Hello, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Mastercard Q4 and full year 2020 earnings conference call. At this time all participants are in a listen only mode, after the speakers presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. To ask a question during the session, you may press star one on your telephone. As a reminder this call is being recorded, if you require any further assistance, please, please press star zero. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Warren Kneeshaw, Head of Investor Relations. Thank you. Please go ahead, sir. Thank you, Tanya. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us for our fourth quarter 2020 earnings call. We hope you're all safe and sound. With me today are Michael Miebach, our Chief Executive Officer, and Sachin Mehra, our Chief Financial Officer. Following comments from Michael and Sachin, the operator will announce your opportunity to get into the queue for the Q&A session. It is only then that the queue will open for questions. You can access our earnings release, supplemental performance data, and the slide deck that accompany this call in the investor relations section of our website, mastercard.com. Additionally, the release was furnished with the SEC earlier this morning. Our comments today regarding our financial results will be on a non-GAAP, currency-neutral basis unless otherwise noted, but the release and the slide deck include reconciliations of non-GAAP measures to GAAP-reported amounts. As set forth in more detail in our earnings release, I would like to remind everyone that today's call will include forward-looking statements regarding Mastercard's future performance. Actual performance could differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Information about the factors that could affect future performance are summarized at the end of our earnings release and in our recent SEC filings. A replay of this call will be posted on our website for three days. I'll turn the call over to our Chief Executive Officer, Michael Miebach. Thank you, Warren. Good morning from New York. It certainly feels like a privilege to be addressing you today for the first time as Mastercard's CEO. I believe the foundation established under Ajay's leadership positions us extremely well for the future, and I'm looking forward to leading Mastercard from here on and, of course, counting on your continued support. Now, 2020 presented the world and the economy with unprecedented challenges. Still, the resilience of our business model and the focused execution of our strategy by our dedicated employees allowed us to close out the year on a positive trajectory. Fourth quarter revenue and EPS growth rates versus a year ago are continuing to show sequential improvement. As we look to the future, we will continue to execute on our strategy. With our ability to enable and secure the payment ecosystem through deep partnerships, our differentiated services, and our role as a true multi-rail provider, we're well-positioned to capture additional flows and the significant opportunities ahead. These opportunities include certainly the accelerated secular shift to digital payments and the advancement of real-time payments and open banking. Let's take a look at our business from the macro level. Retail spending during the holiday season and fourth quarter overall was relatively steady, with very strong e-commerce sales. According to our SpendingPulse estimates for Q4, U.S. retail sales were up 4%, ex auto, ex gas, while overall Europe retail sales slowed with a decline of 1.9% for the quarter, in part due to the recent lockdowns. In Asia, we see some bright spots in markets like Australia and similarly in Latin America, where retail sales in Brazil rebounded this quarter. We're also heartened to see the availability of effective COVID vaccines, but distributing them at scale will dictate when social distancing measures can be relaxed and borders opened, and that will ultimately drive further recovery. We see fiscal stimulus, such as the most recent package in the United States, as an important interim measure in the near term, and we're working closely with governments to get funds into people's hands quickly and safely. Turning to our business specifically and the 4-phase framework we established for monitoring the COVID environment. We've seen markets go through the containment and stabilization phases, and we continue to believe most markets are now in the normalization phase domestically, where spending levels gradually improve, with some markets actually approaching growth. Looking at the trends, volumes continue to modestly improve quarter-over-quarter, and our switched volume growth rates, excluding travel and entertainment, were similar to what we saw in Q4 2019 pre-pandemic. Speaking of travel, domestic travel, including spending in categories such as lodging and restaurants, declined slightly in the quarter, reversing some of the improvement we saw in the summer months. Cross-border travel remains limited. In October and November, we saw some improvement in cross-border within the EU, although recent restrictions are causing some slowing over there as mentioned earlier. Improvement in the cross-border travel outside the EU remains limited. We continue to believe travel will improve, starting with personal travel, as border restriction ease and as vaccination efforts expand. We believe corporate travel will follow. As we've said in the past, progress may not be linear, but we believe there is significant pent-up demand for travel, and we continue to expect to see improvements in the second half of the year. In the meantime, we remain focused on building on our already strong position in travel, positioning us well to capitalize on this opportunity when it occurs. While the pandemic is affecting business drivers in the short term, we have diversified our revenue streams and remain focused on managing our business for the long term. This means focusing on our strategic priorities. One, growing our share of core payments, ensuring the digital experience for our customers, partners, and consumers is safe and seamless as we help drive the accelerated secular shift. Two, deploying meaningful services that help our partners adapt to the changing environment. Last but not least, providing choice with our multi-rail capabilities. Illustrating all of that, we have quite a number of significant strategic wins this quarter, which I will now share with you. Starting in the U.K. and Ireland, and building off the success we've had in debit with Santander and first direct, we are really pleased to expand the long-term relationship we have with NatWest Group on credit. The bank will move its entire debit portfolio to Mastercard across all consumer and business product lines, and across multiple brands, including NatWest and Royal Bank of Scotland. This migration of approximately 16 million debit cards will start later this year, and when complete, will contribute to the growing overall debit share in the U.K. from low single digits to approximately a third of the market, once all recent wins have migrated to Mastercard. We look forward to innovating together and to build enhanced digital experience for NatWest customers across multiple payment rails. Turning to Germany. We expanded our relationship with Deutsche Bank and will become the exclusive international scheme partner, including both Deutsche and Postbank brands, expanding