Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us today for this webinar on battery energy storage solutions with Shoals Technologies. My name is Christine Cho, and I'm the clean tech analyst here at Barclays. We have a great discussion prepared for today. We're going to start with a little bit of why storage has increasingly become important in today's backdrop, the type of storage needed for data centers, the difference in architectures, the value proposition of Shoals, and the size of the opportunity. I'm gonna turn it over to Matt Tractenberg, VP of Investor Relations and Finance, who will introduce the Shoals team and give some introductory remarks. We will have some slides during the discussion and also have a Q&A session at the end. If you have a question, please email christine.cho@barclays.com and we will try to get through it all. Matt? Thanks, Christine. Morning, everyone. Again, my name is Matt Trachtenberg. I'm with the Shoals IR team. Before we give it back to Christine, to sort of drive through some of the questions, I wanted to just introduce our two speakers, add a little bit of context for today's event. As you see here on the slide, Jeff Tolnar is our President, and he's responsible for our commercial efforts at Shoals. Kishan Ponnadurai is a product engineer specializing in our BESS solution. The subject of BESS has been top of mind for most investors since last fall when it really started to pick up steam here. We get a lot of questions about what we sell, who do we sell it to, why Shoals, and the specific application that it fits into. This call is designed to be educational in nature. It's not intended to provide financial updates or forecasts. Those would be provided on any of our quarterly earnings calls. Christine has been doing a lot of work in this space, and you're kind enough to host us today. We have reached out to a number of shareholders in advance to ensure that we're addressing the most relevant questions, but again, as she pointed out, if there's something that the audience wants to hit, you can email your questions to her email address that you see under her picture as we move through the hour. I think we have a great discussion today for everybody. Christine, I will give it back to you. Great. Thanks, Matt. Mm-hmm. Good morning gentlemen. I wanted to start off with, you know, I think it's really important to understand the events of the past to bring us to where we are today. Can you provide a brief history of the evolution of batteries in recent years? Will do. Thanks, Christine. Matt, if you can pull up the slide for that. I won't hit all these bullet points, but I'll hit the main areas. Starting left to right, in the early stage, batteries were relatively small. They were AC coupled, typically a one-to-one ratio of the battery stack and an inverter. That was about 10 years ago. Going to the bottom, you look at about 8 years ago, began scaling. Largely driven by EV battery innovation, the batteries started to become more bankable, and they began to grow to multiple megawatts. A few more years go by, where about 5 years ago, once the spike in lithium came back down to normal range, the battery blocks continued to grow in size. I think one of the most telling points is that the energy duration increased, so you started seeing more and more of multiple hours of capability, megawatt hours of capability, as opposed to just minutes of ride through. Then the continued improvement in economics, driven largely by scale. If we look at it now, there's quite a few things that have happened and a lot of today we'll be diving in more deeply. The first is that there's alternative technologies that have been introduced, other than lithium-ion. Some of the long duration energy storage systems that have been announced recently are very compelling. They can provide tens if not 100 hours of long duration storage. The new innovations around BESS as a firming mechanism and a UPS infrastructure for data centers. That's a really exciting part that we're gonna dive more deeply into today, I think. Great. On our webinar last year, or maybe it was our conference, you mentioned that the product, your specific product, it's needed for projects that are DC coupled. Mm-hmm. Can you talk through why? Yeah. Jeff, I'll take this one. I think it's important to categorize the three major components of why our product is useful in DC coupled installations. It really boils down to augmentation planning, protection, and cost. I mean, those are the three biggest factors. I think a lot of DC coupled applications or infrastructure what they kind of go through is, you know, they're planned from the very beginning, and it's hard to retrofit, it's hard to build on top without adding more and more product. What we offer is a method to plan for augmentation from the very beginning. That's one big value proposition that our recombiner has in the market. We also have an extremely high short circuit protection, and I think it's more important as we continue to evolve the battery technology. Short circuits are getting higher, batteries are getting bigger, so it's important to have that overcurrent protection. Of course, cost is a very big one. I think our value proposition of being able to aggregate a bunch of DC blocks to potentially lower the amount of inverters that you're putting on your site is very attractive for a lot of our customers. That's simply due to the fact that we can simplify your solar charged storage and help with that augmentation planning. Just for those who aren't as familiar with these terms, can you just give a little 101 on what you mean by augmentation? Yeah. Augmentation is basically the idea of expansion. As you're building a site, you know, your project, your demand changes, you need to kind of move with that demand, and