Annual report
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Table of Contents UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025 or ☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File No. 001-38779 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Maryland 83-2117268(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employerincorporation or organization) Identification Number) 2 Jefferson Plaza, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) (845) 454-8555(Registrant’s telephone number) Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share RBKB The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to suchrequirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 ofRegulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with anynew or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internalcontrol over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared orissued its audit report. ☐ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in thefiling reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensationreceived by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ As of March 13, 2026, there were 11,140,395 shares issued of the Registrant’s Common Stock of which 6,345,975 are owned by Rhinebeck Bancorp,MHC. The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the last saleprice at the end of the most recently completed second quarter was $44,953,489. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement, in connection with its 2026 annual meeting of stockholders, to be filed within 120 days ofDecember 31, 2025, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Table of Contents i TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business 1 Item 1A. Risk Factors 33 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 45 Item 1C. Cybersecurity 45 Item 2. Properties 48 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 48 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 48 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 49 Item 6. [Reserved] 49 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 50 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 65 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 65 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 65 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 65 Item 9B. Other Information 66 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 66 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 67 Item 11. Executive Compensation 67 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 67 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 67 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 67 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 68 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary 70 Signatures
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Table of Contents ii FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” "intend," “predict,” “forecast,” “improve,” “continue,” "will," "would," "should," "could," "may" and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: ● statements of our goals, intentions and expectations; ● statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies, and financial condition and results of operation; ● statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and ● estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits. These forward-looking statements are based on our current beliefs and expectations and are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Forward looking statements, by their nature, are subject to risks and uncertainties. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements: ● general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market area, including potential recessionary conditions or slowed economic growth caused by supply chain disruption or otherwise; ● changes in liquidity, including the size and composition of our deposit portfolio and the percentage of uninsured deposits in the portfolio; ● changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and charge-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of and methodology for calculating the allowance for credit losses; ● our ability to access cost-effective funding; ● fluctuations in real estate values and both residential and commercial real estate market conditions; ● demand for loans and deposits in our market area; ● our ability to implement our business strategies; ● our ability to manage or reduce expenses; ● competition among depository and other financial institutions; ● inflation and changes in market interest rates that affect our margins and yields, the fair value of financial instruments or reduce our volume of loan originations, the level of defaults, losses and prepayments on loans we have made and make whether held in portfolio or sold in the secondary market; ● adverse changes in the securities markets; ● changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation assessments and capital requirements;
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Table of Contents iii ● changes in the monetary and fiscal policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the imposition of tariffs or other domestic or international governmental policies and any retaliatory responses; ● the impact of any potential federal government shutdown; ● negative financial impact from unfavorable regulatory penalties and/or settlements; ● our ability to manage market risk, credit risk and operational risk; ● our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities; ● our ability to successfully integrate into our operations any assets, liabilities or systems we may acquire, as well as new management personnel or customers, and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames and any goodwill charges related thereto; ● the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events; ● a failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, including cyberattacks; ● system failures or cybersecurity threats against our informational technology and those of our third-party providers and vendors; ● the failure to maintain current technologies and to successfully implement future information technology enhancements; ● changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits; ● changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board; ● our ability to attract or retain key employees; ● our compensation expense associated with equity allocated or awarded to our employees; ● changes in the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own; and ● conditions relating to the Coronavirus pandemic, or other public health emergencies. Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Please also see “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Except as required by applicable law or regulation, we do not undertake, and we specifically disclaim any obligation, to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of the statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.
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Table of Contents 1 PART I Item 1. Business Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., (the “Company”) a Maryland corporation, was incorporated in August 2018. On January 16, 2019, the Company became the holding company for Rhinebeck Bank (the “Bank”) when it completed the reorganization of the Company and the Bank into a two-tier mutual holding company form of organization. The Company is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”) and the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NYSDFS”). The consolidated financial results contained herein reflect the consolidated accounts of the Company and the Bank. At December 31, 2025, the Company had consolidated total assets of $1.30 billion, total deposits of $1.10 billion and stockholders’ equity of $136.9 million. The Company’s executive offices are located at 2 Jefferson Plaza, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601. The telephone number at this address is (845) 454-8555. Our website address is www.Rhinebeckbank.com. Information on this website is not and should not be considered a part of this report. The Company files interim, quarterly and annual reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC maintains an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers such as the Company that file electronically with the SEC. All filed SEC reports and interim filings can also be obtained from the Bank’s website (www.Rhinebeckbank.com), on the “Investor Relations” page, without charge from Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC, a New York-chartered non-stock corporation, is a mutual holding company that owns 57.0% of the outstanding common stock of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. On February 10, 2026, Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC adopted a Plan of Conversion and Reorganization, pursuant to which Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC is proposing to convert from the mutual holding company structure to the fully public stock holding company structure, in a transaction commonly referred to as a “second-step conversion.” The second-step conversion requires the approval of the NYSDFS and the Federal Reserve Board, as well as the depositors of Rhinebeck Bank and the stockholders of the Company. Rhinebeck Bank Rhinebeck Bank is a New York-chartered stock savings bank that was organized in 1860. We provide a full range of banking and financial services to consumer and commercial customers through our corporate office and 12 branches located in Dutchess, Orange and Ulster Counties. We also maintain a representative office in Albany County to originate indirect automobile and commercial loans and a representative office in Dutchess County for financial services. Financial services, including investment advisory and financial product sales, are offered through a division of the Bank doing business as Rhinebeck Asset Management (“RAM”). Our primary business activity is accepting deposits from the general public and using those funds together with borrowings, primarily to originate commercial real estate loans (which includes multi-family real estate loans and commercial construction loans), commercial business loans and indirect automobile loans (automobile loans referred to us by automobile dealerships) and to purchase one- to four-family residential real estate loans and investment securities. We offer a variety of deposit accounts, including savings accounts, certificates of deposit, money market accounts, commercial and personal checking accounts and individual retirement accounts. We also offer alternative delivery channels, including ATMs, online banking and bill pay, mobile banking with mobile deposit and bill pay, Automated Clearing House origination, remote deposit capture and telephone banking.
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Table of Contents 2 We are subject to regulation and examination by the NYSDFS and by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). Market Area Our primary market area encompasses Dutchess, Orange, Ulster and Albany Counties (and their contiguous counties), which are located in the Hudson Valley region of New York. Our retail banking offices (and the representative offices noted above) are located in these four counties and serve the surrounding areas. The Hudson Valley region has a diversified economy and representative industries include education, health, government, leisure and hospitality and professional business services. We view Orange and Albany Counties, which have larger populations than Dutchess and Ulster Counties, as primary areas for growth. Based on published statistics, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.4% as of December 31, 2025, while the New York State unemployment rate was 4.6%. The four counties in our primary market area each had a lower unemployment rate than New York State (Dutchess County, 3.2%, Orange County, 3.6%, Ulster County, 3.5% and Albany County, 3.3%). According to the New York State Department of Labor, for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2025, the Hudson Valley’s private sector job growth increased by 0.2%. Based on published statistics, median household income for 2024 (the latest date for which information was available) was $99,478 in Dutchess County, $97,178 in Orange County, $86,271 in Ulster County and $85,333 in Albany County, compared to $80,734 in the U.S. and $85,974 in New York State. Based on published statistics, the July 2024 estimated population was 299,963 in Dutchess County, 411,767 in Orange County, 182,977 in Ulster County and 319,964 in Albany County. Competition We face significant competition for deposits and loans. Our most direct competition for deposits has historically come from the numerous financial institutions operating in our market area (including other community and commercial banks, credit unions and financial technology companies), many of which are significantly larger than we are and have greater resources. We also face competition for investors’ funds from other sources such as brokerage firms, money market funds and mutual funds, as well as securities, such as Treasury bills, offered by the Federal Government. Based on FDIC data, at June 30, 2025 (the latest date for which information is available), we had 10.44% of the FDIC-insured deposit market share in Dutchess County, which was fourth among the 15 institutions with offices in the county, 1.59% of the FDIC-insured deposit market share in Ulster County, which was 12th among the 18 institutions with offices in the county, and 1.28% of the FDIC-insured deposit market share in Orange County, which was 14th among the 22 institutions with offices in the county. In all three counties, New York City money center banks or large regional banks have a significant presence. We expect competition to remain intense in the future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Technological advances, for example, have lowered barriers to entry, allowed banks to expand their geographic reach by providing services over the internet and made it possible for non-depository institutions, including financial technology companies, to offer products and services that traditionally have been provided by banks. Competition for deposits and the origination of loans could limit our growth in the future. We seek to meet this competition with convenient branch locations and online offerings, emphasizing personalized banking and the advantage of local decision-making in our banking businesses. Specifically, we promote and maintain relationships and build customer loyalty within local communities by focusing our marketing and community involvement on the specific needs of individual neighborhoods. We do not rely on any individual, group, or entity for a material portion of our deposits.
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Table of Contents 3 Lending Activities Loans are our primary interest-earning asset. At December 31, 2025, net loans represented 73.2% of our total assets. Our allowance for credit losses, which primarily includes an allowance for credit losses on loans, is accounted for under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of the loan portfolio at the dates indicated. At December 31, 2025 2024 Amount Percent Amount Percent (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Real Estate Loans: Non-residential $ 417,808 43.61% $ 350,962 36.00% Multi-family 107,938 11.26% 105,030 10.77% Construction(1) 8,982 0.94% 26,611 2.73% Total 534,728 55.81% 482,603 49.50% Commercial Loans 91,526 9.55% 91,517 9.39% Residential Real Estate Loans(2) 100,086 10.45% 86,651 8.89% Consumer Loans: Indirect automobile 213,802 22.31% 295,669 30.33% Home equity 12,290 1.28% 11,656 1.19% Other consumer 5,733 0.60% 6,830 0.70% Total 231,825 24.19% 314,155 32.22% Total loans receivable, gross 958,165 100.00% 974,926 100.00% Dealer Reserve 3,573 5,392 Allowance for credit losses (8,353) (8,539) Loans receivable, net $ 953,385 $ 971,779 (1) Represents the amounts disbursed as of the dates indicated. (2) Includes residential construction loans totaling $2.7 million and $711,000 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Loan Portfolio Maturities. The following table sets forth certain information regarding the dollar amount of loans that will mature in the given period. The table does not include any estimate of prepayments that significantly shorten the average loan life and may cause actual repayment experience to differ from that shown below. Demand loans, which are loans having no stated repayment schedule or no stated maturity, are reported as due in one year or less. At December 31, 2025 Commercial Real Estate Loans Consumer Loans Non- Residential Multifamily Construction Commercial Residential Real Estate Indirect Automobile Home Equity Other Consumer Total Loans Loans Loans Loans Loans Loans Loans Loans Loans (In thousands) Amounts due in: One year or less $ 1,695 $ — $ 8,207 $ 32,777 $ 152 $ 6,198 $ — $ 595 $ 49,624 More than one year through five years 89,403 21,888 775 49,002 485 164,037 174 4,606 330,370 More than five years through 15 years 226,131 62,606 — 9,063 9,020 43,567 3,827 532 354,746 More than 15 years 100,579 23,444 — 684 90,429 — 8,289 — 223,425 Total $ 417,808 $ 107,938 $ 8,982 $ 91,526 $ 100,086 $ 213,802 $ 12,290 $ 5,733 $ 958,165
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Table of Contents 4 The following table sets forth the mix of fixed- and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2025 that are due after December 31, 2026, based on their contractual terms to maturity. Floating or Fixed Adjustable Rates Rates Total (In thousands) Commercial real estate loans: Non-residential $ 12,856 $ 403,257 $416,113 Multi-family 1,473 106,465 107,938 Construction — 775 775 Commercial loans 43,291 15,458 58,749 Residential real estate loans 61,167 38,767 99,934 Consumer loans: Indirect automobile 207,604 — 207,604 Home equity 1,063 11,227 12,290 Other consumer 5,138 — 5,138 Total $ 332,592 $ 575,949 $908,541 Non-Residential Commercial Real Estate Loans. At December 31, 2025, non-residential commercial real estate loans were $417.8 million, or 43.6%, of our total loan portfolio. Our commercial real estate loans are generally secured by properties used for business purposes, such as office buildings, industrial facilities and retail facilities. At December 31, 2025, $156.2 million of our commercial real estate portfolio was owner-occupied real estate and $261.6 million was secured by income producing, non-owner occupied real estate. At December 31, 2025, substantially all of our commercial real estate loans were secured by properties located in our market area. However, occasionally we will originate commercial real estate loans on properties located outside our market area based on an established relationship with a strong borrower. As of December 31, 2025, we had four loans located outside of New York totaling $17.0 million. We originate a variety of commercial real estate loans with terms and amortization periods generally up to 25 years, for large newly constructed commercial developments, including retail plazas and up to 20 years for almost all other commercial properties. The interest rate on commercial real estate loans is generally adjustable and based on a margin over an index, typically The Wall Street Journal Prime Rate or the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York Amortizing Advance Rate. Commercial real estate loans are generally originated in amounts up to 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. We selectively offer interest rate swaps for both commercial and multi-family real estate loans. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. In underwriting commercial real estate loans, we consider a number of factors, including the projected net cash flows to the loan’s debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum of 1.20x), the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. Where appropriate, we also require corporate guarantees and/or personal guarantees. We monitor borrowers’ and guarantors’ financial information on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates.
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Table of Contents 5 The following table provides information with respect to our non-residential commercial real estate loans by type at December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands). December 31, 2025 Commercial real estate loans: Number of Loans Owneroccupied Non-owneroccupied Balance Percent Residential investment properties 62 $ 1,302 $ 26,236 $ 27,538 6.59% Mixed use 90 22,553 46,880 69,433 16.62% Auto dealer/car sales 11 38,222 - 38,222 9.15% Office 45 9,964 23,997 33,961 8.13% Retail 29 12,138 74,296 86,434 20.69% Industrial/manufacturing/warehouse 34 25,306 9,087 34,393 8.23% Hotel/motel/inn 9 7,174 44,425 51,599 12.35% Restaurant 22 14,642 2,881 17,523 4.19% Mobile home/park 4 - 3,744 3,744 0.90% Self-storage facility 6 293 11,342 11,635 2.78% Other commercial real estate 37 24,631 18,695 43,326 10.37% Total commercial real estate loans 349 $ 156,225 $ 261,583 $ 417,808 100.00% At December 31, 2025, our largest commercial real estate loan had an outstanding balance of $16.4 million and was secured by a shopping center located in Clifton Park, New York. At December 31, 2025, this loan was performing according to its original terms. Multi-Family Real Estate Loans. At December 31, 2025, multi-family real estate loans totaled $107.9 million, or 11.3%, of our total loan portfolio. Our multi-family real estate loans are generally secured by multi-unit rental properties, consisting of five to 100 rental units, in our market area. We originate multi-family real estate loans with terms and amortization periods of up to 30 years. The interest rates on our multi-family real estate loans are generally adjustable based on a margin over an index. Multi-family real estate loans are generally originated in amounts up to 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. In underwriting multi-family real estate loans, we consider a number of factors including the projected net cash flows to the loan’s debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum of 1.20x), the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower, and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. Where appropriate, we also require corporate guarantees or personal guarantees. We monitor borrowers’ and guarantors’ financial information on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates. At December 31, 2025, our largest multi-family real estate loan had an outstanding balance of $13.9 million and was secured by an apartment complex located in Poughkeepsie, New York. At December 31, 2025, this loan was performing according to its original terms. Commercial Construction and Land Development Loans. We originate loans to finance the construction of commercial properties, multi-family projects (including one- to four-family non-owner occupied residential properties) and professional complexes, or to acquire land for development for these purposes. We also originate rehabilitation loans, enabling the borrower to partially or totally refurbish an existing structure, which are structured as a construction loan and monitored in the same manner. At December 31, 2025, commercial construction and land development loans totaled $9.0 million, or 0.9% of our total loan portfolio. All these loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area. We also had undrawn amounts on the commercial construction loans totaling $3.1 million at December 31, 2025.
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Table of Contents 6 Our commercial construction and land development loans are generally structured as two-year interest- only balloon loans. The interest rate is generally a variable rate based on an index rate, typically The Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus a margin. We generally offer commercial construction loans with a loan-to- value ratio of up to 75% of the appraised value on a completed basis or the cost of completion, whichever is less. We offer financing to purchase land for development with a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 50%. Before making a commitment to fund a commercial construction loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. The construction phase is carefully monitored to minimize our risk. All construction projects must be completed in accordance with approved plans and approved by the municipality in which they are located. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspections by our approved inspectors warrant. At December 31, 2025, our largest commercial construction and land development loan was a mixed use building project located in Poughkeepsie, New York, and had an outstanding balance of $3.7 million with a $2.3 million remaining available balance. At December 31, 2025, this loan was performing according to its original terms. Commercial Business Loans. We originate commercial business loans and lines of credit to a variety of small- and medium-sized businesses in our market area. Our commercial business borrowers include professional organizations, family- owned businesses, and not-for-profit organizations. These loans are generally secured by business assets and we may require support of this collateral with liens on real property. At December 31, 2025, commercial business loans were $91.5 million, or 9.6% of our total loan portfolio. We encourage our commercial business borrowers to maintain their primary deposit accounts with us, many of which are non-interest-bearing, which improves our overall interest rate spread and profitability. Our commercial business loans include term loans and revolving lines of credit. Commercial loans and lines of credit are made with either variable or fixed rates of interest. Variable interest rates are based on a margin over an index we select, typically The Wall Street Journal Prime Rate. Commercial business loans typically have shorter terms to maturity and higher interest rates than commercial real estate loans, but may involve more credit risk because of the type of collateral and our reliance primarily on the success of a borrower’s business for the repayment of the loan. When making commercial business loans, we consider the financial history of the borrower, our lending experience with the borrower, the debt service capabilities and global cash flows of the borrower and other guarantors, and the value of the collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. Depending on the collateral used to secure the loans, commercial business loans are made in amounts up to 90% of the value of the collateral securing the loan. We require commercial business loans extended to closely held businesses to be guaranteed by the principals, as well as other appropriate guarantors, when personal assets are in joint names or a principal’s net worth is not sufficient to support the loan. Commercial business loans include participations we purchase from a single, board-approved third party in leveraged lending transactions. Leveraged lending transactions are generally used to support a merger- or acquisition-related transaction, to back a recapitalization of a company’s balance sheet or to refinance debt. When considering a participation in the leveraged lending market, we will participate only in first lien senior secured term loans and lines of credit that are more closely aligned to middle market transactions. To further minimize risk, based on our current capital levels and loan portfolio, we have limited the total amount of leveraged loans to $1.5 million with a single obligor while maintaining that the total of all leveraged loans cannot exceed more than 15% of our risk-based capital. We also monitor industry and customer concentrations. As of December 31, 2025, our leverage loans amounted to $1.8 million, all of which were performing in compliance with their contractual terms. At December 31, 2025, our largest commercial business loan had an outstanding balance of $5.6 million and was secured by equipment. At December 31, 2025, this loan was performing according to its original terms.
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Table of Contents 7 Indirect Automobile Loans. We have provided indirect financing of automobile purchases since 1999. At December 31, 2025, indirect automobile loans totaled $213.8 million, or 22.3% of our total loan portfolio. While we still plan to originate indirect automobile loans, over the past four years and for the foreseeable future we have actively decreased our indirect automobile portfolio by decreasing loan originations through increased pricing and more selective underwriting criteria. We plan to continue this strategy to further reduce exposure while focusing on higher- yielding opportunities within our portfolio. We acquire our indirect automobile loans from 51 automobile dealerships located in the Hudson Valley region and 28 dealers located in the Albany area, under an arrangement where the dealer receives a flat fee for referring the loan to us. As of December 31, 2025, 42.7% of the aggregate principal balance of our indirect automobile loan portfolio was for the purchase of new vehicles and 57.3%, was for used vehicles. The weighted average original term to maturity of our indirect automobile loan portfolio at December 31, 2025 was six years. Each dealer that originates automobile loans makes representations and warranties with respect to our security interests in the related financed vehicles in a separate dealer agreement with us. These representations and warranties do not relate to the creditworthiness of the borrowers or the collectability of the loan. The dealers are also responsible for ensuring that our security interest in the financed vehicles is perfected. Each automobile loan requires the borrower to keep the financed vehicle fully insured against loss or damage by fire, theft and collision. The dealer agreements require the dealers to represent that adequate physical damage insurance (collision and comprehensive) was in effect at the time the related loan was originated and financed by us. In addition, we have the right to “force place” insurance coverage (supplemental insurance taken out by the Bank) if the required physical damage insurance on an automobile is not maintained by the borrower. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that each borrower will maintain physical damage insurance for a financed vehicle during the entire term of an automobile loan. Vendors Single Interest Insurance, which is included on every automobile loan originated, protects us against losses for physical damage to repossessed automobiles. Each dealer submits loan applications directly to us, and the borrower’s creditworthiness is the most important criterion we use in determining whether to approve the loan. Each credit application generally requires that the borrower provide current information regarding their employment history, indebtedness, and other factors that bear on creditworthiness. We also obtain a credit report from a major credit reporting agency summarizing the borrower’s credit history and paying habits, including such items as open accounts, delinquent payments, bankruptcies, repossessions, lawsuits and judgments. Each borrower’s credit score is the principal factor we use in determining the appropriate interest rate on a loan. Our underwriting procedures evaluate the credit information relative to the value of the vehicle to be financed. Our underwriters may also verify a borrower’s employment income and/or residency and, where appropriate, verify a borrower’s payment history directly with the borrower’s creditors. Based on these procedures, a credit decision is considered. We generally follow the same underwriting guidelines in originating direct (non-dealer) automobile loans. We generally finance up to the full sales price of the vehicle plus sales tax, dealer preparation fees, license fees and title fees, plus the cost of service and warranty contracts (amounts in addition to the sales price are collectively referred to as the “additional vehicle costs”). In addition, we also may finance the negative equity related to vehicles traded in with a prior financing. Accordingly, the amount we finance may exceed, depending on the borrower’s credit score, in the case of new vehicles, the aggregate of the dealer’s invoice price of the financed vehicle and the additional vehicle costs, or in the case of a used vehicle, the aggregate of the vehicle’s value and the additional vehicle costs. The maximum amount that can be borrowed for an automobile loan by borrowers with our lowest risk rating generally may not exceed 135% of the full sales price of a new vehicle, or the vehicle’s “wholesale” value in the case of a used vehicle. The vehicle’s value is determined by using one of the standard reference sources for dealers of used cars. We regularly review the quality of the loans we purchase from the dealers and periodically conduct quality control audits to ensure compliance with our established policies and procedures. At December 31, 2025, our automobile loans to borrowers with credit scores of 639 or less at origination (the level at which a consumer’s credit rating is considered subprime) totaled $16.4 million, or 7.7% of our total indirect
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Table of Contents 8 automobile loan portfolio. We typically do not originate these types of loans with loan-to-value ratios greater than 100% of the sales price of the automobile or debt-to-income ratios greater than 40%. Residential Mortgage and Residential Construction Loans. Our one- to four-family residential loan portfolio consists of mortgage loans that enable borrowers to purchase or refinance existing homes, primarily owner-occupied primary residences. At December 31, 2025, one- to four-family residential real estate loans totaled $100.1 million, representing 10.5% of total loans, and consisted of $61.2 million of fixed-rate loans and $38.8 million of adjustable-rate loans. The majority of these loans are secured by properties located within our primary market area. Loans secured by properties located outside of our normal lending area may be considered on a case-by-case basis, primarily for established customers with a relationship of at least one year, provided the property is located in New York State. Historically, we originated fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans with maturities of up to 30 years. These loans were generally underwritten in accordance with Freddie Mac guidelines and, when conforming to such standards, were referred to as “conforming loans.” Loans originated for sale to approved investors or secondary market participants were underwritten in accordance with their specific requirements. We originated both conforming and, to a lesser extent, non-conforming “jumbo” loans, which were generally underwritten using standards similar to those applied to conforming loans. Historically, we sold a significant portion of our fixed-rate residential mortgage originations to manage interest rate risk and generate fee income. Most such loans were sold to Freddie Mac on a servicing-retained basis, while certain State of New York Mortgage Agency loans were sold on a servicing-released basis. In more recent years, we have retained a greater volume of high-quality fixed-rate residential mortgages with maturities of up to 30 years. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we sold $7.6 million and $7.8 million, respectively, of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, we serviced $250.3 million and $266.5 million of one- to four-family residential mortgage loans for others and recognized loan servicing fee income of $657,000 and $684,000 during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. However, in response to evolving industry dynamics, including increased competition from non-bank lenders and the growing use of digital and online mortgage origination platforms, in the fourth quarter of 2025, we discontinued originating residential mortgage loans directly. Instead, we entered into a strategic correspondent lending relationship with a third-party non-bank mortgage lender, pursuant to which customers seeking residential mortgage financing are referred to the third-party for loan origination. Following origination, we will purchase and service loans for customers who objectively select our loan products offered through the third-party. Neither us nor the third-party receive any referral fees in connection with the correspondent lending relationship. All loans purchased from the third-party are secured by first lien mortgages on residential real estate, comply with our underwriting standards, and are transferred to us with full ownership and servicing rights. Under this relationship, we generally purchase residential mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 80% of the appraised value of the property. Conforming loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 97% are permitted when supported by private mortgage insurance. Mortgage insurance is required for loans with loan- to-value ratios greater than 80%, with coverage levels varying based on loan characteristics. Mortgage insurance is obtained only from insurers approved by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. We will not purchase “interest only” mortgage loans on one- to four-family residential properties or loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. Additionally, we will not purchase “subprime loans” (loans that are made with low down-payments to borrowers with weakened credit histories typically characterized by payment delinquencies, previous charge- offs, judgments, bankruptcies, or borrowers with questionable repayment capacity as evidenced by low credit scores or high debt-burden ratios) or Alt-A loans (defined as loans having less than full documentation).
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Table of Contents 9 We also previously originated loans to finance the construction of one- to four-family residential properties. We also originated rehabilitation loans that enabled borrowers to partially or totally refurbish existing structures. These rehabilitation loans were structured as construction loans and monitored in the same manner. As of December 31, 2025, we no longer offer construction or rehabilitation loan products. At December 31, 2025, residential construction loans totaled $2.7 million, or 2.7% of our residential mortgage loan portfolio. Most of these loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area. Upon satisfactory completion of construction, these loans are being converted to permanent mortgage financing or sold into the secondary market, consistent with the original loan terms. Consumer Loans. We offer consumer loans to customers residing in our primary market area. Our consumer loans consist primarily of indirect automobile loans as discussed above. Other consumer loans consist mostly of home equity loans, lines of credit and direct automobile loans. At December 31, 2025, $12.3 million of our consumer loans were home equity loans and lines of credit, and $4.6 million of our consumer loans were direct automobile loans. Home equity loans and lines of credit are multi-purpose loans used to finance various home or personal needs, where a one- to four-family primary or secondary residence serves as collateral. We generally originate home equity loans and lines of credit of up to $150,000, with a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 80% (including any first lien position) and terms of up to 20 years. Home equity lines of credit have adjustable rates of interest that are based on the prime interest rate published in The Wall Street Journal, plus a margin, and reset monthly. Home equity lines of credit are secured by residential real estate in a first or second lien position. The procedures for underwriting consumer loans include assessing the applicant’s payment history on other indebtedness, the applicant’s ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan, and the loan-to-value ratio. Although the applicant’s creditworthiness is a primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral, if any, to the proposed loan amount. Loan Underwriting Risks Commercial and Multi-Family Real Estate Loans. Loans secured by commercial and multi-family real estate generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Of primary concern in commercial and multi-family real estate lending is the borrower’s creditworthiness and the feasibility and cash flow potential of a project. Payments on loans secured by income properties often depend on successful operation and management of the properties. As a result, repayment of such loans may be subject to a greater extent than residential real estate loans to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. If we foreclose on a commercial or multi-family real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be lengthy with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Direct costs may be required to rehabilitate or prepare the property to be marketed. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial or multi-family real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.
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Table of Contents 10 To monitor cash flows on income properties, we require borrowers and loan guarantors, if any, to provide financial statements on the business operations underlying the commercial and multi-family real estate loans on an ongoing basis. In reaching a decision whether to make a commercial or multi-family real estate loan, we consider and review a global cash flow analysis of the borrower and consider the net operating income and profitability of the property, the borrower’s expertise, credit history and the value of the underlying property. We generally require properties securing these real estate loans to have debt service coverage ratios (the ratio of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization before debt service to debt service) of at least 1.20x. We obtain an environmental report on all commercial real estate properties. We obtain an environmental Phase 1 report for all loans over $1.0 million or when hazardous materials may have existed on the site, or the site may have been impacted by adjoining properties that handled hazardous materials. We will also obtain a Phase 1 report if the initial environmental reports indicate that there may be an environmental issue on a property. We require indemnification from our commercial real estate borrowers and/or guarantors for potential exposure to environmental issues. Our Credit Administration Department is responsible for monitoring industry concentrations among commercial real estate borrowers and for reporting the industries represented by commercial real estate borrowers to senior management on at least an annual basis. Commercial Business Loans. Unlike residential mortgage loans, which generally are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from his or her employment or other income, and which are secured by real property whose value tends to be more easily ascertainable, commercial business loans have higher risk because they are made typically on the basis of the borrower’s ability to repay a loan from the cash flows of the borrower’s business and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Our commercial business loans are underwritten and evaluated primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Most often, this collateral consists of accounts receivable, inventory or equipment, or real estate. Commercial business loans to closely held businesses are also required to be personally guaranteed by the principal(s), as well as by other appropriate guarantors when personal assets are in joint names or if the principal’s net worth is insufficient by itself to support the loan. The availability of funds to repay commercial business loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself. Further, any collateral securing such loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value. Our Credit Administration Department is responsible for monitoring industry concentrations among commercial borrowers and for reporting the industries represented by commercial borrowers to senior management on at least an annual basis. Adjustable-Rate Loans. Rising interest rates may require adjustable-rate loan borrowers to make higher monthly payments that could cause an increase in delinquencies and defaults. The marketability of the underlying property also may be adversely affected in a high interest rate environment. In addition, although adjustable-rate loans make our assets more responsive to changes in market interest rates, the extent of this interest rate sensitivity may be somewhat limited by the annual and lifetime interest rate adjustment limits on residential mortgage loans. Construction Loans. Construction lending involves additional risks when compared to permanent lending because funds are advanced upon the security of the project, which is of uncertain value before its completion. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction timing and costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation on real property, it is relatively difficult to accurately evaluate the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. In addition, generally during the term of a construction loan, interest may be funded by the lender or disbursed from an interest reserve set aside from the construction loan budget. These loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success
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Table of Contents 11 of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or obtain permanent take- out financing, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. If the appraised value of a completed project proves to be overstated, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project and may incur a loss. Our ability to originate construction loans is dependent on the strength of the housing and commercial markets in our region. We focus our loan underwriting on the borrower’s financial strength, credit history and demonstrated ability to produce a quality product and effectively market and manage their operations. Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. The construction phase is carefully monitored to minimize our risk. All construction projects must be completed in accordance with approved plans and approved by the municipality in which they are located. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspections by our approved inspectors warrant. Indirect Automobile and Other Consumer Loans. Indirect automobile and other consumer loans entail greater risk than residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or secured by assets that depreciate rapidly, such as motor vehicles. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan and any small remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against a borrower. Indirect automobile and consumer loan collections depend on a borrower’s continuing financial stability, and therefore are likely to be adversely affected by various factors, including job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount we can recover on such loans. Additional risk elements associated with indirect lending include the limited personal contact with the borrower as a result of indirect lending through non-bank channels, namely automobile dealers. Loan Originations, Purchases and Sales. Loan originations come from a variety of sources. The primary sources of loan originations are current customers, business development by our relationship managers, walk-in traffic, automobile dealerships, referrals from customers, and brokers. From time to time, we may originate a commercial real estate loan or commercial business loan that exceeds our internal lending or concentration limits and sell a portion of such loan to another financial institution. The financial institution is typically a community bank located in New York State and its lending team is known by our commercial lenders. This allows us to meet the needs of our customers and comply with our internal lending limits. In certain instances, including our leveraged lending transactions, we may purchase participation interests in loans where we are not the lead lender. In both of these circumstances, we follow our customary loan underwriting and approval policies. We have strong relationships with other community banks in our primary market area that may desire to purchase participations, and we may increase our sales of participations in the future, if deemed appropriate. At December 31, 2025, our sold participations in commercial real estate loans totaled $52.2 million, all of which were collateralized by properties within our primary market area. At December 31, 2025, our purchased participations where we are not the lead lender in commercial real estate and commercial business loans totaled $34.8 million and $12,000, respectively. Our purchased loan participations are collateralized by properties or business assets within or contiguous to our primary market area and governed by a loan participation agreement. Additionally, we have a strategic correspondent lending relationship with a third-party non-bank mortgage lender, pursuant to which customers seeking residential mortgage financing are referred to such third party for loan origination. Following origination, we purchase and service loans for customers who select our loan products offered through such third party. Neither Rhinebeck Bank nor such third party receives any referral fees in connection with the correspondent lending relationship. All loans purchased from such third party are secured by first lien mortgages on residential real estate, comply with our underwriting standards, and are transferred to us with full ownership and servicing rights.