our market share in debit and credit. As part of the upcoming migration, a total of 10 million consumer and commercial credit and debit cards will be reissued as Mastercard-branded products. Deutsche Bank is already leveraging our services within our existing partnership. We'll now extend those to the larger customer base and use our advisors, consulting and analytics to assist with the conversion. We look forward to developing new opportunities together in B2B and other payment flows. In the U.S., we will be the network partner for the Citi Plex account on Google Pay, which leverages our tokenization services to provide Citi Plex customers with a seamless and more secure payments experience. The Citi Plex account will include a digital debit Mastercard that's automatically loaded for use in the Google Pay wallet, with an option to request a physical contactless card, providing customers the choice to pay when, where and how they want to pay, by debit card, smartphone, or online. Building on our fintech momentum, we have secured additional wins around the globe with new partners like Payoneer and Aeldra in the U.S., HYPE and Flowe in Italy, Treezor in France and Prex in Peru. Our fintech customers appreciate our tailored approach, addressing their very specific needs, leveraging our expertise, our tech, and of course, our global network. We're also excited to announce a new strategic partnership with Walgreens. This multifaceted relationship includes a new credit product to be issued by Synchrony Bank, a prepaid product that enable contactless shopping experiences, mobile-first money management and rewards via the Walgreens app. This partnership will enable Walgreens to leverage a number of Mastercard services, including insights and analytics, loyalty, and point-of-sale financing, including installments. We will also look into future opportunities together, including a digital-first debit card and other tech-driven solutions to innovate the future of healthcare payments. We remain very active in the U.S. co-brand space, where we extended and expanded our Sam's Club co-brand with enhanced rewards and digital experiences, as announced yesterday, and extended our Walmart consumer credit and co-brand and payroll card, renewed our GM co-brand, now with Goldman Sachs as the new issuer, and expanded our relationship with Bass Pro Shops and Cabela's to include small business. Let's come back to travel. We continue to prepare for the broader return of travel with several new partnerships in this space. First up, building on the travel co-brand momentum we announced last quarter, we will now be the exclusive network for Aeroplan co-brand program in the U.S. with JPMorgan Chase Bank and Air Canada, which will launch later this year. In both the U.K. and Spain, we're innovating with IAG Loyalty, part of the International Airlines Group, on new co-brand and loyalty partnerships that will provide customers with more choices to earn Avios points and reward them with exclusive benefits. On a wholesale travel program front, one of the largest global online travel agencies, booking.com, has chosen Mastercard to be their preferred partner for virtual card payments to their suppliers. Let's talk about the changing consumer. As spending patterns change, it is critical to offer online and in-person capabilities, and we have solutions for both. As e-commerce accelerates with card-not-present transaction accounting for about 45% of our switched volume in 2020, which is up from 40% in 2019, we have several efforts underway to enable safer and more seamless online purchases. Notably, we continue to scale our merchant tokenization services for card on file, a critical use case with a sixfold increase in the number of unique merchants transacting in quarter four versus a year ago. Recent surveys tell us that seven in 10 e-commerce consumer have their payment card information saved with at least one merchant type. card on file tokenization is particularly helpful for subscription services like Netflix, marketplaces like Etsy, and ride-hailing services like DiDi, who have just signed on this quarter. We do believe that when restrictions ease, people will return to shopping in person, and hence we're driving secular shifts in-store as well. For example, we saw strong acceleration of contactless in 2020 as more than 80 markets grew contactless penetration as a percentage of in-person transactions by at least 10%, which is driven by consumer demand for increased speed and safety, but of course, cleanliness at the point of checkout. This paves the way for new solutions that leverage contactless, such as our recently launched Cloud Tap on Phone, which will allow merchants of any size to quickly and easily accept contactless payments on a range of devices, including mobile phones, further expanding our acceptance reach. This will be particularly important for all those hard-hit small businesses trying to operate more digitally coming out of the pandemic. Now, with respect to services. Services continue to be in strong demand as we help our customers adapt and succeed in this evolving omni-channel environment we just talked about. In aggregate, our services line represented about a third of our revenues in 2020 and grew at 18% during that period on a currency-neutral basis, providing a critical source of growth and diversification. We will continue to invest in these capabilities across all payments flows to keep the ecosystem secure and to provide key insights to our customers, including publishing monthly trends leveraging assets such as SpendingPulse. Our recent acquisitions in the services space provide a key source of differentiation and are continuing to gain scale. For instance, Bank of America recently expanded its use of Ethoca's dispute management tools. Fintechs in the U.S. and abroad, including American e-commerce company, Rappi, are using the behavioral biometric technology of NuData to enhance the authentication process. Signing new customers for RiskRecon to ensure cyber health across their system, and brands like Chico's are leveraging our end-to-end loyalty platform through SessionM. Let's turn our focus on the initiatives that are designed to address a broader set of payments flows with our multi-rail capabilities. They offer the choice and flexibility that consumers, businesses, and governments need and increasingly expect. First, we are pleased to report that we closed the acquisition of Finicity in November, extending our network to provide data transmission capabilities, essentially to fully capitalize on the future of open banking. Finicity continues its leadership in signing direct data access agreements with financial institutions and fintechs. Building off existing direct relationships with major banks like Chase, Citi, Bank of America, Capital One, and Wells Fargo, we recently added Chime, Brex, BMO Harris, Charles Schwab, and TD Bank, and we're moving quickly to secure more direct access relationships. Finicity continues to build out its digital assets and credit decisioning solutions, including those launched with four leading mortgage companies, and have seen rapid adoption of its lending and payment solutions. In parallel, we continue to expand our open banking capabilities in Europe and intend to leverage Finicity there as well. In the real-time space, we're excited that Payments Canada has selected Mastercard to build and run its new real-time payment systems, clearing