Greetings, and welcome to the Ribbon Communications first quarter 2023 financial results conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A brief question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Bita Milanian, Senior Vice President, Global Marketing. Thank you, Bita. You may begin. Good afternoon. Welcome to Ribbon's first quarter 2023 financial results conference call. I am Bita Milanian, SVP of Marketing at Ribbon Communications. Also on the call today are Bruce McClelland, Ribbon's Chief Executive Officer, and Mick Lopez, Ribbon's Chief Financial Officer. Today's call is being webcast live and will be archived on the investor relations section of our website at rbbn.com, where both our press release and supplemental slides are currently available. Certain matters we will be discussing today, including the business outlook and financial projections for the second quarter of 2023 and beyond, are forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties are discussed in our documents filed with the SEC, including our most recent Form 10-K. I refer you to our Safe Harbor statement included on slide two of the supplemental slides of this conference call. In addition, we will present non-GAAP financial information on this call. Reconciliations to the applicable GAAP measure are included in the earnings press release we issued earlier today, as well as in the supplemental slides we prepared for this conference call, which again are both available on the investor relations section of our website. Now I would like to turn the call over to Bruce. Bruce? Great. Thanks, Bita, thanks to everyone for joining us today. I'm very pleased with our performance to start off the year with financial results just above the midpoint of our guidance, building on the momentum from the second half of 2022. Overall, sales grew 7.5% year-over-year to $186 million, and adjusted EBITDA increased $6 million to -$2 million in the quarter. Bookings were once again very strong with a product and service book-to-revenue of 1.23 x for the company. This represents a 14% increase in bookings generated this quarter versus the first quarter of 2022. Non-GAAP operating expenses were lower by $4 million or 4% year-over-year, in line with our strategy to reduce operating expenses and improve profitability. Gross margins were at the high end of our guidance for the quarter, reflecting consistent margins with our Cloud & Edge business and lower margins as expected in our IP Optical business from customer and regional mix. We ended the quarter with cash of $46 million, with cash from operations of $11 million and a total $80 million reduction in our senior secured debt following a successful capital raise, which Mick will go through in more detail in a minute. The key business highlights for the quarter were the 7.5% year-over-year increase in total revenue, a strong IP Optical book-to-revenue of 1.6 x, and a 62% growth in Cloud & Edge sales to enterprise customers. Now let me go through a little more detail on each of our operating segments. This was the third quarter in a row that we've had double-digit year-over-year revenue growth for our IP Optical segment and a book-to-bill well above 1.0 x. Sales increased 13% year-over-year, and book-to-bill was 1.6 x in the quarter. Year-over-year sales growth included a 20% increase in IP routing products, a 14% increase in optical transport products, and an 11% increase in maintenance and service revenue. The continued growth in sales is directly related to the increased investment that we've made in new products. In our IP routing portfolio, we've introduced our new XDR2000 series that supports a variety of applications, including multi-service edge aggregation and high-performance metro routing. Based on the latest generation of merchant routing silicon, these built-for-purpose platforms compare favorably on a cost, density, and power perspective with a routing feature set to address the large telecom IP routing market. The portfolio scales from 800 gigabit edge aggregation routers through to 3 Tb and 8 Tb modular redundant platforms for metro aggregation and IP transport. Our unique pay-as-you-grow architecture allows additional switching capacity to be added as needed, providing a compelling total cost of ownership. Integrated optical interfaces, including 400 gig ZR and ZR+ coherent optical pluggables, enables further convergence of the IP and optical layers of the network. We've also extended our Apollo optical platform to support additional long-haul transport capabilities, further expanding our addressable market and resulting in several recent customer wins. Here are a few specific highlights from a customer and regional perspective for the first quarter. Our business in India continues to gain momentum as we execute on previously announced wins with Bharti Airtel in both optical transport and IP routing, as well as growth with other operators in the region such as Tata Teleservices. Sales in India increased 18% year-over-year as we scale production of the new optical and IP products, and we had a strong quarter for new bookings, primarily for our new products. We expect this region to continue to grow given the long-awaited investment in deploying 5G technology and the continued exponential growth in internet traffic. Our increased presence and scale in India also benefits our Cloud & Edge