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Table of Contents 12 Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. Our lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory, underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by our board of directors and management. The board of directors has granted loan approval authority to certain officers up to prescribed limits, depending on the officer’s experience and the type of loan. Our policies also limit the aggregate loans to one entity that an individual officer may approve, up to prescribed limits, depending on the officer’s experience. Loan officers are not allowed to approve loans they have originated. Loans in excess of individual officers’ lending limits require approval of our Credit Committee, which is comprised of our President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), Chief Credit Officer, Chief Lending Officer, Senior Vice President-Commercial Lending Team Leader, Vice President-Credit Administration, and other lending officers appointed from time to time. The Credit Committee can approve individual loans of up to prescribed limits, depending on the type of loan. Officers that sit on the Credit Committee must abstain from voting on loans they have originated. Loans in excess of the Credit Committee’s loan approval authority require the approval of the board of directors. Loans in excess of our internal loans-to-one borrower limitation and certain loans that involve policy exceptions also must be approved by the board of directors. Loans-to-One Borrower. Under New York banking law, our total loans or extensions of credit to a single borrower or group of related borrowers (“loans-to-one borrower”) cannot exceed, with specified exceptions, 15% of our capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits. We may lend additional amounts up to 10% of our capital stock, surplus and undivided profits if the loans or extensions of credit are fully secured by readily-marketable collateral. Pursuant to our internal policies, our internal loans-to-one borrower limitation is limited to 80% of the amount equal to 25% of our capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits, of which no more than 7.5% can be lent on an unsecured basis. This general standard is further restricted as follows: ● Commercial or Multi-Family Real Estate Loans: We will not lend more than 80% of the amount equal to 15% of our capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits to any one project or property. We may selectively consider exceptions to this limitation for loans to any one project/property, but in no event will we make a commercial or multi-family real estate loan in excess of 80% of the amount equal to 17.5% of our capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits. ● Commercial Business Loans: We will not lend more than 80% of the amount equal to 15% of our capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits, with only 5% of this limit lent on an unsecured basis under normal policy. Our board of directors may make exceptions of up to 10% of this limit for unsecured credit to borrowers with very strong credit profiles. At December 31, 2025, our regulatory limit on loans-to-one borrower and our internal loans-to-one borrower limit were $37.5 million and $30.0 million, respectively. We currently have one borrower exceeding the internal limit by approximately $600,000; however, we expect to bring this exposure within established limits by reducing availability on existing credit and increasing capital through future earnings. At December 31, 2025, our largest lending relationship consisted of 37 loans aggregating $30.6 million, which consisted of $29.1 million secured by multiple commercial real estate properties and $1.5 million secured by equipment, inventory and receivables. At December 31, 2025, each loan in this relationship was performing according to its original repayment terms.
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Table of Contents 13 Non-Performing Loans and Problem Assets Performance of the loan portfolio is reviewed on a regular basis by management. A number of factors regarding the borrower and loan, such as overall financial strength, collateral values and repayment ability, are considered in deciding what actions should be taken when determining the collectability of interest for accrual purposes. When a loan is classified as non-accrual, the accrual of interest on such a loan is discontinued. A loan is typically classified as non-accrual when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is fully reversed. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans are applied against principal. Loans are usually restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. We use the accrual method of accounting for all performing loans. The accrual of interest income is generally discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest previously credited to income is reversed. Interest received on non-accrual loans is applied against principal. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and ultimate collectability of total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. In our collection efforts, we will first attempt to cure any delinquent loan. If a real estate secured loan is placed on non-accrual status, it could be subject to transfer to other real estate owned (“OREO”) (comprised of properties acquired by or in lieu of foreclosure), of which our credit administration department will pursue the sale of the real estate. Prior to this transfer, the loan balance will be adjusted, if necessary, to reflect its current market value less estimated costs to sell. Write downs of OREO that occur after the initial transfer from the loan portfolio and costs of holding the property are recorded within other operating expenses, except for significant improvements, which are capitalized to the extent that the carrying value does not exceed estimated net realizable value. Fair values for determining the value of collateral are estimated from various sources, such as real estate appraisals, financial statements and from any other reliable sources of available verifiable information. For loans individually evaluated, collateral value is reduced for the estimated costs to sell. Reductions of collateral value are based on historical loss experience, current market data, and any other verifiable source of reliable information specific to the collateral. This analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires us to make estimates that are susceptible to revisions as more information becomes available. Non-Performing Loans. At December 31, 2025, $3.7 million, or 0.4% of our total loans, were non- performing loans, which included $1.7 million of commercial real estate loans, $1.3 million of residential real estate loans, $740,000 of indirect automobile loans, $22,000 of commercial loans and $15,000 of other consumer loans. Other Real Estate Owned. Other real estate owned represents property acquired through foreclosure in partial or full satisfaction of loans. We had no other real estate owned at December 31, 2025 or 2024.
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Table of Contents 14 Asset Quality. The table below sets forth the amounts and categories of our non-performing assets at the dates indicated. We did not have any accruing loans past due 90 days or more at the dates presented. At December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Non-accrual loans: Commercial real estate loans: Non-residential $ 1,668 $ 1,869 Commercial loans 22 319 Residential real estate loans 1,255 1,182 Consumer loans: Indirect automobile 740 590 Home equity — 174 Other consumer 15 — Total $ 3,700 $ 4,134 Real estate owned — — Total non-performing assets $ 3,700 $ 4,134 Total non-performing loans to total loans 0.39% 0.42% Total non-performing loans to total assets 0.28% 0.33% Total non-performing assets to total assets 0.28% 0.33% Classified Assets. Banking regulations and our Asset Classification Policy provide that loans and other assets considered to be of lesser quality should be classified as “Substandard,” “Doubtful” or “Loss” assets. An asset is considered Substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard assets include those characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as Doubtful have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Assets classified as Loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. The loan portfolio is reviewed on a regular basis to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. Not all classified assets constitute non-performing assets. The following table sets forth our amounts of classified assets and assets designated as Special Mention as of December 31, 2025 and 2024: At December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Substandard $ 6,470 $ 8,852 Doubtful — 159 Loss — — Total classified assets $ 6,470 $ 9,011 Special mention $ 23,626 $ 10,750
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Table of Contents 15 At December 31, 2025, we classified $6.5 million of loans as Substandard, Doubtful or Non-performing, of which $4.4 million were commercial real estate loans, $1.3 million were residential loans, $61,000 were commercial and industrial loans, $740,000 were indirect automobile loans, and $15,000 were other consumer loans. At December 31, 2024, we classified $9.0 million of loans as Substandard, Doubtful or Non- performing, of which $6.8 million were commercial real estate loans, $1.2 million were residential loans, $300,000 were commercial and industrial loans, $590,000 were indirect automobile loans, and $174,000 were home equity loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses is an estimate at the balance sheet date of current expected credit losses based on available information relevant to assessing collectability of cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. Our methodology to estimate the allowance for credit losses has two components: (i) a collective reserve for estimated lifetime expected credit losses for pools of loans that share common risk characteristics and (ii) an individual reserve for loans that do not share common risk characteristics. The measurement of expected credit losses is applicable to loans receivable and investment securities measured at amortized cost. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures such as loan commitments and unused lines of credit. Loan losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when we believe the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. The allowance is established through a provision for credit losses that is charged against income. The expected credit loss for unfunded loan commitments is reported on the consolidated statement of financial condition in other liabilities. For more information on the allowance for credit losses methodology, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Critical Accounting Estimates—Allowance for Credit Losses.” Although we believe that we have established the allowance at appropriate levels, future additions may be necessary if economic or other conditions in the future differ from the current environment. In addition, the FDIC and the NYSDFS, as an integral part of their examination processes, periodically review our allowance for credit losses. The banking regulators may require that we recognize additions to the allowance based on their analysis and review of information available to them at the time of their examination.
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Table of Contents 16 The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for credit losses on loans for the periods indicated. Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Allowance for credit losses at beginning of period $ 8,539 $ 8,124 Provision for loan losses 1,750 2,813 Charge-offs: Commercial real estate loans: Non-residential (629) (291) Commercial loans (335) (608) Consumer loans: Indirect automobile (2,632) (3,626) Other consumer (90) (201) Total charge-offs (3,686) (4,726) Recoveries: Commercial loans 4 2 Consumer loans: Indirect automobile 1,702 2,233 Other consumer 44 93 Total recoveries 1,750 2,328 Net charge-offs (1,936) (2,398) Allowance for credit losses at end of period $ 8,353 $ 8,539 Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans at end of period 225.76% 206.56% Allowance for credit losses to total loans outstanding at end of period 0.87% 0.88% Non-performing loans to total loans 0.39% 0.42% Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding during period 0.20% 0.24% During the year, our allowance for credit losses on loans decreased by $186,000, or 2.2%, primarily due to updates in prepayment assumptions and adjustments to qualitative and quantitative factors. These updates were made to reflect fewer delinquencies and decreased charge-offs in our expected credit loss analysis. The following table sets forth the ratios of net charge-offs to average loans by loan category. Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding Commercial real estate loans: Non-residential (0.16)% (0.09)% Commercial loans (0.36)% (0.68)% Consumer loans: Indirect automobile (0.36)% (0.40)% Other consumer (0.66)% (1.30)% Net charge-offs decreased $462,000, or 19.3%, to $1.9 million for the year-ended December 31, 2025, compared to $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decline was primarily driven by lower net charge-offs in the indirect automobile, commercial, and other consumer loan portfolios, partially offset by higher net charge-offs in commercial real estate loans. Indirect automobile net charge-offs declined modestly as a percentage of average loans, reflecting lower charge-offs that were generally consistent with the reduction in average loan balances. Net charge-offs in the commercial loan portfolio declined as a percentage of average loans, primarily due to a large $524,000 commercial loan charge-off that occurred in 2024. Other consumer loans also experienced a decline in net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans, reflecting improved credit performance compared to the prior year.
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Table of Contents 17 Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses. The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses allocated by loan category, the allocation of the allowance for credit losses by loan segment and the percent of loan balances by category at the dates indicated. The allowance for credit losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories. At December 31, 2025 2024 Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Allowance Loans in Allowance Loans into Total Category to to Total Category toAmount Allowance Total Loans Amount Allowance Total Loans (Dollars in thousands)Commercial real estate loans: Non-residential $ 3,142 37.61 % 43.61 % $ 2,675 31.33 % 36.00 %Multi-family 490 5.87 11.26 313 3.67 10.77Construction — — 0.94 — — 2.73Commercial loans 762 9.12 9.55 684 8.01 9.39Residential real estate loans 739 8.85 10.45 575 6.73 8.89Consumer loans: Indirect automobile 3,050 36.51 22.31 4,133 48.40 30.33Home equity 90 1.08 1.28 84 0.98 1.19 Other consumer 80 0.96 0.60 75 0.88 0.70 Total allowance $ 8,353 100.00 % 100.00 % $ 8,539 100.00 % 100.00 % Investment Activities We have legal authority to invest in various types of investment securities and liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various government-sponsored enterprises, residential mortgage- backed securities, municipal securities, deposits at the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”) of New York, certificates of deposit of federally insured institutions, investment grade corporate bonds, equity securities and Small Business Investment Companies. At December 31, 2025, our investment portfolio had a fair value of $162.2 million and consisted primarily of U.S. Government securities, U.S. Government agency securities, including residential and collateralized mortgage-backed securities, municipal securities and corporate bonds in the form of subordinated bank debt. Our investment objectives are to maximize portfolio yield over the long term and manage our risk profile in a manner consistent with liquidity needs, pledging requirements, asset/liability strategies and safety and soundness concerns. Our board of directors has overall responsibility for the investment portfolio, including reviewing and evaluating our investment policy on an annual basis. The Investment Committee of the board of directors, consisting of three directors, meets at least three times annually to review our portfolio’s performance, quality and composition, and provides reports to the full board of directors at the next monthly meeting of the full board following the meeting of the Investment Committee. The Investment Committee also reviews and discusses policy changes prior to their presentation to the full board. Management has the overall responsibility for implementing the investment policy and supervising our investment activities and performance. Management is also responsible for providing regular reports to the Investment Committee. The President and CEO is responsible for the overall supervision of the investment activity. The Chief Financial Officer is responsible for the implementation of our investment policy and strategy. The Controller is responsible for the accounting and reporting requirements of the policy. There are no limits on security purchases or sales executed for cash management or the liquidity needs of the Bank. Transactions require the approval of both the President and CEO and the Chief Financial Officer and must be reported to the Investment Committee, which reports them to the board of directors. Our policy is that, at the time of purchase, we designate a security as held to maturity, available-for-sale, or trading, depending on our ability and intent. Securities that are available-for-sale or held for trading are reported at fair value, while securities held to maturity are reported at amortized cost. Currently, all securities we hold are classified as available-for-sale.
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Table of Contents Federal Home Loan Bank Securities. In addition, we hold FHLB common stock to qualify for membership in the FHLB system and to be eligible to borrow funds under the FHLB advance program. There is no market for the FHLB common stock. The aggregate fair value of our FHLB common stock as of December 31, 2025 was $2.0 million based on its par value. No unrealized gains or losses have been recorded because we have determined that the par value of the common stock represents its fair value. We owned shares of FHLB common stock at December 31, 2025 equal to what we were required to own to maintain our membership in the FHLB system and was necessary to support the balance of our advances. We are required to purchase stock as our outstanding advances increase and sell stock as the size of borrowings decrease. Our stock position is reviewed and adjusted weekly by the FHLB. Evaluation of Securities Portfolio. We evaluate securities in an unrealized loss position for impairment related to credit losses on at least a quarterly basis. Securities in unrealized loss positions are first assessed as to whether we intend to sell, or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If one of the criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through current earnings. For securities that do not meet these criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value resulted from credit losses or other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. No allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale securities was recorded as of December 31, 2025. Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The following table sets forth the stated maturities and weighted average yields of investment securities at December 31, 2025. Weighted average yields are calculated by dividing the income by amortized cost. No tax equivalent adjustments were made in calculating the weighted average yield. Certain mortgage-backed securities have adjustable interest rates and will reprice annually within the various maturity ranges. These repricing schedules are not reflected in the table below. Weighted average yield calculations on investment securities available for sale do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of equity. More than One Year More than Five Years One Year or Less to Five Years to Ten Years More than Ten Years Total Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted Amortized Average Amortized Average Amortized Average Amortized Average Amortized Fair Average Cost Yield Cost Yield Cost Yield Cost Yield Cost Value Yield (Dollars in thousands) Securities available-for- sale: U.S. Treasury securities $ 2,007 3.72% $ 33,685 3.68% $ — —% $ — —% $ 35,692 $ 35,828 3.68% Mortgage- backed securities – residential 7 3.43% 2,008 2.70% 5,250 2.67% 88,522 2.94% 95,787 88,980 2.92% U.S. government agency securities 11,932 2.15% 6,609 3.14% — —% — —% 18,541 18,352 2.50% Municipal securities — —% 1,622 1.91% 583 2.10% — —% 2,205 2,082 1.96% Corporate bonds — —% 3,509 7.04% 13,800 4.69% — —% 17,309 16,589 5.17% Other — —% 587 4.92% — —% — —% 587 372 4.92% Total $ 13,946 2.38% $ 48,020 3.77% $ 19,633 4.07% $ 88,522 2.94% $ 170,121 $ 162,203 3.26% Sources of Funds General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for our lending and investment activities. We also use borrowings, primarily FHLB advances, and may use brokered certificates of deposit, depending on market conditions, to supplement cash flows as needed. In addition, funds are derived from scheduled loan and investment payments, investment maturities, loan sales, loan prepayments, retained earnings and income on earning assets. While scheduled loan payments, investment maturities and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows, loan prepayments and loan sales can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing interest rates, market conditions and levels of competition.
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Table of Contents 19 Deposit Accounts. The substantial majority of our deposits are from depositors who reside in our primary market area. At December 31, 2025, our deposits totaled $1.10 billion. Brokered deposits are obtained when needed to build liquidity at favorable rates. We had no brokered deposits at December 31, 2025 or 2024. Deposits from related parties held at the Bank totaled approximately $12.2 million at December 31, 2025. In determining the terms of our deposit accounts, we consider the rates offered by our competition, our liquidity needs, effects on profitability, and customer preferences and concerns. We generally review our deposit pricing on a monthly basis and continually review our deposit mix. Our deposit pricing strategy has generally been to offer competitive rates, while generally not providing the highest rates in the market, and to periodically offer special rates to attract deposits of a specific type or term. The following table sets forth the distribution of average deposit accounts, by account type, at the dates indicated. For the Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Average Average Average Average Balance Percent Rate Paid Balance Percent Rate Paid (Dollars in thousands)Non-interest-bearing demand accounts $ 236,431 22.16 % - % $ 242,603 23.45 % - % Interest-bearing demand accounts 120,816 11.32 % 0.20 % 124,061 11.99 % 0.14 % Money market accounts 222,719 20.87 % 2.62 % 187,615 18.13 % 2.65 % Savings accounts 132,153 12.38 % 0.39 % 141,189 13.65 % 0.36 % Certificates of deposit 355,027 33.27 % 3.89 % 339,133 32.78 % 4.58 % Total $ 1,067,146 100.00 % 1.91 % $ 1,034,601 100.00 % 2.05 % As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, approximately $310.0 million and $278.3 million, respectively, of our deposit portfolio was uninsured. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for regulatory reporting requirements, which includes affiliate deposits and collateralized deposits. The following table summarizes total uninsured deposits based on the same methodologies and assumptions used for regulatory reporting: Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 (Dollars in thousands) Uninsured deposits, per regulatory requirements $ 310,010 $ 278,329 Less affiliate deposits (7,939) (8,728) Collateralized deposits — — Uninsured deposits, after exclusions $ 302,071 $ 269,601 Available liquidity(1) $ 714,214 $ 613,696 Uninsured deposits coverage 236.4% 227.6% Uninsured deposits after exclusions as a percent of total deposits 27.5% 26.4% (1) Includes cash and cash equivalents, unencumbered securities, lines of credit and remaining borrowing capacity from the FHLB and Federal Reserve Board.
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Table of Contents 20 As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate amount of certificates of deposits in denominations greater than $250,000 was $99.2 million. In addition, as of December 31, 2025, the portion of certificates of deposit in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 was $45.9 million. The following table sets forth the maturity of those certificates as of December 31, 2025. Maturity Period Amount (In thousands) Three months or less $ 8,008 Over three through six months 12,775 Over six through twelve months 19,901 Over twelve months 5,225 Total $ 45,909 At December 31, 2025, $335.8 million of our certificates of deposit will mature during 2026. We monitor activity on these accounts and, based on historical experience and our current pricing strategy, we believe we will retain a significant portion of these accounts upon maturity. However, if a substantial portion of these deposits is not retained, we may utilize FHLB advances, brokered deposits or raise interest rates on deposits to attract new accounts, which may result in higher levels of interest expense. Borrowings. We primarily borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York to supplement our supply of investable funds. The FHLB functions as a central reserve bank providing credit for its member financial institutions. As a member, we are required to own capital stock in the FHLB and are authorized to apply for advances or loans on the security of such stock and first mortgage loans and other assets (principally securities that are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the United States), provided we meet certain creditworthiness standards. Advances are made under several different programs, each having its own interest rate and range of maturities. Depending on the program, limitations on the total amount of advances are based either on a fixed percentage of an institution’s net worth or on the FHLB’s assessment of the institution’s creditworthiness. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity Management” and Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of borrowings. Rhinebeck Asset Management Rhinebeck Asset Management, a division of Rhinebeck Bank, offers access to brokerage and retirement and financial planning services and life insurance and investment products to individuals and businesses throughout the Bank’s market area. Non-FDIC insured products include stocks, bonds, exchange-traded funds, mutual funds and professionally managed money advisory services. Investment and insurance products and services are offered through Osaic Institutions, Inc., a registered broker-dealer and investment advisor. Rhinebeck Asset Management receives both commissions and fees based on individual investments and/or advisory services purchased by clients. At December 31, 2025, Rhinebeck Asset Management had approximately $243.0 million in assets under management. We recorded non-interest income of $1.5 million for the division in 2025. Subsidiaries In addition to the Bank, we have one other wholly-owned subsidiary, RSB Capital Trust I (the “Trust”). In 2005, the Trust issued $5.0 million of pooled trust preferred securities in a private placement and issued 155 shares of common stock at $1,000 par value per share to Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC. The Trust has no independent assets or operations and was formed to issue trust preferred securities and invest the proceeds in an equivalent amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC. All of the cash proceeds from the issuance of the junior subordinated debentures by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC were contributed as capital to the Bank. In connection with our reorganization in January 2019, all of the common stock of the Trust and the corresponding subordinated debentures issued by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC to the Trust were transferred to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. At that time, the Trust became wholly-owned by, and the debt became an obligation of, Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. The trust preferred securities mature 30 years from the date of issuance and bear interest at a rate equal to the three-month CME term Secured Overnight
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Table of Contents 21 Financing Rate plus 2% and a relative spread adjustment of 0.26%. The interest rate on these securities at December 31, 2025 was 6.14%. Personnel and Human Capital Resources Our success is dependent on a workforce that embrace and are dedicated to our mission and culture. Our culture is grounded in a set of core values – “ICARE,” which stands for “Integrity, Community, Accountability, Respect, and Empathy.” To continue to deliver on our mission and maintain our culture, it is crucial that we attract and retain talent who desire and have the experience to provide creative and innovative financial solutions and options for the diverse communities we serve. Through our hiring and retention programs we aim to create an inclusive workforce with diversified backgrounds and experiences. We strive to maintain a safe and healthy workplace, with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by advantageous compensation, benefits, health, and welfare programs. As part of our compensation philosophy, we offer market competitive total rewards programs for our employees to attract and retain superior talent. These programs include annual bonus opportunities, an Employee Stock Ownership Plan, an equity incentive plan, a matched 401(k) Plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave, family care resources, flexible work schedules, adoption assistance, education reimbursement program, and employee assistance programs. We encourage and support the growth and development of our employees and, wherever possible, seek to fill positions by promotion and transfer from within the organization. Additionally, all our employees are expected to display and encourage honest, ethical, and respectful conduct in the workplace. Our employees must adhere to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that sets standards for appropriate behavior and includes periodic training on preventing, identifying, reporting, and stopping discrimination of any kind. Continual learning and career development is advanced through ongoing performance and development conversations with employees, internally developed training programs, customized corporate training engagements and educational reimbursement programs. Reimbursement is available to employees enrolled in pre-approved degree or certification programs at accredited institutions that teach skills or knowledge relevant to our business, in compliance with Section 127 of the Internal Revenue Code, and for seminars, conferences, and other training events employees attend in connection with their job duties. Employee retention helps us operate efficiently and achieve our business objectives. We believe our commitment to demonstrating our core values, actively prioritizing concern for our employees’ well-being, supporting our employees’ career goals, offering competitive wages and providing valuable fringe benefits aids in retention of our top-performing employees. As of December 31, 2025, we had 158 full-time employees and seven part-time employees. Approximately 44% of our employees are employed at our banking center and loan production offices, and another 56% are employed at our corporate headquarters. We believe our relationship with our employees to be generally good. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 57% of our current workforce was female and 43% male. Our average tenure is seven years and six months. The safety, health and wellness of our employees is a top priority. We promote the health and wellness of our employees by strongly encouraging work-life balance, offering flexible work schedules, allowing remote work options, keeping the employee portion of health care premiums to a minimum and sponsoring various wellness programs.
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Table of Contents 22 Information about our Executive Officers The following listing sets forth the name, principal position, recent business experience and age (as of December 31, 2025) of each executive officer: Matthew J. Smith was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) of Rhinebeck Bank in October 2025 and also serves on the Board of Directors. Mr. Smith has served in senior leadership roles in the financial services industry for more than a decade. Most recently, from November 2024 to October 2025, he served as Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Columbia Financial, Inc. and Columbia Bank. From February 2022 to November 2024, Mr. Smith served as Chief Digital Banking Officer and Head of Enterprise Product, Marketing and Transformation at Webster Bank, following Webster Bank’s acquisition of Sterling National Bank. Prior to that, he served as Head of Digital Banking and Banking-as-a- Service at Sterling National Bank from January 2020 to February 2022 and as Chief Product and Marketing Strategy Officer of Sterling National Bank from October 2017 to January 2020. Age 42. Jamie J. Bloom is the Chief Operating Officer at Rhinebeck Bank. She has over 30 years of financial services experience. She began her banking career at Rhinebeck Bank in 1994 as the Vice President of Sales. Age 59. Kevin Nihill became the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Rhinebeck Bank in July 2024. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Nihill served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of St. Mary’s Bank, Manchester, New Hampshire beginning in 2021. Prior to joining St. Mary’s Bank, Mr. Nihill served as Senior Vice President, Treasurer of Berkshire Bank, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Mr. Nihill is a Chartered Financial Analyst. Age 50. James T. McCardle III joined Rhinebeck Bank in 2001 and was appointed Chief Credit and Risk Officer in January 2026, having served as our Chief Credit Officer since 2018. Prior, Mr. McCardle was the Chief Lending Officer for seven years and has held various titles since joining the Bank including VP, Commercial Lending, SVP Commercial Lending and SVP and Senior Lending Officer. Age 60. Philip Bronzi joined the Bank in 2012 as the Vice President of Lending. He became the Senior Vice President of Lending in 2018 and was named Chief Lending Officer in 2021. His career expands over 20 years in commercial lending with various banks in the Hudson Valley. Age 50.