augmentation is simply just growing your site to meet that demand. Okay. Do you have any statistics as to how many storage projects are AC versus DC? Yeah, it's a great question. I think you have to look at with where batteries are going right now, I think it's hard to look at all storage projects as AC coupled/DC coupled. What I will say is that when you look at any sort of interconnection site, so any solar plus storage site that's supporting the grid, or any standalone storage site that's supporting the grid, you can. It's pretty easy to look at, you know, what is AC coupled versus DC coupled. When you get into some of the other types of applications for batteries, it becomes a little bit more blurred. So when you're talking about those interconnected sites, the solar plus storage and standalone storage supporting the grid, typically what we're seeing in the market is about 80% AC coupled and 20% DC coupled. Okay. What are the puts and takes for each as to why a project developer would want one over the other with respect to AC versus DC? Yeah. It's another great question. It's a question that, you know, we're asked a lot of. We'll start with DC coupled. I think the biggest pros for DC coupled is truly a cheaper upfront capital expense. If you're able to lower the number of inverters you have, potentially use a recombiner to help you do that's a pretty big pro. The other thing is a compact footprint. Instead of having a one-to-one battery to inverter ratio or a solar to inverter ratio, I think one of the big things is if you're able to reduce your footprint and increase your power density in a smaller scale, I think that's a very attractive option for developers to go with. The last big one that I think captures the biggest puts is the solar energy capture. What I mean by this is typically in a DC coupled infrastructure, you're using a common bus that is fed DC energy. So your solar is DC coming out of the solar panels, your battery is DC coming out of the batteries, and what you're doing is you're aggregating these DC inputs on a single bus and allowing solar DC energy to charge a DC battery, as opposed to on the AC coupled side, converting your solar energy into AC and then converting your battery into AC and then going into an inverter. I think what I'm trying to say here, to simplify things, is that you have lower conversion loss when you're looking at a DC coupled infrastructure. The earlier statistic where you said 80% was AC, can you just sort of maybe help us walk through if there's all these benefits with DC, why is the majority AC? Yeah. What it really comes down to is operational flexibility and revenue. What I mean by operational flexibility is, you know, I'd mentioned augmentation earlier. It is much easier to augment an AC coupled infrastructure. It's easier to grow an AC coupled infrastructure to meet your demand simply due to the fact that there is a one-to-one inverter ratio. This is important because what you'll realize in an AC coupled infrastructure is that the solar and battery operate independently of one another, and they're not connected to a DC bus. Why is this important? It really comes down to how you're using your energy, how you're gaining revenue from your energy, things of that nature. Because in a DC coupled application you're tied to a common bus, you can't operate solar and energy storage at the same time. With AC coupled, you can. I'll give you an example. Let's say your price for energy is high and you wanna sell some of your stored energy from your battery storage while your solar is still producing energy. In an AC coupled application, that's possible. In a DC coupled application, you run into the risks of curtailment. You'll have to stop one of your operations in order to operate the other. That's probably one of the biggest reasons why AC coupled is seen as a more prominent infrastructure in today's society. It is driven by revenue and operational flexibility. Specifically for data centers, are you seeing it, you know, skew one way or another with respect to AC versus DC? It's a great question. Data centers operate a little differently and we'll get into that, why that is, later in the presentation. I'll simply say that in today's world with new infrastructures evolving, it's hard to just simply say that one installation is DC coupled or AC coupled. We'll get into exactly why that is. Okay, great. You know, when you guys kind of initially, you know, teased out this product, you had mentioned that it was initially for front of the meter, but it's just that you got a reaction from the behind the meter market when the product was released. Yeah. I'm curious on how the market is evolving. Is it, you know, are your customers primarily BTM or are you seeing FTM interest? If you could provide a split. Yeah, I'll take that one, Kishan. I guess when I look at it's front of the meter is really grid facing. I look at the two use cases that Kishan just had up on the projection. If I have solar plus storage and providing energy to the grid, that's going to be grid facing. If I have storage as a resource for the grid, that will be also front of the meter. I think what's emerging more and more is with the large load growth driven by data centers and AI training data centers, there's a mix. Kishan alluded to that a little bit. Without diving too deep technically, what I would say is that what we should focus on is what's the predominance of where the energy is going. We're seeing with the data center use case that the energy is predominantly being provided to feed the data center, but that energy can also be used, if the data center were to drop in power, it can be used as a buffering resource back to the grid. It really could look like a combination of the two. I think a hard line view of is it front or back of