business, with several voice infrastructure deals closing in the first quarter and a good funnel of enterprise opportunities. As we indicated last quarter, we're having good success in the EMEA region, with sales increasing 10% year-over-year across a variety of critical infrastructure, telecom, and defense customers this quarter. Bookings were particularly strong in the region as we closed a new 5-year agreement for products and services with our largest defense industry customer. The contract included a large $45 million order, a portion of which is included in the quarter's bookings total and scheduled for delivery in 2023. The remainder of the order will book in future periods as it's scheduled for delivery or completion. This is a great validation by this key customer that places the highest priority on quality, service, and security. In the U.S. region, we're seeing continued growth in investment from U.S. regional telecom and broadband providers, with multiple different federal funding programs benefiting the industry. Our IP Optical sales in the US grew 78% year-over-year and reached a new high, with shipments to rural telecom providers nearly doubling, a trend that we expect to continue throughout the year. From a supply chain perspective, we continue to manage a number of component shortages, particularly related to the ramp of new products. This limited shipments by approximately $10 million in the quarter, but more broadly, we've made good progress addressing other supply related issues. As we expected, IP Optical segment margins were below our normalized target this quarter as we ramped several new products and supplied the infrastructure elements for several new DWDM optical projects. We expect modest improvements in the second quarter, followed by more significant improvement in margin in the second half of the year. Some highlights from our Cloud & Edge business. Sales in the first quarter increased 4% year-over-year, with sales to enterprise customers increasing more than 60% and related SBC sales increasing 24% versus the first quarter last year. Gross margins were roughly in line with Q1 last year at 61% despite a higher mix of enterprise edge SBC hardware platforms. Combined with lower OpEx of 6%, adjusted EBITDA for the segment increased $5 million or 28% year-over-year, a very good start for the year. Product and service bookings were 0.9 x following strong bookings last quarter for professional services that's converted into revenue over several quarters. From a regional perspective, the growth in Cloud & Edge sales year-over-year was primarily in the U.S. and European markets, along with another solid quarter of business in Japan. Sales to service providers were flat year-over-year, enterprise sales accounting for the growth in the segment. Specifically in the U.S. market, Cloud & Edge sales to our top Tier 1 service provider accounts were up 2.5% year-over-year. We expect overall sales to U.S. service providers to increase sequentially in the second quarter, to be lower than last year's very strong quarter. From an enterprise perspective, we partnered closely with Bank of America this quarter to provide a significant upgrade to their core SBC and policy routing infrastructure. This is a marquee customer for us, we have a prominent role in their communications infrastructure. We also continued several significant voice modernization and capacity expansion projects with customers such as Qualcomm, Wells Fargo, Citigroup, and ADT. We maintained good velocity with our service provider channel partners this quarter as we sell through a significant quantity of enterprise edge SBC servers to mid-size enterprise customers for a variety of unified communications applications such as Microsoft Teams and Zoom, as well as hosted Centrex replacement. Enterprise edge SBC revenue was up almost 60% year-over-year. Enabling our channel partners is a key part of our enterprise strategy, and we're supporting them as they transform their product offerings. Verizon, AT&T, SHI, and ConvergeOne are strong examples of U.S. partnerships where we're enabling managed service offerings leveraging Ribbon products and services. Ultimately, the momentum in enterprise resulted in a very strong quarter for sales of session border controllers and related policy routing and analytics solutions. In fact, one of the key ways we differentiate our voice communication products is with our advanced analytics platform, supporting a variety of applications, including service assurance and fraud management. We had a number of expansion deals with both enterprise and service provider customers this last quarter, increasing revenue more than 100% year-over-year for our suite of application services. Our support services are also a key differentiator for us, and our Cloud & Edge maintenance revenue continued to hold steady and was consistent with last year. We now have almost 90% of our projected maintenance revenue for the year already in backlog or under contract. With that, I'll ask Mick to come on and provide additional detail on our first quarter results and then come back to discuss outlook for the second quarter. Mick? Thank you, Bruce. In the first quarter of 2023, our financial results showed good improvement over the prior year, with continued revenue growth for our IP Optical Networks business and sustained profitability from our Cloud & Edge