Good morning, and welcome to State Street Corporation's fourth quarter and full year 2023 earnings conference call and webcast. Today's discussion is being broadcast live on State Street's website at investors.statestreet.com. This conference call is also being recorded for replay. State Street conference call is copyrighted, and all rights are reserved. This call may not be recorded for rebroadcast or distribution in whole or in part without the express written authorization from State Street Corporation. The only authorized broadcast of this call will be housed on the State Street website. Now, I would like to introduce Ilene Fiszel Bieler, Global Head of Investor Relations at State Street. Good morning, and thank you all for joining us. On our call today, our CEO, Ron O'Hanley, will speak first. Then Eric Aboaf, our CFO, will take you through our fourth quarter and full year 2023 earnings slide presentation, which is available for download in the Investor Relations section of our website, investors.statestreet.com. Afterwards, we'll be happy to take questions. During the Q&A, please limit yourself to two questions and then requeue. Before we get started, I would like to remind you that today's presentation will include results presented on a basis that excludes or adjusts one or more items from GAAP. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP or regulatory measure are available in the appendix to our slide presentation, also available in the IR section of our website. In addition, today's presentation will contain forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those statements due to a variety of important factors, such as those factors referenced in our discussion today and in our SEC filings, including the risk factors in our Form 10-K. Our forward-looking statements speak only as of today, and we disclaim any obligation to update them, even if our views change. Now, let me turn it over to Ron. Thank you, Ilene, and good morning, everyone. Earlier today, we released our fourth quarter and full year 2023 financial results. As I reflect on 2023, the operating environment was dynamic, with a complex set of challenges for the world's investors and for our industry. I am proud of how we carefully navigated State Street through various headwinds while continuing to execute against our strategic agenda. We focused and delivered on that agenda in three key areas: achieve strong sales wins across our businesses, drive strategic change in our investment services business, and remain disciplined on productivity and broader cost management. Further on that last point, during 2023, we implemented key productivity actions and announced additional efficiency measures that will enable us to enhance the productivity of our operating model in 2024 and the years ahead. We took these many actions all while investing in our business and returning substantial capital to our shareholders, which helped to drive full-year earnings growth, excluding notable items. The world's investors, State Street, and our industry faced a host of significant market events and macroeconomic forces in 2023. In the first quarter, turmoil in the banking sector ultimately led to the resolution of several banks, which was a catalyst for some of the largest fixed-income market moves seen in decades. In the second quarter, anticipation grew about the potential economic benefit from artificial intelligence, helping to drive equity markets higher. However, as we progressed into the third quarter, and as the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to the highest level in 22 years in July, the prospect of higher for longer rates led to a substantial sell-off in bond markets, with the U.S. 10-year Treasury yield exceeding 5% in October for the first time since the global financial crisis. Rate uncertainty and an increasing number of geopolitical concerns caused equities to struggle. Then, during the fourth quarter, the equity market rallied vigorously as inflation receded and investors grew increasingly optimistic about a soft landing, with positive sentiment gaining further momentum in the last month as the Federal Reserve signaled a pivot to lower interest rates this year. In sum, while our full-year overall financial results benefited from higher interest rates globally last year, and despite the strong market appreciation in the fourth quarter, daily average global equity markets only increased by low single digits in 2023, providing just a modest tailwind to our fee revenue, while client activity was muted as investors stayed on the sidelines for much of the year. And even in such an eventful year, equity and FX market volatility continued to contract, creating revenue headwinds for our trading businesses. Slide three of our investor presentation provides some of our highlights for the year. Beginning with our financial performance, full-year earnings per share was $5.58, or $7.66, excluding notable items. Year-over-year, excluding notable items, EPS growth was supported by $3.8 billion of common share repurchases, a record level of NII, continued growth of our Alpha software and data business, and higher securities finance revenues, the combination of which more than offset the impact of lower servicing and management fees and underlying expense growth, which was still well controlled. We continued to build business momentum and position State Street for longer-term success. To that end, we achieved a number of important accomplishments in 2023, as you can see on slide 3. A key highlight of today's results is the clear progress we are making on innovation and advancing product capabilities, which in turn contributes to stronger sales momentum across our broad franchise aimed at generating better fee revenue growth in the year ahead. Within the Investment Services business, we are intensely focused on ensuring better execution against our strategy and revenue goals. We unveiled the sharpened execution plan last year, underpinned by a number of measurable actions aimed at driving servicing opportunities