the meter, I think it's blurring right now. I do think. You didn't ask this question specifically, Christine, but I think it's important to note that I really do believe that I get questions about is the grid going to be bypassed and is it gonna be purely microgrids? I guess in my point of view, the grid will be connected in the vast majority of the cases. There will be fringe cases where a microgrid could feed a data center, but grid energy is sustainable. It's been there a long time. It's highly protected, it's redundant, and that's something that's difficult to replicate in a pure microgrid. I do think that blur of front of the meter and behind the meter will continue, and it is, in my mind, all about which direction the energy is going and what it's feeding. At the risk of getting too technical, just 'cause you gave these, and I know we're gonna talk about it a little more later, but you gave two examples of, like, the batteries are used for buffering, but they, you know, the data centers can also be pulling from the batteries. In those two separate use cases, is the battery placement separate, like, different? It's not. The batteries are an energy source, and it really comes down to is in the initial engineering design, are the batteries contemplated as just outage ride through? It gets back to the use case of the data center. Do they just wanna ride through an outage, in which case the batteries are there to provide minutes or hours of support if the grid were to fail? Or has the design been put into place where the batteries can actually be used as a buffer back to the grid? Because we're hearing more and more from electric utilities and IOUs, the independent system operators, the ISOs, that they're concerned about data center impact to the grid itself. Things like GPU ripple and voltage stability are potentially causing issues in neighborhoods and with other adjacent C&I facilities. In that case, if the design is done upfront, then the batteries can be used as a firming resource back to the grid. It goes back to initial design and intent of what use case the data centers are trying to achieve. Okay. I know we're gonna go into the use cases a little more, so I'll just leave it there. You kinda touched upon this, but let's just dig a little deeper. What has changed about data centers in the last year or so that is warranting so much interest in battery energy storage? I think a slide will help in this one. It goes back to the prior question, which is what is the primary purpose of the energy that's being provided. In the upper right-hand corner of this slide, you see the substation. That's grid connected. It could also be natural gas turbines that are behind the meter that are connected. They then go to a transformer that steps down the voltage to the point where an inverter can take that power in. It then goes through, we're hoping in every case, a Shoals recombiner, which then goes to a battery stack, battery container, charges the batteries. The batteries then are used to discharge through an inverter that steps it down to a voltage that the data center can use, and then it feeds into the data center as AC. You think of that power flow coming from the grid or natural gas turbines. This use case is very new. The diagram that you're seeing is publicly available. It's indicative of the way that many are looking at it. And I see it as quite interesting because if the design is considered upfront, you can see that the power could be used to firm the grid, just like the use case that Kishan showed of batteries facing the grid, or the batteries can be used to feed and make the voltage and continuous power more available to the data center, so that a design like this enables the best of both worlds for grid firming and then also for data center operation. We have, at the risk of oversimplifying, we generally have heard that the use case for batteries comes down to three things. One, power quality, two, speed to interconnection, and three, backup needs. Is your product necessary for all three scenarios, and how does the demand differ for each of the scenarios and the relative sizing for each? Yeah. Kish, you wanna take this one? Yeah, I'll take this one, Jeff. Yeah, our product plays across all three scenarios, and in many cases it's hard to say that each of these scenarios are independent of one another. I think there is a lot of meaningful overlap between them. However, it's up to our customers to prioritize which one of these three that they wanna go with. When we're working with our customers that really wanna prioritize power quality, you know, it turns into, okay, what exactly are your product requirements? What are the needs that your site actually needs for this specific location, this specific area, and these specific power electronics? And that becomes a very custom tailored product that we build for those customers. Typically we do see that as more of a C&I opportunity, although we do work with utilities in that regard as well. When it comes to power quality, cost efficiency and flexibility in how we design the product is truly the name of the game. It becomes a very tailored product. When you're talking about prioritizing speed to interconnection, once again, power quality is obviously very important at all stages, but if speed to interconnection is a priority here, then typically what we're doing is building a larger system and a standardized system that they can use for repeatability. We wanna be that bankable partner for that customer that's trying to scale this, their business and quickly get developments up and running. When you look at a standard product, scalable DC architectures are what's needed, and those are something that we can support as well as those flexible, power quality focused, products. When you go into backup, it's funny because, you know, it's almost like we want everything when it comes to backup. 