Greetings and welcome to Primerica's second quarter 2025 earnings webcast. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. Please note that this conference is being recorded. I will now turn the conference over to your host, Nicole Russell, Head of Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin. Thank you, Operator, and good morning, everyone. Welcome to Primerica's second quarter earnings call. A copy of our earnings press release issued last night, along with other materials relevant to today's call, are posted on the Investor Relations section of our website. Joining our call today are our Chief Executive Officer, Glenn Williams, and our Chief Financial Officer, Tracy Tan. Our comments this morning will contain forward-looking statements in accordance with the safe harbor provision of the Securities Litigation Reform Act. We assume no obligations to update these statements to reflect new information and refer you to our most recent Form 10-K filing, as may be modified by subsequent Forms 10-Q, for a list of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to materially differ from those that are expressed or implied. We also reference certain non-GAAP measures, which we believe provide additional insight into the company's financial results. Reconciliation of non-GAAP results to their respective GAAP numbers are included in our earnings press release. I would now like to turn the call over to Glenn. Thank you, Nicole, and thanks everyone for joining us. Primerica delivered another strong quarter with results that reflect the consistent performance of our business despite continued economic and government policy uncertainty. Our investment clients remain committed to their long-term savings goals. Our life insurance clients recognize the importance of protecting their income, and our business opportunities are attracting a significant number of recruits. Our sales force plays a critical role in delivering protection and investment solutions to middle-income families when they need it most. As we sometimes see, our two main product lines respond differently to changes in the business environment, creating a good balance in our business model and financial results. Starting with our financial results, adjusted net operating income was $180 million during the second quarter of 2025, up 6% year over year, while diluted adjusted operating EPS increased 10% to $5.46. These results reflect the continued strength within our Investment and Savings Products business and a steady contribution from our term life business. We continue to generate solid earnings growth and maintain our commitment to returning capital to stockholders. During the quarter, we returned a total of $163 million to stockholders through a combination of $129 million in share repurchases and $34 million in regular dividends. Looking at distribution, we recruited over 80,000 individuals during the second quarter and licensed nearly 13,000 new representatives, down 10% from the second quarter record set last year. This level of activity continues to fuel growth in our sales force. We ended the quarter with 152,592 life-licensed representatives, up 5% compared to June 2024. Recruiting in the third quarter also started strong. Using a recruiting incentive which has been effective in the past, we added over 50,000 new recruits in the month of July. We remain committed to growing our sales force and expect to grow between 2% and 3% in the full year of 2025. Turning to our sales results, we issued 89,850 new term life insurance policies during the second quarter and put in place over $30 billion in new term life protection for our clients, bringing our total face amount in force to a record $968 billion on a year-over-year basis. The number of new life insurance policies and face amount issued declined 11% and 9%, respectively. We believe the decline reflects a combination of continued cost of living pressures and ongoing uncertainty compounded by comparison to exceptionally strong results in the prior year period. Productivity at 0.2 policies per life insurance licensed representative per month was within our historical range of 0.20- 0.24. Considering the stronger than expected headwinds, we're now projecting the total number of new life policies issued to decline around 5% in 2025 compared to full year 2024. Turning next to the ISP segment, results were once again stronger than anticipated with total sales during the quarter at 15% to $3.5 billion. We continue to see strong demand for variable annuities and managed accounts, while U.S. and Canadian mutual funds grew at a more modest pace. Net inflows for the quarter were $487 million versus $227 million in the prior year period, and client asset values ended the quarter at $120 billion, up 14%. Year over year, we see more clients focusing on saving for retirement, driving higher transaction volume and increased average sales size. This trend has the potential to continue based on the large number of individuals in the baby boomer and Gen X populations who are approaching retirement age. Given our momentum in the first half of 2025 and strong sales in July, we expect full year ISP sales growth to be more than 10%. During the quarter, we discovered a need to correct our methodology for calculating outflows and market value for Canadian mutual fund assets included in our Consolidated