across key regions and product areas, realizing the full potential of our Alpha value proposition and accelerating sales and revenue growth, particularly in our core back-office custody. Encouragingly, as I just noted, today's results demonstrate our proven ability to deliver the level of sales required for attractive organic servicing fee revenue growth of the future, as we built upon the $91 million of new servicing fee sales in the third quarter by recording $103 million of new servicing fee wins in Q4, which is the highest level of quarterly new servicing fees in recent years. From its inception, we have noted that Alpha will further establish, broaden, and deepen client relationships, positioning State Street as our client's essential partner. Alpha distinctively enables us to grow and tie together the full breadth and depth of State Street's capability as a true one State Street solution for our clients from front to back. 2023 was an important year for Alpha software delivery. The last two quarters of the year included the significant development of the Fixed Income Portfolio Management module, which propels CRD and Alpha capabilities and competitiveness forward. In Q3, we recorded our first Alpha for Private Markets client, and in the fourth quarter, we continued Alpha's momentum by deepening relationships with a number of key existing mandates and recording four new Alpha wins. While our front office software and data business had a record quarter of new bookings in Q4, both demonstrating our ability to drive stronger sales. Within our Global Markets business, even as low volatility created a headwind, we continued to see proof points of our very strong market position. For example, in its 2023 FX Awards, Euromoney named State Street as the winner across four important categories, including the Best FX Bank for Real Money Clients. We also continued to innovate and strategically expand our product capabilities and geographic reach, including the planned acquisition of outsourced trading firm, CF Global Trading. At Global Advisors, we undertook targeted strategic actions aimed at gaining market share and driving growth in the coming years. As a result, we saw encouraging business momentum, with GA setting a number of growth records in 2023. A number of key performance indicators make us optimistic as we look ahead. For example, in Q4, GA recorded the best-ever quarter of aggregate total flows, including record quarterly flows within our SPDR ETF franchise, amounting to a capture of 21% of total global ETF flows in Q4, and ending 2023 with a record level of total ETF assets under management. Our cash business had an exceptional year, delivering record annual flows in 2023, with institutional money market fund AUM also reaching a record. Overall, we gained market share in a number of key areas, including institutional money market funds and U.S. low-cost equity and fixed income ETFs. Turning to our efficiency and productivity efforts, underlying expense growth was well controlled in 2023, with full-year expenses increasing 3%, excluding notable items. Q4 expenses, excluding notable items, rose just 1% quarter-on-quarter, reflecting the impact of our ongoing expense actions. Transforming our operations to improve effectiveness and efficiency and realize productivity growth remains a key priority for us. To that end, we announced important steps in our multi-year productivity efforts aimed at improving our operating model. As we previously announced, we are streamlining our operations in India. We have now assumed control of one of our joint ventures in that country, with a second joint venture consolidation expected to close in the spring. We expect these actions will accelerate the transformation of State Street's global operations, improve service quality and client experience, enable us, and enable us to achieve productivity savings as part of our plans to deliver positive fee operating leverage in 2024. Turning to slide slide of our presentation, you can see our fourth quarter financial highlights and business momentum indicators, which Eric will shortly take you through in more detail. Before I conclude my opening remarks, I would like to touch on our continuing balance sheet strength, which has enabled us to return a substantial amount of excess capital in recent quarters. For example, over the last five quarters to the end of December, we have returned $6.4 billion of capital to our shareholders. As we pivot to a more normalized level of capital return, in 2024, it is currently our intention to return approximately 100% of earnings in the form of common share dividends and share repurchases, subject to market conditions. Accordingly, as we announced this morning, our board of directors has authorized a new common share purchase program of up to $5 billion with no set expiration date. To conclude, while 2023 was an eventful year, we finished strongly in Q4, which creates an encouraging starting point for our businesses into 2024. This year, we remain highly focused on both the execution of our strategy and the accountability for results. Our goals are clear. We must continue the improvement in our sales performance that we demonstrated in the second half of 2023, continue to implement a set of productivity initiatives and product enhancements that will drive longer term improvements in our operating model, efficiency, and effectiveness, and deliver positive fee operating leverage in 2024, all while returning capital to our shareholders. We are laser-focused on these goals. Now, let me hand the call over to Eric, who will take you through the quarter in more detail. Thank you, Ron, and good morning, everyone. Before I begin my review of our fourth quarter and full year 2023 results, let me briefly discuss the notable items we recognized in the quarter on slide five, which collectively totaled $620 million pre-tax, or $1.49 of EPS. First, we recognized an FDIC special assessment of $387 million, which is reflected in other expenses. Second, we recognized $203 million of net repositioning