'Cause the fact of the matter is power quality is very important when it comes to these backups, especially with data centers. Also with all the demand that we're seeing for data centers, speed to interconnection is also extremely important, mainly because these data centers, what we're seeing, they can't exist without a sort of interconnection. Right now there's a big push to make sure data centers have power packages alongside with their overall development. What you're seeing is that power quality and speed to connection, speed to interconnection are both extremely important in that regard. You'll often see a combination of the product we build for a customer that's prioritizing power quality, and a customer that's prioritizing speed to interconnection. We are building extremely custom solutions for these backup UPS solutions that are able to be scaled at very high volumes. That's one of the big focuses that Shoals has taken in recent times is, how can we standardize on maybe a skeleton, but allow for flexibility on the internals of our product, so we can meet those customer needs and scale with the increasing demand? I think it's important to kind of talk about, you know, where we're going with our business. One of the big things is that when we're looking at these custom products, our biggest goal is to make sure that we can repeat even the custom product. That's why we focus on building that skeleton framework, and then focus on designing the internals very specifically. You went through power quality and speed to interconnection in more detail. Mm-hmm. Would it be fair to say that backup is kind of, you know, on the back burner for now? I would say backup as a. If you're talking about backup as a solution for data centers, it's at the forefront. If we're talking about backup as a you know an energy plant you know an interconnected solar plus storage standalone storage site, I would say speed to interconnection and power quality do take priority over backup. For the bookings that you do have, so far, do you know which case they are using it for? Yeah. For our current bookings, we're seeing the strongest pull from backup data center specific backup and high power applications, and that's primarily driven by the AI infrastructure that's being built up today. We're able to handle that high current scale DC distribution and support very tight reliability requirements at a large volume. Power quality, along with speed to interconnection, those use cases are still very much apparent, but they're typically a smaller portion of our demand right now. They do tend to be more cost-driven. Okay. What is the decision cycle of a data center and the difference in architectures that are being evaluated? Let's go back to the three use cases. The decision cycle for BESS added to a storage site is pretty much the same as solar, as the solar utility-scale solar sites. We're seeing 9-18 months as the typical range for solar plus storage. I would also say that most solar sites these days do have some amount of BESS associated with them and attached with them. The grid firming use case, those are typically through electric utilities, and we're seeing a longer sales cycle for those. I think a part of that's. The reason is twofold. One is that electric utilities are a little more conservative, and they wanna see a trial, and then before they go to moderate scale and then to large scale. The second reason would be long duration energy storage is at the forefront for the grid firming use case, and those are relatively immature in the market and are just emerging now. The sales cycle has been longer on the grid firming side. I'd say up to upwards of 12-24 months. We've been in on some of those for quite a while. Then the third use case that we've talked about is the data center, where BESS is a firming resource for the data center, a UPS, and also a firming resource for the grid. That one ranges in the 9-18 months. It really varies by use case, but I don't see a quick turn 30-60-day sales cycle in any of them. They're typically gonna be 9 months to 2, up to 2 years for some of the fringe cases. Okay. The stuff in your backlog, I think you guys have said that, like, half of that would turn this year, and then the rest is sort of next year. Is that what we should think? Yeah, that. Does it extend beyond that? Okay. No, that's exactly right. That sales cycle started about nine months ago. By the time it turns into revenue, it's going to be about a year. Okay. What is happening right now that is creating this, you know, specific opportunity for you guys? Yeah. I think we've talked about some of it already, and I want to tie back to some of those comments. BESS as a ride-through technology if the grid were to fail and we had some issues in Texas a few years ago, we had issues in other parts of the country where the grid would fail, and you needed energy to be provided to, in this case, a data center. The batteries were in place for ride-through capability and outage, basically outage ride-through. What's changing now is with data centers and AI, and when a data center is in training mode or whether it is in inference mode, where it's in standard normal operation, when an AI data center's in training, as in a training data center, you have something called GPU ripple. Basically those are high voltage fluctuations in the signal that cause problems on the grid itself, when that occurs, because the loads are so massive out of a data center, that it causes cascading issues within the grid. GPU ripple is a new challenge that the industry's had to face. The second is tied to it, which is voltage stability. Because the power fluctuations are severe, and they happen so fast, you can see a