created for us. Many of those are for more advanced technologies. It's where device architecture changes or things like a new RC management requirement. RC requirement drives need for new films or new deposition techniques. I would just say at each technology node, we're seeing an inflection. We're seeing more of our equipment have a chance to get inserted, get qualified, and become part of the process of record. I don't think you're going to see like a single point in time or a single node where you see a big jump up, but you're gonna see the steady progression as we make progress on both SAM expansion and share gains. Wonderful. Thanks. Thanks, CJ. Next we'll go to Krish Sankar from Cowen and Company. Your line is open. Yeah. Thanks for taking my question. I had two of them too. First one, I think I just want to clarify, Tim or Doug, you know, it seems like the supply chain constraints are impacting your revenue even though demand is strong, and it's impacting your margins. Should we assume this $4.4 billion revenue, 46% gross margin is where you're gonna be saturated until the supply constraints ease? Or do you think it's gonna be more a gradual recovery? Then I had a follow-up. Yeah, let me start, and then I'll let Tim add on. You know, Krish, I think some of the cost headwinds we're seeing are gonna be around for a while. That's basically what I intimated. You know, we're doing our best to work through it in a efficient and effective manner, but frankly, we're spending money to try to continue to increase our output capability. Like I said in my prepared remarks, we're making progress on lots of different things, but we then see other things popping up. Like I said, we're working our way back through the supply chain, and Tim referred to the fact that actually semiconductors are constraining us a little bit. You know, we're doing our best to work through it. We're mitigating problems. We're incrementally increasing capability as we go. I think it's gonna get better bit by bit is what I would describe, Krish. I don't know, Tim, you wanna. Yeah, I think that's a pretty good explanation. It will continue to improve as we knock down each of the problems that comes up. Assuming that there aren't bigger surprises, we would see ourselves gradually improving from this point forward. Just as we had supply constraints in the September quarter and managed through those, and we will have more in the December quarter. It's constrained, but we're managing to knock enough off that we're showing some incremental growth, and I think that's what you could probably expect to continue to see. Got it. Very helpful. Then a follow-up for you, Tim. you know, you spoke about the Cryo-Etch product, which kind of makes a ton of sense given the extremely long etch times today in 3D NAND. you also said this also improves etch rate. isn't it negative for you since customers would need fewer of your etch tools, or is this needed to protect and grow your market share? Well, I think that like all things, when you're providing the technology that's needed to not only enable the current nodes but future technology nodes, you know, we have an obligation to drive both technology and productivity and make sure the scaling is cost effective and the roadmap continues. This is our effort to not only differentiate our technology further from any companies that may try to develop similar technologies, but also to help our customers with those transitions and accelerate kind of the state-of-the-art of NAND. Krish, I'll just remind you something Tim said in his scripted remarks, that as we look at the NAND investment required to generate the bit growth over the next five years as compared to the previous five years, it's increasing. That includes Cryo rolling out and increasing etch rates as a result of that. Yes. Got it. I think that's a very fair explanation. Thank you. Thanks, Krish. Our next question comes from Joe Moore with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open. Great. Thank you. I wanted to ask about NAND. Tim, in your opening remarks, you had mentioned that the five-year spending in NAND needs to be higher than the last five years, I think is what you said. In terms of any quantification of how much that is and just any qualification of why layer count, you know, is that much more capital intensive. You know, you were increasing layers in the last five years. You're increasing layers in the next five years. What is it that drives up the capital intensity? Thanks. Yeah, sure. We did say that the WFE required per to achieve the same percentage of bit growth would be higher in the next five years. You know, it's a number of things. One is, as the layer count continues to increase, certain processes scale, as we've said, non-linearly. It takes longer to etch a stack that's twice as high. It takes more than 2x longer, and that's why we need to introduce new technologies like Cryo-Etch and other processes to keep that escalation of process times to a reasonable level. Same thing can happen with deposition as you're trying to control uniformities and defects as stacks become much higher and taller. In addition to that, I mentioned several steps that get added. As you start to stack higher, the wafer stress and bow becomes a much bigger challenge. Now you have to add extra steps, like Lam's stress management deposition tool. Those additional steps add to the WFE required to add a bit of NAND. That is, it's a combination of both new steps to deal with complexity as well as new processes required to deal with kind of nonlinear scaling process times. Great. Thank you. Thanks, Joe. Next we'll go to Stacy Rasgon from Bernstein Research. Your line is open. Hi, guys. Thanks