charges to enable the next phase of our productivity program. As we had indicated in December, the bulk of this action primarily relates to the severance of around 1,500 employees. Our initiative to streamline and delayer our operations, technology, and staff functions and improve efficiency will allow us to sustainably reduce expenses. We expect these actions collectively to have a payback of roughly six quarters and begin this quarter, with roughly two-thirds of the benefit occurring in 2024. These actions and the related savings will contribute to our fee operating leverage goal for 2024 and in subsequent years. Turning to slide six, I will begin my review of both our fourth quarter and full year 2023 financial results. As you can see on the table, total fee revenue was flattish for all periods of comparison, quarter-on-quarter, the year-on-year quarter, and for the full year. The slight market appreciation notwithstanding, the combination of muted volatility, central bank pivots, and geopolitical concerns pushed investors to the sidelines for much of the year. In terms of our more durable revenues, we continued to benefit from strong momentum in our front-office software and data business, which was up 5% on a full-year basis and 13% on the year-over-year quarter. In terms of areas that have begun to rebound, management fee performance was down for the full year at -3%, but has begun to rebound with an up 5% result for the year-over-year quarter as flows picked up and we gained share. Back-office servicing fees was challenged for much of the year as the client transactional activity was muted, but has started to turn positive and is up 1% this quarter as we've seen a recent lift in equity markets. And of course, we continue to be affected by industry-wide headwinds in our global markets businesses, given the low levels of volatility in the FX markets and specials activity in agency lending throughout the year. NII has been tough to predict and surprise to the positive this quarter compared to third quarter. I'll turn to that in a few minutes. Expenses were well controlled in the quarter as we continued to thoughtfully allocate resources across the franchise and to areas where we see the greatest opportunities for top-line growth. Relative to the year ago, total expenses, ex notables, were up 2% year-on-year and reflect intensifying cost management in a tough environment as the year progressed. This expense control, coupled with the repositioning actions I just mentioned, prepare us to deliver productivity savings and positive fee operating leverage in 2024. Finally, despite a dynamic and challenging operating environment, we delivered full year 2023 EPS growth of 3%, excluding notable items. This was supported by share repurchases, a record level of NII, and the growth of our front office software and data business, which is less exposed to macroeconomic conditions. Turning now to slide seven. We saw period-end AUCA increase by 14% on a year-over-year basis and 4% sequentially. Year-over-year, the increase in AUCA was largely driven by higher period-end market levels and net new business. Quarter-over-quarter, AUCA increased primarily due to higher period-end market levels. At Global Advisors, period-end AUM increased 19% year-over-year and was up 12% sequentially, largely reflecting higher period-end market levels and strong net inflows. Notably, as Ron mentioned earlier, and I'll describe momentarily, in fourth quarter, GA recorded the best ever quarter of aggregate net flows of $103 billion, which sets us up well for 2024. At the center right, we've also added a table with market volatility indices, which we believe can be useful indicators of client transactional activity that drives servicing fees, specials activity and agency lending, and flows and margins in FX trading. On slide eight now. On the left side of the page, you'll see fourth quarter total servicing fees up 1% year-on-year, primarily from higher average equity markets, partially offset by pricing headwinds, lower client activity and adjustments, and a previously disclosed client transition. Sequentially, total servicing fees were down 2%, primarily as a result of the pricing headwinds and a previously disclosed net client transition, partially offset by higher client activity and adjustments, which was nice to see as clients started to come off the sidelines. On the bottom left of the slide, we summarize some of the key performance indicators of our servicing business. We were quite pleased to see new servicing fee revenue wins of $103 million this quarter, the highest in many recent years, primarily reflecting the enhancements of our sales processes and product offerings, including in North America, where we saw strong outcomes after a period of underperformance. These servicing wins contributed to the total full-year fee revenue wins of $301 million, and underscores the progress we're making towards stronger sales performance. Recall, our goal for 2024 is even higher, at $350 million-$400 million in servicing fee sales for the year. Finally, we had $270 million of servicing fee revenue to be installed at quarter end, up $57 million year-on-year and $15 million quarter-on-quarter. We expect about half of this to install in 2024. We also had $2.3 trillion of AUCA to be installed at period end. Turning to slide nine. Fourth quarter management fees were $479 million, up 5% year-on-year, primarily reflecting higher average equity market levels and some performance fees, partially offset by a previously described shift of certain management fees into NII and the impact of a strategic product suite repricing initiative that has aided ETF flows. Relative to the third quarter, management fees were flat, mainly driven by higher performance fees, offset by a previously described shift of certain management fees into NII and the impacts of the strategic ETF product suite repricing initiative. As you can see on the bottom right of the slide, our investment management franchise remains well-positioned, with very strong and broad-based