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Table of Contents 23 SUPERVISION AND REGULATION General As a New York-chartered savings bank, Rhinebeck Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation by the NYSDFS, as its chartering agency, and by the FDIC, as its primary federal regulator and its deposit insurer. Rhinebeck Bank is a member of the FHLB of New York and its deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC. Rhinebeck Bank is required to file reports with, and is periodically examined by, the FDIC and the NYSDFS concerning its activities and financial condition and must obtain regulatory approvals before entering into certain transactions, including mergers with or acquisitions of other financial institutions. This regulatory structure is intended primarily for the protection of the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) and depositors. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies regarding the classifying of assets and establishing an adequate allowance for credit losses for regulatory purposes. As a New York-chartered mutual holding company, Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC is regulated and subject to examination by the NYSDFS and the Federal Reserve Board. As a bank holding company, Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. is required to comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board and the NYSDFS. They are required to file certain reports with the Federal Reserve Board and are subject to examination by and the enforcement authority of the Federal Reserve Board and the NYSDFS. Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. also is subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC under the federal securities laws. Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are applicable to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC and Rhinebeck Bank. The description is limited to certain material aspects of certain statutes and regulations that are addressed, and is not intended to be a complete list or description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC and Rhinebeck Bank. New York Banking Regulation Supervision and Enforcement Authority. Rhinebeck Bank, as a New York savings bank, is regulated and supervised by the NYSDFS. The NYSDFS is required to regularly examine each state-chartered bank. The approval of the NYSDFS is required to establish or close branches, to merge with another bank, to issue stock and to undertake many other activities. Any New York savings bank that does not operate according to the regulations, policies and directives of the NYSDFS may be subject to enforcement action for non- compliance, including seizure of the property and business of the savings bank and suspension or revocation of its charter. NYSDFS may take a variety of enforcement actions to address non-compliance with applicable law or engagement in prohibited practices. The powers that New York-chartered savings banks can exercise under these laws include the following: Lending Activities. A New York-chartered savings bank may make a wide variety of mortgage loans including fixed-rate loans, adjustable-rate loans, participation loans, construction and development loans, condominium and co-operative loans, second mortgage loans and other types of loans that may be made according to applicable regulations. Commercial loans may be made to corporations and other commercial enterprises with or without security. Consumer and personal loans may also be made with or without security. Investment Activities. In general, the Bank may invest in certain types of debt securities (including certain corporate debt securities, and obligations of federal, state, and local governments and agencies thereof), certain types of corporate equity securities, and certain other assets. However, this investment authority is subject to restrictions under federal law. See “— Federal Bank Regulation — Investment Activities” for such federal restrictions. Dividends. Under New York banking law, the Bank may declare and pay dividends from its net profits, unless there is an impairment of capital. Additionally, the approval of the NYSDFS is required if the total of all dividends declared in a calendar year would exceed the total of its net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits of the
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Table of Contents 24 preceding two years. The term “net profits” is generally defined to mean earnings from current operations, subject to certain adjustments provided for under applicable law. Loans to Directors and Executive Officers. Under applicable NYSDFS regulations (which are substantially similar to applicable federal banking regulations), Rhinebeck Bank generally may not make a loan or other extension of credit to any of its executive officers or directors unless the loan or other extension of credit (1) is made on terms, including interest rate and collateral, that are not more favorable to the executive officer or director than those customarily offered by the Bank to persons who are not executive officers or directors and who are not employed by the Bank, and (2) does not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. Depending on the size of the loan or other extension of credit, prior approval of the Bank’s Board of Directors (with the interested party, if a director, abstaining from participating directly or indirectly in the voting) may be required. Federal Banking Regulation Supervision and Enforcement Authority. Rhinebeck Bank is subject to extensive regulation, examination and supervision by the FDIC as its primary federal regulator and the insurer of its deposits. The Bank must file reports with the FDIC concerning its activities and financial condition in addition to obtaining regulatory approvals before entering into certain transactions such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other financial institutions. There are periodic examinations by the FDIC to evaluate Rhinebeck Bank’s safety and soundness and compliance with various regulatory requirements. The regulatory structure also gives the FDIC extensive discretion in connection with its supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of an adequate allowance for credit losses for regulatory purposes. The enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, issue cease and desist orders and remove directors and officers. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated in response to violations of laws and regulations, breaches of fiduciary duty and unsafe or unsound practices. The FDIC may also appoint itself as conservator or receiver for an insured bank under specified circumstances, including: (1) insolvency; (2) substantial dissipation of assets or earnings through violations of law or unsafe or unsound practices; (3) existence of an unsafe or unsound condition to transact business; (4) insufficient capital; or (5) the incurrence of losses that will deplete substantially all of the institution’s capital with no reasonable prospect of replenishment without federal assistance. Capital Requirements. Under FDIC regulations, Rhinebeck Bank is subject to a comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations that was effective January 2015 (the Basel III capital rules), subject to phase-in periods for certain components and other provisions. The capital standards require the maintenance of common equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, 6% and 8%, respectively, and a leverage ratio of at least 4% Tier 1 capital. In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. Regulatory relief legislation enacted in May 2018 required the federal banking agencies, including the FDIC, to establish for institutions with assets of less than $10 billion an elective “community bank leverage ratio” (the ratio of a bank’s tangible equity capital to average total consolidated assets) of between 8 to 10%. A “qualifying community bank” with capital exceeding the specified requirement that opts into the alternative framework is considered compliant with all applicable regulatory capital and leverage requirements and deemed “well capitalized” for prompt corrective action purposes, discussed below. A final rule was issued in November 2019 establishing the community bank leverage ratio at 9% Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets. The community bank leverage ratio option became effective
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Table of Contents 25 January 1, 2020. In November 2025, the federal banking agencies issued a proposed rule to lower the community bank leverage ratio to 8%. Management has chosen not to utilize the community bank leverage ratio. At December 31, 2025, Rhinebeck Bank exceeded all of its capital requirements. The FDIC also has authority to establish individual minimum capital requirements in appropriate cases upon determination that an institution’s capital level is, or is likely to become, inadequate in light of the particular circumstances. Standards for Safety and Soundness. As required by statute, the federal banking agencies have adopted final regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. The guidelines address internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, credit underwriting, loan documentation, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings and compensation, fees and benefits. The agencies have also established standards for safeguarding customer information. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. Investment Activities. All state-chartered savings banks insured by the FDIC are generally limited in their investment activities to principal and equity investments of the type and in the amount authorized for national banks, notwithstanding state law, subject to certain exceptions. For example, state-chartered banks may, with FDIC approval, continue to exercise state authority to invest in common or preferred stocks listed on a national securities exchange or the Nasdaq Global Market and to invest in the shares of an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The maximum permissible investment is 100% of Tier 1 capital, as specified by the FDIC’s regulations, or the maximum amount permitted by New York law, whichever is less. In addition, the FDIC is authorized to permit state-chartered banks and savings banks to engage in state- authorized activities or investments not permissible for national banks (other than non-subsidiary equity investments) if they meet all applicable capital requirements and it is determined that such activities or investments do not pose a significant risk to the DIF. The FDIC has adopted procedures for institutions seeking approval to engage in such activities or investments. In addition, a state nonmember bank may control a subsidiary that engages in activities as principal that would only be permitted for a national bank to conduct in a “financial subsidiary” if the bank meets specified conditions and deducts its investment in the subsidiary for regulatory capital purposes. Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action. Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulators take “prompt corrective action” with respect to banks that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, federal law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. The FDIC has adopted regulations to implement the prompt corrective action legislation. An institution is considered “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is considered “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is considered “undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0% or a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution is considered “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0% or a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is considered “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%. At December 31, 2025, Rhinebeck Bank was classified as a “well capitalized” institution.
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Table of Contents 26 At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, interest rates paid on deposits, payment of dividends, and acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the undercapitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the institution’s holding company must guarantee the performance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. An undercapitalized bank’s compliance with a capital restoration plan is required to be guaranteed by any company that controls the undercapitalized institution in an amount equal to the lesser of 5.0% of the institution’s total assets when deemed undercapitalized or the amount necessary to achieve the status of adequately capitalized. If an “undercapitalized” bank fails to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” banks must comply with one or more of a number of additional restrictions, including an order by the FDIC to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, cease receipt of deposits from correspondent banks or dismiss directors or officers, and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers and capital distributions by the parent holding company. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to additional measures including, subject to a narrow exception, the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after it obtains such status. Transactions with Affiliates Transactions between banks and their affiliates are governed by federal law. Generally, Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation W, as made applicable to the Bank by the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, limit the extent to which a bank or its subsidiaries may engage in “covered transactions” with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10.0% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus, and with all transactions with all affiliates to an amount equal to 20.0% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus. The term “covered transaction” includes making loans to, purchasing assets from, and issuing guarantees to, an affiliate, and other similar transactions. Loans or other extensions of credit by a bank to an affiliate are required to be collateralized according to the requirements set forth in Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W. Section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W apply to “covered transactions” as well as to certain other transactions with affiliates, including a bank’s provision of services and selling of assets to affiliates, and require that all such transactions be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable, to the institution or subsidiary as those provided to a non-affiliate. Loans to Insiders. Sections 22(h) and (g) of the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation O, as made applicable to the Bank by the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and FDIC regulation, place restrictions on loans to a bank’s and its affiliates’ insiders, i.e., executive officers, directors and principal stockholders and those persons’ related interests. Under Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O, loans to a director, an executive officer and to a greater than 10.0% stockholder of a financial institution, and their related interests, together with all other outstanding loans to such persons and their related interests, may not exceed specified limits. Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act also requires that loans to directors, executive officers and principal stockholders be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other unaffiliated persons, and also requires prior approval by a majority of the board of directors for certain loans. In addition, the aggregate amount of extensions of credit by a financial institution to insiders cannot exceed the institution’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. Section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O place additional restrictions on loans to executive officers. Insurance of Accounts and Regulation by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Deposit accounts in the Bank are insured by the FDIC’s DIF, generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor per account ownership category. The FDIC imposes an assessment for deposit insurance on all depository institutions. Under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, insured institutions deemed less risky of failure pay lower assessments. Assessment rates (inclusive of possible adjustments) for most banks with less than $10 billion of assets are based on a formula using financial data
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Table of Contents 27 and supervisory ratings, and currently range from 2.5 to 32 basis points of each institution’s total assets less tangible capital. The FDIC may adjust its risk-based assessment system in the future, except that no adjustment can be made without notice and comment rulemaking. No institution may pay a dividend if in default of the federal deposit insurance assessment. Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. The Bank does not believe that it is taking or is subject to any action, condition or violation that could lead to termination of its deposit insurance. The Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act. Rhinebeck Bank must comply with the anti- money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act (the “BSA”) as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, and implementing regulations issued by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the FDIC. Together, the BSA and the USA PATRIOT Act require Rhinebeck Bank to implement a compliance program to detect and prevent money laundering, terrorist financing, and illicit crime, to establish a customer identification program and other internal controls, conduct customer due diligence, administer training, maintain specified records, and report suspicious activity, among other things. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 gave the federal government powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. The USA PATRIOT Act also required the federal banking agencies to take into consideration the effectiveness of controls designed to combat money laundering activities in determining whether to approve a merger or other acquisition application. Accordingly, if we engage in a merger or other acquisition, our controls designed to combat money laundering would be considered as part of the application process. We have established policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with the BSA, USA PATRIOT Act, and other anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing statutes and their implementing regulations. Regulation of Brokered Deposits. Section 29 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act establishes, among other things, a general prohibition on the acceptance by any insured depository institution that is not well capitalized of any deposit obtained, directly or indirectly, by or through any deposit broker. This statutory prohibition is further implemented through the regulations of the FDIC and, historically, numerous published and unpublished FDIC staff interpretations of the statute and the FDIC’s regulation. On December 15, 2020, the FDIC adopted a final rule substantially amending its brokered deposits regulation. The final rule sought to clarify and modernize the FDIC’s existing regulatory framework for brokered deposits. Notable aspects of the rule include: (1) the establishment of bright-line standards for determining whether an entity meets the statutory definition of deposit broker; (2) the identification of a number of business relationships in which the agent or nominee of the depositor is not deemed to be a "deposit broker" because the primary purpose of the agent or nominee is not the placement of funds with depository institutions; (3) the establishment of a more transparent application process for entities that seek to rely upon a “primary purpose” exception, but do not qualify as one of the enumerated business relationships to which the exception is deemed to apply; and (4) the clarification that third parties that have an exclusive deposit-placement arrangement with only one bank is not considered a deposit broker. The final rule took effect on April 1, 2021; however, full compliance with the final rule was not required until January 1, 2022. Under the amended brokered deposits regulation, the range of activities viewed as deposit brokerage has been modified, which could have an impact on the Bank’s deposit premiums, capital and liquidity risk management planning and regulatory monitoring and reporting obligations.
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Table of Contents 28 FDIC Improvement Act (“FDICIA”). Under FDICIA, banks that meet certain asset thresholds are subject to more vigorous audit requirements. Part 363 of the FDIC’s regulations, which implement FDICIA, requires an internal control over financial reporting integrated audit by independent auditors for banks that meet the requisite asset thresholds. Rhinebeck Bank complied with all applicable Part 363 requirements in 2024 and 2025. In November 2025, the FDIC issued a final rule that modified certain of the asset thresholds in Part 363. Effective January 1, 2026, the thresholds to trigger Part 363’s requirement for a management report that includes an assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting, and for an independent public accountant’s attestation report on those controls, increased from $1 billion to $5 billion. Further, the threshold to trigger Part 363’s requirement to have an independent audit committee increased from $1 billion to $5 billion. Privacy Regulations. Cybersecurity is a focus of federal and state regulators. The federal banking agencies have adopted regulations for consumer privacy protection that require financial institutions to adopt procedures to protect customers and their “non-public personal information.” Federal law and regulations generally require that Rhinebeck Bank disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares a customer’s “non-public personal information,” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and, subject to certain exceptions, annually thereafter. In addition, Rhinebeck Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having their non-public personal information shared with unaffiliated third parties and to not disclose account numbers or access codes to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. Effective March 1, 2017, NYSDFS regulations required financial institutions including Rhinebeck Bank, to, among other things: (i) establish and maintain a cybersecurity program designed to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of their information systems; (ii) implement and maintain a written cybersecurity policy setting forth policies and procedures for the protection of their information systems and non-public information; and (iii) designate a Chief Information Security Officer. In November 2023, NYSDFS amended these regulations to include heightened governance requirements and to expand the breadth and depth of required policies and procedures, among other things. Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), as implemented by the FDIC, a state nonmember bank has a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with its safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions, nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. The CRA requires the FDIC, in connection with its examination of each state nonmember bank, to assess the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by the institution, including applications to establish branches and acquire other financial institutions. The CRA and the implementing regulations currently utilized by the FDIC require the FDIC to provide a written evaluation of an institution’s CRA performance utilizing a four-tiered descriptive rating system. Rhinebeck Bank’s latest FDIC CRA rating was “Satisfactory.” New York has its own statutory counterpart to the CRA, which is applicable to Rhinebeck Bank. New York law requires the NYSDFS to consider a bank’s record of performance under New York law in considering any application by the bank to establish a branch or other deposit-taking facility, to relocate an office or to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets and assume the liabilities of any other banking institution. Rhinebeck Bank’s most recent rating under New York’s community reinvestment law was “Satisfactory.”
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Table of Contents 29 Consumer Protection and Fair Lending Regulations. Rhinebeck Bank is subject to a variety of federal and New York statutes and regulations that are intended to protect consumers and prohibit discrimination in the granting of credit. These statutes and regulations provide for a range of enforcement actions for non- compliance with their terms, including imposition of administrative fines and remedial orders, and referral to the Attorney General for prosecution of a civil action for actual and punitive damages and injunctive relief. Certain of these statutes authorize private individual and class action lawsuits and the award of actual, statutory and punitive damages and attorneys’ fees for certain types of violations. New York’s Attorney General and NYSDFS have vigorously enforced fair lending and other consumer protection laws. Federal laws also prohibit unfair, deceptive or abusive acts practices against consumers, which can be enforced against the Bank by the FDIC and state Attorneys General. Holding Company Regulation Federal Holding Company Regulation. Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC and Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. are registered as bank holding companies with the Federal Reserve Board under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and subject to its regulations, examinations, supervision and reporting requirements applicable to bank holding companies. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over the Company and Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC and their non-savings bank subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings bank. A bank holding company is generally prohibited from engaging in non-banking activities, or acquiring direct or indirect control of more than 5% of the voting securities of any company engaged in non-banking activities. One of the principal exceptions to this prohibition is for activities the Federal Reserve Board determines to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Some of the principal activities that the Federal Reserve Board has determined by regulation to be so closely related to banking are: (1) making or servicing loans; (2) performing certain data processing services; (3) providing discount brokerage services; (4) acting as fiduciary, investment or financial advisor; (5) leasing personal or real property; (6) making investments in corporations or projects designed primarily to promote community welfare; and (7) acquiring a savings and loan association whose direct and indirect activities are limited to those permitted for bank holding companies. A bank holding company that meets certain specified criteria may elect to be regulated as a “financial holding company” and thereby engage in a broader array of nonbank financial activities than those generally permitted for bank holding companies. Neither Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC nor the Company have elected financial holding company status. Capital. Federal law required the Federal Reserve Board to establish for all bank holding companies minimum consolidated capital requirements that are as stringent as those required for the insured depository subsidiaries. Pursuant to recent federal regulatory relief legislation, bank holding companies with less than $3.0 billion in consolidated assets, including Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC and Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., are not subject to the holding company capital requirements unless otherwise advised by the Federal Reserve Board. Dividends and Stock Repurchases. A bank holding company is generally required to give the Federal Reserve Board prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of then outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of the holding company’s consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve Board may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice, or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve Board order or directive, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve Board. There is an exception to this approval requirement for well- capitalized bank holding companies that meet certain other conditions.
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Table of Contents 30 The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement regarding capital distributions, including dividends, by bank holding companies. In general, the policies provide that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the bank holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. The policies also require that a bank holding company serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks by standing ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to those banks during periods of financial stress or adversity, and by maintaining the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks where necessary. Additionally, under the prompt corrective action laws, the ability of a bank holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. Federal Reserve Board supervisory guidance indicates that bank holding companies should provide prior notice of proposed dividends or stock repurchases under certain specified circumstances. The purpose of such notice is to provide the Federal Reserve Board with an opportunity for supervisory review of, and possible objection to, the proposal. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. to pay dividends, engage in stock repurchases, or otherwise engage in capital distributions. Waivers of Dividends by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC. Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. has the authority to pay dividends on its common stock to public stockholders. If it does, it is also required to pay the same dividends per share to Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC, unless Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC elects to waive the receipt of dividends. Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC must receive the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board before it may waive the receipt of any dividends from Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., and current Federal Reserve Board policy prohibits any mutual holding company that is regulated as a bank holding company, such as Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC, from waiving the receipt of dividends paid by its subsidiary mid-tier stock holding company. Because of the foregoing Federal Reserve Board restrictions on the ability of a mutual holding company, such as Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC, to waive the receipt of dividends declared by its subsidiary mid-tier stock holding company, it is unlikely that Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC will waive the receipt of any dividends declared by Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. Moreover, since Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. has sold only a minority of its shares to the public and contributed the remaining shares to Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC, Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. raised significantly less capital than would have been the case if it sold all its shares to the public. As a result, paying dividends to Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC may be inequitable to public stockholders and not in their best financial interests. Therefore, unless Federal Reserve Board regulations and policy change by allowing Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC to waive the receipt of dividends declared by Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. without diluting minority stockholders, it is unlikely that Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. will pay any dividends. Possible Conversion of Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC to Stock Form. On February 10, 2026, Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC adopted a Plan of Conversion and Reorganization, pursuant to which Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC is proposing to convert from the mutual holding company structure to the fully public stock holding company structure, in a transaction commonly referred to as a “second-step conversion.” The second-step conversion requires the approval of the NYSDFS and the Federal Reserve Board, as well as the depositors of Rhinebeck Bank and the stockholders of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. Acquisition. The Change in Bank Control Act and its implementing regulations provide that no person or entity may acquire control of a bank holding company, such as Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., without the prior non-objection or approval of the Federal Reserve Board. Control, as defined under the Change in Bank Control Act and its implementing regulations, means the power, directly or indirectly, to direct the management or policies of the company or the ownership, control, or power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of the company. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a bank holding company’s voting securities constitutes a rebuttable presumption of control under certain circumstances, including where, as is the case with Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Separately, any company that acquires control of a bank holding company, as “control” is defined in the federal Bank Holding Company Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s regulations, must receive the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board and becomes a “bank holding company” subject to examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve Board.
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Table of Contents 31 New York Holding Company Regulation. Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC and Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. are also subject to regulation under New York banking law. Among other requirements, Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC and Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. must receive the approval of the NYSDFS before acquiring 10% or more of the voting stock of another banking institution, or to otherwise acquire a banking institution by merger or purchase. Federal Securities Laws Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission after its offering. Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. has policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with this Act and its implementing regulations, and we review and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with this Act and its implementing regulations. FEDERAL AND STATE TAXATION Federal Taxation General. The Company and the Bank are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize material federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Company and the Bank. Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, the Company currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a tax year ending December 31 for filing its consolidated federal income tax returns. Net Operating Loss Carryovers. Generally, a financial institution may carry forward net operating losses indefinitely and are subject to a limitation of 80% of taxable income. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. Capital Loss Carryovers. Generally, a financial institution may carry back capital losses to the preceding three taxable years and forward to the succeeding five taxable years. Any capital loss carryback or carryover is treated as a short-term capital loss for the year to which it is carried. As such, it is grouped with any other capital losses for the year to which carried and is used to offset any capital gains. Any un-deducted loss remaining after the five-year carryover period is not deductible. At December 31, 2025, Rhinebeck Bank had no capital loss carryovers. Corporate Dividends. We may generally exclude from our income 100% of dividends received from Rhinebeck Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations. As of December 31, 2025, no dividends had been paid by Rhinebeck Bank. Audit of Tax Returns. Rhinebeck Bank’s federal income tax returns have not been audited in the most recent three-year period.
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Table of Contents 32 State Taxation New York State Taxation. Rhinebeck Bancorp and Rhinebeck Bank report income on a combined fiscal year basis to New York State. The statutory tax rate is currently 6.5% for general business taxpayers, and 7.25% for general business taxpayers with a business income base of more than $5.0 million. An alternative tax of 0.1875% on apportioned capital is imposed to the extent that it exceeds the tax on apportioned income. The New York State alternative tax is capped at $5 million for a tax year and is not applicable for tax years beginning January 1, 2027. Thrift institutions that maintain a qualified residential loan portfolio are entitled to a specially computed modification that reduces the income taxable to New York State; this is the case for Rhinebeck Bank. Maryland State Taxation. As a Maryland business corporation, Rhinebeck Bancorp is required to file an annual report with and pay franchise taxes to the State of Maryland.
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Table of Contents 33 Item 1A. Risk Factors In addition to factors discussed in the description of our business and elsewhere in this report, the following are factors that could adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related to Our Lending Activities Our emphasis on commercial real estate and commercial business lending involves risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We emphasize the origination of commercial real estate and commercial business loans. At December 31, 2025, our commercial real estate (which includes multi-family real estate loans and commercial construction loans) and commercial business loans totaled $626.3 million, or 65.4% of our loan portfolio. While these types of loans are potentially more profitable than residential mortgage loans due primarily to bearing generally higher interest rates and larger balances, they present greater risk due to greater dependency on the successful operation of the properties and are generally more sensitive to regional and local economic conditions, making future losses more difficult to predict. These loans also generally have relatively large balances to single borrowers or related groups of borrowers. Also, many of our borrowers have more than one of these types of loans outstanding. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a residential mortgage loan. These loans also expose us to greater credit risk than loans secured by residential real estate because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be liquidated as easily as residential real estate. If we foreclose on these loans, our holding period for the collateral typically is longer than for a single or multi-family residential property because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral. In addition, changes in consumer preferences about where they work, live, shop and eat can also impact commercial real estate, which could result in declines in occupancy and declines in property values. If loans that are collateralized by commercial real estate become troubled and the value of the real estate has been significantly impaired, then we may not be able to recover the full contractual amount of principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loan, which could cause us to increase our provision for credit losses and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Accordingly, any charge-offs may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred with our residential or consumer loans. See “Item 1. Business — Loan Underwriting Risks.” Our automobile loan portfolio exposes us to increased credit risks. At December 31, 2025, $213.8 million, or 22.3% of our total loan portfolio and 16.4% of our total assets, consisted of indirect automobile loans and $4.6 million, or 0.5% of our total loan portfolio, consisted of automobile loans that we also originated directly. Automobile loans are inherently risky as they are secured by assets that may be difficult to locate, have high loan-to-value ratios, and can depreciate rapidly. In some cases, repossessed collateral for a defaulted automobile loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan and the remaining deficiency may not warrant further collection efforts against the borrower. Automobile loan collections depend on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and therefore, are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness, or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, our consumer lending activities are subject to numerous consumer protection laws and regulations, and the application of various federal and state laws, including bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit our ability to recover on such loans. Additional risk elements associated with indirect lending include the limited personal contact with the borrower as a result of indirect lending through non-bank channels, namely automobile dealers, and reliance on automobile dealers to comply with fair lending practices. We also rely on dealerships to ensure our security interest in the financed vehicles is perfected. See “Item 1. Business — Loan Underwriting Risks.” Our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover actual loan losses. We maintain an allowance for credit losses, which is established through a provision for credit losses that represents management’s best estimate of the lifetime expected losses on loans. We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of loans in our portfolio, including the creditworthiness of borrowers, the strength of the economy and the value of the real estate, automobiles and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of loans. In determining
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Table of Contents 34 the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we rely on our historic loss experience and our evaluation of economic conditions and other qualitative factors. If our assumptions prove to be incorrect, our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, and adjustments may be necessary. The allowance for credit losses is dependent on various factors, including credit quality, macroeconomic forecasts and conditions, composition of our loans and securities portfolios, and other management judgements. There can be no assurance that our allowance for credit losses will be adequate to cover actual losses. In addition, federal and state regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and may require us to increase our provision for credit losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. Significant additions to the allowance could materially decrease our net income. Our non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans may expose us to increased credit risk. At December 31, 2025, $261.6 million, or 27.3% of our total loan portfolio and 48.9% of our commercial real estate loan portfolio, consisted of loans secured by non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans. Loans secured by non-owner occupied properties generally expose a lender to greater risk of non-payment and loss than loans secured by owner occupied properties because repayment of such loans depend primarily on the tenant’s continuing ability to pay rent to the property owner, who is our borrower, or, if the property owner is unable to find a tenant, the property owner’s ability to repay the loan without the benefit of a rental income stream. In addition, the physical condition of non-owner occupied properties may be below that of owner occupied properties due to lenient property maintenance standards that negatively impact the value of the collateral properties. We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities. A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If so, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Further if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or regulations or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws or regulations may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure on nonresidential real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us. Risks Related to Economic Conditions Our business may be adversely affected by downturns in the local economy. Substantially all of our loans are to businesses and individuals in the Hudson Valley region of New York. A decline in local economic conditions may have a greater effect on our earnings and capital than on larger financial institutions whose operations and real estate loans are geographically diverse. Many of the loans in our portfolio are secured by real estate. Deterioration in the real estate markets where collateral for a mortgage loan is located could negatively affect the borrower's ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Real estate values are affected by various other factors, including changes in general or regional economic conditions, government regulations or policies and natural disasters. If we are required to liquidate a significant amount of collateral during a period of reduced real estate values, our financial condition and profitability could be adversely affected. Recessionary conditions or adverse economic conditions in our local market areas may reduce our rate of growth, affect our customers' ability to repay loans and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Table of Contents 35 A decline in economic conditions could reduce demand for our products and services and/or result in increases in our level of non-performing loans, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. General business, political and economic conditions, including inflation, unemployment, money supply fluctuations, the imposition of tariffs or other domestic or international governmental policies and the shape of the interest rate curve may adversely affect our profitability. Negative changes in these general business and economic conditions could have the following consequences, any of which could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations: ● loan delinquencies, problem assets and foreclosures may increase; ● our allowance for credit losses may increase; ● demand for our products and services may decline possibly resulting in a decrease in our total loans, total deposits, or assets; ● inflation may accelerate, which may increase our operating costs and also may increase real estate costs and lower customer buying power, thereby reducing loan demand; ● the value of our securities portfolio may decrease; ● collateral for loans may decline in value, thereby reducing customers’ borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans; ● the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us; and ● the amount of our low-cost or non-interest bearing deposits may decrease and the composition of our deposits may be adversely affected. Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our customers. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from investments may decline as inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. Although inflation moderated during 2024 and 2025, price levels remained elevated as of December 31, 2025, and interest rates remained higher than historical norms. Elevated inflation and interest rates have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the fair value of our investment securities, particularly longer-duration, fixed-rate securities, and have increased our non-interest expenses. In addition, inflation and higher costs of living and doing business may adversely affect our customers’ financial condition and their ability to repay loans. A deterioration in economic conditions in the United States or our primary market areas could result in increased loan delinquencies and non-performing assets, declines in collateral values, and reduced demand for our products and services, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Changes to trade policies and tariffs can have an adverse impact on our business and our customers. Changes in trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs or the escalation of a trade war, could negatively impact the economic conditions in the markets we serve. Our customers—particularly local businesses engaged in agriculture, manufacturing, and retail—may face higher costs for imported goods and materials, reduced export demand, and supply chain disruptions due to increased tariffs. These challenges could lead to lower revenues, reduced profitability, and potential layoffs, all of which may impair our customers’ ability to meet their financial obligations. Furthermore, prolonged trade tensions and economic uncertainty could lead to market volatility, declining asset values, and weakened consumer confidence. If our customers experience financial stress, we could see an increase in loan delinquencies and credit losses, negatively affecting our asset quality and overall financial performance. Additionally, any decline in local economic activity could reduce loan demand, deposit growth, and fee income, which are critical to our long- term success. While we actively monitor economic and policy developments, we cannot predict the outcome of trade negotiations or the full impact of tariffs and trade restrictions on our business, customers, and the broader economy. Any adverse effects from tariffs or a trade war could materially and negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects.
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Table of Contents 36 Interruption of our customers' supply chains could negatively impact their business and operations and impact their ability to repay their loans. Any material interruption in our customers’ supply chains, such as a material interruption of the resources required to conduct their business resulting from interruptions in service by third-party providers, trade restrictions, such as increased tariffs or quotas, embargoes or customs restrictions, social or labor unrest, natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics or political disputes and military conflicts, that cause a material disruption in our customers' supply chains, could have a negative impact on their business and ability to repay their borrowings with us. In the event of disruptions in our customers' supply chains, the labor and materials they rely on in the ordinary course of business may not be available at reasonable rates or at all. Additionally, changes in distribution of federal funds or freezing of federal funds, including reductions in federal workforce causing unemployment, could have an adverse effect on the ability of consumers and businesses to pay debts and/or affect the demand for loans and deposits. Risks Related to Interest Rates Changes in interest rates may reduce our profits. Our profitability, like that of most financial institutions, depends to a large extent upon our net interest income, which is the difference between our interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and our interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowed funds. Accordingly, our results of operations depend largely on movements in market interest rates and our ability to manage our interest-rate-sensitive assets and liabilities in response to these movements. Factors such as inflation, recession and instability in financial markets, among other factors beyond our control, may affect interest rates. Decreases in interest rates can result in increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-related securities, as borrowers refinance to reduce their borrowing costs. Under these circumstances, we are subject to reinvestment risk as we may have to reinvest such loan or securities prepayments into lower-yielding assets, which may also negatively impact our income. Changes in market interest rates may also affect the demand for our products and services, and competition for deposits. Conversely, if interest rates rise, and the interest rates on our deposits increase faster than the interest rates we receive on our loans and investments, our interest rate spread would decrease, which would have a negative effect on our net interest income and profitability. Furthermore, increases in interest rates may adversely affect the ability of borrowers to make loan repayments on adjustable-rate loans, as the interest owed on such loans would increase as interest rates increase. Changes in interest rates also affect the value of our interest-earning assets and, in particular, our investment securities portfolio. Fluctuations in market value may be caused by changes in market interest rates, lower market prices for securities and limited investor demand. Generally, the fair value of fixed-rate securities fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. Stockholders’ equity, specifically accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), is increased or decreased by the amount of change in the estimated fair value of our securities available for sale, net of deferred income taxes. Increases in interest rates generally decrease the fair value of securities available for sale, which adversely impacts stockholders’ equity. On December 31, 2025, we recorded an accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, of $6.3 million related to net changes in the fair value of our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio. Any substantial or unexpected change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Changes in interest rates also may negatively impact our ability to originate real estate loans, the value of our assets and our ability to realize gains from the sale of our assets, all of which may ultimately affect our earnings. see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Management of Market Risk.”