business. From a financial structure perspective, we were able to improve our capital structure with an $80 million reduction in our term loan, funded in part by a $55 million preferred equity raise led by our major investors and an $18.4 million gain from the sale of our fixed rate swap hedge instrument. Please refer to our investor relations website for supplemental slides summarizing our first quarter 2023 and historical financial performance. Let's start with consolidated corporate financial performance. In the first quarter of 2023, Ribbon generated revenues of $186 million, which is an increase of $13 million or 7.5% from the prior year, driven by a 13% increase in IP Optical Networks and a 4% increase in Cloud & Edge. Non-GAAP gross margin was 48.1%, reflecting approximately a 200 basis points decrease versus the prior year. Non-GAAP operating expenses were $95 million, a decrease of $4 million or 4% year-over-year. Our non-GAAP net loss was $2.8 million, which generated a non-GAAP diluted loss per share of $0.02. Non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA was a loss of $2 million in the quarter, which is a $6 million improvement year-over-year. Within the quarter, we sold our fixed rate swap for a cash gain of $18.4 million. A portion of the gain, $7.3 million, was immediately recognized in our income statement and is included as part of our non-GAAP results in other income. The gain is not included in adjusted EBITDA. Non-GAAP tax rate for the quarter was 30%. Our basic share count was 169 million shares. Our fully diluted share count is now 175 million shares for the quarter, which includes 4.9 million warrants we issued in March. Let's look at the results of our two business segments. In our Cloud & Edge business, first quarter revenue was $114 million, an increase of 4% year-over-year, led by enterprise revenue growth. Software as a percentage of total product revenue was 41%. The Cloud & Edge business had gross margins of 61.1% and operating expenses of $52 million, resulting in an adjusted EBITDA of $21 million or 18% of revenues. Let's now turn to our IP Optical's network business results. We recorded first quarter revenue of $72 million, which was an increase of $8 million or 13% year-over-year. As Bruce mentioned, this is the third straight quarter of double-digit revenue growth, reflecting the momentum from new product introductions. non-GAAP gross margin for IP Optical was 27.2%, which is about 200 basis points lower than the prior year. The lower gross margin was primarily related to the initial shipments of chassis for several new optical DWDM projects, a higher mix of shipments into India and the ramp of new products. We expect that IP Optical gross margins will improve modestly this quarter and more significantly in the second half of the year. Non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA loss for the quarter was $23 million, which is an improvement of $2 million year-on-year. We had significant activity with our cash flows in the quarter. Cash from operations were a + $11 million, which included $18 million from the sale of our fixed rate swap. Free cash flow was a + $9 million, including $2 million in capital expenditures. Our cash flows from financing activities were a - $30 million, driven by a repayment of $80 million on our senior term loan and mostly offset by our capital raise of preferred equity and warrants for $55 million total or approximately $53 million net of discount. As a consequence, our cash and cash equivalents balance at the end of the quarter was $46 million. We have included a bridge chart in the earnings presentation that provides the summary of cash flows in the quarter. There were other noteworthy changes to the balance sheet. Ribbon's other current asset decreased from $68 million to $53 million, reflecting mostly the $18 million net gain from sale of the fixed rate swap. Deferred taxes increased partially to reflect taxable gain on the sale. Our senior term loan debt is now at $250 million, which is a decrease of $80 million from the previous quarter and a decrease of $150 million or 37.5% from the original amount as we continue to delever. Our revolver loan remained undrawn at quarter end. The $53.5 million preferred equity and warrants are shown as a liability on the balance sheet due to their settlement features. Please note that their value will fluctuate each quarter as we are using the fair value method of accounting, which requires that we perform a quarterly mark-to-market valuation. To provide greater clarity and transparency to our accounting for these matters, we have also added an explanatory page in our earnings presentation. As part of the term loan debt repayment, we obtained a favorable amendment that allows Ribbon greater flexibility in our leverage and fixed charge coverage ratios. Our maximum leverage ratio increased from 3x to 4.5x for most of 2023, while the minimum FCCR decreased from 1.25x to 1.1x. Per the bank covenant calculations, which include preferred equity and total debt among other adjustments, we comfortably met both of the amended term loan covenant metrics in the first quarter with a leverage ratio of 3.58x and an FCCR of 1.61x. The other key points of the amendment include a change to our base rate from LIBOR plus a maximum spread of 450 basis points to SOFR plus a fixed spread of 450 basis points, as well as a reduction