swing in voltage on the grid itself. Providing continuous power is a third. If the data center were to drop its operating load substantially, the grid would see that and might not be able to react as quickly, so the grid might have a continuous power issue in that area. Conversely, if the grid isn't able to provide the power that the data center needs, it may have an issue. Those three, I would say use cases within the data center segment are relatively new, last couple of years, and the solutions that we're seeing on the market are addressing those. It's using BESS as a UPS resource as opposed to the more standard low voltage UPS resources that were deployed over many, many decades. Let's talk about your specific product and your process. What do you exactly sell? What does it do? Why do people buy it from you? Who buys it from you? If we could get maybe an idea of product roadmap, you know, what's next for this product? Yeah. Sounds good. You wanna pull up slide five? We can jump into that. Yeah, you do the what, I'll do the who. Sounds good. What do we sell? It's a good question. I wanna bring your attention to the left two boxes, the green boxes. What we sell right now is a product that allows you to aggregate multiple DC circuits. We have combiners that can be wall-mounted, and we have recombiners that are freestanding. The main thing is, you know, we obviously play in the DC-coupled market because we are consolidating and aggregating DC inputs. We offer a method for developers to consolidate and reduce the number of inverters on their site, and in doing so, reduce the footprint of their site as well, maintaining their power density. We go into a range of amperages. The highest one and the most common one we typically see for battery storage products is that 4000-amp recombiner where we can take up to about 16 fused inputs into a cabinet. Now, that does require a larger cabinet profile, but the fact of the matter is we can take up to 16 in that 4000-amp recombiner. I think the biggest thing that we've started to see more and more of is as batteries continue to evolve, as batteries continue to get bigger, as duration starts to get longer, as footprint starts to get smaller, the fault current becomes more and more of a risk. What we're seeing is that the fault current no longer is just, you know, 100-150 kAIC. Now we're going up to the 200, 250+ kAIC and right now we're designing our product to take on that high of a fault current. That's kind of what we do with the combiners and recombiners, but we have an attachment that I think offers a lot of control to our developers, which is the Multiple Load-Break Disconnect. Basically what this is is all those inputs that you put into our combiner or recombiner, if you want individual control of each one of those inputs, then you can attach a Multiple Load-Break Disconnect to that unit. Why is this important? Well, when it comes to doing service or any sort of maintenance, if the developer wants to maybe not shut off their entire operation, they can have that individual control on their inputs and really isolate what needs to be shut off and what doesn't need to be shut off. We offer that as an attachment if the developer does want that. What's next? I think where we see the market going is definitely in reducing footprint while maintaining power density. The best way to do this is to really consolidate your components onto a skid. Where we're looking at right now to take Shoals to the next level is looking at skidded power electronics for our next launch. Yeah, Christine, as far as the why do people buy from us, I think I'd look two different directions. If I look at this portfolio, all of the variables that are in there make it a high mix solution. We found that every data center, every solar field is a little bit different. We have differentiated ourselves over the years in solar by providing high mix at a high volume. That same approach is resonating within the BESS market. The cabinets themselves range in size. What goes into the cabinet is designed for that site. The configuration is designed for the site. The fault current rating is designed for a specific site. If I look to the large multinationals that I'm sure all of you know, we compete against them because we're very good at and very willing to do custom solutions on a site-by-site basis. It's what we've cut our teeth on over the years, and we've got a scaled production line set up to do just that. Our ability to compete against the multinationals is tied to this high mix, high volume capability that Shoals has had. On the opposite facing realm are the smaller, I'll call them the small panel shops that can create and do quite well at creating 5, 10 of these similar cabinets per month. A data center's looking at hundreds of cabinets in the scope of their project. You look at the bankability of those companies, the smaller panel shops that may or may not be profitable, and have their own cash flow issues, whereas with Shoals, we're a half a billion-ish company. We're cash flow positive. We are bankable, public company. Our customers view us as steady and bankable and able to take on these large, multiple hundreds of units of products within a project. I think we're at the sweet spot of the market of willingness to customize, but also able to scale, and able to differentiate ourselves through the volume and size that we are as a company. Okay. Now, the who buys it question is going to tie back to the use case. If I look at the solar plus storage use case, those are typically procured by the EPCs, so the engineering, procurement, and construction companies. The grid firming use case, those would be an EPC but could also be an electric utility or an IPP, public power operator. The data center operator. It's varying right now. It could be an