Client Asset Roll Forward Statistical Data. We updated the Roll Forward Table in our financial supplement to provide investors with restated historical statistics. This correction had no impact on our financial statements, ISP product sales, nor the average or ending client asset values during the relevant periods. Net flows were impacted but remained positive. Our mortgage business showed solid year over year growth in both the U.S. and Canada during the second quarter of 2025. In the U.S., we had $133 million of closed loan volume, up 33% year over year. We are licensed to do business in 35 states through a total of nearly 3,400 licensed mortgage loan originators. Our referral program in Canada had $45 million U.S. dollars of closed loan volume, up 30% from a year ago. While mortgages currently represent a relatively small portion of our business, they provide our clients with a valuable financial tool while also creating a diversified income stream for our mortgage license sales force. The unique characteristics of each of our product lines can cause them to respond differently to changing business conditions. This quarter highlighted their complementary nature with ISP, with record ISP sales helping to offset the headwinds in life sales. Despite the pressure on new life sales, the size and stability of our life business continues to provide consistent earnings, and even in an uncertain environment, we remain well positioned to deliver long term value for our clients, our field, and our stockholders. With that, I'll hand it over to Tracy for the financial results. Thank you Glenn and good morning everyone. The company's financial performance across all segments was very strong. Starting with term life, second quarter revenues of $442 million rose 3% year over year, driven by 5% growth in adjusted direct premium. The segment delivered solid performance with pre-tax income of $155 million, up 5% compared to the prior year period. Our key financial ratios remain consistent with expectations and largely in line with the prior period. These included the benefits and claims ratio at 57.5%, the DAC amortization and insurance commissions ratio at 12%, the insurance expense ratio at 7.6%, and the operating margin at 23%. Overall lapse rates for the quarter remained elevated and were stable compared to the prior year period. In aggregate, we continue to believe higher lapse rates are primarily driven by cost of living pressures and their impact on middle income families. We believe that our clients are resilient over the long term and value our services and products. Based on historical trends, we expect persistency to normalize as clients adapt to the evolving economic environments. Therefore, we do not expect any significant changes to our LDTI lapse assumptions. We started to experience favorable mortality in the second half of 2022 and continued to see favorable mortality trend relative to our expectations. Given the stable nature of our term life business, our full year guidance remains unchanged. To reiterate, we expect ADP to grow around 5% with a benefits and claims ratio at around 58%, the DAC amortization and insurance commissions ratio at around 12%, and the operating margin at around 22%. As a reminder, we will conduct our annual assumptions setting review in the third quarter, which may impact our future guidance for the T ratio. Continued sales momentum and growth in our client asset values drove record revenues in our Investment and Savings Products segments. Second quarter operating revenue of $298 million increased 14% from the prior year period, while pre-tax income rose 6% to $79 million. Sales-based revenues increased 15%, slightly outpacing the 11% increase in relevant sales, primarily driven by strong demand for variable annuities. Asset-based revenues increased 17% year over year compared to an 11% increase in average client asset values. As we continued to benefit from strong client demand for products on which we earned higher asset-based commissions, namely U.S. managed accounts and Canadian mutual funds sold under the principal distributor model, sales commissions for both sales and asset-based products increased relatively in line with the revenues. The corporate and other distributed products segment recorded pre-tax adjusted operating income of $3 million during the quarter compared to $1 million in the prior year period. The year-over-year change was driven by an increase in net investment income primarily due to the growth in the size of the portfolio. Finally, consolidated insurance and other operating expenses were $154 million, up 8% year over year. The growth in expenses was primarily driven by higher variable growth-related costs in our ISP and term life segment and higher technology and infrastructure investments to support our sales force and business growth. We reiterate our full-year outlook for expenses to increase in 2025 by around $40 million or 6%- 8%. Our invested asset portfolio remains well diversified with a duration of 5.3 years and an average quality of A. The average rate on new investment purchases in our life companies was 5.65% for the quarter with an average rating of A. The net unrealized loss in our portfolio continues to improve, ending the June quarter with a net unrealized loss of $158 million. We believe that the remaining unrealized loss is a