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Table of Contents 37 Risks Related to Our Funding and Liquidity Our inability to generate core deposits may cause us to rely more heavily on wholesale funding strategies for funding and liquidity needs, which could have an adverse effect on our net interest margin and profitability. We must maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. We also receive funds from loan repayments, investment maturities and income on other interest-earning assets. While we emphasize generating transaction accounts, we cannot guarantee if and when this will occur. Further, the considerable competition for deposits in our market area also has made, and may continue to make, it difficult for us to obtain reasonably priced deposits. Moreover, deposit balances can decrease if customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. If we are not able to increase our lower-cost transactional deposits at a level necessary to fund our asset growth or deposit outflows, we may be forced seek other sources of funds, including certificates of deposit, FHLB advances, brokered deposits and lines of credit to meet the borrowing and deposit withdrawal requirements of our customers, which may be more expensive and have an adverse effect on our net interest margin and profitability. A lack of liquidity could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and result in regulatory limits being placed on us. Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of our loans to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our most important source of funds is deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff, which are strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction and level of interest rates, local and national economic conditions and the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments. Further, the demand for deposits may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as negative trends in the banking sector, the level of and/or composition of our uninsured deposits, demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers’ disposable income, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Board or regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of deposits, we may lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income and net income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposits to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also adversely affect profitability and liquidity. Depending on the capitalization and regulatory treatment of depository institutions, including whether an institution is subject to a supervisory prompt corrective action directive, certain additional regulatory restrictions and prohibitions may apply, including restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits and on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Significant deposit withdrawals could materially reduce our liquidity, and, in such an event, we may be required to replace such deposits with higher-costing borrowings. Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations and sales of investment securities and borrowings from the FHLB of New York and the Federal Reserve Board. We also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities, or on terms that are acceptable to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry. Our liquidity is also affected by a decrease in the sale of mortgage loans as a result of our decision to retain more mortgage loans in the portfolio, higher market interest rates negatively impacting originations, a downturn in our markets or by one or more adverse regulatory actions against us. A lack of liquidity could also attract increased regulatory scrutiny and potential restraints imposed on us by regulators. Any decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses or fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Table of Contents 38 Risk Related to Our Business Strategy Our long-term business strategy involves organic growth, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively. After experiencing a decline in total assets, including the intentional decrease in automobile loans and a planned securities portfolio repositioning in 2024, our balance sheet stabilized in 2025 and total assets increased by $46.0 million, or 3.7%, from $1.26 billion at December 31, 2024 to $1.30 billion at December 31, 2025. We expect to continue pursuing sustainable organic growth in total assets and deposits going forward, accompanied by a corresponding increase in the scale and complexity of our operations. Achieving our organic growth objectives will depend on several factors, including our ability to attract new customers from competing financial institutions, retain and recruit experienced bankers, identify and pursue attractive lending and deposit-gathering opportunities, and compete effectively within our market area. In addition, we plan to expand our lending beyond our current market areas, which could result in additional risk related to those new market areas. We may enter into strategic partnerships with third parties to expand our product offerings, facilitate deposit account openings and grow core deposits. Although we believe we have the management depth, infrastructure, and systems necessary to support our planned growth, we may not be able to secure appropriate growth opportunities or successfully execute our strategy. If we are unable to identify or implement third party partnerships, we may not fully achieve our growth objectives. Further, to the extent such third party arrangements result in new products, we may be need to hire personnel or rely on the expertise of such third parties. If we fail to grow as expected, or if we are unable to manage growth effectively, we may not be able to execute our business plan, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If appropriate opportunities present themselves, we may engage in other business growth initiatives or undertakings. We may not successfully identify appropriate opportunities, may not be able to negotiate or finance such activities and such activities, if undertaken, may not be successful. Our inability to tailor our retail delivery model to respond to consumer preferences in banking may negatively affect earnings. Our branch network continues to be a very significant source of new business generation, however, consumers continue to migrate much of their routine banking to self-service channels. In recognition of this shift in consumer patterns, we regularly review our branch network, which can result in branch consolidation accompanied by the enhancement of our capabilities to serve its customers through alternate delivery channels. In that regard, we expect to devote substantial time and resources to improving our digital products and services. The success of these initiatives will depend on, among other things, whether our upgraded technology and digital solutions are received favorably by our customers and employees and improves their experiences and interactions with us. If we are unable to fully implement the digital offerings or successfully achieve these objectives with customers, the anticipated benefits of these initiatives may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected or we may experience significant customer attrition. We may pursue acquisitions of other financial institutions, branch offices, lines of business, or lift-outs of lending or deposit gathering teams from other financial institutions. We will evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities of other financial institutions, branch offices, lines of business, or lift-outs of lending and deposit-gathering teams from other financial institutions. As a result, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions, with consideration consisting of cash and/or equity securities, may occur. We would seek merger and acquisition opportunities that offer us the potential to expand our market footprint or improve profitability through economies of scale or expanded services. Increased expenses associated with acquiring other institutions, branches, lines of business or teams may have an adverse effect on our financial results and may involve various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things: payment of a premium over book and market values that may dilute our tangible book value and earnings per share in the short- and long-term; potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities and potential asset quality problems of acquired assets; potential volatility in reported income associated with goodwill impairment losses; difficulty and expense of
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Table of Contents 39 integrating acquired operations or personnel; inability to realize expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, or other projected benefits of the acquisition; potential disruption to our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention; the possible loss of key employees and customers of acquired businesses; and potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target company or business. Risks Related to Laws and Regulations Changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations may adversely affect our operations and/or increase our costs of operations. We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by our banking regulators. Such regulation and supervision govern the activities in which a financial institution and its holding company may engage and are intended primarily for the protection of insurance funds and our depositors and borrowers rather than for the protection of our stockholders. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the ability to impose restrictions on our operations, classify our assets and determine the level of our allowance for credit losses. These regulations, along with the currently existing tax, accounting, securities, deposit insurance and monetary laws, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations, control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, new regulations, executive orders, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. Further, compliance with such regulation may increase our costs and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities. The fiscal, monetary and regulatory policies of the federal government and its agencies could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board. An important function of the Federal Reserve Board is to regulate the money supply and credit environment. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve Board to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. Government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks’ reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. The Federal Reserve Board’s policies determine in large part the cost of funds for lending and investing and the return earned on those loans and investments, both of which affect our net interest margin. Its policies can also adversely affect borrowers, potentially increasing the risk that they may fail to repay their loans. The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board have had a significant effect on the overall economy and the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. Additionally, Congress and the administration through executive orders controls fiscal policy through decisions on taxation and expenditures. Depending on industries and markets involved, changes to tax law and increased or reduced public expenditures could affect us directly or the business operations of our customers. Changes in Federal Reserve Board and other governmental policies, fiscal policy, and our regulatory environment generally are beyond our control, and we are unable to predict what changes may occur or the manner in which any future changes may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions. The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers that open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or
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Table of Contents 40 sanctions, including restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, these policies and procedures may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. Changes in accounting standards could affect reported earnings. The bodies responsible for establishing accounting standards, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission and bank regulators, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting guidance that governs the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply new or revised guidance retroactively. We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which may adversely impact our return on equity, or constrain us from paying dividends or repurchasing shares. Federal regulations establish minimum capital requirements for insured depository institutions, including minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, and define what constitutes “capital” for calculating these ratios. The regulations establish a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5%, which, when added to the minimum capital ratios, result in the following minimum ratios: (1) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%, (2) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 8.5%, and (3) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. An institution will be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that can be utilized for such actions. The application of stringent capital requirements could, among other things, require us to maintain higher capital levels resulting in lower returns on equity, raise capital and result in regulatory actions if we were to be unable to comply with such requirements. Furthermore, the imposition of additional liquidity requirements could result in our having to lengthen the term of our funding, restructure our business models, and/or increase our holdings of liquid assets. Implementation of changes to asset risk weightings for risk-based capital calculations, items included or deducted in calculating regulatory capital and/or additional capital conservation buffers could result in management modifying its business strategy, and could limit our ability to make distributions, including paying out dividends or buying back shares. See “Item 1. Supervision and Regulation — Federal Bank Regulation — Capital Requirements.” Risks Related to Our Business and Operations Strong competition within our market area may reduce our profits and slow growth. We face strong competition in making loans and attracting deposits. Price competition for loans and deposits sometimes requires us to charge lower interest rates on our loans and pay higher interest rates on our deposits, which may reduce our net interest income. Many of the institutions with which we compete have substantially greater resources, lending limits and efficiencies of scale than we have and may offer services that we do not provide. Our competitors often aggressively price loan and deposit products when they enter into new lines of business or new market areas. If we are unable to effectively compete in our market area, our profitability would be negatively affected. The greater resources and broader offering of deposit and loan products of some of our competitors may also limit our ability to increase our interest-earning assets. Competition also makes it more difficult and costly to attract and retain qualified employees. For more information about our market area and the competition we face, see “Item 1. Business — Market Area” and “— Competition.” Our cost of operations is high relative to our assets. Our failure to maintain or reduce our operating expenses may reduce our profits. Our non-interest expenses totaled $39.0 million and $36.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Although we have achieved certain efficiencies, our efficiency ratio, comparative to peers, remains high. Our efficiency ratio totaled 73.12% and 82.34% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our
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Table of Contents 41 business strategy includes growth, expansion of our market area, and improvements in technology and product offerings, which are intended to produce efficiencies and long-term cost savings but may increase our expenses in the short-term. Failure to control or maintain our expenses may reduce future profits. Our success depends on hiring and retaining certain key personnel. Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals who comprise our senior management team and top-producing lenders. We rely on key personnel to manage and operate our business, including major revenue generating functions such as loan and deposit generation and our wealth management business. The loss of key staff may adversely affect our ability to maintain and manage these functions effectively, which could negatively affect our income. In addition, loss of key personnel could result in increased recruiting and hiring expenses, which would reduce our net income. Further, competition for qualified employees and personnel in the banking industry is intense. The process of recruiting personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to carry out our strategies is often lengthy. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees. Changes in management’s estimates and assumptions may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and our financial condition or operating results. In preparing the periodic reports we file under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions as of specified dates. These estimates and assumptions are based on our best estimates and experience at such times and are subject to substantial risk and uncertainty. Materially different results may occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known. Areas requiring significant estimates and assumptions by management include our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses, the determination of our deferred income taxes and our determination of goodwill impairment. We may be subject to risks and losses resulting from fraudulent activities that could adversely impact our financial performance and results of operations. As a bank, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity against us or our clients, which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of our information or our client information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our clients, litigation or damage to our reputation. We are most subject to fraud and compliance risk in connection with the origination of loans, ACH transactions, wire transactions, ATM transactions, checking transactions, and debit cards that we have issued to our customers and through our online banking portals. We maintain a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate against such risks, including data processing system failures and errors, and customer fraud. If our internal controls fail to prevent or detect any such occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and reducing the potential for significant losses. Our risk management framework is designed to minimize risk and loss. We seek to identify, measure, monitor, report and control our exposure to risk, including strategic, market, liquidity, compliance and operational risks. While we use broad and diversified risk monitoring and mitigation techniques, these techniques are inherently limited because they cannot anticipate the existence or future development of unanticipated or unknown risks. Recent economic conditions and heightened legislative and regulatory scrutiny of the financial services industry, among other developments, have increased our level of risk. We could suffer losses if we fail to properly anticipate and manage these risks.
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Table of Contents We are a community bank and our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business. The failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance. We are a community bank, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. A key component of our business strategy is to rely on our reputation for integrity, reliability, customer service and knowledge of local markets to expand our presence by capturing new business opportunities from existing and prospective customers in our market area and contiguous areas. Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions, generally unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, cybersecurity incidents, errors in the use of artificial intelligence and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. In addition, third parties with whom we have relationships may take actions over which we have limited control that could negatively impact perceptions about us or the financial services industry. The proliferation of social media may increase the likelihood that negative information about us, whether or not accurate, could impact the our reputation and business. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers and employees, costly litigation and increased governmental regulation, all of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Risks Related to Our Wealth Management Business Our wealth management business is subject to risks associated with the industry and strong competition for clients. At December 31, 2025, our wealth management division, Rhinebeck Asset Management, had approximately $243.0 million in assets under management. Rhinebeck Asset Management’s operations may present risks not borne by institutions that focus exclusively on other traditional retail and commercial banking products. For example, the investment advisory industry and Rhinebeck Asset Management’s results of operations are subject to fluctuations in the stock market that may have a significant adverse effect on transaction fees, client activity and client investment portfolio gains and losses. Significant fluctuations in interest rates and securities prices may affect the value of the assets managed by Rhinebeck Asset Management and may also influence financial advisor and investor decisions regarding whether to invest in, or maintain an investment in, one or more of our wealth management solutions. The clients of Rhinebeck Asset Management are generally free to change financial advisors or withdraw the funds they have invested at any time. Significant changes in investing patterns or large-scale withdrawal of investment funds could have an adverse effect on this line of business. In addition, new or modified regulations may adversely affect our wealth management services. Due to strong competition, our wealth management business may not be able to retain existing clients or attract new clients. Competition is strong because there are numerous well-established and successful investment management and wealth advisory firms including commercial banks and trust companies, investment advisory firms, mutual fund companies, stock brokerage firms, and other financial companies. Many of our competitors have greater resources than we have. Our ability to successfully attract and retain wealth management clients is dependent upon our ability to compete with competitors’ investment products, level of investment performance, client services, and marketing and distribution capabilities. If we are not successful, our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively impacted. In addition, our wealth management operations are dependent on a small number of established financial advisors and other service providers, whose departure could result in the loss of a significant number of client accounts. Risks Related to Privacy, Security and Technology Regulations relating to privacy, information security and data protection could increase our costs, affect or limit how we collect and use personal information and adversely affect our business opportunities. We are subject to various privacy, information security and data protection laws, such as the Gramm- Leach-Bliley Act, which, among other things, requires privacy disclosures, and maintenance of a robust security program, which are subject to change and that could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer or employee information, and some of our current or planned business activities, including our expansion of digital and online offerings. New laws or changes to existing laws may increase our costs of compliance, could reduce income from certain
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Table of Contents 43 business initiatives and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. Our regulators also hold us responsible for privacy and data protection obligations performed by our third-party service providers while providing services to us. Our failure to comply with privacy, data protection and information security laws could result in potentially significant regulatory or governmental investigations or actions, litigation, fines, sanctions and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Systems failures or breaches of our network security could subject us to increased operating costs as well as litigation and other liabilities. Our operations depend upon our ability to protect our computer systems and network infrastructure against damage from physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure or a similar catastrophic event, as well as from security breaches, denial of service attacks, viruses, worms and other disruptive problems caused by hackers. Any damage or failure that causes an interruption in our operations could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and results of operations. Computer break-ins, phishing and other disruptions could also jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through our computer systems and network infrastructure, which may result in significant liability to us and may cause existing and potential customers to refrain from doing business with us. Although we, with the help of third-party service providers, continue to implement security technology and establish operational procedures designed to prevent such damage, our security measures may not be successful. In addition, advances in computer capabilities or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the algorithms we and our third-party service providers use to encrypt and protect customer transaction data. A failure of such security measures could have a material impact on our operations or a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. It is possible that we could incur significant costs associated with a breach of our computer systems. While we have cyber liability insurance, there are limitations on coverage. Furthermore, cyber incidents carry a great risk of injury to our reputation. Finally, depending on the type of incident, banking regulators can impose restrictions on our business and consumer laws may require reimbursement of customer losses. Our risk and exposure to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches remains heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, our plans to continue to enhance our internet banking and mobile banking channel strategies, our expanded geographic footprint and that a portion of our employee base works remotely. There continues to be a rise in security breaches and cyber-attacks within the financial services industry, especially in the commercial banking sector. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our businesses, customers or third parties, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our customers or third parties use to access our products and services could result in customer attrition, financial losses, the inability of our customers or vendors to transact business with us, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. While our board of directors takes an active role in cybersecurity risk tolerance, we rely to a large degree on management and outside consultants in overseeing cybersecurity risk management. Our board of directors takes an active role in our cybersecurity risk management and all members receive cybersecurity training annually. The Board reviews the annual risk assessments and approves information technology policies, which include cybersecurity. Furthermore, our Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing all audit findings related to information technology general controls, internal and external vulnerability, and penetration testing. The Board receives an annual information security report from our virtual Chief Information Security Officer and Chief Technology Officer as it relates to cybersecurity and related issues. We also engage outside consultants to support our cybersecurity
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Table of Contents 44 efforts. Our directors do not have significant experience in cybersecurity risk management outside of the Company and therefore, the board’s ability to fulfill its oversight function remains dependent on the input it receives from management and outside consultants. Technological changes may adversely impact our business. The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new, technology-driven products and services, which increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. As part of our business strategy, we intend to make significant investments in technology to modernize and improve our product offerings. We may not be able to effectively implement new, technology-driven products and services, to recoup the costs associated with such improvements, or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers, which failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Implementation of new technology may also heighten our cyber and data security risks. Artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning applications are a recent example of an emerging technology providing significant value to operations and service that also present additional risks for consideration. AI models may rely on complex algorithms and vast datasets. Errors, biases, or generating false information in these models, or unexpected system failures, could lead to flawed decisions, financial losses, compliance failures, or degraded customer experiences, impacting profitability and client retention. AI systems also may process sensitive customer data, and security breaches or unauthorized access to these systems could result in data theft, loss of intellectual property, and significant penalties and damages to customer trust. In addition to risks associated with direct adoption of AI applications by us, we face the risk of associates utilizing unauthorized publicly sourced AI tools to complete business functions. Unauthorized use of AI tools could lead to the unintended exposure of confidential data, use of inaccurate results, and a number of other risks. Additionally, third-party service providers are quickly embedding AI capabilities in their technology to provide more robust and efficient services. Some embedded AI capabilities could risk the exposure of confidential company data if being used in a multi-tenant environment or being used to train AI systems. Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock We may not pay any dividends on our common stock. Our board of directors has the authority to declare dividends on our shares of common stock, subject to our capital requirements, our financial condition and results of operations, tax considerations, statutory and regulatory limitations, general economic conditions, our business strategy, and other factors the board of directors deems relevant. However, no decision has been made with respect to the amount, if any, and timing of any dividend payments. We cannot assure you that we will pay dividends in the future, or that any such dividends will not be reduced or eliminated in the future. See “Item1. Business — Waivers of Dividends by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC.” Our common stock is not heavily traded, and the stock price may fluctuate significantly. Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market (ticker symbol “RBKB”), but the volume of shares traded is relatively low. Prices on stock that is not heavily traded, such as our common stock, can be more volatile than heavily traded stock. Factors such as our financial results, the introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors, publicity regarding the banking industry, and various other factors affecting the banking industry may have a significant impact on the market price of the shares of our common stock. Management also cannot predict the extent to which an active public market for our common stock will develop or be sustained in the future. Accordingly, stockholders may not be able to sell their shares of our common stock at the volumes, prices, or times that they desire.
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Table of Contents The Company’s Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Maryland law may discourage a corporate takeover. The Company’s Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws contain certain provisions designed to enhance the ability of the Company’s board of directors to deal with attempts to acquire control of the Company, including a classified board, the ability to classify and reclassify unissued shares of stock of any class or series of stock by setting, fixing, eliminating, or altering in any one or more respects the preferences, rights, voting powers, restrictions and qualifications of, dividends on, and redemption, conversion, exchange, and other rights of, such securities and a requirement for any stockholder who desires to nominate a director to abide by strict notice requirements. Maryland law also contains anti-takeover provisions that apply to the Company. The Maryland Business Combination Act generally prohibits, subject to certain limited exceptions, corporations from being involved in any “business combination” (defined in the Act) with any “interested shareholder” for a period of five years following the most recent date on which the interested shareholder became an interested shareholder. The Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act applies to acquisitions of “control shares,” which, subject to certain exceptions, are shares the acquisition of which entitle the holder, directly or indirectly, to exercise or direct the exercise of the voting power of shares of stock of a corporation in the election of directors. Control shares have limited voting rights. Although these provisions do not preclude a takeover, they may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or deferring a tender offer or takeover attempt that a stockholder might consider in their best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the common stock. Such provisions will also render the removal of the Company’s board of directors and of management more difficult and, therefore, may serve to perpetuate current management. These provisions could potentially adversely affect the market prices of the Company’s securities. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Not applicable. Item 1C. Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Rhinebeck Bank recognizes the critical importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard our information systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data. Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall enterprise risk management program. As a financial services company, cyber threats are ever present and growing, and the potential exists for a cybersecurity incident disrupting business operations and compromising sensitive data. Our risk management program is designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risks across various aspects of our company, including financial, operational, regulatory, reputational, and legal. Cybersecurity is a critical component of this program, given the increasing reliance on technology and the potential of cyber threats. Our objective for managing cybersecurity risk is to avoid or minimize the impact of external threat events or other efforts to penetrate, disrupt or misuse our systems or information. The structure of our information security program is designed around the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Cybersecurity Guidelines, regulatory guidance, and other industry standards. In addition, we leverage certain industry and government associations, third-party benchmarking, audits and threat intelligence feeds to facilitate and promote program effectiveness. We continuously monitor evolving regulatory requirements related to cybersecurity and ensure that our cybersecurity program fully complies with all applicable laws and standards. Managing Material Risks and Integrated Overall Risk Management Rhinebeck Bank has strategically integrated cybersecurity risk management into our broader risk management framework to promote a company-wide culture of cybersecurity risk management. This integration ensures that cybersecurity considerations are an integral part of our decision-making processes at every level. Our internal risk management team works closely with our IT department to evaluate and address cybersecurity risks in alignment with our business objectives and operational needs. We also employ a variety of preventative and detective tools designed to
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Table of Contents 46 monitor, block, and provide alerts regarding suspicious activity, as well as to report on suspected advanced persistent threats. We have established processes and systems designed to mitigate cyber risk, including ongoing education and training for employees, preparedness simulations and tabletop exercises, and recovery and resilience tests. Engaging Third Parties on Risk Management Recognizing the complexity and evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, Rhinebeck Bank engages with a range of independent external data security professionals, including cybersecurity risk assessors, consultants, internal and external auditors, and insurance professionals to obtain a holistic view of our cybersecurity landscape. These partnerships enable us to leverage specialized knowledge and insights, ensuring our cybersecurity strategies and processes remain at the forefront of industry best practices. Our collaboration with these third parties includes regular audits, threat assessments, and consultations on cybersecurity enhancements to proactively address new and evolving risks and strengthen our cyber security program. Mitigating Third-Party Risk Because we are aware of the risks associated with third-party service providers, Rhinebeck Bank implements stringent processes to oversee and manage these risks. We conduct thorough security assessments of all third-party providers with access to Customer Non-Public Information before engagement and maintain ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance with strict cybersecurity standards. Risks from Cybersecurity Threats We have not encountered any cybersecurity incidents, directly or indirectly, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Governance The Board of Directors is acutely aware of the critical nature of managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats. The Board has established oversight mechanisms to ensure effective governance in managing these risks because it recognizes the significance of these threats to our operational integrity, shareholder and customer confidence and reputation. Board of Directors Oversight The Board is responsible for the oversight of cybersecurity risk management and is composed of members with diverse expertise in risk management, technology, and finance, thereby equipping them to manage and prevent cybersecurity risks effectively. Management’s Role in Managing Risk The risk management function is led by the Chief Credit and Risk Officer (“CRO”), the Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”), the Information Security Officer, and the virtual Chief Information Security Officer (“vCISO”) employed by DeepSeas Security, a cyber defense services business that partners with customers to reduce cybersecurity risks and the related costs. The vCISO and the CEO each play a pivotal role in informing the Board of Directors on cybersecurity risks. They provide comprehensive briefings to both the Board and the Audit Committee at least once per year and more frequent as needed. These briefings encompass a broad range of topics, including:
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Table of Contents 47 ● The current cybersecurity landscape and emerging threats; ● The status of ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and strategies; ● Incident reports and issues identified from any cybersecurity events; and ● Compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards. ● Vulnerability/patch reporting for end points on the Bank’s network In addition to our regularly scheduled Board meetings, the CRO, the CTO, the vCISO and the CEO regularly communicate regarding emerging or potential cybersecurity risks. They discuss any significant developments in the cybersecurity domain, which when reported to the Board, ensures the Board’s oversight is proactive and responsive. The Board of Directors actively participates in strategic decisions related to cybersecurity, offering guidance and approval for major initiatives. This involvement ensures that cybersecurity considerations are integrated into the broader strategic objectives of Rhinebeck Bank. The Board of Directors closely reviews the annual vCISO report of the Bank’s cybersecurity posture and the effectiveness of its risk management strategies prior to approval. This review helps in identifying areas for improvement and ensuring the alignment of cybersecurity efforts with the overall risk management framework. Risk Management Personnel The vCISO and the Information Security Officer directly report to the CRO. The vCISO, CRO, the CTO, and Information Security Officer meet regularly to discuss both internal and external cybersecurity risks and incidents. The CRO, the CTO and the Information Security Officer also regularly meet with the CEO to update him on any cybersecurity risks and incidents affecting us. This ensures that the highest levels of management are kept abreast of the cybersecurity posture and potential risks facing Rhinebeck Bank. Furthermore, all significant cybersecurity matters and strategic risk management decisions are promptly escalated to the Board of Directors, ensuring that they have an up-to-date, comprehensive understanding of and can provide guidance on critical cybersecurity issues. Primary responsibility for assessing and providing strategic direction to our cybersecurity program resides with our vCISO at DeepSeas Security. With over 20 years of global leadership and management experience in the field of cybersecurity, our vCISO brings a wealth of expertise to his role. His experience includes prior CISO leadership roles in the fintech sector, where he developed an expert level of understanding of the intersection between financial regulations and cloud-based technologies. His in-depth knowledge and experience are instrumental in developing and executing our cybersecurity strategies. Our vCISO oversees our governance programs, works with our technology-focused leaders and partners to align security and compliance, and has helped define our employee security awareness training program. Monitoring Cybersecurity Incidents The vCISO is informed about the latest developments in cybersecurity, including potential threats and innovative risk management techniques. This knowledge is crucial for the effective prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The vCISO provides structure for clear processes to ensure the regular monitoring of our information systems. At Rhinebeck Bank, this includes the deployment of advanced security measures and regular system audits to identify potential vulnerabilities. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, our partnership with DeepSeas Security allows us to be equipped with a well-defined incident response plan that is adequately resourced. This plan includes immediate actions to mitigate the impact and long-term strategies for remediation and prevent future incidents.
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Table of Contents 48 Item 2. Properties At December 31, 2025, we conducted business through our corporate office and 12 retail banking offices located in Rhinebeck, Fishkill, Goshen, Hopewell Junction, Hyde Park, Kingston, Newburgh, Poughkeepsie (three branch offices), Red Hook and Warwick, one representative office in Albany to originate commercial and indirect automobile loans, and one representative office in Poughkeepsie for financial services. We own six and lease nine properties, and own three other buildings situated on land controlled under long-term leases. At December 31, 2025, the net book value of our land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment was $13.6 million. Item 3. Legal Proceedings Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits against us, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which we hold security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to our business. At December 31, 2025, we were not a party to any pending legal proceedings that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable.
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Table of Contents 49 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The common stock of the Company is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “RBKB”. At February 28, 2026, the Company had 302 stockholders of record. Certain shares of the Company are held in “nominee” or “street” name and accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of such shares is not known or included in the foregoing number. The Company currently does not anticipate paying a dividend to its stockholders. The payment and amount of any dividend payments will be subject to statutory and regulatory limitations, and will depend upon a number of factors, including the following: regulatory capital requirements; our financial condition and results of operations; our other uses of funds for the long-term value of stockholders; tax considerations; the Federal Reserve Board’s current regulations restricting the waiver of dividends by mutual holding companies; and general economic conditions. See “Item1. Business — Waivers of Dividends by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC.” In September 2022, the Board approved a stock repurchase plan pursuant to which the Company was authorized to repurchase up to 247,506 shares of its common stock, of which 39,398 shares remain available for repurchase. The repurchase plan has no expiration date. In July 2025, the Board approved a stock repurchase plan pursuant to which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to 540,000 shares of its common stock, of which all shares remain available for repurchase. The repurchase plan has no expiration date. No shares were repurchased under the stock repurchase plan during the three months ended December 31, 2025. The following table provides information regarding repurchases of the Company’s common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2025: Period Total Number of Shares Average Price Paid per share Total Number of SharesPurchased as Part ofPublicly Announced Plansor Programs Maximum Number ofShares that May Yet BePurchased Under the Plansor Programs October 1 - 31, 2025 - - - - November 1 - 30, 2025 - - - - December 1 - 31, 2025 8,108 $ 11.76 8,108 579,398 Total 8,108 $ 11.76 8,108 579,398 There were no sales of unregistered securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2025. Item 6. [Reserved]
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Table of Contents 50 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations This discussion and analysis reflects information contained in our audited consolidated financial statements and other relevant statistical data, and is intended to enhance your understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. The information in this section has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements contained within this Form 10-K. Overview Net Interest Income. Our primary source of income is net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between interest income, which is the income we earn on our loans and investments, and interest expense, which is the interest we pay on our deposits and borrowings. Provision for Credit Losses on loans. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation allowance for the estimated lifetime credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is increased through charges to the provision for credit losses. Loans are charged against the allowance when management believes that the collectability of the principal loan amount is not probable. Recoveries on loans previously charged-off, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when realized. Non-interest Income. Our primary sources of non-interest income are service charges on deposit accounts, investment advisory income, net gains in the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance and other income. Non-interest Expenses. Our non-interest expenses consist of salaries and employee benefits, net occupancy and equipment, data processing, professional fees, marketing expenses, premium payments we make to the FDIC for insurance of our deposits and other general and administrative expenses. Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.
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Table of Contents 51 Business Strategy In October 2025, Matthew J. Smith was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Rhinebeck Bank and its holding companies, Rhinebeck Bancorp and Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC, to lead Rhinebeck Bank into its next phase of growth and innovation. Mr. Smith’s executive leadership experience includes overseeing community bank operations, spearheading the implementation of digital banking and banking-as-a-service programs and integrating acquired financial institutions. As we realign our strategies for growth, we intend to continue to operate as a well-capitalized and profitable community bank dedicated to providing exceptional personal service to our individual and business customers. We believe that we have a competitive advantage in the markets we serve because of our knowledge of the local marketplace and our long-standing history of providing superior, relationship-based customer service. Our current business strategy includes the following key components, which are designed to improve earnings by expanding our net interest margin, increasing non-interest income and improving efficiency: • Emphasize relationship-based commercial lending. Following the completion of our holding company reorganization and minority stock issuance in 2019, we began our expansion as a commercial lender. Our commercial real estate loan portfolio (which includes multi-family real estate and commercial construction loans) and commercial business loan portfolio have grown from $223.0 million and $83.2 million, or 32.9% and 12.2% of our total loan portfolio, respectively, at December 31, 2019 to $534.7 million and $91.5 million, or 55.8% and 9.5% of our total loan portfolio, respectively, at December 31, 2025. We believe that commercial real estate and commercial business lending offer opportunities to invest in our community, increase the overall yield earned on our loan portfolio and manage interest rate risk. We intend to continue to increase originations of these types of loans in our primary market area and may consider hiring additional lenders as well as originating loans secured by properties located in areas that are contiguous to our current market area. Increasing our commercial real estate loans and commercial business loans involves risk, as described in “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Lending Activities—Our emphasis on commercial real estate and commercial business lending involves risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations” and “—Our non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans may expose us to increased credit risk.” • Grow and enhance our low-cost deposit base. Deposits are our primary source of funds for lending and investment. Core deposits, which we define as all non-time deposits, are a lower- cost and more stable source of funds than time deposits. We are making a concerted effort to increase these lower-cost transaction deposit accounts following a period of relatively higher interest rates during which customers migrated to higher-cost time deposits. As of December 31, 2025, core deposits totaled $720.4 million, or 65.6% of total deposits. We plan to continue to market our core transaction accounts, emphasizing our high-quality service and competitive pricing of these products. We are also developing a full suite of treasury management services for business customers to encourage commercial borrowers to maintain deposit accounts with us and to generate recurring fee income. We view treasury management as a core strategic capability that will support both deposit growth and non-interest income diversification. We may also enter into strategic partnerships, including banking-as-a-service partnerships, to facilitate new account openings and provide a low-cost method to attract and retain core deposits. • Invest in technology to improve efficiency and support scalable growth. We emphasize disciplined expense management to support sustainable profitability and operating leverage. We are investing in updated technology and digital capabilities to improve efficiency, enhance customer experience, and support scalable growth. We currently offer the convenience of certain technology-based products, such as mobile deposit capture, bill pay, card valet, and internet and mobile banking. We may invest in additional initiatives, including enhanced digital account opening, improved self-service capabilities, automation of
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Table of Contents 52 manual workflows, and selective use of advanced analytics to support operational efficiency and decision-making, including potential applications of artificial intelligence products. Management will monitor efficiency metrics relative to our peer institutions and aims to adjust our resource allocation to maintain competitiveness while preserving service quality. • Increase household penetration and non-interest income through private banking services. We are focused on meeting the entire financial needs of our customer base by offering a full complement of banking solutions. Our customer relationships provide opportunities for cross- selling products to existing customers to deepen our “share of wallet.” Further, we plan to explore establishing a private banking offering, designed as a relationship-led, advice-driven financial services model for mass-affluent and emerging-affluent individuals, business owners, professionals, and families whose needs exceed traditional retail banking but who are underserved or excluded by the high minimums and rigid structures of larger regional and national banks. Our existing wealth management business will serve as a natural complement to private banking offerings and provide an opportunity for household-level relationship expansion among both bank customers and wealth management clientele. • Continue to originate consumer loans and provide residential real estate loans through third party partnerships as a complementary offering to support deposit and multi-product relationships. Although we intend to emphasize commercial lending, our retail banking franchise serves as a primary engine for core deposit growth and long-term relationship expansion. Accordingly, we will continue to offer historic retail lending products with a focus on the acquisition, retention and optimization of stable, low-cost deposits, rather than transaction-driven consumer lending growth. Consumer lending products will be positioned as complementary offerings designed to support broader relationships. • Manage credit risk to maintain a low level of non-performing assets. We believe that credit risk management is foundational to our strategy. We maintain a comprehensive enterprise risk management framework designed to identify, measure, monitor, and control risks across all business activities. Risk governance is supported by board oversight, management committees, documented risk appetite parameters, and independent testing and assurance functions. Policies, procedures, and internal controls are reviewed and enhanced as our business model evolves to ensure continued compliance with regulatory requirements and safe and sound operations. We have established an experienced credit team and implemented well-defined policies, a thorough and efficient loan underwriting process, and active credit monitoring. We emphasize conservative underwriting standards, and management believes that maintaining strong governance and control discipline enables us to pursue growth opportunities responsibly while protecting customers, shareholders, and the communities we serve. Our nonperforming assets were $3.7 million, or 0.28% of total assets, as of December 31, 2025. We intend to continue to support our investment in our commercial credit department as we grow our commercial loan portfolio. • Expand our market area through organic growth, while also considering opportunistic acquisitions. We believe opportunities exist to both increase our market share in our historical markets and to continue our growth in contiguous or other counties with desirable characteristics. We intend to grow our balance sheet organically on a managed basis. We may also consider establishing de novo branches. In addition to organic growth, we will also consider acquisition opportunities that we believe would enhance the value of our franchise and yield potential financial benefits for our stockholders. These opportunities may include strategic acquisitions of other financial institutions, financial services companies, branch offices or lines of business, or lift-outs of lending or deposit-gathering teams from other financial institutions, although we have no current plans or understandings regarding any acquisitions.