EPC, it could be an OEM, it could be an energy and an engineering firm that is coupling solutions together. We're seeing a broader variance, and I think that's a testament to the ecosystem hasn't quite settled yet on the data center space. Our customers are a little bit more varied there. Okay. Oh, you touched upon all other things that I would like to go a little deeper into. Before we do, you know, when I just think about your solar EBOS product, you know, which was your flagship, you know, entry into the market. Mm-hmm. The value proposition here has always been labor savings. You know, the higher CapEx more than offsets the labor, and so it's like very easy for investors to understand, you know, why someone would take this product. What about for this BESS product? What exactly, you know? Can you just talk through what is your product, quote unquote, "replacing," or maybe just talk through the value proposition of why you versus someone else or something else? I think it's back to the use case. Solar plus storage, we enable DC coupled. Kishan talked about some of the advantages earlier of a DC coupled solution. We have a—we're DC experts. It's what we've been in for the duration of our company's history. A DC based product at high voltage, up to 1500 volts, 4000 amps, incredibly high powered DC systems are our specialty. We get quite a few opportunities to come in just by our being in the DC side of the equation for grid firming and solar plus storage. They're used to doing business with Shoals on the solar EBOS side. They will continue to work with us on the BESS recombiner side. It gets down to the difference of, would they rather buy from a large multinational that may not be willing to customize or buy a SKU off the shelf? What we've heard more than once is, our customer said, well, they've asked in the market, and the response is, "Well, I've got this box, this box and this box, and they kind of fit your need." With Shoals, we're able to say, "No, we'll make a system that fits your need for that site." It's that flexibility that helps us compete in, regardless of use case, but primarily in solar plus storage and grid firming. The other alternative would be the panel shops. What we've seen of most of the panel shops is that they are AC experts, so they're making large AC panels, they're making AC switchboards, but they haven't really gone into the DC area as yet. They might, but we've got quite a lot of decade plus of experience on them in that regard. I think that sets us apart for quite a while. We're continuing to evolve our thinking of, it's not just a cabinet, now it's a cabinet plus a power system on a unified skidded solution that will reduce labor from the field. Eventually, we're gonna get back to our cut and dried. We're gonna take X amount of labor out of the field, put it into the factory. That's when we start to introduce skidded solutions. In the past, you've talked about three sales channels. You know, leveraging existing customers, selling directly to data centers, and then co-engineering with integrators. It's been about seven months, you know, since you've started talking about this product in more detail. Mm-hmm. Can you update us on what you have seen since then? Which sales channel is getting the most traction, and which one has the biggest tail? Yeah. I think the quick answer to that is the one that we're talking the most about, and that's the BESS as a resource for data centers. If we look at the other two use cases, I think what we released at Investor Day is we're thinking that the solar plus storage is about $360 million TAM. Okay, interesting, but not massive. Then grid firming, we're seeing that emerge more and more with long duration energy storage, so we think that TAM could be about the same, maybe larger. When we look at the data center opportunity, and there's a graphic that I would like to show that ties some numbers into what we talked about earlier. I'm gonna give a couple of examples and some ranges. What I can't do today is provide you a TAM, and I'll explain why in a minute. I'll give you some tools that can help you get to that point. Again, this is an energy flow diagram that is publicly available, and if we equate it to a 1 gigawatt data center, depending upon the size of the battery stacks, you'll need some number of Shoals recombiners. 400-600 would be a range that we would be comfortable with based on the size of the batteries. If I had much larger batteries, I would need fewer recombiners. If I had a smaller battery, I would need more recombiners. The ASP for the recombiner varies pretty broadly, whether I need 1 cabinet or 3 cabinets, the number of interconnections that Kishan talked about earlier. Do I have 8 feeds coming in, 16 feeds coming in? How many fuses do I need per recombiner? What does the disconnect structure look like? It's a fairly broad ASP. If I do some math, and the math won't be obvious, so I'm gonna take you through it. If I look at the lower end ASP, that would be a smaller recombiner. If I have a smaller recombiner, I'm probably gonna have more of them. If I look at the lower end of a range, it would probably be the $70,000 ASP × 600. That gets us to about $42 million per data center. If I look at the higher end of a range, that would be a multi-cabinet recombiner. If I'm putting a high-end together, I would use the high-end ASP times the high-end number, and that gives us a range of $42 million-$72 million. Again, just pure math. We've been saying for a while now that our range is $50 million-$60 million per gigawatt. That's about right, and that's where those numbers get derived from, are these ranges. I would say that we haven't seen enough volume to know what the predominance is within that range. I'd say let us sink our teeth into it a bit more and see whether it