and settlement infrastructure. Our technology and expertise will power a best-in-class real-time payments infrastructure that provides a platform for innovation to enhance Canada's economy. With this win, we're now providing real-time payments infrastructure for 12 of the top 50 GDP countries, extending our global footprint. Relating to these new infrastructure wins, we continue to build out applications that leverage real-time payment rails, like with Mastercard Track business payment service, which is now live with real-time payments and batch ACH in the U.S. alongside our card functionalities. We've also extended Track's card payment capabilities worldwide and are continuing to build out our network with a number of bank and non-bank partners that considerably extend our reach on both the buyer and supplier side. This year, we plan to continue expanding the platform into new geographies and add our cross-border payment capabilities. We're also delivering on our multi-rail promise with Mastercard Send, which continues to grow across the globe. For example, we expanded our reseller network by deepening our long-standing relationship with Citi to enable them to offer business-to-consumer disbursements in the U.S. This is one of several new partnerships leveraging Mastercard Send to enable B2C and person-to-person money transfers domestically and internationally. We also partnered with TransferGo, enabling customers across 20 European countries to make international money transfers from any card or bank account directly to a Mastercard debit or credit card. Let's take a look into the future. As you've surely heard, there's a lot going on in the digital currency space, with many governments around the world evaluating central bank digital currencies. Whether a country chooses to issue its own CBDC, like the pilots we've seen in countries like Sweden or China, or instead provides a regulatory framework for private stablecoins, or otherwise pursues both public and private options in parallel, we are engaged with central banks from a policy and a solution perspective. We've continued to invest in this space to be ready to co-innovate with governments, banks, and fintech partners. For example, the virtual test platform that we launched a short time ago is being received well. Our crypto card programs, including Wirex in the U.K. and Uphold in the U.S., enable consumers to spend their crypto balances within our acceptance network. This year, we plan on adding digital currency support directly on our network, enabling our partners to take advantage of our acceptance reach and settlement capabilities. This will give choice and flexibility for consumers and merchants for what currency they want to use or receive. Our level of support will vary based on regulations in a given market, we will continue to be guided by our published principles on security, compliance, and consumer protection, and the value to our stakeholders in determining our involvement in a specific initiative. There's certainly a lot going on and significant opportunity ahead. With that, let me turn the call over to Sachin. Thanks, Michael. Turning to page three, which shows our financial performance for the quarter on a currency-neutral basis and excluding special items related to certain litigation and tax matters and the impact of gains and losses on the company's equity investments. Net revenue was down 7%, reflecting the impact of the pandemic, and includes a 1 percentage point benefit from acquisitions. Operating expenses were flat year-over-year, or down 3% if you exclude the 3 percentage points impact of acquisitions. Operating income was down 12% and net income was down 17%, both of which include a 2 percentage points decrease related to acquisitions. EPS was down 16% year-over-year to $1.64, which includes $0.04 of dilution related to our recent acquisitions, partially offset by a $0.03 contribution from share repurchases. During the quarter, we repurchased about $1 billion worth of stock and an additional $356 million through January 26th, 2021. Let's turn to page four, where you can see the operational metrics for the fourth quarter. Worldwide gross dollar volume, or GDV, increased by 1% year-over-year on a local currency basis, reflecting the effects of the pandemic. U.S. GDV increased by 4%, with debit growth of 15%, partially offset by a credit decline of 7%. Outside of the U.S., volumes were flat. Cross-border volume was down 29% globally for the quarter. Similar to last quarter, intra-Europe volumes were less impacted than other cross-border volumes. Specifically, intra-Europe volume was down 15% for the quarter, whereas other cross-border volume was down 41%. Turning to page five, switch transactions grew 4% in the fourth quarter globally. We saw positive growth in switch transactions across most regions, aided in part by the continued adoption of contactless. In addition, card growth was 6%. Globally, there are 2.8 billion Mastercard and Maestro-branded cards issued. Now let's turn to page six for highlights on a few of the revenue line items, again described on a currency-neutral basis unless otherwise noted. The decrease in net revenue of 7% was primarily driven by a decline in cross-border volumes due to the effects of border restrictions and social distancing measures, partially offset by growth in GDV, switch transactions, and continued growth in our services. As previously mentioned, acquisitions contributed approximately 1 percentage point to net revenue growth. Looking quickly at the individual revenue line items. Domestic assessments were up 1% while worldwide GDV grew 1%. Cross-border volume fees decreased 41%, while cross-border volumes decreased 29%. The 12 percentage points difference is primarily due to an adverse cross-border mix, mainly driven by lower-yielding intra-Europe cross-border volumes being less impacted than higher-yielding other cross-border volumes. Transaction processing fees were up 4%, while switch transactions were up 4%, with the unfavorable cross-border mix I just mentioned being offset by strong services growth. Other revenues were up 17%, including a 1 percentage point contribution from acquisitions. The remaining growth was primarily driven by our data analytics, consulting, and cyber intelligence solutions. Rebates and incentives were up 1%. Moving on to page seven, you can see that on a currency-neutral basis and excluding a special charge related to litigation, total operating expenses remained flat. This includes a 3 percentage points increase related to acquisitions. Excluding acquisitions, we delivered an expense decrease of 3 percentage points. Turning to page eight, let's discuss the specific metrics for the first three weeks of January. Starting with switch volumes, we continue to believe that most markets are in the normalization phase domestically, with some approaching growth. Overall, switch volume growth remains generally consistent with the trends we saw in December. While we are seeing stronger growth in the U.S., this is being more than offset by slower growth in markets outside the U.S., primarily Europe. Switch volumes in the United States have been strong in recent weeks, supported in part due to the recent fiscal stimulus. Outside of the U.S. switch volumes in Europe have slowed considerably due to the increased lockdowns in countries like the U.K., Germany and Italy. When you look at how people are spending, we have recently seen a