function of interest rate and not due to underlying credit concerns, and we have the intended ability to hold these investments until maturity. We continue to generate significant deployable capital, underscoring the strength and reliability of our capital-light distribution model. The steady cash flow from our term life business is driven by the sizable in-force block of insurance policies and our use of reinsurance, which limits our exposure to mortality risk. The fee-based nature of our ISP business supports strong cash flow generation and a high rate of earnings conversion. This model allows us to consistently return value to stockholders while also investing in long-term growth opportunities. Our holding company ended the quarter with $371 million in cash and invested assets. Primerica Life's estimated RBC ratio was 490%. We remain confident in our ability to maintain a strong capital position while supporting ongoing growth initiatives and continuing to return capital to stockholders in both good and bad economic times. Primerica has been able to deliver strong earnings, solid cash conversion, and superior return equity. With that, Operator, please open the line for questions. Thank you, and at this time we will conduct our question and answer session in order to get through as many questions as we can. Please limit yourselves to one question only for each time that you cue. To ask the question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate that your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment please while we poll for questions. Our first question comes from John Barnidge with Piper Sandler. Please state your question. Morning, John. Good morning. Thank you for the opportunity. Can you talk about the decline in term life sales in the revised guidance? I know it's a point of sale, not a monthly contributor like ISP. There's been concerns about cost of living, as you've noted in your prepared remarks. Did that accelerate post-Liberation Day? Thanks. I think it's a combination, as we said, John, of cost of living and then just some uncertainty, which has led, I think, for most middle income families living on a month-to-month type of budget, to a lot of a wait and see attitude. Let's see how prices turn out moving from here. Let's see what happens to interest rates. Let's see what happens to other issues that may not be clear yet, and of course, it's very difficult to get a bead on that based on what media might be feeding the middle class on either side of any one of those issues. We've seen cost of living pressures for a number of years. I think we outstripped them last year and were able just to overcome them and show positive growth. Adding that wait and see element is what we see for those middle income families that really have a very tight budget. That, of course, impacts our term life sales as well as our monthly investments in the ISP side of our business. The larger ticket investments, as we've discussed in the past, that move are not really related to a monthly budget. They're transfers of retirement accounts. They're escapes that move from one generation to another. Those types of things are not impacted as much, at least by monthly cost of living. We see it first in our term life business, and we do believe that as Tracy pointed out, this is a temporary issue. We do believe that middle income families adapt to this over time and the uncertainty becomes certainty. It may be different from last year's challenges, but at least it becomes certain and then they begin to adapt and move forward. I think we're in a wait and see period right now that we've experienced and that we see that first in term life sales. My follow up question, we talk about a lot of wait and see mode on how the cost of living pressures will turn up as the pushback. You're talking about adding over 50,000 recruits in July. Are these pushbacks actually an opportunity to recruit new agents? I'm sorry, I didn't hear you. Is what an opportunity to recruit new agents? The cost of living pushbacks? T here's a pushback like, hey, costs are going up. I don't know if I can commit to this. Okay, consider being an agent. Maybe you get some part time work. Absolutely. There are generally both a push and a pull from most economic dynamics on a lot of what we do. The positive side of financial stress in recruiting is people looking for additional income. The attraction of our part time opportunity absolutely plays into that. As we've said in the past, kind of rampant unemployment does not help us because that creates the need for someone to get a paycheck on Friday, not build a business over a long period of time. When things get extreme, it may work a little differently. Yes, while cost of living pressures and to a certain extent employment uncertainty are reasonable, they actually give us a little bit of a tailwind for recruiting while they might provide a headwind for that month's life insurance sales. Yes, absolutely, you've defined that correctly. Thank you. Your next question comes from Joel Hurwitz with Dowling and Partners, please state your question. Morning Joel. Good morning Tracy. You had mentioned in your prepared remarks that mortality continues to be favorable in the quarter. Can you just unpack the level of favorability versus expectation and then in terms of the Q3 assumption review, I know you