for taking my questions. My first one, I wanted to take a look at the foundry business. It was down, like, 25% sequentially, and it looks like it was down year-over-year in what, you know, seems to be a very, very strong foundry spending environment. Why was that? Can you tell us a little bit what's going on in that end market? Why was it down? You know, Stacy, nothing goes up every single quarter. There's ebbs and flows. It's a second half-weighted foundry logic spending profile. It's gonna be a good quarter in December. When you got a concentrated set of a couple of really big customers, you know, it's lumpy at times. I think that's the only thing I'd tell you about it. Okay. I mean, I guess to follow up on that in terms of what's, what might be implied for the trajectory into Q4. You said foundry logic up second half versus first half, DRAM up second half versus first half, NAND kind of more balanced. Right. Given where NAND is, and given where DRAM is, right, like in order to have that foundry still to be up in the second half, I need to have DRAM down considerably in December quarter in order to get foundry up. Is that what you have in mind? Or when you say foundry logic growing in the second half, do you mean just as a combination growing? It's a combination, really. You're right, we said foundry logic and DRAM up in the second half and NAND more balanced. I guess what I'm asking is do you see foundry and logic both up in the second half or just the combination? I can't really get foundry up in the second half unless I got DRAM down a bunch into December quarter, just mathematically. Yeah. Like, am I thinking about this right or what? Stacy, we're combining foundry and logic together when I described it. Okay, guys. Thank you. Yep. Next we'll go to Blayne Curtis from Barclays. Your line is open. Hey, good afternoon. Thanks. Same question I have too as well. Just curious to a couple prior questions on the logic segment. On the preamble, you talked about really trailing edge kind of driving that big spike. Then I think to a prior question, you kind of mentioned some of the future wins you have at the leading edge. Just maybe kind of just revisit that and can you talk about, I think you said that it could maybe stay at this level, to John's question. Is that just the trailing edge or are you seeing that leading edge starting to come in even in the December quarter? Maybe we didn't want to mislead here. I mean, we talked about the Reliant business and trailing edge as a notable area of strength for Lam, and a sign of this broadening of demand across many different use cases, including industries like our own, where we're consuming a tremendous amount of that type of chip. We do have significant business at what we would call the current leading edge. What I was trying to point out was how our SAM expands with new processes and how our win rate is increasing, we believe, as new inflections come into play. That's all built into our numbers today. We do think that from our share of WFE going forward as these technology inflections and foundry logic take place, we would see that driving higher over the next several years. Thanks. Maybe a question for Doug on gross margin. It sounded like there's still some variability in the outlook, some questions about whether, you know, factors like Malaysia get better. I'm just kind of curious, I mean, your foundry customers are raising pricing, their customers are raising pricing, everybody's raising pricing. Is there a lever that you can also pull as an industry on pricing? I was just curious your thoughts. Yeah, Blayne. You know, we're doing our best to get paid fairly for what we're delivering to customers and get paid for the value we're delivering. That's an ongoing activity at the company. A lot of our pricing arrangements are, you know, on an annual basis renegotiated. Clearly, we're focused on trying to get gross margin to improve over time. That'll be a part of it. Thanks, Doug. Thanks, Blayne. Next we'll go to Toshiya Hari from Goldman Sachs. Your line is open. Hi, guys. Thanks so much for taking the question. My first question is on 2022. I realize it's early. You guys talked about your expectations for the market to be up. How are you thinking about the four device types? If you had to rank order the four, how would you go about doing that? More importantly, how should we think about Lam's ability to outperform the market in 2022? I guess the big concern is, you know, memory's, you know, flat to flattish maybe, and logic and foundry continue to be the big drivers. All else equal, that would be a bit of a headwind for you guys, just given your customer mix. At the same time, you've talked about all these design wins and your market share growth in foundry and logic. Net net, how should we think about your performance vis-a-vis WFE? Yeah, Toshiya, it's too soon for us to give you a specificity on 2022. You know what, when we look into the year though, 2022, I'm very confident of a growth year. I believe every segment of the business is actually gonna be pretty strong next year, but I'm not really ready to parse it 1 versus another quite yet. Obviously we'll do that for you next quarter. I feel really good about where we're positioned, right? Tim talked a lot about the trajectory of our business in foundry and logic. We've always been strong in memory, and I believe we're gonna continue to do extremely well there. Too soon for me to parse it there. By the way, I think CSBG is gonna have a good year next year, right? When I put it all together, I think we're very well positioned and gonna continue to be. You know, stay tuned. We'll give you a little more specificity on the December quarter call. Got it. A