in the size of our revolver from $100 million to $75 million. The sale of the fixed rate swap hedge that provided a cap on LIBOR at 90 basis point merits some explanation. With the Federal Reserve slowing the pace of interest rate increases and likely pausing in the near future, in consultation with our financial advisors, we felt it was the right time to maximize the value of our interest rate swap. As a result, we sold the fixed rate swap for $18 million gain before tax. The accounting treatment required $7 million of the gain to be recognized in other income this quarter, while the remaining $11 million will be amortized through interest expense over the remaining period of the term loan. As discussed in our last earnings calls, we have implemented a number of changes to reduce our expenses. In the first quarter, we reduced our operating expenses year-over-year by $4 million, from $99 million to $95 million, and expect further efficiencies and lower quarterly operating expenses for the remainder of the year. Coupled with anticipated revenue growth, we are expecting a significant improvement in profitability for the year. Now I'll turn the call back to Bruce to provide more comments on our outlook for the second quarter. Great. Thanks, Mick. The 1st quarter was very active with a number of key industry trade shows and meetings with many of our customers across all regions. Mobile World Congress is, of course, the biggest show of the year and a great opportunity to meet with key executives from operators across Europe and Asia Pacific in particular. This was followed by an important optical technology conference called OFC, where we unveiled our next generation optical platform, which received a lot of attention. It leverages the latest pluggable coherent optics technology, including a new 5 nanometer process node DSP, to support the industry's first 1.2 Tb per second wavelengths. We're very excited about the introduction of this new product later this year. Our customers' investment priorities that I highlighted on our last earnings call were underscored in practically all of our meetings. 5G mobile deployments, broadband internet growth, reducing operating costs and total cost of ownership, and leveraging cloud technology to accelerate service availability and quality of experience are key focus areas as our customers prioritize their capital spending plans this year. As I mentioned on our last call, the introduction of new products in our IP optical segment are directly targeted at the 5G and broadband investment priorities and are the catalyst behind growing revenues and bookings. Our expanded Neptune IP routing portfolio, including the XDR2000 series, addresses a wider range of applications, including 5G cell site routing and multi-service edge and aggregation. Enhancements that we've made to our Apollo optical transport portfolio have positioned us to expand our share with wins such as the Bharti long haul project. As a result, new products accounted for more than 20% of the IP optical bookings in the first quarter. We're still in the early ramp phase on several of these new products and are scaling supply chain and production over the next several months. With the further increased backlog created in the first quarter, we remain on track to meet our target of at least 15% revenue growth in 2023 for the IP Optical segment, and once again anticipate year-over-year growth of 25% or more in the second quarter. In addition, we continue to explore partnerships to collaborate in the development of advanced orchestration and automation software for the service provider market segment. As I mentioned in the last call, I'm excited about the potential to leverage our technology with major industry integrators and digital service consultants. From a margin perspective, our Q1 results were impacted by shipments of lower margin optical transport equipment associated with several new projects, along with a higher mix of shipments into India and the ramp of new products. We're expecting modest improvement in our IP Optical margin in the second quarter and gross margins in the mid to upper thirties range in the second half of the year, given the pipeline and projected customer and regional mix. Combined with the projected revenue growth and lower operating expenses, we continue to project profitability on an adjusted EBITDA basis in the second half of the year. From a Tier 1 or major mobile and telecom service provider perspective, we have a lot of focus on building on the wins we've already announced and landing and expanding with operators such as Bharti, Rogers, Singtel, MTN Group, Telecom Italia, and others. As mentioned in the last call, we have multiple additional IP and optical opportunities where we're at different stages deep in the evaluation and decision process that have potential for incremental revenue in 2023. Lead applications such as TDM to IP circuit emulation are becoming great entry points and leverage our experience and presence in the carrier's voice network to deploy our IP routing and optical transport solutions. In our Cloud & Edge business, growth in the enterprise market segment is a key part of our strategy to maintain overall revenue and profitability. The adoption of cloud-based unified communication solutions such as Microsoft Teams and Zoom to modernize voice infrastructure, replace legacy hosted Centrex, as