decrease in card-present growth rates due primarily to the effects of the increased lockdowns that began to be put in place in December. While our card-not-present growth rates remain healthy. Trends in switch transactions remain steady and are tracking the trends we are seeing in switch volumes. In terms of cross-border, we have seen a reversal in intra-Europe cross-border in recent weeks relative to the improvement we saw in November and December. Higher-yielding other cross-border remains more adversely impacted than intra-Europe cross-border. Turning now to page nine, I'd like to provide some additional color on the cross-border trends across card present and card-not-present. You can see the trends that we shared through the course of the quarter continue. Week-to-week fluctuations in November and December reflect holiday timing differences year-over-year. In total, if you look at the gray line, total cross-border, which showed some improvement in November and December, is now continuing in a relatively similar band to what we saw in October due to the re-implementation of border restrictions. If you look at the orange line, card-present spend reflects continued limited travel, in part due to the border restrictions I just mentioned. Card-not-present growth, which is the yellow line on the chart, continues to be resilient and has held up well. The green line represents card-not-present spend, excluding online travel-related spend, and remains positive as we continue to see strong growth across discretionary and non-discretionary retail categories. Turning now to page 10, I wanted to share our thoughts for the upcoming year. First and foremost, we feel like we are very well-positioned to grow with the strategic deals we have laid out over the last several quarters, including those with Bank of America, NatWest, Deutsche Bank, and Santander, to name a few. Further, we have positioned ourselves for the return of travel with travel-oriented portfolios. We have built a strong set of services capabilities which continue to grow at a faster rate than the core, and we will deepen penetration of these services across our customer base while expanding this portfolio. Our multi-rail strategy positions us well to address new flows and adapt to the changing payments landscape. In terms of the macro environment, we're enthusiastic about the availability of effective vaccines. However, the rate at which vaccinations will take place is still uncertain. As a result, we will not be providing a forward view on net revenues for 2021 at this time, as we believe visibility is dependent upon border opening, the further relaxation of social distancing measures, and improvement in consumer confidence. As we have said, we expect to see progress in these areas in the second half of 2021. Turning to the first quarter, we anticipate that some of the more restrictive measures that have recently been put in place because of rising infections will persist in the near term. If this were to be the case, we would not expect spending levels to improve from what we have seen so far in January. By the way, we do plan on providing periodic updates to the operating metrics during the quarter. In addition, I would offer a few additional points to help you with your modeling. First, we will continue to experience lower cross-border related deals until broader scale inter-regional travel recovers. Second, from a growth rate perspective, we expect to start lapping the effects of the pandemic primarily in March. Also, as a reminder, last year was a leap year, and so Q1 2020 had an extra day of volumes and revenues. Finally, we expect rebates and incentives as a percentage of gross revenues to be flat or up slightly sequentially due to new and renewed deal activity, including some of the recent wins Michael has just discussed. Let's turn to operating expenses. We continue to carefully manage our priorities in order to preserve our ability to invest in our key long-term growth drivers, namely digital, cybersecurity, data analytics, B2B, and multi-rail solutions. For Q1, we expect operating expense growth to be up mid-single digits versus a year ago on a currency-neutral basis, excluding acquisitions. Of note, this increase reflects the lapping of spending actions taken a year ago as a result of the pandemic, as well as a 3 percentage points increase due to the lapping of a favorable hedging gain from a year ago. With respect to acquisitions made in 2020 or later, Finicity closed near the end of last November, and we continue to expect the transaction with Nets to close in Q1. Based on this timing, we expect acquisitions to contribute about 0.5 percentage point To revenue in Q1 and 1- 2 percentage points for the year. Similarly, acquisitions will contribute approximately 4-5 percentage points to operating expenses growth in the first quarter and 7-8 percentage points for the year. As a reminder, we discretely disclose the impact of acquisitions for the year in which they close and the subsequent year, after which we do not split them out. Other items to keep in mind, foreign exchange is expected to be about a 2 percentage points tailwind to net revenues and a 2 percentage points headwind to operating expenses in Q1. On the other income and expense line, we are at an expense run rate of approximately $110 million per quarter given the prevailing interest rates. This excludes gains and losses on our equity investments, which are excluded from our non-GAAP metrics. Finally, we expect a tax rate of approximately 18%-19% for the year based on our current geographic mix of the business. With that, I will turn the call back over to Warren. Thanks, Sachin. Tanya, we're ready to take questions. Thank you. As a reminder, if you would like to ask a question, please press star, then dial number one on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, press star and hashtag. Please stand by while we prepare the call roster. Tanya, it's coming through very rough at this end, so can you try to correct that? First question, please. Your first question comes from the line with JP Morgan. Please go ahead with your question, sir. There's a lot of static on the line. [audio distortion] Yes, sir. Your next question is from Claire Williams at Autonomous Research. Tanya, could you put your cell phone on mute, please? Yes, sir. Hi. This is Claire. Can you hear me? Just barely, Claire. Please go ahead. Okay. [audio distortion] Okay. Wanted to ask about your EU interchange, some of the announcements have been that carry any improvement from Mastercard in terms of classification of transactions [audio distortion] Claire, you just dropped off. Can you still hear us? I'll just rephrase the question in the hopes that you're still on. Did the change in EU interchange have any impact on our economics? Okay. I can take that question. I just want to make sure you can hear us. Claire, can you hear us? There's a lot of static. Okay. We're working on it. Yeah, we're just working on it. Let me try and take that, Craire. It's Sachin here. Look, I mean, you asked me a question on what the impact of the Brexit impact was on a couple of things. You said any change in our definition for intra- Europe, I think the answer is no. Our definition for entry of Europe volume remains the same. There is no change in our pricing either. Specifically on your question on interchange, once the transition period ended on the 31st of December of last year, the U.K. effectively