mentioned no change to the lapse rate, but any potential for changes to the mortality assumption as part of the review? Yeah. Good morning, Joel. Mortality has been a trend we've been observing very closely, and in the second half of 2022 we started to experience favorable mortality for more than 10 quarters at this point. We had initially been waiting to see if this was just a pull forward impact from COVID, which means that there could be earlier accelerated death rates and then somehow it's going to stabilize over what the trend could turn out to be. So far, we continue to see that the mortality has been favorable, especially the last four quarters and 12 months, and we've seen that trend stabilizing downward. At this point, I think there's a potential likelihood that this is a trend to stay. Clearly, in terms of magnitude, we're quite a few% lower than our long-term pre-pandemic baselined actuarial assumption. In the third quarter annual reviews, we will certainly take a very close look and make a decision on if we change our long-term assumption to recognize this trend. Got it. That's very helpful, Tracy. Moving to ISP, really good sales in the quarter, I guess. Just a question, I look at the sales-based margin, it was 123 basis points in the quarter. That's a bit below where you've been running the past several quarters. Any color on the driver there? In terms of ISP margin, I think the part of the expenses, it's the impact because of the variable growth-related expenses that we have, and we also have commissions that are slightly higher than what you've seen in terms of dollars. We do try to true up as much as we can by mid-year point where we see that the total year trend is running favorable. We do a true up in the middle of the year, which may make the second quarter slightly higher than the first quarter, but it's in terms of the magnitude based on the running rate of our growth and what the commissions are headed. The other part to consider also is as we see the growth trend of ISP, last year was growing more than 20%, 25%, and this year we're continually on pretty strong double-digit top-line growth, and our infrastructure has been a little bit stressed in terms of catching up with the volume. We continue to invest in infrastructure to support our ISP sales. Some of those are part of what we had announced earlier in the year in terms of expense investments that would be supporting our growth. That's what you're seeing coming through for ISP, and that segment really deserves that build up on technology and infrastructure. That makes sense. Thank you, guys. Your next question comes from Ryan Krueger with KBW. Please state your question. Hello, Ryan. Hey. Hey, good morning. Had a question on ISP sales. You mentioned they were still strong in July. Was hoping maybe you could give a little more color on that. Reason I asked is I think you said you'd expect them to grow above 10% or more this year, but they were up over 20% in the first half of the year. Maybe the above 10% is what you're emphasizing. Just wanted to see if you expected any slowdown or should we kind of see the same momentum in the second half? Ryan, we have always asking how long can that far into the double digit momentum continue, particularly when you lap yourself annually and you start comparing to the strong second half results from last year. We have been signaling that we do expect the comparisons to get more difficult, bringing the percentage growth down, but we continue to see stronger than anticipated growth month over month. We did tick up the expectation now to above 10%, in the double digit growth range, when we got into something less than double digits last quarter. We are seeing continued strength. The comparisons with the second half of last year do get more difficult because this real momentum that we're experiencing today started in the second half. We're seeing continued strength, but we're expecting it to moderate on a comparison basis. Got it. Makes sense. And then just one quick follow up on lapses in term life. Are they still running basically similar to what they were in the first quarter or have you seen any change? Yeah. Good morning. In terms of lapse, we continue to see in aggregate the elevated lapse compared to our long-term LDTI assumptions, which is pre-pandemic. In terms of comparative to prior year, the overall trend is pretty steady. We started to see the lapse rates stabilizing a few quarters earlier, meaning that they're not elevating because during pandemic we had extraordinarily low lapse rates. After pandemic, we see them run up because of the people who weren't committed and bought it during the pandemic period. That is part of the reason that, for example, duration 5 may be the duration that we continue to see most fall off in terms of lapse and ability to persist. We're obviously still waiting for that to run off. To us, it is an egg going through the snake at some point that falls off. In aggregate, I think we're seeing a stable trend. We do believe that our consumers over the long term, if you look at the history of our 40 years, they learn to adapt as the economic conditions evolve. They're going to continue to value the policies. We do believe that it's going to stabilize over time. By the way, our ADP assumption of growth that we give the guidance on 5% already considered this elevated