well as continued growth of contact center capacity, all create significant growth opportunity. We continue to receive very good feedback on the feature richness and flexibility of our secure voice communication solutions and believe we are gaining share, particularly with large enterprise customers. One of the largest enterprise markets we're pursuing encompasses a number of U.S. federal government agencies, both civilian and defense. We've made good progress on several of these large voice modernization projects and anticipate an initial award later this quarter. We're working closely with Dell and other integration partners to provide a comprehensive pre-integrated federal solution. We continue to project significant revenue growth from the U.S. federal market in the second half of the year. As I mentioned earlier, sales of Cloud & Edge products to service providers in the first quarter were consistent with the first quarter of 2022, and we expect sequential growth in the second quarter. Last year's second quarter was one of the strongest quarters on record, with strong voice modernization projects with U.S. service providers, which makes the year-over-year comparison challenging. Based on our current outlook for the timing of service provider-related projects, we anticipate Cloud & Edge sales in the second quarter to be lower than last year, partially offset by growth in enterprise. Our current view of the second half of 2023 continues to show modest growth in Cloud & Edge versus 2022, continuing to support an overall stable projection of the business for the full year. From an investment perspective, we've now implemented changes across the company to meet our reduced spending target of $30 million, yielding an in-year savings of $20 million in OpEx and operating cost. This includes a reduction of approximately 200 positions or 6% of headcount. In light of the macro environment and margin pressures, we plan to further exceed this target as the year progresses, resulting in even larger savings on an annualized basis. This will translate into a quarterly OpEx run rate of approximately $90 million in the second half of the year, down from $97 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. With that as the backdrop, for the second quarter, we're projecting revenue in a range of $205 million-$215 million, non-GAAP gross margins of 50.5%-51.5%, and non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA in a range of $17 million-$24 million for the quarter. For the full year, we continue to maintain our previous guidance with revenue growth of 3%-6% and a greater than 50% improvement in adjusted EBITDA. Operator, that concludes our prepared remarks. We can now take a few questions. Thank you. We will now be conducting a question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you'd like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment, please, while we poll for questions. Thank you. Our first question is from Erik Suppiger with JMP Securities. Please proceed with your question. Yes, thank you for taking the question. First off, can you just comment on the health of the service provider market? Cloud & Edge was relatively good, but can you speak to kind of the last 90 days in service provider activity relative to expectations? Hey, Erik. Thanks for joining the call. I, you know, I think I commented that in the first quarter, our large Tier 1s in the U.S., we were up about 2.5% in the Cloud & Edge business. I also commented on the rural telecom customers that we work with and have seen very strong growth, particularly with our IP Optical portfolio year-over-year, almost doubling from what it was a year ago. You know, that part, that segment of the market, which obviously is supported by some of the federal funding initiatives, particularly RUS funding, which is really helping with deployments of broadband infrastructure, has been really strong for us. kind of more broadly, in the international market, as I mentioned, India has just been, you know, almost on fire for us, very strong demand, good bookings momentum, and good revenue increase year-over-year. That's with the large, you know, obviously the very large mobile operators in that region. In general, it's been, you know, the start to the year has been pretty strong, and we not only have had a, kind of a good start from a revenue perspective, but the bookings even stronger. You know, so far, so good this year. On the new product front, I think you said that reached 20%. Can you talk about that relative to expectations? How did that perform relative to your expectations? Exactly right. This is a combination of several of the new routing platforms, the XDR2000 series. It includes the new cell site router product we're deploying with Bharti in India, and also includes the enhancements that we've made to the optical portfolio around long-haul transport. Those, you know, those three categories contributed over 20% of the bookings in the first quarter, which I think was maybe a little stronger than I expected, but, you know, certainly directionally where we thought it was going to be, you know, obviously, given the investment we've made around enhancing the portfolio. Very good. Thank you. Yeah. Thanks, Erik. Thank you. Our next question is from Tim Savageaux with Northland Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question. Tim, is your line on mute? It