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Table of Contents 53 Critical Accounting Estimates Our most significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Certain of these accounting policies require management to use significant judgment and estimates, which can have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities, and we consider these policies to be our critical accounting estimates. The judgment and assumptions made are based upon historical experience, future forecasts, or other factors that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because of the nature of the judgment and assumptions, actual results could differ from estimates, which could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The following accounting policy materially affects our reported earnings and financial condition and requires significant judgments and estimates. Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of current expected credit losses considering available information relevant to assessing collectability of cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets necessary to cover lifetime expected credit losses inherent in financial assets at the balance sheet date. The methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the forecasted economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for credit losses. The loan portfolio also represents the largest asset type on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. Our methodology for estimating lifetime expected credit losses for our loan portfolio includes the following key components: a. Segmentation of loans into pools that share common risk characteristics; b. An economic forecast based on the relation of losses with key economic variables for each portfolio segment; c. Reversion period to historical loss experience using a straight-line method; d. Inclusion of qualitative adjustments to consider factors that have not been accounted for, may be changing, or are, by evidence, expected to change; e. Discounted cash flow methodologies to measure credit impairment on each of our loan portfolio segments; f. Evaluation of credit losses for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are estimated on an individual basis. The lifetime losses for individually measured loans are estimated based on one of several methods, including the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, observable market value of similar debt or the present value of expected cash flows; and g. The estimation methodologies for credit losses on unfunded lending-related commitments are similar to the process for estimating credit losses for loans, although with the addition of a probability of draw estimate that is applied to each loan portfolio segment. Our allowance for credit losses for loans totaled $8.4 million and $8.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The $186,000 decrease in our allowance for credit losses for loans was primarily driven by a decrease in our collectively evaluated loans, partially offset by an increase in the allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans. The quantitative component of our allowance for credit losses on collectively evaluated loans, which is largely based on a selection of various economic forecasts, decreased by $181,000 as of December 31, 2025, when compared to December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreased loan balances of indirect automobile loans, partially offset by an update to our loss driver analysis that had an unfavorable impact on the commercial real estate loan probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) factors in the CECL model. The qualitative component of our allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), which is largely based on management’s judgment of qualitative loss factors, decreased during 2025 to account for decreased delinquency and lower net charge-
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Table of Contents 54 offs. A more conservative underwriting approach on our automobile loan portfolio has decreased delinquency rates, and this combined with a simultaneous increase in collateral values, has resulted in decreases to forecasted net charge-offs. Moderate qualitative adjustments were made to account for both of these risks. We also retained moderated qualitative adjustments related to economic conditions as inflationary pressures and higher interest rates continue to have an adverse effect on both consumers and businesses. The following table shows the change in the ACL for collectively evaluated loans: December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Increase/(Decrease) (In thousands) Commercial real estate: Construction $ — $ — $ — Non-residential $ 3,142 $ 2,675 $ 467 Multifamily $ 490 $ 313 $ 177 Commercial and industrial $ 580 $ 664 $ (84) Residential real estate $ 740 $ 575 $ 165 Consumer: Indirect automobile $ 2,824 $ 3,994 $ (1,170) Home equity $ 90 $ 84 $ 6 Other consumer $ 66 $ 75 $ (9) Total $ 7,932 $ 8,380 $ (448) Our allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans totaled $7.9 million as of December 31, 2025, which included $2.8 million of allowance related to indirect automobile loans. In comparison, our allowance related to indirect automobile loans totaled nearly $4.0 million as of December 31, 2024, a reduction of nearly $1.2 million. The allowance amount attributed to qualitative adjustments at year end for indirect automobile loans was $1.3 million, a decrease of approximately $410,000 from December 31, 2024. As previously mentioned, actual as well as forecasted decreases in delinquencies and net charge-offs for automobile loans drove management’s decrease in qualitative loss factors. Our allowance for credit losses for individually analyzed loans is determined using the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. As of December 31, 2025, our allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans increased $262,000 from December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase of individually analyzed commercial and indirect automobile loans. As noted above, we consider a number of variables in our evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. The most significant variables are portfolio growth and any changing historical loss trends within the specific business segments. As of December 31, 2025, $191,000 of the decrease in our allowance for credit losses reflected the reduction in indirect automobile loan originations. Based on our model, if all segments of the portfolio grew by an additional 5% on a year-over-year basis, our allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2025 would have increased by $395,000 to $8.7 million, holding all other variables constant. Conversely, if all segment balances of our loan portfolio had fallen by 5% during the year ended December 31, 2025, our allowance for credit losses would have decreased by $395,000 to $8.0 million, holding all other variables constant. The above hypothetical sensitivity calculation reflect the sensitivity of the allowance but lacks other qualitative adjustments that are part of the quarterly reserving process. As such, this does not necessarily reflect the nature and extent of future changes in the allowance for reasons including increases or decreases in qualitative adjustments, changes in the risk profile of the portfolio, changes in the macroeconomic scenario and/or the range of scenarios under management consideration.
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Table of Contents 55 Selected Financial Data The following selected consolidated financial data sets forth certain financial highlights of the Company and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for 2025 and 2024. At December 31, 2025 2024 (In thousands) Selected Financial Condition Data: Total assets $ 1,301,766 $ 1,255,765 Cash and cash equivalents 101,986 37,484 Securities available-for-sale 162,203 159,947 Loans receivable, net 953,385 971,779 Bank owned life insurance 30,996 30,193 Goodwill and other intangibles 2,341 2,401 Total liabilities 1,164,914 1,133,932 Deposits 1,097,340 1,020,783 Federal Home Loan Bank advances 25,153 69,773 Subordinated debt 5,155 5,155 Total stockholders’ equity $ 136,852 $ 121,833 For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 (In thousands, except per share data) Selected Operating Data: Interest and dividend income $ 68,873 $ 63,222 Interest expense 22,480 25,527 Net interest income 46,393 37,695 Provision for credit losses 1,659 2,800 Net interest income after provision for credit losses 44,734 34,895 Non-interest income (loss) 6,971 (8,984) Non-interest expense 39,020 36,848 Income (loss) before income tax expense 12,685 (10,937) Income tax expense (benefit) 2,640 (2,317) Net income (loss) $ 10,045 $ (8,620) Earnings (loss) per share (diluted) $ 0.92 $ (0.80)
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Table of Contents 56 At or For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Performance Ratios: Return (loss) on average assets(1) 0.78% (0.67)% Return (loss) on average equity(2) 7.77% (7.31)% Interest rate spread(3) 3.23% 2.44% Net interest margin(4) 3.89% 3.17% Efficiency ratio(5) 73.12% 82.34% Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities 134.72% 133.68% Total loans to total assets 73.61% 77.64% Equity to assets(6) 10.09% 9.23% Capital Ratios(7): Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) 14.40% 12.63% Tier I capital (to risk-weighted assets) 13.57% 11.81% Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) 13.57% 11.81% Tier 1 capital (to adjusted total assets) 10.62% 10.07% Asset Quality Ratios: Allowance for credit losses as a percent of total loans 0.87% 0.88% Allowance for credit losses as a percent of non-performing loans 225.76% 206.56% Net charge-offs to average outstanding loans 0.20% 0.24% Non-performing loans as a percent of total loans 0.39% 0.42% Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets 0.28% 0.33% Other Data: Book value per common share $ 12.28 $ 10.98 Number of offices(8) 15 15 (1) Represents net income divided by average total assets. (2) Represents net income divided by average equity. (3) Represents the difference between the weighted average yield on average interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost on average interest-bearing liabilities. (4) Represents net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets. (5) Represents non-interest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and non-interest income. (6) Represents average equity divided by average total assets. (7) Capital ratios are for Rhinebeck Bank only. Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. is not subject to the minimum consolidated capital requirements as a small bank holding company with assets less than $3.0 billion. (8) Includes our corporate office, 12 branch offices and two representative offices.
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Table of Contents 57 Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 Total Assets. Total assets were $1.30 billion at December 31, 2025, representing an increase of $46.0 million, or 3.7%, compared to $1.26 billion at December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increases in: cash and cash equivalents of $64.5 million, or 172.1%, available for sale securities of $2.3 million, or 1.4%, and other assets of $2.1 million, or 9.0%. The increase in total assets was partially offset by decreases in net loans of $18.4 million, or 1.9%, deferred tax assets of $3.2 million, or 39.1%, and FHLB stock of $2.0 million, or 50.6%. Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents increased by $64.5 million, or 172.1%, to $102.0 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $37.5 million as of December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by increases in interest-earning deposits and cash inflows from loan maturities during the year, offset by a decrease in Federal Home Loan Bank advances. Investment Securities Available for Sale. Investment securities available for sale increased $2.3 million, or 1.4%, to $162.2 million at December 31, 2025 from $159.9 million at December 31, 2024. The increase was due to $49.0 million in purchases and a $5.3 million reduction in unrealized losses, partially offset by $52.2 million in paydowns, calls, and maturities. The $5.3 million reduction in unrealized losses was primarily due to the balance sheet restructuring in 2024 in which we sold lower-yielding securities and reinvested the proceeds in higher-yielding securities with a shorter duration. Net Loans. Net loans receivable were $953.4 million at December 31, 2025, a decrease of $18.4 million, or 1.9%, as compared to $971.8 million at December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in indirect automobile loans of $81.9 million, or 27.7%, reflecting a strategic decision to decrease that loan portfolio as a percentage of the balance sheet. At December 31, 2025, indirect automobile loans were 16.4% of assets, compared to 23.5% at December 31, 2024. Partially offsetting the decrease in automobile loans were increases in commercial real estate loans of $52.1 million, or 10.8%, and residential real estate loans of $13.4 million, or 15.5%. The increase in commercial real estate loans was primarily due to four loans totaling $43.3 million secured by a 2-4 family unit, a retail shopping center, a medical building and an auto dealership. The increase in residential real estate loans reflected the strategic decision to hold new production in our portfolio instead of selling these loans. Allowance for Credit Losses. During the year, the allowance for credit losses decreased $186,000, or 2.2%, reflecting a decrease of expected losses in our loan portfolio due to the decrease in loans, particularly automobile loans that carry a higher general reserve, partially offset by an increase in the allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans primarily due to the increase in commercial and industrial loans. Non- accrual loans decreased $434,000, or 10.5%, to $3.7 million at December 31, 2025 from $4.1 million at December 31, 2024. We had no other real estate owned as of December 31, 2025 or 2024. Past due loans decreased $2.2 million, or 13.0%, between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, finishing at $14.5 million, or 1.52%, of total loans, down from $16.7 million, or 1.71%, of total loans at year-end 2024. The decrease was most notable in indirect automobile loans, reflecting the positive impact of more conservative underwriting standards. Our allowance for credit losses was 0.87% of total loans and 225.76% of non- performing loans at December 31, 2025 as compared to 0.88% of total loans and 206.56% of non-performing loans at December 31, 2024. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock. FHLB stock decreased $2.0 million, or 50.6%, to $2.0 million at December 31, 2025, from $4.0 million at December 31, 2024, primarily due to a reduction in the shares required to support borrowing activity as advances from the FHLB decreased. Deferred Tax Assets. Deferred tax assets decreased $3.2 million, or 39.1%, to $4.9 million at December 31, 2025, primarily due to a decrease in the unrealized loss on available for sale securities resulting from the balance sheet restructuring in 2024. The unrealized loss on available for sale securities, net of taxes, was $6.3 million at December 31, 2025 as compared to $10.5 million at December 31, 2024.
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Table of Contents 58 Total Liabilities. Total liabilities increased $31.0 million, or 2.7%, to $1.16 billion at December 31, 2025 from $1.13 billion at December 31, 2024 primarily due to an increase in deposits of $76.6 million, partially offset by a decrease in advances from the FHLB of $44.6 million, or 64.0%. Deposits. Deposits increased $76.6 million, or 7.5%, to $1.10 billion at December 31, 2025 from $1.02 billion at December 31, 2024. Interest bearing accounts increased $87.4 million, or 11.2%, to $870.1 million while non-interest bearing balances decreased $10.9 million, or 4.6%, finishing the year at $227.3 million. The increase in interest bearing accounts represented an increase in money market deposits of $53.4 million, or 28.3%, and time deposits of $39.3 million, or 11.6%, which was offset by a decrease in savings accounts of $5.4 million, or 4.1%. The growth in money market accounts and time deposits were primarily due to depositors seeking higher interest rates, which contributed to the decrease in non-interest bearing and lower interest-bearing deposits. We participate in reciprocal deposit programs, obtained through the Certificate Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS) and IntraFi Cash Service (ICS) networks, that provide access to FDIC-insured deposit products in aggregate amounts exceeding the current limits for depositors. This allows us to maintain deposits that might otherwise be uninsured. Our reciprocal deposits obtained through the CDARS and ICS networks totaled $21.9 million and $13.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025. At December 31, 2024, we had reciprocal deposits obtained through CDARS and ICS networks of $25.4 million and $13.5 million, respectively. We had no brokered deposits at December 31, 2025 and 2024. Borrowed Funds. Advances from the FHLB decreased $44.6 million, or 64.0%, from $69.8 million at December 31, 2024 to $25.2 million at December 31, 2025 primarily due to increased cash balances and deposit growth, which were used to reduce outstanding borrowings. Stockholders’ Equity. Stockholders' equity increased $15.0 million, or 12.3%, to $136.9 million at December 31, 2025. The increase was primarily due to net income of $10.0 million and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $5.0 reflecting the results of the balance sheet restructuring. Our ratio of average equity to average assets was 10.09% for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 9.23% for the year ended December 31, 2024. Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 Net Income. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $10.0 million, compared to net loss of $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $18.7 million. Diluted earnings per share was $0.92 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to diluted loss per share of $0.80 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to a balance sheet restructuring in 2024, which resulted in a $16.0 million loss on sale of securities. Net income was also impacted by an increase in net interest income, a decrease in the provision for credit losses and an increase in non-interest expense. Interest and dividend income increased $5.7 million, or 8.9%, interest expense decreased $3.0 million, or 11.9%, and the provision for credit losses decreased $1.1 million, or 40.8%. Non-interest income increased $16.0 million, reflecting the loss on securities in 2024, while non-interest expenses increased $2.2 million, or 5.9%, as compared to 2024. Taxes increased by $5.0 million due to the 2025 net income, in contrast to the net loss in 2024. Net Interest Income. Net interest income increased $8.7 million, or 23.1%, to $46.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by higher yields on interest-earning asset balances, lower costs on interest-bearing liability balances, an increase in the average balance of cash and cash equivalents and a decrease in the average balance of Federal Home Loan Bank advances. The yield on interest earning assets increased 46 basis points to 5.77% in 2025 from 5.31% in 2024, primarily due to the balance sheet restructuring and a higher percentage of commercial real estate loans. The costs of interest bearing liabilities decreased 33 basis points to 2.54% in 2025 from 2.87% in 2024 driven by competitive market forces, a declining interest rate environment and a decrease in Federal Home Loan Bank advances. The interest rate spread increased by 79 basis points to 3.23%. The net interest margin was 3.89% for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 3.17% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities increased 0.8% to 134.72%.
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Table of Contents 59 Interest Income. Interest income increased $5.7 million, or 8.9%, to $68.9 million for 2025 from $63.2 million for 2024. The increase resulted primarily from increased asset yields and an increase in the average balance of cash and cash equivalents. The average yield on loans increased to 6.24% for 2025 from 5.86% in 2024. The average yield on investment securities increased to 3.25% for 2025 from 2.14% for 2024. The average yield on interest-bearing depository accounts decreased to 4.36% for 2025 from 5.29% for 2024. Average interest earning assets increased $3.0 million from $1.190 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $1.193 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase in average interest earning assets during 2025 compared to 2024 included an increase in interest-bearing depository accounts of $38.8 million, partially offset by decreases of $27.2 million and $6.7 million in available for sale securities and average loan balances, respectively. Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased $3.0 million, or 11.9%, to $22.5 million for 2025 from $25.5 million for 2024. This was primarily due to a 33 basis point decrease in the overall cost of interest bearing liabilities to 2.54% for 2025 from 2.87% for 2024 along with a decrease in average interest bearing liability balances of $4.6 million, or 0.5%, year over year. The average balance of FHLB advances decreased $42.8 million, while the cost decreased 54 basis points. The average balance of the total interest-bearing deposits increased by $38.7 million (primarily in money market accounts and certificates of deposit), while the cost decreased 21 basis points. Provision for Credit Losses. We record a provision for credit losses, which is recognized in earnings. Under the CECL model, we are required to make assumptions of credit quality, macroeconomic factors and conditions, and loan composition. The calculation is inherently subjective due to the use of estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available or as future events occur. Although we believe that we use the best information available to establish the allowance for credit losses, based on industry standards and historical experience, future additions to the allowance may be necessary, as a result of changes in economic conditions and other factors. In addition, the FDIC and NYSDFS, as an integral part of their examination process, will periodically review our allowance for credit losses. These agencies may require us to recognize adjustments to the allowance, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. We recorded a provision for credit losses of $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of $1.1 million, or 40.8%, as compared to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Of this decrease, $1.1 million is related to the provision for credit losses on loans, while the provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments decreased $78,000. The decrease to the provision was primarily attributable to lower net charge-offs and updates to assumptions on prepayments and other qualitative and quantitative components in our expected credit loss analysis. Net charge-offs decreased $462,000, or 19.3%, to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreased net charge-offs on indirect automobile and commercial loans, partially offset by increased net charge-offs on commercial real estate loans. The percentage of overdue account balances to total loans decreased to 1.52% at December 31, 2025 from 1.71% at December 31, 2024, while non-performing assets decreased $434,000, or 10.5%, to $3.7 million at December 31, 2025. Non-Interest Income. Non-interest income totaled $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a net loss of $9.0 million for 2024, representing an increase of $16.0 million. The net loss in 2024 was primarily attributable to a $16.0 million loss on the sale of investment securities in connection with our 2024 balance sheet restructuring. Excluding this loss, non-interest income would have decreased by $86,000, from $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, to $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. The decrease in non-interest income reflected a $413,000 decrease in income related to life insurance proceeds recognized during the fourth quarter of 2024, a $22,000 decrease in investment advisory income and an $18,000 decrease on service charges on deposit accounts. These decreases were largely offset by a $223,000, or 18.4%, increase in other non-interest income, primarily due to higher swap income, and a $92,000 increase in gain on the sales of loans.
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Table of Contents 60 Non-Interest Expense. For the year ended December 31, 2025, non-interest expense totaled $39.0 million, representing an increase of $2.2 million, or 5.9%, compared to $36.8 million in 2024. The increase was driven primarily by higher compensation and operating costs across several categories. Salaries and employee benefits rose $1.2 million, or 6.1%, largely reflecting higher incentive-based compensation, production commissions, and annual merit increases implemented to attract and retain talent. Other non- interest expense increased $629,000, or 9.7%, primarily due to higher retail banking and administrative costs. Marketing expense increased $271,000, or 46.1%, data processing expense rose $145,000, or 7.1%, and occupancy expense increased $91,000, or 2.1%, reflecting higher facilities-related costs. These increases were partially offset by decreases in professional fees of $123,000, or 6.4%, and FDIC deposit insurance and other insurance costs of $63,000, or 5.7%. Income Taxes. Income tax provision increased by $5.0 million to an expense of $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to a benefit of $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to pre-tax net income recorded in 2025 as compared to a pre-tax net loss recorded in 2024. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 20.81% compared to 21.18% in 2024. The statutory tax rate was impacted by the benefits derived mainly from tax-exempt bond income and income received on the bank owned life insurance to arrive at the effective tax rate.
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Table of Contents 61 Average Balance Sheets for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 The following tables set forth average balance sheets, average yields and costs, and certain other information for the periods indicated. No tax-equivalent yield adjustments have been made, as the effects would be immaterial. All average balances are daily average balances. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees and discounts and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income. Loan balances include loans held for sale. Deferred loan fees included in interest income totaled $218,000 and $60,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Average Interest and Average Interest and Balance Dividends Yield/Cost Balance Dividends Yield/Cost (Dollars in thousands)Assets: Interest-bearing depository accounts $ 59,805 $ 2,606 4.36 % $ 21,042 $ 1,113 5.29 % Loans(1) 980,540 61,157 6.24 % 987,212 57,835 5.86 % Available-for-sale securities 150,063 4,872 3.25 % 177,214 3,799 2.14 % Other interest-earning assets 2,784 238 8.55 % 4,689 475 10.13 % Total interest-earning assets 1,193,192 68,873 5.77 % 1,190,157 63,222 5.31 % Non-interest-earning assets 88,381 88,221 Total assets $ 1,281,573 $ 1,278,378 Liabilities and equity: NOW accounts $ 120,816 $ 245 0.20 % $ 124,061 $ 175 0.14 % Money market accounts 222,719 5,828 2.62 % 187,615 4,971 2.65 % Savings accounts 132,153 520 0.39 % 141,189 511 0.36 % Certificates of deposit 355,027 13,814 3.89 % 339,133 15,528 4.58 % Total interest-bearing deposits 830,715 20,407 2.46 % 791,998 21,185 2.67 % Escrow accounts 9,705 110 1.13 % 9,210 108 1.17 % Federal Home Loan Bank advances 40,117 1,616 4.03 % 82,915 3,787 4.57 % Subordinated debt 5,155 347 6.73 % 5,155 390 7.57 % Other interest-bearing liabilities — — —% 1,043 57 5.47 % Total other interest-bearing liabilities 54,977 2,073 3.77 % 98,323 4,342 4.42 % Total interest-bearing liabilities 885,692 22,480 2.54 % 890,321 25,527 2.87 % Non-interest-bearing deposits 236,431 242,603 Other non-interest-bearing liabilities 30,127 27,515 Total liabilities 1,152,250 1,160,439 Total stockholders’ equity 129,323 117,939 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,281,573 $ 1,278,378 Net interest income $ 46,393 $ 37,695 Interest rate spread 3.23 % 2.44 % Net interest margin(2) 3.89 % 3.17 % Average interest-earning assets toaverage interest-bearing liabilities 134.72 % 133.68 % (1) Non-accruing loans are included in the outstanding loan balance. (2) Represents the difference between interest earned and interest paid, divided by average total interest earning assets.
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Table of Contents 62 Rate/Volume Analysis The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the years indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The net column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. We do not have any excludable out-of-period items or adjustments. Year Ended December 31, 2025Compared to Year EndedDecember 31, 2024 Increase (Decrease)Due to Volume Rate Net Interest income: Interest bearing depository accounts $ 1,721 $ (228) $ 1,493 Loans receivable (393) 3,715 3,322 Available for sale securities (651) 1,723 1,072 Other interest-earning assets (171) (65) (236) Total interest-earning assets 506 5,145 5,651 Interest expense: Deposits 1,004 (1,782) (778) Escrow accounts 5 (4) 1 Federal Home Loan Bank advances (1,767) (404) (2,171) Subordinated debt — (43) (43) Other interest-bearing liabilities (28) (28) (56) Total interest-bearing liabilities (786) (2,261) (3,047) Net increase in net interest income $ 1,292 $ 7,406 $ 8,698 Management of Market Risk General. The majority of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Consequently, our most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk. Our assets, consisting primarily of loans, have longer maturities than our liabilities, consisting primarily of deposits. As a result, a principal part of our business strategy is to manage our exposure to changes in market interest rates. Accordingly, the board of directors maintains a management-level Asset/Liability Management Committee (the “ALCO”), which takes initial responsibility for reviewing the asset/liability management process and related procedures, establishing and monitoring reporting systems and ascertaining that established asset/liability strategies are being maintained. On at least a quarterly basis, the ALCO reviews and reports asset/liability management outcomes with the board of directors. This committee also implements any changes in strategies and reviews the performance of any specific asset/liability management actions that have been implemented. We try to manage our interest rate risk to minimize the exposure of our earnings and capital to changes in market interest rates. We have implemented the following strategies to manage our interest rate risk: originating loans with adjustable interest rates, holding more residential mortgage loans in our portfolio, promoting core deposit products and managing the interest rates and maturities of funding sources, as favorably as possible. By following these strategies, we believe that we can be better positioned to react to changes in market interest rates.
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Table of Contents Net Economic Value Simulation. We analyze our sensitivity to changes in interest rates through a net economic value of equity (“EVE”) model. EVE represents the present value of the expected cash flows from our assets less the present value of the expected cash flows arising from our liabilities adjusted for the value of off-balance sheet contracts. The EVE ratio represents the dollar amount of our EVE divided by the present value of our total assets for a given interest rate scenario. EVE attempts to quantify our economic value using a discounted cash flow methodology while the EVE ratio reflects that value as a form of capital ratio. We estimate what our EVE would be at a specific date. We then calculate what the EVE would be at the same date throughout a series of interest rate scenarios representing immediate and permanent, parallel shifts in the yield curve. We currently calculate EVE under the assumptions that interest rates increase 100 to 400 basis points from current market rates and that interest rates decrease from 100 to 400 basis points from current market rates. The following table presents the estimated changes in our EVE that would result from changes in market interest rates at December 31, 2025. All estimated changes presented in the table are within the policy limits approved by our board of directors. Net Economic Value as a Net Economic Value Percentage of Assets Dollar Dollar Percent EVE Percent Basis Point Change in Interest Rates Amount Change Change Ratio Change (Dollars in thousands) 400 $ 192,105 $ 6,666 3.6% 15.87% 10.6% 300 191,657 6,218 3.4% 15.59% 8.7% 200 190,620 5,181 2.8% 15.25% 6.3% 100 188,716 3,277 1.8% 14.85% 3.5% 0 185,439 — —% 14.34% —% (100) 179,879 (5,560) (3.0)% 13.69% (4.6)% (200) 169,813 (15,626) (8.4)% 12.71% (11.4)% (300) 154,136 (31,303) (16.9)% 11.36% (20.8)% (400) 136,930 (48,509) (26.2)% 9.88% (31.1)% The table above shows that in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point increase in interest rates, our EVE would increase by 2.8% and in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point decrease in interest rates, our EVE would decrease by 8.4%. Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodologies used in the above interest rate risk measurements. Modeling changes require making certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. The table above assumes that the composition of our interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the date indicated remains constant uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the table provides an indication of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on our EVE and will differ from actual results. Liquidity Management We maintain liquid assets at levels we consider adequate to meet both our short and long-term liquidity needs. We adjust our liquidity levels to fund deposit outflows, repay our borrowings and to fund loan commitments. We also adjust liquidity as appropriate to meet asset and liability management objectives. Our primary sources of liquidity are deposits, amortization and prepayment of loans and mortgage- backed securities, maturities of investment securities and other short-term investments, and earnings and funds provided from operations, as well as access to FHLB advances and other borrowings. While scheduled principal repayments on loans and mortgage-backed securities are a relatively predictable source of funds, deposit flows, loan sales and prepayments are greatly influenced by market interest rates, economic
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63 conditions, interest rate risk management and rates offered by our competition. We set the interest rates on our deposits in an attempt to maintain a desired level of total deposits.
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Table of Contents 64 As reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows, our cash flows are classified for financial reporting purposes as operating, investing, or financing activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $11.7 million and $8.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These amounts differ from net income due to certain non-cash items and changes in operating assets and liabilities that did not affect net income during the respective periods. Net cash provided by investing activities was $21.2 million in 2025 compared to $74.7 million in 2024. Investing cash flows primarily reflect activity in the securities portfolio and changes in loan balances. The $16.7 million decrease in loans was a significant contributor to cash provided by investing activities in 2025, while higher securities maturities, calls and purchases drove investing cash flows in 2024. Deposit and borrowing activity continues to comprise the majority of our financing cash flows. Net cash provided by financing activities was $31.6 million in 2025, compared to net cash used of $67.9 million in 2024, primarily reflecting deposit growth partially offset by reductions in short-term borrowings. At December 31, 2025, we had the following main sources of availability of liquid funds and borrowings: (In thousands) Total Available liquid funds: Cash and cash equivalents $ 101,986 Unencumbered securities 59,424 Availability of borrowings: Zions Bank line of credit 10,000 Pacific Coast Bankers Bank line of credit 50,000 FHLB secured line of credit 337,158 FRB secured line of credit 155,646 Total available sources of funds $ 714,214 The Bank has access to a preapproved secured line of credit with the FHLB. At December 31, 2025, the Bank had pledged $514.8 million of assets to the FHLB, which resulted in a secured line of credit of $362.3 million. At December 31, 2025, the Bank had borrowed $25.2 million under this line, with remaining secured borrowing capacity of $337.2 million. The following table summarizes our main contractual obligations and other commitments to make future payments as of December 31, 2025. The amount of the obligations presented in the table reflect principal amounts only and exclude the amount of interest we are obligated to pay. Also excluded from the table are a number of obligations to be settled in cash. These excluded items are reflected in our consolidated balance sheet and include deposits with no stated maturity, trade payables, and accrued interest payable. December 31, 2025 (In thousands) Total One Year or Less After One but within Five Years After 5 Years Payments Due: Federal Home Loan Bank advances $ 25,153 $ 1,614 $ 23,539 $ — Operating lease agreements 8,739 692 2,550 5,497 Subordinated debt 5,155 — — 5,155 Time deposits with stated maturity dates 376,940 335,787 41,153 — Total contractual obligations $ 415,987 $ 338,093 $ 67,242 $ 10,652 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. In the normal course of operations, we engage in a variety of financial transactions that, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) are not recorded in our financial statements. These transactions involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit, interest rate and liquidity risk. Such transactions are used primarily to manage customers’ requests for funding and take the form of loan commitments and lines of credit. For information about our loan commitments, letters of credit and unused lines of credit, see Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For 2025, we did not engage in any off-balance-sheet transactions other than loan origination commitments and standby letters of credit in the normal course of our lending activities.