quick follow-up on your last point, Doug, on CSBG. You talked about, you know, the Reliant business having a record quarter, which I guess implies that your spare parts business and other parts of your business could have been down a little bit. I appreciate your point about there being, you know, some lumpiness, if you will, on a quarter-to-quarter basis. If you can speak to what you're seeing in the non-Reliant business in CSBG in your term, that would be helpful. I guess you sort of addressed this in your prior answer, you know, how confident are you that calendar 2022 could be another up year after what's been a very strong year in CSBG? Thank you. Actually, yeah, you're right, there's lumpiness to different aspects of it. Tim specifically said 11 consecutive quarters of record revenue for Reliant. Obviously, there's ebb and flow and other stuff, as inventory builds a little bit. Upgrades can be a little bit lumpy at times, depending on what's going on in the installed base. I'll tell you, when I think about CSBG going into next year, it's been a very strong year in terms of our chamber shipment this year. That's the opportunity to continue to have CSBG grow into next year, that's why I have pretty high confidence that this business will grow every single year. It may not grow every single quarter, right? We were flat this quarter, but we're shipping a lot of chambers this year, and I feel pretty good about what that's gonna mean for CSBG next year. Thank you. Yep, thank you. Next we'll go to Vivek Arya from Bank of America Securities. Your line is open. Thanks for taking my question. You mentioned the supply situation could improve over the next several quarters. I'm curious, what do you think changes to help that? You know, is that actions you are taking? Is that actions your suppliers are taking? I'm just curious what's kind of behind your confidence that the supply situation can actually improve from here. I think it would be perhaps actions we're taking with our suppliers. I mean, it's about helping to prioritize, you know, our critical supply chain partners towards the things that are most important to meeting, output, quarter by quarter. The actions we've taken ourself, we've kind of detailed those out. If we look back six months ago or more, you know, we were talking about physical capacity, needing to open factories, expand factories, and we've really taken care of a lot of our own actions. In a very complex supply chain, we've got to do the same work with all of our partners and, you know, they've been great through that, but, there's still more work to be done. We just anticipate that over the next several quarters we'll make, we'll continue to make progress. All right. Thanks, Tim. For my follow-up, you know, you sound more confident about next year, both on the tools and the CSBG side. Is that based on the backlog of orders? Is that based more on structural drivers? Where I'm coming, you know, from is that customers are seeing the current state of the industry and supply shortages. You know, what gives you the confidence they are not over-ordering, given this environment, that these orders are for real? If you look at, you know, your confidence about next year, how would you kind of contrast those signals to what you usually have at this point in prior years? That's a very good question, something we watch closely. We wanna make sure that demand is as real as possible. I mentioned our lead times, our conversations with customers. Our understanding of projects, I would say, is better at this point because our customers planning for very big projects, mega fabs, they're experiencing difficulties in getting equipment. We're having much deeper conversations with them about how we can ensure that that equipment will be available when they need it. I would say compared to normal, we have a little bit longer visibility than we typically have had. Vivek, obviously, we know every fab in the world, how big it is, how much equipment it can take, and we think through that as we're talking to customers about when they want equipment in those clean room spaces. That goes into part of the thinking as well. Thank you. Yep, thank you. Next we'll go to Patrick Ho from Stifel. Your line is open. Thank you very much. Congrats on a really nice quarter given the environment. Doug, maybe just a follow-up question on the Customer Support Business Group. You guys have done a really good job growing the Reliant business. Obviously, the TAM of that marketplace is growing. You're capitalizing from that. Are you getting any, quote, "share wins" because customers, especially on that front, are looking for more productivity? There are new materials engineering that's going on in some of those, you know, I guess trailing edge processes. Are you actually gaining share also and getting placements in with the Reliant business for some of those, you know, more mature nodes? That's a good question, Patrick. Yeah, we are. I mean, we go to market there through the Reliant product line, as you know, which is refurbished equipment. Increasingly, we're selling new equipment. When I look at some of the new customers or customers that are taking equipment, our footprint is doing quite well, frankly, in the specialty space, and we have some very specific things that we're very strong at. Yeah, I think we're doing well. I don't know, Tim, if. Yeah, I guess what I would just add is, you know, as people are trying to work through supply constraints and increase their output out of a fab, the most valuable part of our CSBG business to them is the productivity upgrades segment. You know, those are upgrades that can be applied to existing equipment, many times not even really changing