skews to the high or low end. That's a good range for you to use. If we look at the data center market, and we've looked at it a lot of different ways, we use WoodMac as a company. A lot of companies use BNEF. We've done a math calculation to roll up the number of NVIDIA chips and the power consumption of NVIDIA chips bottoms up. They all round out to about a 10-15 gigawatts per year U.S. data center market. Now, here's the difficulty in getting to a SAM or a Shoals addressable market, is we don't. This is so new, this BESS as a UPS or as a firming resource is so new, we don't know of that 10-15 gigawatts how many will have a BESS system. We also don't know the power consumption that would be required from that BESS system. It's too early for us to say that some percentage of that 10-15 is going to have BESS versus not. Then within that number that will have BESS, how many are going to be this configuration versus the use case which is just outage ride-through. I think there's too many variables right now, and I'd have to give you a wild range that would make no sense. But I think we would, as a company, stand firm behind these two numbers, and what we're trying to do is figure out where they land from an overall addressable market perspective. Is that a fair way to hedge it? You're asking me? Yes. I guess maybe my follow-up would be, 'cause I totally understand what you said about why it's difficult to, you know, sort of, put a tighter range. But also just sort of, you know, since you first started talking about this topic, there have been new products, new ways to sort of maybe solve for the same thing. I guess I'm curious, you know, and maybe this is an unfair question, but if you just kinda had to compare what you thought, you know, or what the range of outcomes of what TAM could be was, you know, seven months ago when it was very early stages versus today, 'cause you do have more information today. Yeah. Would you say it's up, down, or about the same? I would say it is significantly up, because if you would have asked me, and I think you did ask a few months back, and it was really the first two use cases. It was solar plus storage and grid firming, and I would say this opportunity is substantially larger than those two, and it's moving faster. What we don't know is where it's moving to and at the pace, and what the adoption curve is going to look like. It definitely is larger. It is a larger overall market opportunity for us, and I think we play well in all three use cases. Okay. What about, you know, earlier you talked about, you know, shrinking footprints and increasing energy density. What about the move to 800-volt DC? Mm-hmm. You know, does this move impact the need for this product at all? Yeah. Love the question. We see the white space of the data center, so within the data center itself as a different product category. A DC recombiner could be advantaged by a data center going to DC, but I don't know what that could look like. But I also know that we unveiled a little bit at Investor Day, and we've continued to work on within that white space, a cabling system concept that is moving along quite well within the data center. Now think of this, Christine. If you've got DC that is feeding the racks and the rows, or the rows and the racks, there's still going to be AC power needed within a data center. You're still gonna have to feed lights. You'll still have to feed standard HVAC systems that are AC powered. There's going to be a combination of AC and DC that goes into a data center. What I would say is our DC focus is advantaged by the move in the industry to go to DC. I see that it makes total and logical sense for the data center operators to do that. They're looking at ways to reduce power consumption, and heat dissipation is one of the primaries. If I go to a higher voltage, I go to 800 volts DC or even eventually to 1500 volts DC, I can get the same power with lower current, which means less heat dissipation. I do think the DC architecture advantages us for the BESS product that we've been talking about. That's a little bit separated because you're still going to need some type of inverter in the middle and power conversion in the middle. I would say our product that's within the white space of the data center definitely is a great fit for 800 volts DC or if they continue to work down the AC path. Okay. Just to make sure to clarify, that's a separate product, one that I'll- Separate product. Yes. One that I'll be bugging you about later on. Okay. Please do. I have one last question. Just as a reminder for everyone on the call, if you do have a question that you would like asked, please email christine.cho@barclays.com. The email is right below my video. The Shoals BESS Recombiner box, you know, it's usually discussed synonymously with data centers. Is there a need for this product with other customers? Yeah. Jeff, I'll take this one if you don't mind. You know, it's important to consider the birth of this recombiner. But it actually was initiated by your typical solar plus storage, standalone storage sites. I think what we've seen in those sites in our ability to consolidate inputs and simplify those inputs to a singular output. I think that value proposition has been realized in this battery storage UPS system because what you're seeing is kind of a reverse recombiner. You are consolidating two inverters and going to a singular battery. I think the theme that you're seeing here is that there is a need for consolidation and there's a need for simplification. I think customers are always looking for simplification. When you look at our recombiner, we offer a custom way to offer that simplification based on the customer's specific needs. I think it's important to make that distinction that this product did start with your