lapse rate. Thank you. Your next question comes from Jack Matten with BMO Capital Markets. Please state your question. Morning, Jack. Good morning. Just a follow up on the recruiting outlook in term life. I think you referenced over 50,000 recruits in July. Can you talk about the incentives that drove that strong level? In the second quarter, was pressure on recruiting more prevalent early in the quarter in April and then improved or was there a different trend? I guess. some of the comparison, Jack, is because we had incentives in play in a slightly different calendar last year, which was kind of the perfect positive storm. We had the convention last year, which gives us an opportunity to communicate these incentives to a large portion of the sales force all at the same time, rather than put it out through our normal communication channel. You get a bigger response during a convention year. We decided to rerun the play that we did at the last convention. If you want to become part of Primerica and you have an insurance license, there's absolutely no cost to become part of Primerica to join. If you don't have an insurance license, we have a process to help you get one and we do it at a very low rate. We discounted that licensing fee in July and of course that stimulated the communication about that opportunity from our recruiters and our team to those recruits. We were very pleased considering all the other negative economic headwinds and uncertainties. We talked about earlier to know what kind of response we might get. Very pleased to see that it was a powerful response. Our entrepreneurial opportunity is attractive or maybe even more attractive than ever. We had good excitement about spreading news and good response to it. You've got a convention year last year we're comparing to. You got a little bit of different timing in the calendar. You have to kind of look through all that to really understand the results. We were extraordinarily pleased with the response we got in July. Gave us a good start to the third quarter. That's helpful, thank you. Just one on capital. The RBC ratio moved up again nice to 490% this quarter. I'm curious when or if you might divide some of that excess up to the holding company. I think Primerica is having a relatively low risk asset liability profile. Just curious why you're kind of running what looks to be a pretty conservative RBC ratio at the moment. Yeah. Good morning Jack. Our RBC ratio has a couple things to take into consideration when you evaluate it. The first thing is that the RBC ratio oftentimes is impacted also from the statutory regulatory restrictions, meaning how much you can take out has a rule defined by the state that you're domiciled in, and you can only take out a certain amount based on your prior year statutory income. We practically are taking out the maximum we can given that restriction. We do our best to estimate what that might be and take out all we can. The second part to consider is we do have an overall desire to keep a very strong RBC ratio. Partly it is because when we look at life insurance, if we had stronger growth, we want to be able to support that growth, and when the growth occurs, there is a capital requirement needed to write that policy and put up the reserve for the claims. That is another part to consider. Over the long haul, I think we do value having a strong rating that really helps give a client and salesforce the confidence when they look at using our protection product. All of these are considerations. That being said, we are looking at all the options and alternatives on the best long-term strategy for capital deployment, and certainly in consideration of supporting the hold co for buybacks, for dividend, and all the support of the growth. We're going to evaluate all the options to keep that ratio in a reasonable range in terms of supporting growth and as well as being able to take it out when we can to do all the things we need to do for stockholders and growth. Thank you. Your next question comes from Dan Bergman with TD Securities. Please state your question. Good morning Dan. Hey, good morning. Just digging into your ISP sales a little more this quarter. There's really strong continued growth in variable annuities and managed accounts, but a little closer to flattish in U.S. mutual funds. There's still a really strong nominal level of sales there. I was just hoping you could talk a little more about the dynamics in these different product areas. Do you view the mix shift this quarter as a one off given the high equity market volatility in the U.S. or part of an ongoing trend given the shift towards more retirement savings? I think it's some of both, Dan. I think we do have a longer term kind of demographic tailwind as I mentioned in my script, from just kind of our aging society, people moving toward retirement which would be positive for retirement products like variable annuities. I do think the uncertainty that we talked about probably impacts everyone to a certain extent. Our view is for investors, you know, they look for guarantees in uncertain times or volatile times. While I think there's confidence in the overall direction of the market, you know, you look at the history this year, it's been tremendously volatile. That's where the variable annuity guarantees, the guaranteed income options or the upside