is. Sorry about that. I wanted to follow up on the rural opportunity and wonder if you could give us any comments as to, you know, how material, you know, obviously you're growing really fast, but how material is that becoming, you know, either in the context of IP Optical in general or the overall company, you know, follow up from there? You know, it's fairly material at this point, Tim. I wanna say in the order of 10% or so of our IP Optical sales are in that area. In fact, you know, it's the strongest quarter we've ever had in the U.S. market on the strength of a variety of those customers. You know, it's becoming a reasonably, you know, significant portion of the business. Right. I guess you mentioned, you know, as you look at the 15% + growth target in IP Optical, sounds like you expect that kind of rate of growth in rural to continue, that's sort of built into your expectations, this sort of doubling. I guess beyond that, you know, you mentioned a lot of opportunities out there that could positively impact 23 with additional Tier 1 carriers. You know, what are your kind of expectations built in on that front? Is your growth outlook here mostly based on kind of expanding with current customers and the order book that you have and funnel, or is there an expectation of meaningful new wins contributing to that growth? Yeah. The, you know, the majority, the vast majority of the projection, the year-over-year projected increase is with, you know, customers that we're already transacting with and doing business. Yeah, I feel really good about the momentum we've got here and, you know, off to just a really good start from a bookings perspective, obviously. Yeah, your comment on the rural, you know, matches I think what I said that we expect that growth to continue and ultimately, from a full year perspective, probably to double or more than double, what we did last year in that segment. Good momentum in the U.S. market at that level. Obviously good momentum internationally in India with our large customers there and the new products. You know, I mentioned a little bit about Europe. The Europe, Middle East, Africa region continues to be our, you know, very strong market force across that critical infrastructure segment. You know, I mentioned the new expanded win with defense customers. A variety of different places, you know, that provide a really good outlook for the rest of the year here. Okay. I guess my final question is kind of focused on India, which described as almost on fire, and it has been for a lot of the big base station guys as well. Although I don't know if I'd characterize 18% year-over-year revenue growth as on fire. Is that a reference to bookings? Can you know, give us any more specific color there? You know, did or do you expect any of the major India carriers to make it on the 10% customer list either in the quarter as we move through the year? Yeah. I think my comment was, I had bookings in my head when I made the comment, Tim. You know, part of the strong bookings in Q1 clearly is coming out of, out of that region with the, new wins we've already announced and the new products we're ramping there. You know, from a 10% customer perspective, you know, we may end up a little short of that on the full year, but we'll have to see how the second half plays out. You know, certainly we'd love to see that happen. Just quickly on that, you know, how many 10% customers did you have in the quarter? Just kind of the usual? Yeah. Okay. Yeah, exactly. Same as usual, Tim. We had one. Verizon was our 10% + customer in the quarter. Got it. Thanks. Congrats on the quarter and the outlook. Thanks very much, Tim. Thank you. Our next question is from Dave Kang with B. Riley Securities. Please proceed with your question. Yes, thank you. My first question is, your book-to-bill for IP Optical 1.6. Just wondering if it was due to any kind of order pull-ins, if you can provide additional color on that? Well, I guess I'd describe it as building backlog for not just for this quarter, but for future quarters, Dave. You know, I mentioned the one large federal defense industry booking. That was certainly part of the backlog that we're building, which will, you know, ship over the next 12 months. And then there's another portion of that books as we go forward. Certainly that's building good backlog for the remainder of the year. Bookings out of the India region, help us build backlog for future quarters. I certainly don't think of them as pull-ins. They're simply, you know, giving us good visibility into demand in future quarters. you know, it certainly makes the supply chain related activities more predictable that way as well. Got it. Now, I know that you don't quantify backlog, but just wondering if you can provide additional color as far as the mix between IP Optical and SBC or C&E. Yeah. The bookings or the backlogs obviously created in the first quarter were stronger around the IP and optical portion of the portfolio. We have a very strong bookings position, obviously, around the maintenance portion of our Cloud & Edge business. You know, as I mentioned, more than 90% of the projected revenue this quarter is already covered under backlog or secure contracts. You know, we've got a pretty healthy backlog, you know, for the next couple of quarters here. Got it. You talked about, you know, selling more chassis in first quarter and that's