interconnection sites, solar plus storage, standalone storage, and that value proposition of simplification, and has been realized in this data center world that we're in right now. I think what we're looking to do is continuously improve that value proposition, continuously improve the product to add to that value proposition and grow. Okay. Well, thank you, gentlemen. We have, you know, let's call it roughly 5 minutes, so I did get a number of questions that I'll try to move through. It seems like a lot of them has to actually do with competition from what I can tell. How does your DC to DC recombiner box differ from those offered by Schneider, Siemens? Also, what is the typical solar to storage ratio? Is it 1 to 1 to 0.5? Yeah. Kishan, I'll take first half, maybe you take second half. Yeah. Sounds good. I think it goes back to Christine, the question we talked about earlier. We compete against Eaton, Schneider, Siemens. Our ability to customize is what differentiates us. I would say we see them less than we see some panel shops when the customers are looking at customization. 'Cause I think customization is top of mind right now, and what we're hearing about the multinationals is that they have standard SKUs on the shelf and they're trying to sell the standard SKUs. Whereas we're willing to customize but can also scale. That's where we're winning today. Where a customer could buy a standard SKU and they're very comfortable, and maybe they've got a bulk order in for substation gear from one of the big multinationals, they may just couple in the BESS cabinets there. But I would say that our customization and scaled line capacity is what sets us apart, and that also sets us apart from the primary panel shops. Kishan, can you take the ratio question? Yeah. I just wanted to add on to that. One other thing, and we did touch on this earlier on, is that when you look at a you know an off-the-shelf you know cabinet, you're typically looking at a lower short circuit current rating for those cabinets. Mm-hmm. When we design our cabinets, we understand the increasing need to handle a much higher short circuit. That goes into our design as well. You know, it's not just that we're able to scale and we're able to be custom. It's that we're able to work with our customers and become a sort of partner with them as we're designing a product that works for their site, that needs to work for their site. That's just one piece that I wanted to add. As far as ratios go, it's an interesting question. Christine, was that about the ratios of solar to recombiners? Is that what we were going with or what was the question, that second one? I thought it was solar to storage. Solar to storage, yeah. Yeah. Typically what we're seeing on our side is we would see about, I would say, 6 solar inputs going into the recombiner to 2 to 3 battery inputs going into the recombiner. To answer your question, I mean, it's about a 2:1 ratio, solar to battery. Yeah, if we would say megawatts, a 500 MW solar site is gonna see about 250 MW of battery. Yeah. Okay. Great. I got a question asking if you can comment on the margin profile of the BESS system by use case. I understand if you don't maybe want to give explicit numbers, but you know, maybe if you could talk relatively as if there is a difference between the different use cases that you've given. Yeah. I would say that the margin profile's consistent across the three use cases, and that it is accretive to the solar margins. Okay. I think this is gonna be the last one, but I figured it would maybe be a great way to sort of provide a segue for your next product. I did get a question: can they talk a little bit about the inside data center product that you guys alluded to just a little while ago? Sure. Yeah. Kishan, I'll defer to you at some point. I'll stay high level. Data center rows and racks are fed today primarily using two technologies. One is busway systems that are large copper bus bars that run along the row, and then you have a tap off unit that feeds power down to the rack. The other technology that's used are called whips. So basically home run wires from the rack back to a power unit that provides the power to the whips. We announced this at Investor Day, so I'm not disclosing any material non-public information, but I'm refreshing it. We're introducing a product that we feel fits very nicely in between the two. We're using our BLA, our big lead assembly, that's been in solar fields for over a decade. We are testing it to the AC environments that you see within a data center and basically envision now where the busway would go above the row of racks, now envision BLAs that have a cable management configuration that runs along the row of racks. Then the drops that would normally go to a solar string, those drops then feed into a tap-off box, which then goes down into the rack. We believe that the system we're developing will substantially save on labor, but then also can be turned around very quickly for a specific site, so no more long lead times for busway. Okay. Yeah. I'll just add one more thing to that. The other thing that we kind of mitigate is short circuit risk with using these BLA cables. You know, if you have cables on a bus, you know, potential for positive to ground, negative to ground. I'm not gonna say it's super high, but it's higher than using the BLA cable. That's just another point. Jeff did a great job bringing that to life. Thanks, Kishan. I'm sure I'll be asking you for a webinar when, you know, you make more progress there. Love it. I look forward to that. Well, gentlemen, thank you so much for the time, and for everyone who tuned in for the last hour, thank you for joining and hope everyone has a great rest of the day. Thanks, Christine. Thanks, Christine. Thanks, Christine. Thanks, all. Thanks, everybody.