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Table of Contents 65 Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices The financial statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The primary impact of inflation on our operations is reflected in increased operating costs. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates, generally, have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than does inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk For information regarding market risk, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operation — Management of Market Risk.” Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The Financial Statements are included beginning on page F-1 of this annual report on Form 10-K. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not Applicable. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures (a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d- 15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the fiscal year (the “Evaluation Date”). Based upon that evaluation, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. (b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective and met the criteria of the “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)” as of December 31, 2025. (c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm. Not applicable because the Company is a non-accelerated filer.
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Table of Contents 66 (d) Changes in Internal Controls. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information Trading arrangements of Section 16 Reporting Persons. During the quarter ended December 31, 2025, no person who is required to file reports pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with respect to holdings of, and transactions in, the Company’s common shares (i.e. directors and certain officers of the Company) maintained, adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1(c) arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Section 229.408 of the regulations of the SEC. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable.
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Table of Contents 67 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Information regarding directors, executive officers and corporate governance of the Company is presented under the headings “Other Information Relating to Directors and Executive Officers — Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports Compliance,” “Proposal 1 — Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance — Code of Ethics for Senior Officers,” “— Committees of the Board of Directors — Audit Committee” and “— Insider Trading Policy and Arrangements” in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference. A copy of the Code of Ethics for Senior Officers is available to shareholders of the “Investor Relations” portion of the Bank’s website of www.rhinebeckbank.com. Item 11. Executive Compensation Information regarding executive compensation is presented under the headings “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is presented under the heading “Stock Ownership” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding options and shares under the 2020 Equity Compensation Plan and the 2025 Equity Incentive Plan at December 31, 2025: Plan Category Number of Securitiesto be Issued UponExercise ofOutstanding Options Weighted-AverageExercise Price ofOutstanding Options Number of SecuritiesRemaining for FutureIssuance under EquityCompensation Plans Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders 258,830 $ 6.57 139,924 Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders - - - Total 258,830 $ 6.57 139,924 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence is presented under the heading “Corporate Governance — Director Independence” and “Other Information Relating to Directors and Executive Officers — Transactions with Certain Related Persons” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Information regarding principal accounting fees and services is presented under the heading “Proposal 2 — Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accountants” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
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Table of Contents 68 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a)(1) Financial Statements The following documents are filed as part of this annual report on Form 10-K. (A) Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms (B) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition — at December 31, 2025 and 2024 (C) Consolidated Statements of Income - Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (D) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income — Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (E) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity — Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (F) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (G) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules None. (a)(3) Exhibits 2 Plan of Conversion and Reorganization of Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2026) 3.1 Articles of Incorporation of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333-227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018.) 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 27, 2019) 4.1 Form of Common Stock Certificate of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333- 227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018.) 4.2 Indenture, dated as of March 30, 2005, by and between Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC, as Issuer, and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee (Incorporated by reference to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2019) 4.3 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 16, 2019, by and among Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee, Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC (Incorporated by reference to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2019) 4.4 Description of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Securities (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 26, 2020) 10.1* Retirement Separation Agreement dated effective as of March 21, 2025, by and among Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., Rhinebeck Bank, and Michael J. Quinn, (Incorporated by reference to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 21, 2025) 10.2* Employment Agreement between Rhinebeck Bank and Jamie J. Bloom (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333-227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018) 10.3* Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between Rhinebeck Bank and Michael J. Quinn dated January 1, 2008 (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333-227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018) 10.4* Rhinebeck Bank Split Dollar Life Insurance Plan (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333-227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018)
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Table of Contents 69 10.5* Rhinebeck Bank Executive Short-Term Incentive and Retention Plan (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333-227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018) 10.6* Rhinebeck Bank Executive Long-Term Incentive and Retention Plan (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333-227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018) 10.7* New Director Fee Continuation Agreement between Rhinebeck Bank and William C. Irwin dated January 1, 2008 (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S- 1 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (File no. 333-227266), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2018) 10.8* Change in Control Agreement between Rhinebeck Bank and Kevin Nihill (Incorporated by reference to Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 25, 2024) 10.9* Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2020) 10.10* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-239811), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 10, 2020) 10.11* Form of Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-239811), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 10, 2020) 10.12* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-239811), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 10, 2020) 10.13* Employment Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2025, by and among Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc., Rhinebeck Bank and Matthew J. Smith (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 16, 2025). 10.14* Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 15, 2025 (File No. 001-38779)) 19 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc, Insider Trading Policy (Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 25, 2025) 21 Subsidiaries of Registrant 23.1 Consent of Wolf & Company, P.C. 31.1 Certification required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 31.2 Certification required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 97 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. Clawback Policy (Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 26, 2024) 101 The following materials from the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2025, formatted in inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) * Denotes a compensatory plan or agreement.
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Table of Contents 70 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None.
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Table of Contents F-1 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Table of Contents December 31, 2025 and 2024 Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 392) F-2 Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition F-4 Consolidated Statements of Income F-5 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income F-6 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity F-7 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-9
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Table of Contents F-2 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
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Table of Contents F-3 Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans Evaluated on a Pooled Basis Critical Audit Matter Description As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the financial statements, the Company has recorded an allowance for credit losses (ACL) for its loan portfolio in the amount of $8.4 million as of December 31, 2025, representing management’s estimate of credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Company’s loan portfolio as of that date. Management determined the amounts, and corresponding provision for credit loss expense for the year, pursuant to the application of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. The Company incorporates the use of third-party software to arrive at an expected life-of-loan loss amount based on a discounted cash flow estimate at the loan level. The amount and timing of cash flows is determined using assumptions for probability of default and loss given default (PD/LGD); expected term; and forecasted economic factors. The results of these calculations are then qualitatively adjusted by management based on pool-specific attributes. We determined that performing procedures relating to these components of the Company’s methodology is a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination are (i) the application of significant judgment and estimation on the part of management, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence obtained, and (ii) significant audit effort was necessary in evaluating management’s methodology, significant assumptions and calculations. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Addressing the above matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included, among others, the following: ● Evaluating the segmentation of loans into pools with similar risk characteristics. ● Testing assumptions used in the calculation of discounted cash flows, including prepayment speeds and expected loan terms. ● Testing management’s process for determining the qualitative reserve components. ● Testing the completeness and accuracy of data used in the model. /s/ Wolf & Company, P.C. Boston, Massachusetts March 13, 2026 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.
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Table of Contents F-4 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (In thousands, except share and per share data) December 31, 2025 2024 Assets Cash and due from banks $ 16,918 $ 18,561 Federal funds sold 83,157 18,309 Interest-bearing depository accounts 1,911 614 Total cash and cash equivalents 101,986 37,484 Available-for-sale securities (at fair value) 162,203 159,947 Loans receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $8,353 and $8,539, respectively) 953,385 971,779 Federal Home Loan Bank stock 1,957 3,960 Accrued interest receivable 4,882 4,435 Cash surrender value of life insurance 30,996 30,193 Deferred tax assets (net of valuation allowance of $809 and $1,336, respectively) 4,941 8,114 Premises and equipment, net 13,621 14,105 Goodwill 2,235 2,235 Intangible assets, net 106 166 Other assets 25,454 23,347 Total assets $1,301,766 $1,255,765 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities Deposits Non-interest bearing $ 227,272 $ 238,126 Interest bearing 870,068 782,657 Total deposits 1,097,340 1,020,783 Mortgagors’ escrow accounts 9,399 9,425 Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank 25,153 69,773 Subordinated debt 5,155 5,155 Accrued expenses and other liabilities 27,867 28,796 Total liabilities 1,164,914 1,133,932 Stockholders’ Equity Preferred stock (par value $0.01 per share; 5,000,000 authorized, no shares issued) — — Common stock (par value $0.01; authorized 25,000,000; issued and outstanding 11,141,033 and 11,094,828 at December 31,2025 and 2024, respectively) 112 111 Additional paid-in capital 45,710 45,946 Unearned common stock held by the employee stock ownership plan (2,837) (3,055) Retained earnings 101,797 91,766 Accumulated other comprehensive loss: Net unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes (6,255) (10,480) Defined benefit pension plan, net of taxes (1,675) (2,455) Total accumulated other comprehensive loss (7,930) (12,935) Total stockholders’ equity 136,852 121,833 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $1,301,766 $1,255,765 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents F-5 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Consolidated Statements of Income (In thousands, except share and per share data) Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Interest and Dividend Income Interest and fees on loans $ 61,157 $ 57,835 Interest and dividends on securities 5,110 4,274 Other interest income 2,606 1,113 Total interest and dividend income 68,873 63,222 Interest Expense Interest expense on deposits 20,517 21,294 Interest expense on borrowings 1,963 4,233 Total interest expense 22,480 25,527 Net interest income 46,393 37,695 Provision for Credit Losses 1,659 2,800 Net interest income after provision for credit losses 44,734 34,895 Non-interest Income (Loss) Service charges on deposit accounts 2,984 3,002 Net realized loss on sales of securities — (16,041) Net gain on sales of loans 252 160 Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance 780 751 Net gain from sale of other real estate owned — 4 Net gain (loss) on disposal of premises and equipment 9 (18) Gain on life insurance — 413 Investment advisory income 1,510 1,532 Other 1,436 1,213 Total non-interest income (loss) 6,971 (8,984) Non-interest Expense Salaries and employee benefits 21,614 20,372 Occupancy 4,357 4,266 Data processing 2,186 2,041 Professional fees 1,807 1,930 Marketing 859 588 FDIC deposit insurance and other insurance 1,042 1,105 Amortization of intangible assets 60 80 Other 7,095 6,466 Total non-interest expense 39,020 36,848 Net income (loss) before income taxes 12,685 (10,937) Net Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes 2,640 (2,317) Net income (loss) $ 10,045 $ (8,620) Earnings (loss) per common share: Basic $ 0.93 $ (0.80) Diluted $ 0.92 $ (0.80) Weighted average shares outstanding, basic 10,806,021 10,757,750 Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted 10,957,428 10,757,750 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents F-6 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Net Income (Loss) $ 10,045 $ (8,620) Other Comprehensive Income Unrealized holding gains arising during the period 5,348 3,702 Reclassification adjustment for (gains) or losses included in net realized gains or losses on sales of securities on the consolidated statements of income — 16,041 Net unrealized gains on available for sale securities 5,348 19,743 Tax effect (1,123) (4,146) Unrealized gains on available for sale securities, net of tax 4,225 15,597 Defined benefit pension plan: Actuarial gains arising during the period 840 925 Reclassification adjustment for amortization of net actuarial loss 147 298 Total 987 1,223 Tax effect (207) (257) Defined benefit pension plan gains, net of tax 780 966 Other comprehensive income: 5,005 16,563 Total Comprehensive Income $ 15,050 $ 7,943 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents F-7 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Dollars in thousands) Unearned Accumulated Additional Common OtherCommon Paid-in Stock Held Retained Comprehensive Stock Capital by the ESOP Earnings Loss Total Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 111 $ 45,959 $ (3,273) $ 100,386 $ (29,498) $ 113,685 Net loss — — — (8,620) — (8,620)Other comprehensive income — — — — 16,563 16,563ESOP shares committed to be allocated — (32) 218 — — 186 Share-based compensation expense — 19 — — — 19 Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 111 $ 45,946 $ (3,055) $ 91,766 $ (12,935) $ 121,833 Net income — — — 10,045 — 10,045 Other comprehensive income — — — — 5,005 5,005 ESOP shares committed to be allocated — 25 218 — — 243 Share-based compensation expense — 39 — — — 39 Exercise of options (154,100 shares) 1 (1) — — — —Share redemption for tax withholding(99,787 shares) — (218) — — — (218)Repurchase of common stock (8,108shares) — (81) — (14) — (95) Balance at December 31, 2025 $ 112 $ 45,710 $ (2,837) $ 101,797 $ (7,930) $ 136,852 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents F-8 Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Cash Flows from Operating ActivitiesNet income (loss) $ 10,045 $ (8,620)Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on investments, net (158) 45Net realized loss on sales of securities — 16,041Net realized gain on sale of other real estate owned — (4)Provision for credit losses 1,659 2,800Loans originated for sale (7,562) (6,757)Proceeds from sale of loans 7,814 7,825 Net gain on sale of loans (252) (160)Amortization of intangible assets 60 80Depreciation and amortization 1,298 1,343Net (gain) loss from disposal of premises and equipment (9) 18Deferred income tax expense (benefit) 1,842 (2,581)Increase in cash surrender value of insurance (780) (751)Gain on life insurance — (413)Net (increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable (447) 181Expense of earned ESOP shares 243 186Share-based compensation expense 39 19Net increase in other assets (2,107) (4,280) Net increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities 58 3,498 Net cash provided by operating activities 11,743 8,470 Cash Flows from Investing Activities Proceeds from sales and calls of securities 500 74,987Proceeds from maturities and principal repayments of securities 51,744 32,137 Purchases of securities (48,994) (71,429)Net purchases of FHLB Stock 2,003 2,554Net decrease in loans 16,736 33,364Purchases of bank owned life insurance (23) (23)Purchases of bank premises and equipment (850) (791)Proceeds from disposal of premises and equipment 45 2,892Net proceeds from life insurance — 1,025Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned — 29 Net cash provided by investing activities 21,161 74,745 Cash Flows from Financing Activities Net increase (decrease) in demand deposits, NOW, money market and savings accounts 37,256 (29,313)Net increase in time deposits 39,301 19,593Net (decrease) increase in mortgagors' escrow accounts (26) 151Net decrease in short-term debt (44,836) (33,550)Net increase (decrease) in long-term debt 216 (24,741)Share redemption for tax withholding (218) — Stock repurchase (95) — Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 31,598 (67,860) Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 64,502 15,355Cash and Cash Equivalents Beginning balance 37,484 22,129 Ending balance $ 101,986 $ 37,484 Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Cash paid for: Interest $ 22,349 $ 26,078 Income taxes $ 603 $ 874 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-9 1. Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies The consolidated financial statements include accounts of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”), a stock holding company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Rhinebeck Bank (the “Bank”), a New York chartered stock savings bank and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The primary purpose of the Company is to act as a holding company for the Bank. The Bank provides a full range of banking and financial services to consumer and commercial customers through its thirteen branches and two representative offices located in Dutchess, Ulster, Orange, and Albany counties. Certain financial services including investment advisory and financial product sales are offered through a division of the Bank doing business as Rhinebeck Asset Management (“RAM”). A description of the Company’s significant accounting policies are presented below. Basis of Financial Statements Presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and general practices within the banking industry. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the date of the consolidated statements of financial condition and reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses on loans. The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these financial statements were issued. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Significant Group Concentrations of Credit Risk Most of the Company’s activities are with customers located in the New York State counties of Dutchess, Ulster, Orange, and Albany. The Company does not have any significant concentrations to any one industry or customer. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, the ability of its customers to repay their loans is substantially dependent on the economic conditions in the market areas in which the Company operates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and due from banks and federal funds sold are recognized as cash equivalents in the consolidated statements of financial condition and cash flows. Federal funds sold generally mature in one day. The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-10 Investment in Debt Securities Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as “held to maturity” and are recorded at amortized cost. “Trading” securities, if any, are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recognized in earnings. Securities not classified as held to maturity or trading are classified as “available for sale” and are recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes. Purchase discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the contractual terms of the security. Purchase premiums are recognized in interest income using the interest method to the instrument’s earliest call date. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method. The Company evaluates securities in an unrealized loss position for impairment related to credit losses on at least a quarterly basis. Securities in unrealized loss positions are first assessed as to whether we intend to sell, or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If one of the criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through current earnings. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value resulted from credit losses or other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Investment in FHLB Stock The Company is required to maintain an investment in FHLB capital stock, as collateral, in an amount equal to a certain percentage of its outstanding debt. FHLB stock is considered restricted stock and is carried at cost. Loans Receivable Loans that the Company has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances adjusted for unearned income, including any allowance for credit losses and any unamortized deferred fees or costs. Interest income is accrued based on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and amortized using the interest method over the respective term of the loan. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days past due. Consumer, automobile and installment loans are typically charged off no later than 180 days past due. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on non-accrual status or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. All interest accrued, but not collected, for loans that are placed on non-accrual status or charged off, is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is not recognized until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-11 Allowance for Credit Losses The Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) on loans is management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the reporting date. The ACL on loans is increased through a provision for credit losses recognized in the consolidated statements of income and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off. The ACL on loans is reduced by charge-offs on loans. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectability of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge- offs on loans are generally recognized when the collateral or future cash flows are deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan. The level of the ACL for loans is based on management’s ongoing review of relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the calculation of loss given default and the estimation of expected credit losses. As discussed further below, adjustments to historical information are made for differences in specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, or terms, as well as for changes in economic conditions, that may not be reflected in historical loss rates. Management estimates the ACL for loans using both quantitative and qualitative factors. The methodology for evaluating quantitative factors consists of two basic components. The first component involves pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar risk characteristics. Pooled loan portfolio segments include commercial construction, commercial real estate, multi-family, commercial and industrial, residential real estate (including homeowner construction), home equity, indirect automobile and other consumer loans. The second component involves individually analyzed loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with loans that are pooled into portfolio segments or are determined for foreclosure. Loans not included in the pooled loans and that are on a non-accrual status are individually analyzed loans for which the ACL is measured using a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodology based upon the loan’s contractual effective interest rate, or, if the loan is collateral-dependent, at the fair value of the collateral. Factors management considers when measuring the extent of expected credit loss include payment status, collateral value, borrower financial condition, guarantor support and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. For collateral-dependent loans for which repayment is to be provided substantially through the sale of the collateral, management adjusts the fair value for estimated costs to sell. Management may also adjust appraised values to reflect estimated market value declines or apply other discounts to appraised values for unobservable factors resulting from its knowledge of circumstances associated with the collateral. For pooled loans, the Company utilizes a DCF methodology to estimate credit losses over the expected life of the loans. The life of the loan excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications. Management utilizes the national unemployment rate as an econometric factor with a one-year forecast period and one-year straight-line reversion period to the historical mean of its macroeconomic assumption in order to estimate the probability of default for each loan portfolio segment. The DCF methodology combines the probability of default, the loss given default, maturity date and prepayment speeds to estimate a reserve for each loan. The sum of all the loan level reserves is aggregated for each portfolio segment and a loss rate factor is derived. Because the methodology is based upon historical experience and trends, current economic data, reasonable and supportable economic forecasts, as well as management’s judgment, factors may arise that result in different estimations. Deteriorating conditions or assumptions could lead to further increases in the ACL on loans. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the ACL on loans. Such agencies may require additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. The ACL on loans is an estimate, and ultimate losses may vary from management’s estimate.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-12 The Company made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of loans. In addition, the Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable, because a timely write-off policy exists. The policy generally requires loans to be placed on non-accrual status when principal or interest is 90 days or more past due unless the loan is well- secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, accrued interest is reversed against interest income. The ACL for unfunded commitments is management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected contractual term (or life) in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. For each portfolio, estimated loss rates and funding factors are applied to the corresponding balance of unfunded commitments. For each portfolio, the estimated loss rates applied to unfunded commitments are the same quantitative and qualitative loss rates applied to the corresponding on-balance sheet amounts in determining the ACL on loans. The estimated funding factor applied to unfunded commitments represents the likelihood that the funding will occur and is based upon the Company’s average historical utilization rate for each portfolio. The qualitative factors are determined based on the various risk characteristics of each loan segment. Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows: Commercial non-residential real estate. Loans in this segment are primarily income-producing properties throughout the Hudson Valley. We evaluate the qualifications, income level and financial condition of the borrower, including cash flows, credit history, management expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property securing the loan. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties can be adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy as evidenced by increased vacancy rates, which in turn, can have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Management periodically obtains rent rolls and continually monitors the cash flows of these loans. Multi-family. This segment consists of real estate loans secured by properties of five or more rental units within our market area. We consider a number of factors in originating multi-family loans. We evaluate the qualifications, income level and financial condition of the borrower, including cash flows, credit history, management expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property securing the loan. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties can be adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy due to increased vacancy rates or diminished cash flows, which in turn, would have an effect on the credit quality of this segment. Management obtains financial information and continually monitors the cash flows of these loans. Construction and land development. Loans in this segment primarily include real estate development loans for which payment is derived from sale of the property or long-term financing at completion. Credit risk is affected by cost overruns, completion delays, time to sell at an adequate price, inaccurate estimates of the value of the completed project and market conditions. Residential real estate. All loans in this segment are collateralized by owner-occupied residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Generally we will originate loans with a loan-to-value ratio of up to 80% of the appraised value. Loans with loan-to-value ratios greater than 80% require the purchase of private mortgage insurance. Commercial. Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-13 Indirect Automobile. All loans in this segment are secured by motor vehicles, which can depreciate rapidly. Loan collectability is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates, will have an effect on the credit quality of this segment. Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit. All loans in this segment are typically collateralized by a subordinate lien position on owner-occupied residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality of this segment. Consumer. Loans in this segment are generally unsecured and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. Derivative Financial Instruments Derivative financial instruments are recognized as assets and liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition and measured at fair value. Loan Level Interest Rate Swaps — The Company enters into interest rate swaps with commercial loan customers to synthetically convert the customer’s loan from a variable rate to a fixed rate. These swaps are matched in offsetting terms to swaps that the Company enters into with an outside third party. The swaps are reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities. The Company’s swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, thus any net gain or loss resulting from changes in the fair value is recognized in other non-interest income. Loans Held for Sale Loans held for sale are those mortgage loans the Company has the intent to sell in the foreseeable future and are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or market value, with valuation changes recorded in non-interest income. Gains and losses on sales of loans are recognized at the trade dates and are determined by the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying value of the loans. Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with the mortgage servicing rights retained by the Company. Transfers of Financial Assets Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company — put presumptively beyond the reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and (3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through either (a) an agreement that both entitles and obligates the transferor to repurchase or redeem the assets before maturity or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets, other than through a clean-up call. During the normal course of business, the Company may transfer a portion of a financial asset, for example, a participation loan or the government guaranteed portion of a loan. In order to be eligible for sales treatment, the transfer of the portion of the loan must meet the criteria of a participating interest. If it does not meet the criteria of a participating interest, the transfer must be accounted for as a secured borrowing. In order to meet the criteria for a participating interest, all cash flows from the loan must be divided proportionately, the rights of each loan holder must have the same priority, the loan holders must have no recourse to the transferor other than standard representations and warranties and no loan holder has the right to pledge or exchange the entire loan.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-14 Servicing Servicing assets are recognized as separate assets developed through the sale of residential mortgages. Servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in gain or loss on sales of loans. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as the cost to service, the discount rate, the custodial earnings rate, an inflation rate, ancillary income, prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Capitalized servicing rights are reported in other assets and are amortized into non-interest income in proportion to and over the period of the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets. Servicing assets are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to amortized cost. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights by predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rates and terms. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance and charged to non-interest income, to the extent that fair value is less than the capitalized amount. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when it satisfies its performance obligations pursuant to the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue Recognition (Topic 606). The majority of the Company’s revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as loans, derivatives and investment securities, and revenue related to mortgage servicing activities, as these activities are subject to other GAAP. For those that are subject to Revenue Recognition (Topic 606), the Company generally fully satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed; charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, there is little judgment involved in applying Topic 606 that significantly affects the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers. The main types of revenue contracts included in non-interest income within the consolidated statements of income are as follows: ● Fees for services to customers include service charges on deposits which are included in non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income and consist of transaction-based fees: stop payment fees, Automated Clearing House (ACH) fees, account maintenance fees, wire fees, official check fees and overdraft services fees for various retail and business checking customers. These fees are earned on the day of the transaction or within the month of the service. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn directly from the customer’s account balance. ATM and debit card fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Company fulfills the customer’s request. Sales of checks to depositors earn fees as a contractual discount to the retail price of the sale from a third-party provider. These fees earned are remitted by the third-party to the Company quarterly. ● The Company earns interchange fee income from credit/debit cardholder transactions conducted through MasterCard payment networks. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized monthly, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder within the month. ● The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of OREO when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed; at such time, the OREO asset is derecognized and the