market protection of the index link. Variable annuities have real appeal to consumers and I do think that the product providers have played into that and have continued to improve their products and make them appropriately more attractive to that marketplace. My guess is, and again I'm peering into a crystal ball, so it's just entirely opinion, is that as people move toward retirement and want security, there's likely the potential for a long term trend here. Our other products continue to grow and continue to serve a fantastic purpose. Our managed account business that you mentioned is a newer business and you would expect it to be faster growing, coming off a smaller base. It is, and it's something that our sales force, more people are getting licensed and getting more experienced with that. We would expect that to grow faster than an established business. Our mutual fund business is the largest of all those businesses and it still performs an important, important function. Particularly as we see those middle income families moving through their periods of life. Many times they start in mutual funds because the minimums are smaller, they're simpler products, they can understand they're appropriate because they're simpler, and then later they move into more sophisticated products. Our product set works together very, very well. We do see the mix shift according to economic conditions, but it's very much what we would expect from this product set. Got it, that's very helpful. I think that the mortgage volume showed nice growth this quarter. I think it was the highest it's been in a while. Any more color on the trends here in the outlook for growth and just, you know, maybe big picture thoughts on how much room is there for continued incremental growth if interest and mortgage rates remain elevated? We're very excited about the potential for our mortgage business. Canada has had some rate reductions and that gave some early momentum to the referral program there. I think we're still waiting on rate reductions in the U.S. Back in times when rates were lower as this program came off the ground, it got a very fast start, in 2019-2021, and then we kind of stalled out and retreated a little bit. Now we're regaining that momentum. I think there's tremendous potential if we do get some rate reductions. A lot of our advice around mortgages is around reducing debt and reducing your weighted average interest rate as a family. As interest rates come down, there are opportunities for refinancing, folding in high interest rate credit card debt. All of that comes on the table with falling interest rates. We're optimistic about the potential for the program and it could be a real player in the future for our company. Already, as we stated in the prepared remarks, it's important for clients and families and for our sales force, but there's upside for Primerica as well in the future. Got it. Thanks so much. Thank you. Your next question comes from Wilma Burdis with Raymond James. Please state your question. Good morning, Wilma. Hey, good morning. Could you talk about a little bit m ore specifically about what drove the good expense results in 2Q, realize that you guys reiterated the full year guide, but is there any sustainable element to the lower expenses in the quarter, or is it more of a timing related to the ISP tech investments? Thanks. Good morning, Wilma. The expenses in second quarter was certainly an aspect of timing, and some of it also has to do with, you know, our investment on technology. The combination of those, the projects obviously are a long term project, many of those. You know, the timing of the start and when they get ramped up could be more likely towards the third and fourth quarter at this point. We obviously also are experiencing variable role related expense that is associated with how top line is going. As ISP, for example, continue to be strong and you see some of the expenses coming through that segment a little bit stronger. Now, in terms of full year guidance, I think we remain in the 6%- 8% range and just depends on how accelerated some of those technology and investments can be. There could be some timing variable depend on those as well. Thank you. Can you talk a little bit more about your efforts to grow the ISP salesforce and also to increase the diversity of sales they're selling both term life and ISP across the sales force. Thanks. Sure, Wilma. We feel it's very important to continue to grow that sales force size as well. It's not as directly related to production as it is on the term life side. There's a very close relationship in most circumstances between our life-licensed sales force size and life production. On the securities side, there are so many more factors involved: confidence in the market like we're seeing today, appeal of product set, mix shift, all the things that we talked about earlier. We still believe having a growing base of the sales force is critical. The process is more difficult for getting securities-licensed individuals, even if they're going to be with a limited securities license as opposed to the full stock and bond license, Series 7. We generally use the Series 6 and 63, and that has proven to be more difficult and grown more difficult over time. That has provided somewhat of a hurdle in that growth rate. However, we're pleased to see we're beginning to