why your margins were below 50%, but then you're kind of guiding to mid-50s second half as you're gonna sell more line cards. Is that one of the drivers for margin expansion? I think there's two or three drivers. Certainly that's one of them, that, some of the equipment that we're shipping last quarter and this quarter, as you know, is building out the optical underlay, the optical line for the, for the deployments, and those are always at lower margin. As we fill that in with transponders, obviously that reverses and improves dramatically on the margins. That's a piece of it. You know, the second piece is just regional mix. You know, as we start off the year, obviously there's always a mix of how much is in Europe, how much North America, how much India, et cetera. With India being stronger, you know, that's pulled margins down somewhat in the first half and, you know, the visibility we have to growth in the other regions help improve the gross margin. The third factor is always around the volume of the business. You know, as you saw in fourth quarter, I think we did $97 million of IP Optical. You know, as we get into the higher revenue level, that clearly helps with fixed cost absorption, adds another 300 or 400 basis points just from a pure volume perspective. Got it. My last question is on India. I guess most of the revenues are coming from Airtel. What about the other two guys, Jio and Vodafone, any opportunities? Especially I'm assuming Huawei is in there, either Jio or Vodafone. We do business with all the operators there, Jio, Vodafone, Idea. I mentioned Tata Teleservices on the commercial or the enterprise side. They're not at the level of business we're doing with Bharti. We do a mix of business in the region. Some of it's on our IP Optical portfolio, but we also have a very good presence with our Cloud & Edge business as well. It's at a lower level of revenue, but it's a higher margin, higher profitable business. You know, that blend helps us, and clearly, we have ambitions to, you know, to grow our share in the region. Got it. Thank you. Thanks, Dave. Thank you. Our next question is from Greg Mesniaeff with WestPark Capital. Please proceed with your question. Yes, thank you. Question on the margin guidance you gave for IP Optical and what you just reported. Can you talk a little bit about component pricing and how you're managing those inputs? Is there just an improving component pricing environment that you're dealing with, or are you attempting to redesign some of your products and design out some of the components that you may not need as much anymore? Yeah, good question, Greg. You know, the last 18 months, we've seen almost no component or cost improvements. You know, normally you'll see a 2%, 3%, 4% improvement on an annual basis, you know, just through negotiation, just through cost improvements, et cetera. We haven't seen that for 18 months. We do anticipate seeing a little bit of that start to happen in the second half of the year. Obviously, you've seen the supply situation, you know, shift around pretty dramatically on not only key components, but memory components, connectors, et cetera. We do anticipate seeing some improvement in the second half. You know, and again, as volumes just get higher, it gets better as well. Yeah, we'll see how the year progresses. I think, the other part of your question around designing out problematic components, you know, that's definitely a part of, the agenda that we've been working on. About half a dozen or so designs that have been respinning to remove either short supply components or higher cost components. We see some of those designs start to kick in, early in the third quarter. That helps as well. Got it. Got it. Turning to Cloud & Edge, it looks like the weakest sort of component of your sales profile there as to the AT&Ts and Verizons of the world. Can you comment on that as far as what you're seeing? I know that business is lumpy, and it could turn around and become a major boost as well. If you could just give us some color on that. Thanks. Yeah, Greg, that's exactly right. They, you know, these are kind of big projects that go through a, you know, a two or three quarter progression to go to completion, where we're helping modernize the voice infrastructure, replacing a lot of legacy equipment, putting in a lot of software. The timing of those projects can move, you know, revenue and profit around quite a bit. As I mentioned, we had a really strong quarter a year ago in the second quarter, with that network transformation business. Very, very strong quarter. The timing on that looks a little later this year. It's not as prominent in the second quarter. We've, you know, we've reduced expectations around that for the quarter. We do expect projects in the second half of the year. Oh, good. Okay. Thank you. Thank you for that. Thanks. Thanks very much, Greg. As a reminder, if you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I'd like to turn the floor back over to Bruce McClelland for any closing comments. Okay, great. Well, thanks again for being on the call this afternoon and your interest in Ribbon Communications. We look forward to speaking with many of you in the upcoming investor conferences over the next couple of months. Operator, thank you as well, and that concludes our call. This concludes today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.