became subject to the same interchange caps as any other non-EU country, as agreed with the European Commission. Recognizing the prevailing pandemic, what we did is we set the timing of this change to commence in October of 2021. We are very aware of the challenges which are being faced by retailers, businesses, and people as a result of this pandemic, and we will continue to review the timing of the implementation of this decision as we go forward through the course of this year. Okay. Next question, please. [audio distortion] [audio distortion] what the makeup of the cross-border volume that we see request is going to come in. Yeah, I'm sorry. We couldn't get that. Just hold on a sec, we're just trying to switch over the lines. This is Warren. There's a problem with the operator's line. AT&T is working it. We're just going to pause for a moment, so please bear with us. If you can hear me, we're just waiting for the operator's line to be fixed. AT&T is working it. Please bear with us. I just wanted to say one more time, we're working a technical difficulty. Please stick with us. Excuse me, this is the operator. We are currently having technical difficulties. The call will resume momentarily. Hello, there. Hello, Warren. Hello, Tanya? Okay. Yeah, this is Warren. Can you put us back into the main room? You are in the main conference, sir. Okay, very good. This is Warren. I apologize for the technical difficulties. Hopefully, you can hear us well now. We're ready to take your questions, and in light of the technical difficulties, we'd be happy to extend the call to take your questions. Next question please, Tanya. We're ready for questions, Tanya. Yes, sir. The next question is from Ramsey El-Assal with Barclays. Hi. Glad you're back, thanks for taking my question here. I wanted to ask about the impact of stimulus on your volumes. Is the U.S. switch volume improvement in January versus December, do you attribute this largely to the impact of stimulus? Secondarily, I was interested, Michael, in what you were saying about Mastercard's participation with the central bank digital coins and how you're going to enable them to flow on your network. How do you help governments with that product? What can Mastercard do there to be of utility? Hi, Ramsey. Its Sachin. I'll take the first question. To your question, what we are seeing in the first three weeks of January is better performance in the U.S., and we are attributing that primarily to the impact of stimulus. Obviously, there's several factors which go into overall spending trends, but the stimulus definitely does play a part, and we are seeing that come through. In terms of spend levels in the U.S. in the first three weeks as well as from a mix standpoint, what we're seeing as being more weighted towards debit, in terms of what we're seeing in the U.S. Good. On the central bank digital currency front, Ramsey, here is multiple ways that Mastercard can be helpful. As I was saying earlier, first of all, we are engaging with governments all around the world, really first on a basis to find out what is the path forward when it comes to modernizing the payment stack of a given country. Is it the right tool for the job? If the conclusion is it is the right tool for the job, we'll certainly partner. I would also say that you will find situations where real-time payment is a better answer because it just happens to exist already, and it lives in the existing financial infrastructure. Let's come back to CBDCs. We have a few principles that we put out into the market and which I'm happy to see is shared by most leading central banks around the world, and that is that you start off with recognizing there's different roles between a central bank and the private sector banks. You want your lender of last resort. You want, so to say, the mining of the currency, and then you want the private sector to bring utility to the currency, for consumers and for businesses and so forth. So a two-tier approach. Our partnership is with both sectors in this case. Private sector, to say what utility could be brought, what's the functionality that makes a difference than, say, when you want to pay with a fiat cryptocurrency in a store. Here, that is where we bring to bear our acceptance network, for example. The IP that we have that links the cryptocurrencies straight into our network is a very tangible example of what we could do. You think about other aspects here is that it's generally a last-mile question. It is also consumer protection. It is transparency. It is business models around that. It is using fundamentally the nature of the distributed ledger technology that is put to use here. As you could imagine a world where there's a bunch of smart contracts riding on a government-issued CBDC, and that is very similar to what we do in terms of applications in the real-time space or what we do with debit and credit in the card space. Underlying set of rails, which we participate in, and then we help bring utility across government and private sector. That's the play. Early stages, but we will support. We today only carry fiat currency in our network, and when this makes its way, then we'll carry CBDCs in our network. Got it. Thank you so much. Next question, please. Yes. Your next question is a follow-up from Tien-tsin Huang with JP Morgan. Hey, thanks. Hope you guys can hear me okay now. Yes. Hey, guys. I just wanted to ask on the NatWest win on the debit side, that's a nice one. Anything interesting to share on how this win came together? I'm also just curious, big picture, if the pipeline for new deals, if it's changed at all, if it's different in terms of size and quality now versus, say, this time last year pre-COVID. Let me take the first part of the question. Sachin can talk a little bit more about the pipeline and so forth. This big win, NatWest, looking at the other strategic relationship with Walgreens, Deutsche Bank. If I look at some of the aspects that recently driven our wins, these ones specifically, the broader portfolio, it is our capabilities across one set of rails. You heard me talk earlier about if we're going to want to co-innovate with NatWest on multiple payment rails. That's certainly a differentiating capability that matters, particularly in Europe, where the rise of real-time payment is absolutely real. You think about aspects in these markets. Open banking is a little more pronounced than in other markets. Again, that's an additional capability that's a differentiator that we have with Open Banking Connect in Europe. You look into digital-first capabilities. Again, something that's played out over the last two years in Europe. I would summarize it, Tien-tsin, as innovation. Certainly, pricing and all that matters, but the fact that there's something else that we can bring to the party, and our solution-selling approach brings it all together across services, multi-rail, and what we do in our core business. I think that's generally the story. How is that changing to, let's say, two years ago? Well, multi-rail, with the Canada win you just saw, we're growing our reach. It is something that matters in so many more markets today. We're just advancing the strategy, and then we can bring it all to bear in a case like this. Tien, I'll just add, Michael touched upon the point around the power of the services capabilities that we bring. You've heard this over the last I don't know how many quarters. The wins we're having are very