see some traction. We had very good experience so far this year in seeing some traction and growth in our securities sales force as well as the mortgage sales force that we discussed just a minute ago. Those other licenses are beginning to come through, and we're going to continue to feed that process and improvement. We have a lot of efforts going on among our team here and working with field leaders to try to make sure that we provide all the resources to navigate through the difficulties of that licensing process. We generally talk about the sales force just once a year and give a stat on it. We are seeing growth in it this year, and we're pleased that some of our efforts are beginning to show results. It does grow generally more slowly than our life sales force. Thank you. You're welcome. Thank you. Your next question comes from Mark Hughes with Truist Securities. Please state your question. Thank you. Hello, Glenn. The ISP momentum continuing in July. Are you seeing a little more mutual fund activity with the market having bounced back? I think you said April was very poor, sentiment was soft in your last call. Is that picking up some steam. the mix shift, Mark? It usually is not quite that real time responsive. I mean if we have a month or two or a quarter of positive returns, it's not like suddenly people go, oh, don't need those guarantees anymore, let's move back over here into the lower guarantee or no guarantee business. It happens over longer term trends and longer term sentiment. You know, I don't have the data in front of me on the mix exactly for the month of July, but my gut tells me that it's similar to what we've seen in the past and if it does change, it will change slightly over time rather than take a hard turn. I don't think you've got much difference in mix shift, probably just for the single month. Understood. When you think about the term life sales, how do you think you stacked up relative to the industry's? Some of the industry data seem to be, you know, it hadn't been great, but it's been a little more stable than your results. I wonder whether you think that's not reflective of your particular end market. I'm just sort of curious how you see your experience versus the industry. Yeah, that's a great question, Mark. I was looking earlier this morning at numbers that were released this morning on application activity in the industry, and what we're seeing is a lot of the industry positive is at the upper end of the age spectrum, 60 and above, even 70 and above, in extraordinarily large face amount. The growth in the under 30 year to date was just barely got 0.3% under 30 and 1.2% between ages 30 and 50, which that pretty much covers the vast majority of all the sales that we do. Since our philosophy is that term insurance is a temporary need while you're in income earning mode. We're not that far off the industry. I think the whole industry is struggling with the exception of those selling to older ages and larger face amounts for estate planning purposes. We may be a little behind the industry this year, just slightly, but I think we were way ahead of the industry last year. It goes back to those difficult comparisons. I think we're experiencing a lot of the same things that our peers are. As Tracy pointed out, we do believe the resiliency of the middle income market always amazes me. They do adapt over time and what's uncertain today, the same conditions will be considered certain after you live through them for a few months. We think it's a temporary issue that will correct itself over time, perhaps even turn into positive cost of living discussion at some point in the future, but certainly not for the immediate future. I think we're traveling pretty much in the pack for our age group, Mark, maybe a little behind this year because we had last year. We believe it's something that will correct itself over time. Very good. Thank you. Thank you. Your next question comes from Jeff Schmitt with William Blair. Please state your question. Hi, Jeff. Hi, Glenn. Just curious how you're thinking about productivity here. With it at the low end of the historical range, do you think it could move below that? What do we need to see for that to really turn around? I think productivity is just the math. On the headwinds we talked about. You've got a couple of dynamics. It's a pretty simple calculation, actually. As we grow the sales force, the denominator becomes larger. It makes it more difficult to stay in the range just by the sheer number. You've also got new people entering the sales force and entering today at a time when those headwinds we discussed are probably a little more significant than they were a year ago or maybe even two years ago. You've got a couple of mathematical dynamics working there. It is possible we could peek out the bottom of the range for a period of time due to that math. It wouldn't surprise me or concern me just based on those things. We do know that over time, we tend to move back to the middle. As we address issues of confidence in this kind of environment for salespeople, maybe we get a little, if not relief from cost of living, at least we accommodate the cost of living in the middle market. We tend to move back to the middle of the range over time. I think you want to continue to see pressure on that ratio for the rest of this year. O ver the long haul, we'd