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-15 gain or loss on the sale is recorded. Rental income received from leased OREO property is recognized during the month it is earned. ● Retail brokerage fee income is accrued monthly to properly record the revenues in the month they are earned. Advisory fees are collected in advance on a quarterly basis. These advisory fees are recorded in the first month of the quarter for which the service is being performed. Investments into mutual funds and annuities generate fees that are recorded as revenue at the time of the initial sale. In subsequent years the mutual funds and variable annuities generate recurring fees (referred to as 12B-1 fees) that are paid in advance on the anniversary of the original transaction. Fees that are transaction based are recognized at the point in time that the transaction is executed (i.e., trade date). Life insurance products are sold on a commission basis that generates a fee that is recorded as revenue within the month of the approved transaction. Other income includes rental income, mortgage origination and service fees and late fees on serviced mortgages. All items are recorded as revenue within the month that the service is provided. Other Real Estate Owned Assets acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value less cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in operations. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property are capitalized, subject to the resulting limit of fair value of the collateral. Gains or losses from disposal are recorded when control of the property transfers to the buyer. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is charged to operations using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the improvements’ estimated economic lives or the related lease terms. Gains and losses on dispositions are recognized upon realization. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and improvements are capitalized. Rent expense is charged to operations over the expected lease term using the straight-line method. Bank-Owned Life Insurance The Company purchased bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) on a chosen group of employees. The Company is the owner and sole beneficiary of the policies. Earnings from BOLI are recognized as part of non-interest income. BOLI is carried at cash surrender value. Death benefit proceeds received in excess of the policies cash surrender values are recognized in income upon receipt. The Company does not intend to surrender these policies and, accordingly, no deferred taxes have been provided. Goodwill and Amortizable Intangible Assets The excess of the purchase price of an acquisition over the net fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities is assigned to goodwill. Goodwill is not amortizable, but is subject to at least an annual assessment, or more frequently in the presence of certain circumstances, for impairment.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-16 Other intangible assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and consist of purchased customer accounts and core deposit intangibles. Purchased customer accounts primarily consist of records and files that contain information about investment holdings. Core deposit intangibles represent the estimated fair value of acquired customer deposit relationships. The value of these assets are amortized over their estimated lives of 13 years. In the presence of certain circumstances, intangible assets may be assessed for impairment. Impairment exists when the carrying value exceeds its fair value. In such circumstances a charge for the relevant impairment is recognized and the net book value is reduced to the appropriate value. Employee Benefit Plans The Bank maintains the Rhinebeck Bank 401(k) Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) for substantially all of its employees, a defined benefit pension plan (frozen as of June 30, 2012), as well as Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (the “SERPs”), all of which are tax qualified under the Internal Revenue Code. Employee 401(k) plan expense is the amount of matching contributions. Pension expense is the net of service and interest cost, return on plan assets and amortization of gains and losses not immediately recognized. SERP expense is the net of interest cost and service cost, which allocates the benefits over years of service. We account for benefits under the defined benefit plan in accordance with ASC Topic 715 “Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits.” The guidance requires an employer to: (1) recognize in its statement of financial condition the over funded or underfunded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation; (2) measure a plan’s assets and its obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the employer’s fiscal year (with limited exceptions); and (3) recognize as a component of other comprehensive income, net of tax, the actuarial gains and losses and the prior service costs and credits that arise during the period. The Bank maintains an employee stock ownership plan (the “ESOP”) for the benefit of employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. Compensation expense for the ESOP is recorded at an amount equal to the shares allocated by the ESOP annually multiplied by the average fair market value of the shares during the period. The Company recognizes compensation expense ratably over the year based upon the Company’s estimate of the number of shares expected to be allocated by the ESOP. Unearned compensation applicable to the ESOP is reflected as a reduction of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The difference between the average fair market value and the cost of the shares allocated by the ESOP is recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital. The Company maintains equity incentive plans to grant stock options or restricted stock. The Company has recorded stock-based employee compensation cost using the fair value method as allowed under generally accepted accounting principles. Management estimated the fair values of all option grants using the Black- Scholes option-pricing model. Management estimated the expected life of the options using the simplified method as allowed under generally accepted accounting principles. The risk-free rate was determined utilizing the treasury yield for the expected life of the option contract.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-17 Income Taxes The Company recognizes income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the relative federal or state tax law to the taxable income determined. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases at the currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. Deferred income tax expense or benefit results from changes in deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) and liabilities between periods. DTAs are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has no unrecognized tax benefits and does not anticipate any significant changes to uncertain tax positions over the next 12 months. When tax returns are filed, it is highly expected that most positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others may be subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the consolidated financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. The Company had no liabilities for uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2025 or 2024. Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits, if any, would be classified in other non- interest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-18 Operating Segments The Company operates as a single business segment, with financial performance reviewed on an aggregate basis by the chief operating decision maker (CODM). The Company’s sole operating segment, Banking Operations, consists of raising funds through deposits and borrowings, providing lending products, making investments and providing financial advisory services to customers. Loan offerings include real estate, commercial, and consumer loans to a diverse customer base. Accounting standards require disclosure of reportable segments that meet certain financial thresholds, including information about products and services, geographic areas, and major customers. However, as the Company operates entirely within a single banking segment, the financial statements presented reflect the combined results of all operations within that segment. The Company has no foreign operations or customers. Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in a manner similar to that of basic earnings per share except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental common shares that would have been outstanding under the treasury stock method if all potentially dilutive common shares (such as stock options) issued became vested during the period. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for either the basic or diluted EPS calculations. Comprehensive Income GAAP requires that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and the net actuarial gain (loss) of the defined benefit pension plan, are reported as a separate component of the stockholders’ equity section of the consolidated statements of financial condition, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income. Fair Value The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in certain instances, there are no quoted market prices for certain assets or liabilities. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the asset or liability. Fair value measurements focus on exit prices in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-19 The Company’s fair value measurements are classified into a fair value hierarchy based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The three categories within the hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active; and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. Reclassifications Certain amounts in the prior year consolidated financial statements may be reclassified as required to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications have no effect on our previously reported net income or shareholders’ equity. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adoption of New Accounting Standards in 2025 Effective January 1, 2025, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) ASU 2023- 09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The ASU enhances income tax disclosures by requiring greater disaggregation within the effective tax rate reconciliation and in disclosures of income taxes paid. The guidance is to be applied prospectively, with an option for retrospective application. As a Maryland business corporation, Rhinebeck Bancorp is required to file an annual report with and pay franchise taxes to the State of Maryland. Because the Company is subject only to federal and New York State income taxes, the adoption of ASU 2023-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Recent Accounting Standards In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, which amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. In annual periods, this requires disclosure of an entity’s accounting policy related to where in the statement of cash flows the entity presents cash flows associated with derivative instruments and the related gains and losses. This also requires disclosure of the methods used in the diluted earnings per share computation for each dilutive security and clarifies that certain disclosures should be made during interim periods. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-20 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures,” which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. The ASU does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. The ASU requires new financial statement disclosures in tabular format, disaggregating information about prescribed categories underlying any relevant income statement expense captions. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. Upon adoption, ASU 2024-03 may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-08, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Purchased Loans,” which amends the accounting for acquired loans by introducing a category of purchased seasoned loans and expanding the use of the gross-up approach, requiring qualifying acquired loans to be recorded at purchase price plus an allowance for expected credit losses rather than recognizing a Day-1 provision through earnings. ASU 2025-08 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods within those annual periods, and is to be applied prospectively, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-09, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements,” which updates the hedge accounting guidance to improve alignment between hedge accounting and an entity’s risk management activities and to clarify and simplify the application of certain hedge accounting requirements. ASU 2025-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-21 2. Available for Sale Securities The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair values of available for sale securities are as follows: December 31, 2025 Gross Gross Unrealized Unrealized Amortized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities $ 35,692 $ 147 $ (11) $ 35,828 U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities–residential 95,787 80 (6,887) 88,980 U.S. government agency securities 18,541 9 (198) 18,352 Municipal securities(1) 2,205 — (123) 2,082 Corporate bonds 17,309 38 (758) 16,589 Other 587 — (215) 372 Total $ 170,121 $ 274 $ (8,192) $ 162,203 December 31, 2024 Gross Gross Unrealized Unrealized Amortized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities $ 29,841 $ 6 $ (154) $ 29,693 U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities–residential 103,948 — (10,456) 93,492 U.S. government agency securities 22,010 — (844) 21,166 Municipal securities(1) 2,717 — (224) 2,493 Corporate bonds 14,054 — (1,471) 12,583 Other 642 — (122) 520 Total $ 173,212 $ 6 $ (13,271) $ 159,947 (1) The issuers of municipal securities are all within New York State. The following tables present the fair value and unrealized losses of the Company’s available for sale securities with gross unrealized losses aggregated by the length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position: December 31, 2025 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Unrealized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses U.S. Treasury securities $12,909 $ (11) $ — $ — $ 12,909 $ (11) U.S. government agency mortgage- backed securities-residential 9,846 (24) 64,740 (6,863) 74,586 (6,887) U.S. government agency securities — — 11,803 (198) 11,803 (198) Municipal securities — — 1,997 (123) 1,997 (123) Corporate bonds 1,235 (14) 12,570 (744) 13,805 (758) Other 352 (215) — — 352 (215) Total $24,342 $ (264) $91,110 $ (7,928) $115,452 $ (8,192)
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-22 December 31, 2024 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Unrealized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses U.S. Treasury securities $ 9,957 $ (22) $ 4,866 $ (132) $ 14,823 $ (154) U.S. government agency mortgage- backed securities-residential 44,577 (1,074) 48,915 (9,382) 93,492 (10,456) U.S. government agency securities — — 21,166 (844) 21,166 (844) Municipal securities — — 2,493 (224) 2,493 (224) Corporate bonds — — 12,583 (1,471) 12,583 (1,471) Other — — 497 (122) 497 (122) Total $54,534 $(1,096) $90,520 $(12,175) $145,054 $(13,271) At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had 162 and 172 individual available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses totaling $8,192 and $13,271, respectively, with an aggregate depreciation of 4.82% and 7.66%, respectively, from the Company’s amortized cost. Unrealized losses on asset backed securities, state and municipal securities, and corporate bonds have not been recognized into income because the issuers are of high credit quality and we do not intend to sell and it is likely that we will not be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery. The decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the securities. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. No allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale securities was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2025. Treasury securities, federal agency obligations, residential mortgage backed pass-through securities and commercial mortgage backed pass-through securities are issued by U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government sponsored enterprises. Although a government guarantee exists on these investments, these entities are not legally backed by the full faith and credit of the federal government. Nonetheless, at this time we do not foresee any set of circumstances in which the government would not fund its commitments on these investments. The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable, because a timely write-off policy exists. A security is placed on non-accrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become more than 90 days delinquent or if full collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain. Accrued interest for a security placed on non-accrual status is reversed against interest income. There were no securities on non-accrual status, and therefore there was no accrued interest related to securities reversed against interest income, for the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024. Total accrued interest receivable on available for sale securities totaled $714 and $498 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and was reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-23 The amortized cost and fair value of available for sale debt securities at December 31, 2025 and 2024, by contractual maturities, are presented below. Actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities because the mortgages underlying the securities may be called or repaid without any penalties. Because mortgage-backed securities are not due at a single maturity date, they are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary: December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Maturity: Within 1 year $ 13,939 $ 13,850 $ 34,394 $ 34,056 After 1 but within 5 years 45,425 45,358 20,901 20,113 After 5 but within 10 years 14,383 13,643 13,327 11,766 After 10 years — — — — Total Maturities 73,747 72,851 68,622 65,935 Mortgage-backed securities 95,787 88,980 103,948 93,492 Other 587 372 642 520 Total $ 170,121 $162,203 $ 173,212 $159,947 At December 31, 2025 and 2024, available for sale securities with a carrying value of $106,500 and $101,395, respectively, were pledged to secure Federal Home Loan Bank of New York borrowings. In addition, $978 and $937 of available for sale securities, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”). Proceeds from the sale of available for sale securities aggregated $0 and $74,987 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no gross gains during the periods ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were gross losses of $0 and $16,041, respectively, realized on the sales of securities.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-24 3. Loans and Allowance for credit losses A summary of the Company’s loan portfolio is as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 Commercial real estate loans: Non-residential $ 417,808 $ 350,962 Multi-family 107,938 105,030 Construction 8,982 26,611 Commercial and industrial loans 91,526 91,517 Residential real estate loans 100,086 86,651 Consumer loans: Indirect automobile 213,802 295,669 Home equity 12,290 11,656 Other consumer 5,733 6,830 Total gross loans 958,165 974,926 Dealer reserves 3,573 5,392 Allowance for credit losses (8,353) (8,539) Total net loans $ 953,385 $ 971,779 There were no unpaid principal balances of loans held for sale, included in the residential real estate category above, at either December 31, 2025 or 2024.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-25 On an annual basis, or more often if needed, the Company reviews the ratings on all commercial real estate, multifamily, construction and commercial loans. To assist in the review process, the Company engages an independent third party to review a significant portion of loans within these segments. Consumer and residential loans are rated as performing or non-performing based on payment status in accordance with regulatory retail credit guidance. Management uses the results of these reviews as part of its annual review process. In addition, management utilizes delinquency reports, the watch list and other loan reports to monitor credit quality of other loan segments. Credit Quality Indicators. The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on all loans at origination and is updated on a quarterly basis for loans risk rated Watch, Special Mention, Substandard, or Doubtful. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Watch – Loans classified as watch exhibit weaknesses that require more than usual monitoring. Issues may include deteriorating financial condition, payments made after due date but within 30 days, adverse industry conditions or management problems. Special Mention – Loans classified as special mention exhibit signs of further deterioration but still generally make payments within 30 days. This is a transitional rating and loans should typically not be rated Special Mention for more than 12 months. Substandard – Loans classified as substandard possess weaknesses that jeopardize the ultimate collection of the principal and interest outstanding. These loans exhibit continued financial losses, ongoing delinquency, overall poor financial condition, and/or insufficient collateral. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful – Loans classified as non-performing have all the weaknesses of substandard loans, and have deteriorated to the level that there is a high probability of substantial loss. Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered Pass rated loans.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-26 The following table presents the credit risk profile of the Company’s loan portfolio (excluding loans in process and deferred loan fees) based on rating category, as well as gross write-offs for the year ended December 31, 2025, and by fiscal year of origination as of December 31, 2025. Revolving Loans by Origination Year Loans 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Amortized Cost Total Commercial construction Pass $ 2,037 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 2,037 Watch 775 6,170 - - - - - 6,945 Total commercial construction 2,812 6,170 - - - - - 8,982 Commercial non-residential Pass $ 63,489 $ 44,835 $ 36,178 $ 34,652 $ 25,438 $ 74,392 $ - $ 278,984 Watch 16,602 11,894 10,164 23,344 3,343 46,157 - 111,504 Special mention - - 22,921 - - - - 22,921 Substandard - - - 2,315 - 2,084 - 4,399 Total commercial non- residential 80,091 56,729 69,263 60,311 28,781 122,633 - 417,808 Current-period gross write- offs - - - 629 - - - 629 Multifamily Pass $ 10,986 $ 738 $ 590 $ 18,086 $ 27,949 $ 7,063 $ - $ 65,412 Watch 996 5,627 10,210 10,756 5,514 9,423 - 42,526 Total multifamily 11,982 6,365 10,800 28,842 33,463 16,486 - 107,938 Residential Performing $ 21,114 $ 14,402 $ 25,795 $ 20,184 $ 1,720 $ 15,616 $ - $ 98,831 Non-performing - - - 292 - 963 - 1,255 Total residential 21,114 14,402 25,795 20,476 1,720 16,579 - 100,086 Commercial and industrial Pass $ 8,011 $ 6,937 $ 6,533 $ 14,284 $ 5,559 $ 512 $ 18,818 $ 60,654 Watch 6,305 3,014 783 4,689 190 939 14,186 30,106 Special mention - - - 455 - - 250 705 Substandard - - - - 22 - 39 61 Total commercial and industrial 14,316 9,951 7,316 19,428 5,771 1,451 33,293 91,526 Current-period gross write- offs 11 151 8 - 165 - 335 Indirect automobile Performing $ 44,776 $ 38,583 $ 47,088 $ 58,044 $ 19,391 $ 5,180 $ - $ 213,062 Non-performing 41 104 120 320 87 68 - 740 Total indirect automobile 44,817 38,687 47,208 58,364 19,478 5,248 - 213,802 Current-period gross write- offs 86 428 500 1,026 463 129 - 2,632 Home equity Performing $ 680 $ 206 $ - $ - $ - $ 3,213 $ 8,191 $ 12,290 Total home equity 680 206 - - - 3,213 8,191 12,290 Other consumer Performing $ 1,987 $ 1,483 $ 975 $ 907 $ 139 $ 7 $ 220 $ 5,718 Non-performing - 5 10 - - - - 15 Total other consumer 1,987 1,488 985 907 139 7 220 5,733 Current-period gross write- offs 33 18 15 24 - - - 90 Total Loans Pass/performing $ 153,080 $ 107,184 $ 117,159 $ 146,157 $ 80,196 $ 105,983 $ 27,229 $ 736,988 Watch 24,678 26,705 21,157 38,789 9,047 56,519 14,186 191,081 Special mention 0 - 22,921 455 0 0 250 23,626 Substandard - - - 2,315 22 2,084 39 4,460 Non-performing 41 109 130 612 87 1,031 - 2,010 Total Loans $ 177,799 $ 133,998 $ 161,367 $ 188,328 $ 89,352 $ 165,617 $ 41,704 $ 958,165 Total Current-period gross write-offs $ 119 $ 457 $ 666 $ 1,687 $ 463 $ 294 $ - $ 3,686
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-27 The following table presents the credit risk profile of the Company’s loan portfolio (excluding loans in process and deferred loan fees) based on rating category, as well as gross write-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024, and by fiscal year of origination as of December 31, 2024. Revolving Loans by Origination Year Loans 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Amortized Cost Total Commercial construction Watch $ 6,509 $ 17,261 $ 2,841 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 26,611 Total commercial construction 6,509 17,261 2,841 - - - - 26,611 Commercial non-residential Pass $ 46,429 $ 36,900 $ 47,082 $ 27,329 $ 16,104 $ 69,260 $ - $ 243,104 Watch 8,515 14,336 16,201 7,341 10,952 33,799 - 91,144 Special mention - - 3,009 873 322 5,745 - 9,949 Substandard - - 2,834 - - 3,931 - 6,765 Total commercial non- residential 54,944 51,236 69,126 35,543 27,378 112,735 - 350,962 Current-period gross write- offs - - - - - 291 - 291 Multifamily Pass $ - $ 1,398 $ 18,410 $ 28,939 $ 2,034 $ 5,296 $ - $ 56,077 Watch 5,673 10,235 11,027 11,863 - 10,155 - 48,953 Total multifamily 5,673 11,633 29,437 40,802 2,034 15,451 - 105,030 Residential Performing $ 15,456 $ 26,755 $ 23,922 $ 2,032 $ 2,638 $ 14,666 $ - $ 85,469 Non-performing - - - - - 1,182 - 1,182 Total residential 15,456 26,755 23,922 2,032 2,638 15,848 - 86,651 Commercial and industrial Pass $ 13,386 $ 9,810 $ 19,044 $ 7,944 $ 650 $ 957 $ 17,303 $ 69,094 Watch 3,269 745 5,667 191 365 1,081 10,004 21,322 Special mention - - 506 191 98 6 - 801 Substandard - - - - - 103 38 141 Doubtful - - - - - 159 - 159 Total commercial and industrial 16,655 10,555 25,217 8,326 1,113 2,306 27,345 91,517 Current-period gross write- offs - 40 - 7 - 561 - 608 Indirect automobile Performing $ 54,048 $ 72,083 $ 104,879 $ 42,286 $ 15,440 $ 6,343 $ - $ 295,079 Non-performing 46 78 182 187 62 35 - 590 Total indirect automobile 54,094 72,161 105,061 42,473 15,502 6,378 - 295,669 Current-period gross write- offs 171 812 1,533 665 256 189 - 3,626 Home equity Performing $ 341 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 3,684 $ 7,457 $ 11,482 Non-performing - - - - - 174 - 174 Total home equity 341 - - - - 3,858 7,457 11,656 Other consumer Performing $ 2,581 $ 1,703 $ 1,829 $ 400 $ 89 $ 11 $ 217 $ 6,830 Total other consumer 2,581 1,703 1,829 400 89 11 217 6,830 Current-period gross write- offs 12 82 73 6 24 4 - 201 Total Loans Pass/performing $ 132,241 $ 148,649 $ 215,166 $ 108,930 $ 36,955 $ 100,217 $ 24,977 $ 767,135 Watch 23,966 42,577 35,736 19,395 11,317 45,035 10,004 188,030 Special mention 0 - 3,515 1,064 420 5,751 - 10,750 Substandard - - 2,834 - 0 4,034 38 6,906 Doubtful - - - - - 159 - 159 Non-performing 46 78 182 187 62 1,391 - 1,946 Total Loans $ 156,253 $ 191,304 $ 257,433 $ 129,576 $ 48,754 $ 156,587 $ 35,019 $ 974,926 Total Current-period gross write-offs $ 183 $ 934 $ 1,606 $ 678 $ 280 $ 1,045 $ - $ 4,726
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-28 Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the age of the portfolio as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The past due status of all classes of loans is determined based on contractual due dates for loan payments. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aging categories of performing loans and non-accrual loans: December 31, 2025 Greater Than 30-59 Days 60-89 Days 90 Days Past Total Loans Current Past Due Past Due Due Receivable Non-accrual Commercial real estate: Construction $ 8,982 $ — $ — $ — $ 8,982 $ — Non-residential 415,286 837 17 1,668 417,808 1,668 Multifamily 107,938 — — — 107,938 — Commercial and industrial 91,241 263 — 22 91,526 22 Residential real estate 98,355 1,157 184 390 100,086 1,255 Consumer: Indirect automobile 204,192 7,831 1,072 707 213,802 740 Home equity 12,075 170 45 — 12,290 — Other consumer 5,561 134 23 15 5,733 15 Total $943,630 $ 10,392 $ 1,341 $ 2,802 $958,165 $ 3,700 December 31, 2024 Greater Than 30-59 Days 60-89 Days 90 Days Past Total Loans Current Past Due Past Due Due Receivable Non-accrual Commercial real estate: Construction $ 26,611 $ — $ — $ — $ 26,611 $ — Non-residential 348,220 873 — 1,869 350,962 1,869 Multifamily 105,008 22 — — 105,030 — Commercial and industrial 91,090 57 159 211 91,517 319 Residential real estate 85,961 604 — 86 86,651 1,182 Consumer: Indirect automobile 283,458 10,062 1,593 556 295,669 590 Home equity 11,173 153 156 174 11,656 174 Other consumer 6,689 121 20 — 6,830 — Total $958,210 $ 11,892 $ 1,928 $ 2,896 $974,926 $ 4,134 All of our non-accrual loans are individually analyzed. The Company had one individually analyzed home equity loan of $98 that was accruing interest at December 31, 2025.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-29 The following table presents the Company’s amortized cost basis of non-accrual loans for which there is no related ACL: December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Commercial real estate: Non-residential $ 1,668 $ 1,869 Multifamily — — Commercial and industrial 22 299 Residential real estate 1,255 1,182 Consumer: Indirect automobile 110 131 Home equity — 174 Total $ 3,055 $ 3,655 The following table presents the Company’s amortized cost basis of only those non-accrual loans with a related ACL: December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Non-accrual loans Related ACL Non-accrual loans Related ACL Commercial and industrial $ — $ — $ 20 $ 20 Consumer: Indirect automobile 630 226 459 139 Other consumer 15 14 — — Total $ 645 $ 240 $ 479 $ 159 For the year ended December 31, 2025, $117 in accrued interest was reversed for non-accrual loans. Total accrued interest receivable associated with loans totaled $4,168 and $3,937, at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company has transferred a portion of its originated commercial real estate loans to participating lenders. The amounts transferred have been accounted for as sales and are therefore not included in the Company’s accompanying statements of financial condition. The Company and participating lenders share ratably in any gains or losses that may result from a borrower’s lack of compliance with contractual terms of the loan. The Company continues to service the loans on behalf of the participating lenders and, as such, collects cash payments from the borrowers, remits payments to participating lenders and disburses required escrow funds to relevant parties. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company was servicing loans for participants aggregating $52,240 and $54,390, respectively. The Company services certain loans that it has sold to third parties. The aggregate balances of loans serviced for others were $250,311 and $266,547 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Included in these loans serviced for others are loans serviced for the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation with a recourse provision whereby the Company is obligated to bear all costs when a default, including foreclosure, occurs. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the maximum contingent liability associated with loans sold with recourse was $473 and $805, respectively, which is not recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Losses are borne in priority order by the borrower, private mortgage insurance and the Company. The Company has never repurchased any loans or incurred any losses under these recourse provisions. The balance of capitalized servicing rights, included in other assets at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $1,262 and $1,592, respectively. Fair value exceeds carrying value. No impairment charges related to servicing rights were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-30 Residential mortgage and consumer loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $0 and $37 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In the normal course of business, the Company grants loans to officers, directors and other related parties. Balances and activity of such loans during the years presented were not material. Activity in the Company’s ACL for loans for the year ended December 31, 2025 is summarized in the table below. December 31, 2025 Balance at Provision for Balance at beginning of (reversal of) end of period Charge-offs Recoveries credit losses period Commercial real estate: Non-residential $ 2,675 $ (629) $ — $ 1,096 $ 3,142 Multifamily 313 — — 177 490 Commercial and industrial 684 (335) 4 409 762 Residential real estate 575 — — 164 739 Consumer: Indirect automobile 4,133 (2,632) 1,702 (153) 3,050 Home equity 84 — — 6 90 Other consumer 75 (90) 44 51 80 Total $ 8,539 $ (3,686) $ 1,750 $ 1,750 $ 8,353 Activity in the Company’s allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized in the table below. December 31, 2024 Balance at Provision for Balance at beginning of (reversal of) end of period Charge-offs Recoveries credit losses period Commercial real estate: Non-residential $ 2,329 $ (291) $ — $ 637 $ 2,675 Multifamily 387 — — (74) 313 Commercial and industrial 606 (608) 2 684 684 Residential real estate 346 — — 229 575 Consumer: Indirect automobile 4,348 (3,626) 2,233 1,178 4,133 Home equity 49 — — 35 84 Other consumer 59 (201) 93 124 75 Total $ 8,124 $ (4,726) $ 2,328 $ 2,813 $ 8,539 The Company’s allowance for credit losses for loans totaled $8,353 and $8,539 as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The $186 decrease in our allowance for credit losses for loans was primarily driven by a decrease in our collectively evaluated loans due to the decrease in loans, partially offset by an increase in the allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans primarily due to the increase in commercial and industrial loans.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-31 Activity in the Company’s ACL for unfunded commitments for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is summarized in the tables below and included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Commercial Commercial Allowance for credit losses: Real Estate Residential and Industrial Indirect Consumer Totals Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 172 $ — $ 72 $ — $ 13 $ 257 (Reversal of) provision for credit losses (53) 1 32 — 7 (13) Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 119 $ 1 $ 104 $ — $ 20 $ 244 (Reversal of) provision for credit losses (100) 2 8 — (1) (91) Balance at December 31, 2025 $ 19 $ 3 $ 112 $ — $ 19 $ 153 The following table summarizes the provision for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Provision for credit losses - loans $ 1,750 $ 2,813 (Reversal of) provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments (91) (13) Provision for credit losses $ 1,659 $ 2,800 The Company had no loans identified as collateral dependent as of December 31, 2025 or 2024. There were no loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-32 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The changes in the carrying value of goodwill are as follows: Year EndedDecember 31, 2025 2024 Beginning balance $ 2,235 $ 2,235 Activity during the period — — Ending balance $ 2,235 $ 2,235 The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter. The results of the Company’s impairment test indicated that the reporting unit’s fair value was greater than its carrying value and therefore no impairment of goodwill existed at either December 31, 2025 or 2024. The carrying value of the customer list and core deposit intangibles are: Years EndedDecember 31, 2025 2024 Beginning balance $ 166 $ 246 Amortization (60) (80) Ending balance $ 106 $ 166 Core deposit intangibles represent the estimated fair value of acquired customer deposit relationships on the date of acquisition and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Purchased customer accounts primarily consist of records and files that contain information about investment holdings. The values assigned to customer lists and core deposit intangibles is based upon the application of the income approach. At December 31, 2025, based upon a review of the intangibles, the Company determined that the fair value of the amortizable intangible assets exceeded their carrying values. As of December 31, 2025, the future amortization expense for amortizable intangible assets for the respective years is as follows: 2026 $ 29 2027 21 2028 16 2029 13 2030 11 Thereafter 16 Total $ 106
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-33 5. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are summarized as follows: December 31, 2025 2024 Land $ 2,025 $ 2,025 Buildings and improvements 26,515 26,377 Furniture, fixtures and equipment 15,392 14,929 Construction in process 354 141 Total 44,286 43,472 Less accumulated depreciation (30,665) (29,367) Net $ 13,621 $ 14,105 Depreciation expense totaled $1,298 and $1,343 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-34 6. Deposits Deposits balances are summarized as follows: December 31, December 31, 2025 2024 Non-interest bearing demand deposits $ 227,272 $ 238,126 Interest bearing accounts: NOW(1) 123,576 123,466 Savings 127,219 132,648 Money market 242,333 188,904 Time certificates of deposit 376,940 337,639 Total interest bearing accounts 870,068 782,657 Total deposits $ 1,097,340 $ 1,020,783 (1)Negotiable order of withdrawal The Company has established a relationship to participate in a reciprocal deposit program with other financial institutions. The reciprocal deposit program provides access to FDIC-insured deposit products in aggregate amounts exceeding the current limits for depositors. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, total reciprocal deposits were $35,638 and $38,909, respectively. Included in time certificates of deposit at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were reciprocal deposits totaling $21,854 and $25,427, respectively, with original maturities of one to three years. Reciprocal deposits included in money market accounts totaled $13,784 and $13,482 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company did not have any brokered deposits at December 31, 2025 or 2024. Time certificates of deposit in denominations of $250 or greater were $99,659 and $95,591 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Contractual maturities of time certificates of deposit at December 31, 2025 are summarized below: December 31, 2025 Within 1 year $ 335,787 1 – 2 years 37,124 2 – 3 years 1,622 3 – 4 years 1,507 4 – 5 years 900 Total $ 376,940
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-35 7. Debt and FHLB Stock FHLB Borrowings and Stock The Company is a member of the FHLB. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had access to a preapproved secured line of credit with the FHLB of $650,791 and $627,265, respectively. Borrowings under this line require collateralization through the pledge of specific loans and securities. At December 31, 2025, the Bank had pledged $514,823 of assets to the FHLB, which resulted in a secured line of credit of $362,311. At December 31, 2024, the Bank had pledged $447,534 of assets to the FHLB, which resulted in a secured line of credit of $306,410. The Company had no outstanding overnight line of credit balances with the FHLB at either December 31, 2025 or 2024. These borrowings would mature the following business day. At December 31, 2025, the Company had borrowings in the amount of $25,153. The outstanding principal amounts and the related terms and rates at December 31, 2025 were as follows: Term Principal Maturity Rate Due in one year Long term Fixed medium-term $ 1,233 September 21, 2026 5.20% $ 1,233 $ — Fixed medium-term 381 November 9, 2026 5.04% 381 — Fixed medium-term 969 May 3, 2027 4.99% — 969 Fixed medium-term 740 June 21, 2027 4.73% — 740 Fixed medium-term 20,000 May 2, 2028 3.88% — 20,000 Fixed medium-term 1,830 June 27, 2028 3.91% — 1,830 Total $ 25,153 Weighted Average Rate 4.03% $ 1,614 $ 23,539 The Company is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB, as collateral, in an amount equal to a certain percentage of its outstanding debt. FHLB stock is considered restricted stock and is carried at cost. The Company evaluates for impairment based on the ultimate recovery ability of the cost. No impairment was recognized at either December 31, 2025 or 2024. Subordinated Debt In addition to the Bank, the Company has one other wholly-owned subsidiary, RSB Capital Trust I (the “Trust”). In 2005, the Trust issued $5,000 of pooled trust preferred securities in a private placement and issued 155 shares of common stock at $1 par value per share, now owned by the Company. The Trust, which has no independent assets or operations, was formed in 2005 for the sole purpose of issuing trust preferred securities and investing the proceeds thereof in an equivalent amount of junior subordinated debentures. The proceeds from the issuance of the trust preferred securities were down-streamed to the Bank and are currently considered Tier 1 capital for purposes of determining the Bank’s capital ratios. The duration of the Trust is 30 years. The subordinated debt securities of $5,155 are unsecured obligations of the Company and are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness of the Company. The Company has entered into a guarantee, which together with its obligations under the subordinated debt securities and the declaration of trust governing the Trust, including its obligations to pay costs, expenses, debts and liabilities, other than trust securities, provides a full and unconditional guarantee of amounts on the capital securities. The subordinated debentures, which bear interest at three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 2% and a relative spread adjustment of 0.26% was 6.14% and 7.78% at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The subordinated debentures mature on May 23, 2035.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-36 Other Borrowings The Bank has an unsecured, uncommitted $10,000 line of credit with Zions Bank. There were no advances outstanding under this line of credit at December 31, 2025 or 2024. The Bank also has an unsecured, uncommitted $50,000 line of credit with Pacific Community Bankers Bank. There were no advances outstanding under this line of credit at December 31, 2025 or 2024. Additionally, at December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Bank had available funds of $155,646 and $215,572, respectively, under the Federal Reserve Bank’s discount window. There were no advances outstanding under this line of credit at December 31, 2025 or 2024.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-37 8. Income Taxes The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Current expense: Federal $ 433 $ (1) State 365 265 Total current expense 798 264 Deferred expense: Federal 1,842 (2,581) State 527 (738) Change in valuation allowance (527) 738 Total deferred expense 1,842 (2,581) Total provision for income taxes $ 2,640 $ (2,317) The following is a reconciliation between the expected federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the Company’s actual income tax expense and rate: Years ended December 31, 2025 2024 Provision (benefit) at U.S. federal statutory tax rate $ 2,664 21.00% $ (2,297) 21.00% State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect(1) 799 6.30% (523) 4.78% Changes in valuation allowances (527) (4.15)% 737 (6.74)% Nontaxable or nondeductible Items Tax exempt income (165) (1.30)% (248) 2.27% Equity based (163) (1.28)% — 0.00% Other 32 0.25% 12 (0.11)% Effective income tax and rate $ 2,640 20.81% $ (2,317) 21.18% (1) State taxes in New York made up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect in this category Provision for income taxes directly reflects the expected tax associated with the pre-tax income generated for the given year and certain regulatory requirements. The statutory tax rate is impacted by the benefits derived mainly from tax-exempt bond income and income received on the bank owned life insurance to arrive at the effective tax rate. The following table presents cash paid for federal and state income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Cash paid for federal income taxes $ 257 $ 599 Cash paid for New York State income taxes 346 275 Total cash paid for income taxes $ 603 $ 874
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-38 The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2025 and 2024 are presented below: December 31, 2025 2024 Deferred tax assets: Allowance for credit losses $ 2,296 $ 2,371 Deferred expenses 27 21 Deferred compensation 1,860 1,773 Unrecognized pension liability 446 653 Postretirement liability 1,057 1,032 Deferred loan fees 5 — Unrealized loss on securities 1,663 2,786 Federal tax net operating loss carryforward 354 2,538 Other 670 889 Gross deferred tax assets 8,378 12,063 Deferred tax liabilities: Prepaid expenses (623) (578) Prepaid pension (1,165) (1,180) Deferred loan fees — (51) Depreciation and amortization (482) (374) Mortgage servicing rights (341) (430) Other (17) — Gross deferred tax liabilities (2,628) (2,613) Net deferred tax asset 5,750 9,450 Deferred tax valuation allowance (809) (1,336) Deferred tax assets, net of allowance $ 4,941 $ 8,114 As of December 31, 2025, the Company has a federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of $1,311, which carries forward indefinitely under current tax regulations. This NOL resulted in a deferred tax asset of $354, representing a temporary difference in the Company’s financial statements. The realization of this deferred tax asset depends on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient future taxable income. New York State (“NYS”) tax law provides for a permanent deduction of income from “qualified” loans for community banks. Accordingly, the Company has generally incurred NYS taxable losses and incurred minimal NYS income tax liability. As the Company has not established a history of strong NYS taxable income, the Company has established a full valuation allowance against the NYS deferred tax asset. Based on management’s assessment of projected earnings and other relevant factors, the Company has recorded a deferred tax valuation allowance of $809 as of December 31, 2025, compared to $1,336 of December 31, 2024. The decrease in the valuation allowance reflects management’s evaluation of the likelihood of utilizing certain deferred tax assets in future periods. Retained earnings at December 31, 2025 and 2024 include a contingency reserve for loan losses of $1,534, which represents the tax reserve balance existing at December 31, 1987 and is maintained in accordance with provisions of the Internal Revenue Code applicable to mutual savings banks. Amounts transferred to the reserve have been claimed as deductions from taxable income and, if the reserve is used for purposes other than to absorb losses on loans, a federal income tax liability could be incurred. It is not anticipated that the Company will incur a federal income tax liability relating to this reserve balance and accordingly, deferred income taxes of $414 at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 have not been recognized.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-39 The Company’s income tax returns are subject to review and examination by federal and state taxing authorities. The Company is currently open to audit under the applicable statutes of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ended December 31, 2022 through 2025. The years open to examination by state taxing authorities vary by jurisdiction; no years prior to 2022 are open. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has no unrecognized tax benefits. 9. Employee Benefits Employee Stock Ownership Plan On January 1, 2019, the Bank established an ESOP to provide eligible employees the opportunity to own Company stock. The plan is a tax-qualified retirement plan for the benefit of Bank employees. On January 16, 2019, the Company granted a loan to the ESOP to purchase 436,425 shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $10.00 per share. The loan is payable annually over 20 years at a rate per annum equal to the Prime Rate, reset annually on January 1st (7.50% at January 1, 2025 and 6.75% at January 1, 2026). Loan payments are principally funded by cash contributions from the Bank. The loan is secured by the shares purchased, which are held in a suspense account for allocation among participants as the loan is repaid. The balance of the ESOP loan was $3,335 and $3,484 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Contributions are allocated to eligible participants on the basis of compensation, subject to federal tax limits. The number of shares committed to be released annually is 21,821 through 2039. Shares held by the ESOP include the following: December 31, December 31, 2025 2024 Allocated 130,926 109,105 Committed to be allocated 21,821 21,821 Unallocated 283,678 305,499 Paid out to participants (28,945) (23,622) Total shares 407,480 412,803 The fair value of unallocated shares was $3,410 and $2,954 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total compensation expense recognized in connection with the ESOP for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $243 and $186, respectively. Share-Based Compensation Plan On May 26, 2020, stockholders of the Company approved the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “EIP”). The EIP authorizes the issuance to participants of up to 763,743 shares of Rhinebeck Bancorp common stock pursuant to grants of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units. Of this number, the maximum number of shares of Rhinebeck Bancorp common stock that may be issued under the EIP pursuant to the exercise of stock options is 545,531 shares, and the maximum number of shares of Rhinebeck Bancorp common stock that may be issued as restricted stock awards or restricted stock units is 218,212 shares. These amounts represented 4.90% and 1.96%, respectively, of the number of shares of common stock issued in the stock offering of Rhinebeck Bancorp, including the shares issued to Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC. On May 21, 2025, stockholders of the Company approved the 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2025 EIP”). The 2025 EIP authorizes the issuance to participants of up to 600,000 shares of Rhinebeck Bancorp common stock pursuant