much supported by the strength of our services capabilities. It makes a real difference when we can walk in and talk with customers about how we can help them grow their top line and manage their expense base as it relates to fraud and things like that, which become more of a partnership discussion than a vendor relationship. That's been a key enabler as to helping us win. That carries on, whether it's NatWest, Deutsche Bank, the whole kind of spectrum of deals. What do I expect on a going forward basis? The pipeline remains robust. Things are going to keep happening. We're going to renew existing customers. We're going to keep working on new customers. We're going to look to expand portfolios with existing customers. That's very much up front and center in the bucket of what I call controllables. There's stuff which is happening in the macro environment, which we don't necessarily control, but there are things we do, which is engagement with our customers, and we're driving hard on that. Great detail. Thanks a lot, guys. Thank you. Thank you. Next question, please. Yes, sir. Your next question is from Dan Dolev with Mizuho. Oh. Hey, guys. Thank you for taking my question. Quick question on debit. You mentioned debit is driving most of the growth. If I look at Q4 versus Q3 debit growth in the U.S., it did decelerate by about 200 basis points. I just want to know what's behind it. I see the comps are a little easier. It would be great to get a bit of an explanation of what drove that in the fourth quarter. How is it looking in the first quarter. Thank you. Sure. You should think about the mix between debit and credit based on a couple of things. One, what's going on globally in the nature of the release of stimulus payments, what the timing of that is, and what the timing of associated spend from that stimulus payment is. That's bucket number one. Bucket number two is what are the categories of spend, and which have a higher propensity for debit versus which have a higher propensity for credit? When I think about Q3 versus Q4, and while debit grew at a very healthy pace in Q4, it was a little bit at a slower rate than what we saw in Q3, back to your point. It's largely been driven by the fact that the impact of the stimulus, which we felt in Q3, started to wane in Q4. On the flip side, credit performed really well. When I say really well, it was still in negative territory, but a marked improvement in credit because there was a greater amount of spend taking place in discretionary categories, which are credit heavy. We follow this, and we track this pretty closely, and I think that would be the reasons why you should be able to explain what changes are taking place in terms of the mix between debit and credit. Just one point to add, Dan. What we've seen in previous challenged periods in terms of economic outlook, there is, in a downturn, debit is generally preferred, and the main reason for that is people really want to spend the money that they have, and avoid taking on extra burden in terms of additional debt. This is a normal pattern that we have seen, and it plays out in the way that Sachin just talked about. Next question, please. Thank you, and congrats on your first call. Well, thank you. Next question, please. Tanya? Your next question is from Jason Kupferberg with Bank of America. Thanks, guys. Good morning. I just wanted to ask a two-part question on cross-border. The first part is, the highest-yielding part of the cross-border business, the non-intra Europe piece, recently seems like the year-over-year declines are moderating a little bit. I don't want to make too much out of a couple weeks of data, but can you just touch on what has maybe driven the incremental improvement in that metric and the sustainability of the improvement as the comps presumably get progressively easier from here, more or less on a weekly basis? The second part is more of a conceptual question. In your base case of macro recovery and travel recovery, is it feasible that cross-border revenues next year in 2022 could get back to 2019 levels? Not obviously asking for guidance, but just conceptually based on how you think the macro could theoretically unfold. Thank you. Jason, on the first part of your question, here's what I'd tell you. I would tell you we're closely watching what these trends are. In the first three weeks, we have observed exactly what you're saying, which is the non-intra Europe cross-border has started to see a little bit of a recovery come through. There are lots of puts and takes which take place there. Let me try and give you a little bit of color as to what could be driving some of that. First, at the end of the day, when you think about this component of non-intra cross-border, there are still several borders which are open. There are people traveling. I could think about U.S., Mexico. I could think about borders within the Middle East and Africa. I could think about certain travel which is taking place in Asia-Pacific. You're seeing a little bit of that come through. The other component which is driving this is, at the end of the day, when we think about other cross-border, we think about it generically speaking in the context of people getting on planes and traveling. Other cross-border is also influenced by expats, people who are sitting in foreign locations who have cards which are from their home countries, and the spend patterns on that could be influencing a little bit of what we're seeing here. I wouldn't make too much of the trend we're seeing in the first three weeks. We have to watch it for a little bit of a longer period of time. That's the kind of color I could share with you on that. On your longer-term question on cross-border, look, I got to tell you, we as a company are very encouraged by what we're seeing from an overall availability of vaccine standpoint. The rollout is something which is still kind of uncertain, and we'll watch how the rollout goes. With the availability of vaccines at scale, we believe with the availability of more efficient testing therapeutics, the confidence of consumers will come back, borders will start to be relaxed, and social distancing measures will start to be relaxed. We expect that to happen more in the latter half of this year. Longer term, I would tell you, I'm quite optimistic about the fact that we're seeing vaccines which are proving to be as effective as what the test results would suggest. We'll see where it all kind of shakes out. I'm really not in a position to give you guidance as it relates to what I think cross-border will look like through the course of 2021. I feel like if you just stand back and you thought about it, there's the near term and then there's the longer term. The near term will continue to be linear until this vaccine stuff is rolled out at scale. The longer term, we feel very encouraged about. Just an aspect to add here, that is that there's a distinction between personal travel and corporate travel. We've seen it in the summer. This past summer 2020, the reaction once consumer confidence increases turned right up into travel increasing because people want to get on with their life. They want to see their friends, their families, and whatever. The reaction of personal travel driven by consumer confidence, which will in turn be driven by the vaccine rollout Sachin just talked about, I think is going to be relatively near term. Corporate travel, that will take longer. Video tools. We should