the process. It might be software optimization to optimize the wafer handling through the machine, and, you know, thereby gain some small improvement in throughput. We definitely see as utilizations really hit like max levels, people looking for productivity upgrades they can implement to squeeze more out of installed base. That part of our business does always does quite well, but I would say in this environment, doing quite well. Great. Thank you. Thanks, Patrick. Next we'll go to Sidney Ho from Deutsche Bank. Your line is open. Thanks for taking my question. My first question is going back to a supply constraint. I gotta give this a try. If you look at your revenue year to date, how much more revenue do you think you could have shipped if there were no constraints? If you're not answering quantitatively, are there some metrics that you can point to to help us think about that dynamic before revenue orders? I know you don't disclose orders anymore. Yeah. No, Sidney, we're not gonna quantify it right now. We are constrained. Our lead times are stretched. It's a decent amount of unmet demand. I mean, there's a reason that I said unmet demand, lead time, and so forth. We're working our way through it. I'm not gonna quantify it. Okay. Maybe I'll switch over to ask about the memory side. What are your thoughts about the bit supply growth run rate exiting this year for DRAM and NAND? It seems like some of the CapEx spending in the early part of this year should turn into output by the end of this year. Kind of related to that, I assume most of the memory CapEx will be for technology transition, but how should we think about what portion of the WFE is more driven by wafer additions and hence are more variable in nature? Thanks. Yeah, Sidney. When I look at both NAND and DRAM this year, it's a combination of both wafer adds, and you always get node conversions in both NAND and DRAM. That's very much what we see going on. More wafer adds this year than last year obviously, was just the nature of where demand is in the industry. When I think about supply growth, you know, both when I look at the investments that are occurring this year, I think NAND is pretty balanced in terms of supply-demand growth for the year. I think DRAM is still a little bit constrained, frankly. That's generally what I see, what we see at Lam. Okay, great. Thanks. Thanks, Sidney. Next we'll go to Joe Quatrochi from Wells Fargo. Your line is open. Yeah, thanks for taking the question. I wanted to go back to your comment around, you know, WFE investment required to achieve the same bit growth in NAND. I was curious, how do you compare that growth in that required investment to DRAM? Is one growing faster than the other? Not sure I got the question. Try it one more time. I mean, you talked about the increase in investment for, you know, to drive the same amount of bit growth in NAND. I assume that that's a similar trend that we're seeing in DRAM. I was curious of, is NAND growing faster than DRAM, that level of investment to drive bit growth, or is DRAM investment growing faster? You're absolutely right that they're both growing in order to get the same amount of bit growth. I'm not ready to compare one to the other, necessarily, but they're both growing. It's getting more and more challenging. Capital intensity is going up to get the same level of bit growth in both NAND and DRAM. Okay. Fair enough. Just as a follow-up, you know, 3D DRAM seems to be kind of this growing topic of interest. I was just curious, you know, what's Lam's thoughts in terms of the timing of that, and then just, you know, the opportunity for you guys looking out to that technology? It's still pretty far out from a production perspective. Clearly, you know, what we've always said is anything that transitions devices in the third dimension requires a lot of etch and deposition equipment to build and create those complex three-dimensional structures. Clearly a great opportunity for Lam as that inflection takes place. What I can say is, of course, we're engaged at this point in the early days of developing what those architectures and materials will look like. You know, as we get closer to defining those process flows, I'm sure there'll be more discussion about that part of our business. Helpful. Thank you. Operator, we have time for one more question, please. Thank you. Our last question comes from Quinn Bolton with Needham. Your line is open. Hey, guys. Thanks for squeezing me in. Doug, just wanted to come back to that unmet demand. I know you're not gonna quantify it, if you just look back over the past couple of quarters, has that continued to grow even as you've been able to increase capacity and revenue? I'm not gonna tell you how it's moved sequentially. It was there last quarter. It's there this quarter. We're working to kind of mitigate it, work our way through, but I'm not gonna compare it one quarter to the next. Got it. The second question, just follow up on Malaysia, do you have any sense, or can you give us any sense when you think that stops being a drag? Is that still a couple of quarters out, or is that something you'd rather not specify? It'll get better as we ramp the factory, and I think by the time we get to the second half of 2022, it'll begin to be a benefit to gross margin as opposed to a headwind. We just need to get it ramped. There's fixed costs there, and we're working on that. Thanks, Doug. Yeah. Thanks, Quinn. Okay, operator, I think, I think that's it for us. Tina, you wanna close us out? Yeah. We just wanna tell everyone we appreciate your support, and thank you for joining our call today. That does conclude our call for today. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.