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-40 to grants of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2025, there have been no awards issued under this plan Pursuant to terms of the EIP, on August 25, 2020, the Board of Directors granted restricted stock and stock options to employees and directors. All of the awards granted vest annually over a three-year period from the date of the grant and the term of each option is ten years. As of December 31, 2025, there were 105,146 stock options and 34,778 restricted stock awards that remain available for future grants. The fair value of each option granted under the EIP is estimated on the date of grant using the Black- Scholes Option-Pricing Model. The expected term of the options is estimated using the simplified method, which assumes an expected term equal to the midpoint between the vesting date and the contractual expiration date. The dividend yield assumption is based on the Company’s expectation that it will not pay dividends. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of a peer group of comparable SEC- reporting bank holding companies. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur. A summary of options under the EIP as of December 31, 2025 is presented below: Weighted - Weighted-Average Number of Average Remaining Contractual Shares Exercise Price Term (in Years) Options outstanding at beginning of year 412,930 $ 6.62 5.23 Exercised (154,100) 6.70 - Options outstanding at December 31, 2025 258,830 $ 6.57 4.15 Options exercisable at December 31, 2025 258,830 $ 6.57 4.15 The aggregate intrinsic value of the options outstanding and exercisable, which fluctuates based on changes in the fair market value of the Company’s stock, at December 31, 2025, was $1,411. The aggregate intrinsic value of the options exercised during 2025 was $908. The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (i.e., the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of period and the weighted-average exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested stock options granted under the EIP, as all options were fully vested at December 31, 2025. The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2025: Weighted-Average Number Grant Date of Shares Fair Value per Share Non-vested restricted stock at beginning of year 15,000 $ 7.94 Vested (5,000) 7.94 Non-vested restricted stock at December 31, 2025 10,000 $ 7.94 As of December 31, 2025, there was $60 of unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested restricted stock awards granted under the EIP. The cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining period of 1.52 years. The aggregate fair value of restricted stock awards that vested during the year ended December 31, 2025 was $60.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-41 For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, share-based compensation expense under the plan was $40 and $19, respectively. Pension Plan The Bank maintains a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all of its employees 21 years of age or older who have completed at least one year of service. The Bank’s defined benefit plan was frozen as of June 30, 2012. The following table sets forth the plan’s funded status and amounts recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition: December 31, 2025 2024 Projected and accumulated benefit obligation $(16,707) $(16,652) Plan assets at fair value 18,902 17,916 Funded status included in accrued expenses and other liabilities $ 2,195 $ 1,264 The following table details the plan’s funded status: 2025 2024 Change in benefit projected obligation: Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 16,652 $ 17,868 Service cost - - Interest cost 890 853 Actuarial loss (gain) 20 (1,301) Benefits paid (855) (768) Projected benefit obligation at end of year 16,707 16,652 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year 17,916 18,062 Actual return on plan assets 1,841 622 Contributions - - Benefits paid (855) (768) Fair value of plan assets at end of year 18,902 17,916 Funded status $ 2,195 $ 1,264 In 2025, the net actuarial loss in the projected benefit obligation resulted primarily from a decrease in the discount rate. The gain on plan assets during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 of $1,841 was due to favorable asset market performance. The weighted-average assumptions used by the Company to determine the pension benefit obligation consisted of the following: Years ended December 31, 2025 2024 Discount rate 5.45% 5.50% Rate of compensation increase N/A N/A
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-42 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted of the following: Years ended December 31, 2025 2024 Net actuarial loss $ 2,121 $ 3,108 The net periodic pension cost and amounts recognized in other comprehensive income are as follows: Years ended December 31, 2025 2024 Interest cost $ 890 $ 853 Expected return on plan assets (981) (998) Amortization of unrecognized loss 147 298 Net periodic cost $ 56 $ 153 Weighted-average assumptions used by the Company to determine the net periodic pension cost consisted of the following: Years ended December 31, 2025 2024 Discount rate 5.50% 4.90% Expected long-term return on plan assets 6.00% 6.00% Rate of compensation increase N/A N/A The expected long-term return on plan assets assumption was developed as a weighted average rate based on the target asset allocation of the plan and the Long-Term Capital Market Assumptions for the corresponding fiscal year end. Plan assets are invested in pooled separate accounts consisting of underlying investments in eight diversified investment funds. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the investment funds included five equity funds and three bond funds. Each fund has its own investment objectives, investment strategies and risks, as detailed in the Plan’s investment policy statement. The Company determines the appropriate strategic asset allocation versus plan liabilities, as governed by the investment policy statement. The assets of the plan are invested under the supervision of the Company’s investment committee in accordance with the investment policy statement. The investment options of the plan are chosen in a manner consistent with generally accepted standards of fiduciary responsibility. The investment performance of the Company’s individual investment managers, with the assistance of the Company’s investment consultant, is monitored on a quarterly basis and is reviewed at least annually relative to the objectives and guidelines as stated in the Company’s investment policy statement.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-43 The fair value of the Company’s pension plan assets, by fair value hierarchy, are as follows: December 31, 2025 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Investment in separate accounts Fixed income $ 12,732 $ — $ — $ 12,732 Equity 6,170 — — 6,170 Total assets at fair value $ 18,902 $ — $ — $ 18,902 December 31, 2024 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Investment in separate accounts Fixed income $ 12,489 $ — $ — $ 12,489 Equity 5,427 — — 5,427 Total assets at fair value $ 17,916 $ — $ — $ 17,916 The pooled separate accounts are valued at the net asset per unit based on either the observable net asset value of the underlying investment or the net asset value of the underlying pool of securities. Net asset value is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities and then divided by the number of shares outstanding. As of December 31, 2025, the following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid: Fiscal Year Ending Pension Benefits 2026 $ 930 2027 1,000 2028 1,050 2029 1,130 2030 1,180 2031 – 2035 6,100 The Company made no contributions to the plan in either 2025 or 2024. Defined Contribution Plan The Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution plan. Participants are permitted, in accordance with the provisions of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, to contribute up to 25% of their earnings (as defined) into the plan with the Company matching up to 6%, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations. The Company’s contributions charged to operations amounted to $1,155 and $1,056 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Bank Owned Life Insurance The Company has an investment in and is the beneficiary of life insurance policies on the lives of certain officers and directors. The purpose of these life insurance policies is to provide income through the appreciation in cash surrender value of the policies, which is expected to offset the cost of the deferred compensation plans. These policies had aggregate cash surrender values of $30,996 and $30,193 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net earnings
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-44 on these policies aggregated $780 and $751 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which are included in non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income. Deferred Compensation Arrangements Directors’ Plan, (formerly the “Trustees Plan”) The Company’s 1991 Plan (the “Directors’ Plan”) covers directors who elect to defer fees earned. Under the terms of the Directors’ Plan, each participant may elect to defer all or part of their annual director’s fees. Upon resignation, retirement, or death, the participants’ total deferred compensation, including earnings thereon, will be paid. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $3,429 and $3,804, respectively, are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities, which represents cumulative amounts deferred and earnings thereon. Total expense related to the Directors’ Plan years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $358 and $255, respectively, which are included in non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of income. Executive Long-Term Incentive and Retention Plan The Company maintains an Executive Long-Term Incentive and Retention Plan (the “Executive Plan”). Participation in the Executive Plan is limited to officers of the Company designated as participants by the Board of Directors and who filed a properly completed and executed participation agreement in accordance with the terms of the Executive Plan. Under the Executive Plan, the Board of Directors may grant annual cash incentive awards equal to a percentage of a participant’s base salary at the rate in effect on the last day of the Plan year, as determined by the Board of Directors based on the attainment of criteria established annually by the Board of Directors. Incentive awards under the Executive Plan are credited to the participant’s incentive benefit account as of the last day of the Executive Plan year to which the award relates and earn interest at a rate determined annually by the Board of Directors. Participants vest in their benefit accounts in accordance with the vesting schedule approved by the Board of Directors, which ranges from one to five years of service. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $1,630 and $1,653, respectively, is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities, which represents the cumulative amounts deferred and earnings thereon. The Company recognized expenses of $1,205 and $238 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to this plan and which are included in salaries and employee benefits expense in the consolidated statements of income. Group Term Replacement Plan Under the terms of the “Group Term Replacement Plan,” the Company provides postretirement life insurance benefits to certain officers. The liability related to these postretirement benefits is being accrued over the individual participants’ service period and aggregated $1,761 and $1,711 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recognized expenses of $50 and $69 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to this plan which are included in salaries and employee benefits expense in the consolidated statements of income. Other Director and Officer Postretirement Benefits The Company has individual fee continuation agreements with certain directors and a supplemental retirement agreement with an executive officer which provide for fixed postretirement benefits to be paid to the directors and the officer, or their beneficiaries, for periods ranging from 15 to 20 years. In addition, the Company has agreements with certain directors which provide for certain postretirement life insurance benefits. The liability related to these postretirement benefits is being accrued over the individual participants’ service period and aggregated $2,154 and $2,113, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company recognized expenses of $155 and $86 for the years
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-45 ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to these benefits which are included in other non- interest expenses in the consolidated statements of income. 10. Leases As of December 31, 2025, the Company leases real estate for seven branch offices and two administrative offices under various lease agreements. All of our leases are classified as operating leases. The Bank closed its Middletown branch, effective January 27, 2026, as part of its ongoing strategy to enhance operational efficiency and position the Bank for long-term growth. The calculated amount of the right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to present value the minimum lease payments. The Company’s leases have maturities which range from 2024 to 2048, some of which include lessee options to extend the lease term. If the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company will include the extended term in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability. The weighted average remaining life of the lease terms for these leases was 15.2 and 15.7 years as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate of interest to borrow on a collateralized basis for a similar term, at the lease commencement date. The Company calculated a weighted average discount rate of 4.12% and 3.91% in determining the lease liability as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, total operating lease costs were $797 and $782, respectively, and were included in occupancy and other expense. The ROU asset, included in other assets, was $6,045 and $7,307 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The corresponding lease liability, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities was $6,144 and $7,386 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Future minimum payments for operating leases with initial terms of one year or more as of December 31, 2025 were as follows: Years ending December 31: 2026 $ 692 2027 644 2028 648 2029 654 2030 604 Thereafter 5,497 Total future minimum lease payments 8,739 Amounts representing interest (2,595) Present Value of Net Future Minimum Lease Payments $ 6,144
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-46 11. Commitments and Contingencies Legal Matters The Company is involved in various legal proceedings which have arisen in the normal course of business. Management believes that resolution of these matters will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Employment Agreements The Company has entered into employment agreements with certain officers. The agreements provide for base salaries and incentive compensation based on performance criteria outlined in the agreements. The agreements also provide for insurance, various other benefits and addresses other contractual issues, such as a change of control. Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include standby letters of credit and commitments to extend credit, which include new loan commitments and undisbursed portions of construction loans and other lines of credit. These financial instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the statements of financial condition. The contractual amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments. The contractual amounts of commitments to extend credit represent the amounts of potential accounting loss should the contract be fully drawn upon, the customer defaults and the value of any existing collateral become worthless. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent off-balance sheet credit risk are as follows: Years ended December 31, 2025 2024 Commitments to extend credit summarized as follows: Future loan commitments $ 1,688 $ 5,556 Undisbursed construction loans 3,946 23,617 Undisbursed home equity lines of credit 9,735 10,357 Undisbursed commercial and other line of credit 74,207 79,107 Standby letters of credit 5,014 3,022 Credit card lines 10,697 2,701 Loans sold with recourse 473 805 Total $105,760 $125,165 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Since these commitments could expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include residential and commercial property, deposits and securities.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-47 12. Derivatives Interest Rate Swaps The Company enters into interest rate swaps that allow commercial loan customers to effectively convert a variable-rate loan agreement to a fixed-rate loan agreement. Under these agreements, the Company simultaneously enters into a variable-rate loan and interest rate swap agreements with a customer. The Company then enters into a corresponding and offsetting swap agreement with a third party to hedge its exposure created by the customer agreements. The interest rate swaps with both the customers and third parties are not designated as hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and are marked to market through earnings. The fair values of the swaps are recorded as both an asset and a liability, in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in equal offsetting amounts for these transactions. Accrued interest receivable and payable of $115 and $152 related to these swaps is recorded in other assets and other liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Summary information regarding these derivatives is presented below: December 31, 2025 2024 Notational amount $ 240,092 $ 151,867 Fair value $ 7,204 $ 6,458 Weighted average pay rates 5.77 % 5.48 % Weighted average receive rates 6.03 % 6.67 % Weighted average maturity (in years) 5.41 7.45 Number of Contracts 42 24 As of December 31, 2024, there were three contracted forward rate swaps with a notional value of $19,161 and a fair value of $285 with effective dates at various points in 2025. These forward swaps had a fixed weighted average pay rate of 6.28% and the related weighted average adjustable receive rates were determined at the time the forward swaps became effective. There were no contracted forward rate swaps at December 31, 2025.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-48 13. Regulatory Matters The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the tables below) of total, common equity Tier 1 and Tier I capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of Tier I capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, that the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. The most recent notification from the FDIC categorized the Bank as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum total risk- based, common equity Tier 1, Tier I risk-based and Tier I leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. There are no conditions or events since then, which management believes have changed the Bank’s category. The Bank’s actual capital amounts and ratios were: To be Well Capitalized under For Capital Adequacy Prompt Corrective Action Actual Purposes Provisions Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio December 31, 2025 Rhinebeck Bank Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) $147,671 14.40% $ 82,039 8.00% $ 102,549 10.00% Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) 139,166 13.57% 61,529 6.00% 82,039 8.00% Common equity tier one capital (to risk weighted assets) 139,166 13.57% 46,147 4.50% 66,657 6.50% Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 139,166 10.62% 52,423 4.00% 65,529 5.00% December 31, 2024 Rhinebeck Bank Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) $135,450 12.63% $85,821 8.00% $107,276 10.00% Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) 126,668 11.81% 64,366 6.00% 85,821 8.00% Common equity tier one capital (to risk weighted assets) 126,668 11.81% 48,274 4.50% 69,729 6.50% Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 126,668 10.07% 50,292 4.00% 62,865 5.00%
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-49 14. Fair Value As described in Note 1, the Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. A description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for estimating fair value for financial and non-financial instruments not recorded at fair value, is set forth below. Cash and Cash Equivalents The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Available for Sale Securities Where quoted prices are available in an active market for identical securities, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include marketable equity securities and U.S. Treasury obligations. If quoted prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models (i.e., matrix pricing) or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Examples of such instruments include government agency bonds, mortgage-backed securities and municipal bonds. Level 3 securities include securities for which significant unobservable inputs are utilized. Available for sale securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. FHLB Stock The carrying value of FHLB stock approximates fair value based on the redemption provisions of the FHLB. Loans Loans receivable are carried at cost. For variable rate loans which reprice frequently carrying values are a reasonable estimate of fair values, adjusted for credit losses inherent in the portfolios. The fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the year end rates, estimated using local market data, at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities, adjusted for credit losses inherent in the portfolios. The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, nonrecurring fair value adjustments to collateral-dependent impaired loans are recorded to reflect partial write-downs based on the observable market price or current appraised value of collateral. Other Real Estate Owned Other real estate owned represents real estate acquired through foreclosure and is carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated selling costs. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is utilized in the fair value measurements. Accrued Interest The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-50 Mortgage Servicing Rights The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. Mortgage servicing rights are carried at the lower of amortized cost or estimated fair value and are included in other assets on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Deposits Deposit liabilities are carried at cost. The fair value of NOW, savings and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of time certificates of deposit is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities estimated using local market data to a schedule of aggregated expected maturities on such deposits. Mortgagors’ escrow account The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Advances from the FHLB The fair value of the advances is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current FHLB interest rates for advances of similar maturity to a schedule of maturities of such advances. Subordinated Debt Based on the floating rate characteristic of these instruments, the carrying value is considered to approximate fair value. Off-Balance-Sheet Instruments Fair values for off-balance-sheet lending commitments are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standings. Such amounts are not significant. Loan Level Interest Rate Swaps The fair value is based on settlement values adjusted for credit risks associated with the counterparties and the Company and observable market interest rate curves.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-51 The following tables detail the assets that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of the periods shown and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine the fair value: Quoted Prices inActive Markets Significant Significantfor Identical Observable Unobservable Balance Assets (Level 1) Inputs (Level 2) Inputs (Level 3) December 31, 2025 Assets: U.S. Treasury securities $ 35,828 $ 35,828 $ — $ — U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities-residential 88,980 — 88,980 — U.S. government agency securities 18,352 — 18,352 — Municipal securities 2,082 — 1,997 85 Corporate bonds 16,589 — 16,589 — Other 372 — 372 — Total available for sale securities 162,203 35,828 126,290 85 Loan level interest rate swaps 7,204 — 7,204 — Total assets $ 169,407 $ 35,828 $ 133,494 $ 85 Liabilities: Loan level interest rate swaps $ 7,204 $ — $ 7,204 $ — Total liabilities $ 7,204 $ — $ 7,204 $ — December 31, 2024 Assets: U.S. Treasury securities $ 29,693 $ 29,693 $ — $ — U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities – residential 93,492 — 93,492 — U.S. government agency securities 21,166 — 21,166 — Municipal securities 2,493 — 2,393 100 Corporate bonds 12,583 — 12,583 — Other 520 — 520 — Total available for sale securities 159,947 29,693 130,154 100 Loan level interest rate swaps 6,743 — 6,743 — Total assets $ 166,690 $ 29,693 $ 136,897 $ 100 Liabilities: Loan level interest rate swaps $ 6,743 $ — $ 6,743 $ — Total liabilities $ 6,743 $ — $ 6,743 $ —
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-52 The following tables detail the assets carried at fair value and measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine the fair value: Quoted Prices inActive Markets Significant Significantfor Identical Observable Unobservable Balance Assets (Level 1) Inputs (Level 2) Inputs (Level 3) December 31, 2025 Individually analyzed loans, with specific reserves $ 405 $ — $ — $ 405 Total $ 405 $ — $ — $ 405 December 31, 2024 Individually analyzed loans, with specific reserves $ 320 $ — $ — $ 320 Total $ 320 $ — $ — $ 320 The Company may record adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements, either as specific reserves or as partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of these loans. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. The fair value of these individually analyzed loans is based on the fair value of the collateral. Loans with specific reserves that were determined to be collateral dependent are categorized as Level 3 due to ongoing real estate market conditions resulting in inactive market data, which in turn required the use of unobservable inputs and assumptions in fair value measurements. Individually analyzed loans evaluated under the discounted cash flow method are excluded from the table above. The discounted cash flow method as prescribed by ASC 310 is not a fair value measurement since the discount rate utilized is the loan’s effective interest rate which is not a market rate. There were no changes in valuation techniques used during the year ended December 31, 2025. Appraisals for collateral-dependent impaired loans are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value is compared with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. Loans that were individually analyzed using the fair value of the collateral had recorded investments of $645 and $479 with valuation allowances of $240 and $159 resulting in fair values of $405 and $320 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The valuation allowance represents specific allocations to the allowance for credit losses.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-53 The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value: Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Valuation Unobservable Range Estimate Techniques Input (Weighted Average) December 31, 2025 Individually analyzed loans, with specific reserves $ 405 Appraisal of collateral (1) Liquidation expenses (3) 0% to 8% Appraisal adjustments (2) 0% to 20% December 31, 2024 Individually analyzed loans, with specific reserves $ 320 Appraisal of collateral (1) Liquidation expenses (3) 0% to 8% Appraisal adjustments (2) 0% to 20% (1) Fair value is generally through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral that generally include various level 3 inputs which are not identifiable. (2) Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range of liquidation expenses and other appraisal adjustments are presented as a percent of the appraised value. (3) Estimated costs to sell. The Company discloses fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the statements of financial condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Certain financial instruments are excluded from disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company. The estimated fair value amounts for 2025 and 2024 have been measured as of their respective reporting dates and have not been reevaluated or updated for purposes of these financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than amounts reported at each year-end. The fair value estimates presented and discussed are based on pertinent information available to management as of the dates specified. The estimated fair value amounts are based on the exit price notion set forth by ASC 820. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair values, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these consolidated financial statements since the balance sheet dates. Therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. The information presented should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only required for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to the wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-54 As of the following dates, the carrying value and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments were: Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025 Using Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Financial Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 101,986 $101,986 $ — $ — $ 101,986 Available for sale securities 162,203 35,828 126,290 85 162,203 Loan level interest rate swaps 7,204 — 7,204 — 7,204 FHLB stock 1,957 — 1,957 — 1,957 Loans, net 953,385 — — 944,816 944,816 Accrued interest receivable 4,882 — 4,882 — 4,882 Mortgage servicing rights 1,262 — — 3,926 3,926 Financial Liabilities: Deposits $ 1,097,340 $ — $1,053,275 $ — $1,053,275 Mortgagors' escrow accounts 9,399 — 9,399 — 9,399 FHLB advances 25,153 — 26,982 — 26,982 Subordinated debt 5,155 — 5,155 — 5,155 Loan level interest rate swaps 7,204 — 7,204 — 7,204 Accrued interest payable 918 — 918 — 918 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Financial Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 37,484 $ 37,484 $ — $ — $ 37,484 Available for sale securities 159,947 29,693 130,154 100 159,947 Loan level interest rate swaps 6,743 — 6,743 — 6,743 FHLB stock 3,960 — 3,960 — 3,960 Loans, net 971,779 — — 955,123 955,123 Accrued interest receivable 4,435 — 4,435 — 4,435 Mortgage servicing rights 1,592 — — 4,370 4,370 Financial Liabilities: Deposits $ 1,020,783 $ — $968,878 $ — $968,878 Mortgagors' escrow accounts 9,425 — 9,425 — 9,425 FHLB advances 69,773 — 69,071 — 69,071 Subordinated debt 5,155 — 5,155 — 5,155 Loan level interest rate swaps 6,743 — 6,743 — 6,743 Accrued interest payable 943 — 943 — 943
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-55 15. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The activity in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, is as follows: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss(1) Unrealized (losses)gains onDefined Benefit available for sale Pension Plan securities Total Balance at December 31, 2024 $ (2,455) $ (10,480) $ (12,935) Other comprehensive gain before reclassifications 664 4,225 4,889 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss 116 — 116 Period change 780 4,225 5,005 Balance at December 31, 2025 $ (1,675) $ (6,255) $ (7,930) Balance at December 31, 2023 $ (3,421) $ (26,077) $ (29,498) Other comprehensive gain before reclassifications 730 2,924 3,654 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss 236 12,673 12,909 Period change 966 15,597 16,563 Balance at December 31, 2024 $ (2,455) $ (10,480) $ (12,935) (1) All amounts are net of tax. Related income tax expense or benefit is calculated using an income tax rate of 21.0%. Details about accumulated other comprehensive loss components are as follows: Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income for the Year Ended Affected Line Item in the Consolidated December 31, Statement of Income 2025 2024 Securities available for sale(1): Net securities losses reclassified into earnings $ — $ (16,041) Net realized loss on sales of securities Related income tax expense — 3,368 Provision for income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive loss for the period — (12,673) Defined benefit pension plan(2): Amortization of net loss and prior service costs (147) (298) Other non-interest expense Related income tax expense 31 62 Provision for income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive gain or loss for the period (116) (236) Total reclassifications for the period $ (116) $ (12,909) (1) For additional details related to unrealized gains and losses on securities and related amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss see Note 2, “Available for Sale Securities.” (2) Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 9, “Employee Benefits” for additional details.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-56 16. Segment Reporting The Company is a bank holding company, whose principal activity is the ownership and management of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Rhinebeck Bank. As a community-focused financial institution, the Company’s operations primarily involve offering loans and deposit products and providing financial advisory services to customers. Since management evaluates performance and makes strategic decisions based on a single, integrated banking operation, the Company is considered to have one reportable segment for financial reporting purposes. Management makes operating decisions and assesses performance based on an ongoing review of these banking operations. The accounting policies of the banking operations segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The Company's reportable segment is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who serves as the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM assesses the Company's products and services, which primarily consist of banking operations, and evaluates performance based on financial data provided. Interest income from loans and other earning assets, and income from fee-based businesses provide banking operation revenue. Interest expense on deposits and other sources of funding, provisions for credit losses, and operating expenses, primarily salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, furniture and equipment, and data processing and communications, provide the significant expenses of banking operations. The Company currently operates as a single-segment and all operations are domestic.
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Table of Contents Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except share and per share data) F-57 17. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share represent income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted- average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in a manner similar to that of basic earnings per share except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental shares (computed using the treasury method) that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive common stock equivalents (such as options) were issued during the period. Unearned ESOP shares are not deemed outstanding for earnings per share calculations. Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Net income (loss) applicable to common stock $ 10,045 $ (8,620) Average number of common shares outstanding 11,100,624 11,074,170 Less: Average unearned ESOP shares 294,603 316,420 Average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate basic earnings per common share 10,806,021 10,757,750 Additional common stock equivalents (nonvested stock) used to calculate diluted earnings per share 5,423 — Additional common stock equivalents (stock options) used to calculate diluted earnings per share 145,984 — Weighted-average common shares and common stock equivalents used to calculate diluted earnings per share 10,957,428 10,757,750 Earnings (loss) per common share: Basic $ 0.93 $ (0.80) Diluted (1) $ 0.92 $ (0.80) (1) Because the Company was in a net loss position for the year ended December 31, 2024, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share, as the inclusion of potentially dilutive common shares would have been anti-dilutive. The weighted average anti-dilutive common shares not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share were 97,954. 18. Subsequent Events On February 10, 2026, Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC adopted a Plan of Conversion and Reorganization (the “Plan”) pursuant to which Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC will undertake a “second-step” conversion and the Bank, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, will reorganize from the two-tier mutual holding company structure to the fully-public stock holding company structure. Pursuant to the Plan, (i) the shares of the Company’s common stock held by persons other than Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC will be converted into new shares of the Company’s common stock based on an exchange ratio designed to preserve the percentage ownership interests of such persons (excluding shares of Company common stock purchased in the stock offering described below and cash received in lieu of issuance of fractional shares of Company common stock, and as adjusted to reflect certain assets held by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC), and the shares held by Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC will be canceled, and (ii) the Company will offer and sell shares of common stock, representing the ownership interest of Rhinebeck Bancorp, MHC in the Company, in a subscription offering and, if necessary, in a community offering and a syndicated community offering and/or firm commitment underwritten offering. The number and price of shares of Company common stock to be sold in the offering and the exchange ratio will be based on the Company’s pro forma market value on a fully converted basis, as determined by an independent appraisal. The Plan is subject to regulatory approval as well as approval by the depositors of the Bank and by the Company’s stockholders.
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Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. RHINEBECK BANCORP, INC. March 13, 2026 By:/s/ Matthew J. Smith Matthew J. Smith President and Chief Executive Officer (Duly Authorized Representative) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signatures Title Date /s/ Matthew J. Smith President, Chief Executive Officer and Director March 13, 2026 Matthew J. Smith (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Kevin Nihill Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer March 13, 2026 Kevin Nihill (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Phillip Lekanides Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer March 13, 2026 Phillip Lekanides (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ William C. Irwin Chairman of the Board March 13, 2026 William C. Irwin /s/ Donald E. Beeler Jr. Director March 13, 2026 Donald E. Beeler Jr. /s/ Christopher W. Chestney Director March 13, 2026 Christopher W. Chestney /s/ Freddimir Garcia Director March 13, 2026 Freddimir Garcia /s/ Steven Howell Director March 13, 2026 Steven Howell /s/ Shannon Martin LaFrance Director March 13, 2026 Shannon Martin LaFrance /s/ Sharon McGinnis Director March 13, 2026 Sharon McGinnis /s/ Nancy K. Patzwahl Director March 13, 2026 Nancy K. Patzwahl
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Exhibit 21 Subsidiaries of the Registrant Name Percent Ownership State of Incorporation Rhinebeck Bank 100% New York RSB Capital Trust I 100% Delaware
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CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (Nos. 333-239811 and 333-229662) on Form S-8 of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) of our report dated March 13, 2026, relating to the consolidated financial statements of the Company, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2025. /s/ Wolf & Company, P.C. Boston, Massachusetts March 13, 2026
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Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Matthew J. Smith, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e)) for the registrant and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. March 13, 2026 /s/ Matthew J. Smith Matthew J. Smith President and Chief Executive Officer
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Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Kevin Nihill, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e)) for the registrant and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. March 13, 2026 /s/ Kevin Nihill Kevin Nihill Chief Financial Officer
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Exhibit 32 CERTIFICATE PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, Matthew J. Smith, President and Chief Executive Officer of Rhinebeck Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”), and Kevin Nihill, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each certify in their capacity as officers of the Company that they have reviewed the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10- K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the “Report”) and that, to the best of their knowledge: (1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Sections 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. March 13, 2026 /s/ Matthew J. Smith Matthew J. Smith President and Chief Executive Officer March 13, 2026 /s/ Kevin Nihill Kevin Nihill Chief Financial Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.