have actually used a video tool today, maybe. You just see that that is an additional way of getting together. Yes, people want to see their customers. How that will play out, we don't exactly know. Back to personal travel, that is a significant majority of our travels portfolio. All the wins that we had recently, they're going to kick in at this time. Medium term, we're encouraged. All right. Thank you. Yes. Your next question is from Darrin Peller with Wolfe Research. Thanks, guys. Just a very quick follow-up on cross-border and then a structural question. On cross-border, we remember in February and March, it really started in Europe and the slowdown, then in March, obviously the U.S., I'm just curious if that's where the comps you expect to start seeing it ease up. Michael, more from a structural standpoint, we just want to understand, now that it's almost been a year, when we look at services and the opportunity there, we look at some of the other opportunities around contactless and e-com, can you just touch on what you expect to be more permanent or more sustainable in terms of the business improvements due to the electronics nature of what we're seeing in the pandemic? Thanks. Yeah. Hey, Darrin, Sachin. On your question around the lapping effect of cross-border, you're right. We saw some amount of cross-border decline start in the latter part of February is what I would tell you. The vast majority of the lapping effect, like I said in my prepared remarks, we expect to see across all our drivers in the month of March. That's the way I kind of think about what we're seeing here. All right. Darrin, on the questions on the trends, what makes a trend? That's the key question here. Certainly, we saw this digitization trend that's been around for years accelerate dramatically. I think it's fair to say that years have been compressed into months. What part of that will stick? When I look at what we're going to see as structural changes, as sticking trends, I fundamentally believe that e-commerce is not going to revert back to what it was. No back to quarter four 2019. I think that the general attitude towards cash is going to remain more negative than before. The surveys that we've done every single month since April of last year was telling us that consumers, broadly speaking, 60% of consumers have a more negative attitude towards cash now, and we don't think that will change. 70% of consumers are going to do more digital banking, more online purchasing, and more contactless. I think that will just remain. As I said earlier in my prepared remarks, once you can venture out there and social distancing measures are relaxed, people will want to go and shop in their stores, in their local community, support the local restaurant, whatever it is. The good experiences people have started to appreciate and learn online, they will not go away. The good thing is we'll have two legs to stand on and our business will benefit from both of them. Other structural trends that I see is more digital transactions, more data, more desire to understand the data insights. Our services portfolio is on point for that. The same as more digital transactions, larger cyber footprint, potentially more risks, a bunch of new businesses coming online that have been brick and mortar only. That's an opportunity for us from a cybersecurity perspective. There's the whole cross-border theme. Yeah, I think that. Digitizing supply chains, B2B, I would say that's the other structural change that people take away from the pandemic. That makes sense. Thank you. Next question, please. Your next question is from Lisa Ellis with MoffettNathanson. Good morning, and Michael, congrats again. In the prepared remarks, you highlighted the addition of Finicity to Mastercard's open banking portfolio. Can you elaborate a bit on how you're thinking about open banking where a payment or funds transfer could be made with debit, with Mastercard Send, with Fast ACH or RTP? Can you just comment a bit on how Mastercard's role differs, value added differs, economics differ across all of these different methods of payment and are you agnostic or not? Why, why not? Thank you. Yeah. That's a pretty broad question, Lisa. Let me take the first part of it and then Sachin can talk around the economics and the business models behind that. Broadly speaking, the way we look at open banking is it's adding data transmission capabilities as well as an additional set of transaction rails. We can initiate payments through open banking permissioned API connections. We can do that, we often can just verify assets or help in credit decisioning. It's a wide range of use cases, and we're pretty agnostic what they are. We're quite happy to initiate payments directly through real-time payment rails, also the combination of a market where there is real-time payment infrastructure and there is an open banking regulation, as in Europe. The fact that we have a strong position in both allows us to leverage the combination of that quite effectively. That is one of the things that Tesco does with us. The proposition that Tesco is offering is you pay your credit card very simply through an open banking connection, leveraging the real-time payment rail. That's check, check, and it's a good combination for us. Overall, where is this going to go? I see it as an additional leg in our multi-rail strategy. One link into Mastercard, you want to pay through an open banking link, you want to pay through real-time payments, you want to pay through cards, whatever it is, one link into Mastercard. That's the overall strategy. Finicity helps us clearly in the U.S., but as I said before, these use cases that they have on asset verification and on credit decisioning, they are so in demand at this point in time, taking them to Europe as quickly as possible will matter. Now, Sachin can help to unravel some of these business models behind it. Yeah, absolutely. Hey, Lisa. Just a couple of thoughts around that. I think you're quite familiar with the way we think about what constitutes our yield as a business, right? It's across infrastructure applications and services. I would tell you whether it's our card rails or it's our real-time ACH rails or it's open banking, the reality is there's an opportunity to realize revenue across all of these three layers, infrastructure, apps, and services. As we get more in the flow of transactions and/or data, there is the opportunity to realize on all of those levels. If your specific question is around what the interaction of economics will be if payments were to take place over open banking rails rather than through card rails. Well, the reality is we're in the business of providing choice to consumers, and what we're going to do is provide choice. We're going to price for the value we deliver across all of these three layers. I think it's a little early to tell you exactly what the actual economics of a transaction over, for example, open banking rails might be if it's a payment transaction. What I can tell you, though, is take something like Pay by Account, which we've launched in the U.K. The economics for us on Pay by Account in the consumer use case in the U.K. are quite similar to our debit economics out there. Broadly speaking, I think it's fair to say we are agnostic. It's about choice. If the market wants to go one way, then the market will go one way and we'll partner, and otherwise it goes a different way and we'll partner. Wonderful. Thank