expect to get back towards middle. Okay, and does that suggest, I guess, that the surge in the sales force last year, you may have brought on some sort of less committed or just lower productivity sales agents, and maybe that kind of corrects itself over the next year or two. That's possible, Jeff. I got to tell you that our sales force is so large and we've been doing this for so long, and we go for excellent quality individuals. I'm so proud of our sales force and the quality of what they do. I think it's the more difficult sales environment, not the commitment or ability of the salespeople that we're seeing today. I think that's possible. I don't think that's probable. I think it's the environment. We've got people entering the business in a tougher sales environment now than we did in the past. I think that environment will change over time and their skill set will grow just like the middle market will adapt to living in a high cost of living environment. Salespeople adapt to selling in a high cost environment, get better at it. I don't think it's quality or commitment. Okay, that's helpful. Thank you. Your next question comes from Suneet Kamath with Jefferies. Please state your question. Morning Suneet. Hey Glenn, how are you? I had a question on annuity sales. If I just think back to historically, they've been about a quarter of ISP sales roughly and just over the past few quarters, we're now about a third. If we stay at that mix, does that impact the P&L at all? Does it cause it to change relative to maybe what we're used to seeing? Just wondering if that's going to be something that we should focus on. Thanks. I think Suneet, we view profitability of products as being very similar. It's a timing of when we're compensated on products. Variable annuities tend to have more upfront at the point of sale compensation and a little less compensation based on assets. The profitability of the product is pretty close to some of the others, most of the others. I think you see it as we've seen this quarter when the mix shifts toward variable annuities. You see sales-based commissions outstripping the total. If the product mix shifts back, it kind of corrects itself as well. We have never tried to manage product mix and say, oh my gosh, too much of it's going to a product that's a little less profitable because the profitability over time is so close. I think the shift that we're seeing again is happening because of the conditions and because of the excellent response to the current economic and market conditions of our product providers that are stepping up and providing features of products that meet the needs of consumers. They're becoming very attractive. You know, that's kind of the front end view. I'll go to Traci]y and see if you think P&L is impacted by mix shift toward variable annuities in any way to help Suneet with that. Yeah, I agree with Glenn. I think it's more of a timing, and most of the products, you know, in the long run it kind of evens itself out. Got it. Okay, that makes sense. I guess sticking with variable annuities, Glenn, as a distributor, I think you have a good sense of product design and we're starting to hear a little bit from some of the carriers about some aggressive features, particularly in the Ryla market. Just wondering what you're seeing, if you're seeing any of that. When you think about your product providers, do you tend to stick with the same handful of carriers or do you swap in and out over time? Thanks. Yeah, let me take those questions in reverse order because I think your second question helps answer your first question. We absolutely stick with a narrow shelf of very high quality product providers that we have a long-term relationship with, which is important for our business relationship with them, but it's also important so they understand our philosophy around these products. The annuity business during my 40+ career of being here has been prone to excess at various times. We are always on alert, watching for companies that are going a little bit beyond the pale in what they're offering and the type of risk that they're offloading on the client. We've always stayed away from that. We were very careful entering the variable annuity business. We've been more careful entering the indexed annuity business because years ago, before the financial crisis, it was probably full of excess, but those crises tend to work those excesses out and then they come back with better products. Fortunately, the high quality partners we have don't follow that path. They take a long-term view. They want to make sure they have a lifetime relationship with clients just like we do. They tend not to get over into the red zones that some of the other product providers that we don't represent do. That said, we do have a committee, a team that analyzes products and determines if they're suitable for our clientele before we put them on our product shelf, even among our high quality providers. Yes, there is the tendency for companies to do that. We're on guard against that all the time and at all times. I don't see us bearing any risk at that point of getting over into inappropriate products that some others might. Got it. Thanks, Glenn. Thank you. Thank you. That was our last question for today. With that, we will conclude today's call. All parties may now disconnect and have a great day.