you. Thanks. We're going to go to about 10:00 after 10:00, if you can stick with us just to take a few more questions. Tanya, next question, please. Yes, sir. Your next question is from Timothy Chiodo with Credit Suisse. Thanks a lot for taking the question. One area of focus for investors has been what the makeup of cross-border volumes will start to look like over the next three to five years. Clearly in 2020, retail e-commerce became a much larger piece of the mix. Travel became a smaller piece of the mix. Longer term, once we assume a travel recovery. There will also be the mix in of Mastercard Send, Transfast, Mastercard Track expanding into B2B, more account-to-account remittances, et cetera, across the board, mixing into the cross-border volumes. Maybe you could talk about that evolution over the next few years and what that mix might look like. Sure. Hey, Tim, it's Sachin. A couple of thoughts. One, we do expect with the return of travel, the mix will start to come back to certain levels similar to what we saw pre-COVID. It might take a little bit of time as it relates to the business travel component, but I want to remind you that the vast majority of our travel from a cross-border perspective happens to be personal travel, which we expect to come back and come back based on the comment which Michael made around pent-up demand. We'll see that come through. You're exactly right about other elements of cross-border, whether it's leveraging our real-time rails and the applications in a cross-border manner, real opportunity we feel there as well. Because today what we're tapping into is the consumer flows, what we call the person-to-merchant flows, leveraging our card rails in a cross-border environment. The opportunity from a B2B standpoint still remains largely untapped, and this is where our suite of assets from a multi-rail standpoint really will play an important part, whether it's our send capabilities or the acquisition of Transfast, which we did. All of those are key contributing factors. We're rolling those out pretty nicely. We're building scale, we're building capabilities as we go down that path. All in all, I tell you, cross-border remains a fairly decent size opportunity on a going forward basis. Tim, back to my earlier comments around structural changes in B2B and supply chain. A big part of the supply chain insights that people have just gained over the last nine months is that there's dependency on parts of the supply chain cross-border that they want to digitize and add this so they can be more flexible to change suppliers in future scenarios. Here we come in with Transfast. We come in with our announced acquisition of HomeSend, the combination of all of that. Then you take this multi-rail capability, picture this in the context of Track, where there's a data switch. All the data that you want alongside with your B2B transaction is coming along, and then you choose whichever way you want to send it. Use cases like remittances, buyer-supplier payments, which make up $110 trillion of global flows, are significant opportunities for us. We got the assets in place. Thank you for taking the question. Our next question is from Don Fandetti with Wells Fargo. Hi, good morning. Michael, congratulations as well. I want to get your updated thoughts on big tech. Clearly, fintech proliferation is a big positive for the networks in our view. How are the discussions with the big tech players going today versus a year or two ago? Do you think your interests are still aligned commercially and also in Washington from a regulatory perspective? Yeah, Don, that's a good question to round this call off. I think a very wide-ranging question. You have a lot of elements that you put in there. Let me go at this from a couple perspectives. The first is our modus operandi was these are partners, these are customers, and we have strong relationships with all of them, Amazon, Facebook Apple, you name it. Just think about the Apple Card as an example there. When you then look forward, you look at where is the world going in terms of different rails, in terms of emerging technologies, in terms of 5G. There's a lot of change from a technology side in our ecosystem and here's big tech players. What I'm finding is that our specialist role here and our focus specifically on payment technology makes us a very relevant partner. Most of these companies are oriented and focused on delivering a particularly good consumer experience, digital user experience to their customer base, trying to keep customers in their ecosystem, whatever they might be doing, if they're a social network or something like that. We stand in the role of being the payments partner. That is a model of interaction that I think will continue to evolve. Some of these players do have payment aspirations, Don, that's where your question is going. You look at our services portfolio, you look at our capabilities like card-on-file tokenization and so forth. We help them with our services portfolio while they create quite a nice consumer front-end experience. The X Pay is a good example for that. As long as there's choice and underlying payment tools, we're quite happy to partner because it drives the overall acceleration of the digital trend. In terms of change in political regime and the incoming administration and the view on big tech, that is for them to comment on. Basically, we're guided by our partnership. We want to lean in and continue to drive our business. Overall, otherwise, it's early days. We have a great dialogue with the incoming administration. They're interested in payments, which we generally like. This is, by the way, a trend around the world. Governments interested in payments as critical national infrastructure, and we engage in that dialogue. Topics of cybersecurity, data principles, where we're all leading voices, that's how we engage. Thank you. Thanks, Michael. I think it's time to wrap up. I just wanted to thank you for bearing with us as we went through this process, and I'm sure Michael will always remember his first call with you. Anyway, Anyway, Michael, any final thoughts? My blood pressure is slowly coming down again after this little hump earlier. Thank you for the questions. Really appreciate the interest and the dialogue. Don't want to repeat anything, just I have to go back one more time to 2020. That was a challenging year for the industry. That was certainly something that needed us to be as agile as we could possibly be. I just want to comment again that our employees really stepped up and allowed us to close out the year on this positive trajectory. We said on a number of occasions throughout this call here, we're optimistic about COVID recovery, really in the light of the vaccines being deployed. We're optimistic about cross-border coming back, driven by the exact same point. In the near term, there's optimism. In the very long term, there is optimism. I want to make one more point. All of this is great from an economic perspective and a performance perspective. What is equally important is that we do the right thing for communities and for our planet. This week, I'm really proud, and so many people at Mastercard are, as we put out our net zero commitment. That is just the last thought I want to leave you with. With that, looking forward to speaking to you with less technical issues in a quarter from now. Thank you very much. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.