business momentum across each of its businesses. In ETFs, we had record quarterly net inflows of $68 billion, driven by record net inflows into SPY, as well as the SPDR Portfolio, U.S. low- cost suite, experiencing consistent market share gains. In our institutional business, we saw quarterly net flows of $6 billion, primarily driven by defined contribution products. And lastly, across our cash franchise, we saw quarterly cash net, net inflows of $29 billion, primarily into money market funds, which contributed to the record total full year 2023 cash net inflows of $76 billion and institutional money market fund market share gains. Turning now to slide 10. Fourth quarter FX trading services revenue was down 11% year-on-year, ex notables, and 2% sequentially. Relative to the period a year ago, the decrease was mainly due to lower FX spreads from muted market volatility, offset by slightly higher volumes. Quarter-on-quarter, the decrease primarily reflects lower direct FX revenues from muted volatility. Fourth quarter securities finance revenues were down 6% year-on-year due to lower agency balances, partially offset by higher agency spreads, higher specials activity, and prime services revenue. Moving on to software and processing revenues. Fourth quarter fees were up 10% year-on-year and 26% sequentially, largely driven by CRD, which I'll turn to shortly. Finally, other fee revenue for the quarter increased $15 million year-on-year, primarily due to a mid-year tax credit investment accounting change, partially offset by the impact associated with the devaluation of the Argentine peso. Moving to slide 11. You'll see on the left panel that fourth quarter front office software and data revenue increased 13% year-on-year, primarily as a result of the continued SaaS implementations and conversions, driving software-enabled and professional services revenue growth. Sequentially, front office software and data revenue was up 38%, primarily driven by higher on-premise renewals and go-live implementations. Turning to some of the Alpha business metrics in the right panel, we are pleased to report four more Alpha mandate wins in the quarter, which means seven wins for the full year, 2023. State Street Alpha continues to be an important differentiator of our business and creates an attractive value proposition for our clients, with contractual terms usually covering five to seven to 10 years. We've also gone live with three more Alpha clients, which brings us to six for the year, which sets us up well for 2024, and added significant new functionality for fixed income portfolio managers. Fourth quarter ARR increased 16% year-over-year, driven by 20+ SaaS client implementations and conversions, and we had a record quarter for front office new bookings at $32 million. Turning to slide 12, fourth quarter NII increased 14% year-on-year, but increased 9% sequentially to $678 million. The year-on-year decrease was largely due to lower average deposit balances and deposit mix shift, partially offset by the impact of higher interest rates. Sequentially, the increase in NII performance was primarily driven by the impact of interest rates and the full quarter impact of the third quarter investment portfolio repositioning, as well as higher deposits and loan balances. The NII results on a sequential quarter basis were better than we had previously expected, as both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing deposits increased and certain client repricings were further delayed. Some of the higher deposit balances may have been seasonal, but the Fed's quantitative tightening appears to have been offset by the reduction in the Fed's reverse repo operation, which seems to have resulted in clients leaving higher bank deposit balances. It's hard to know how deposits will trend, but we're pleased with this higher step-off going into the first quarter of 2024. On the right side of the slide, we show our average balance sheet during the fourth quarter. Average deposits increased 4% quarter-on-quarter, with non-interest-bearing deposits up 3% for the quarter. Turning to slide 13, fourth quarter expenses, excluding notable items, increased 2% year-on-year, or 1% ex FX. Sequentially, fourth quarter expenses were up only 1% as we actively managed expenses and continued our productivity and optimization savings efforts, all while carefully investing in strategic elements of the company, including Alpha, private markets, core custody, and tech and ops process improvements and automation. On a line-by-line basis and year-over-year, ex notables, compensation employee benefits increased 1%, primarily driven by higher salaries and employee benefits, partially offset by lower contractor spend and performance-based incentive comp. Information systems and communications expenses increased 4%, mainly due to higher technology and infrastructure investments, partially offset by the benefits from ongoing optimization efforts, insourcing, and vendor credits. Transaction processing increased 1%, mainly reflecting higher brokerage costs. Occupancy increased 24%, largely due to the absence of an episodic sale leaseback transaction in the prior period. Other expenses were up 3% sequentially, flat year-on-year, mainly reflecting higher marketing spends and professional fees. Lastly, let me spend a moment on headcount. As we discussed in the third quarter, as part of our ongoing transformation and productivity initiatives, we've streamlined our operating model in India and have now assumed full ownership of one of our operations joint ventures, and we recently announced that we intend a similar undertaking with a second consolidation in the country this spring. This consolidation continues the transformation of State Street's global operations and will enable us to unlock productivity savings, which we expect to start this quarter, through a reduction in contractor services and in the years ahead as we simplify our fragmented operating model. As you would expect, consolidating the first joint venture increased our FTE headcount, roughly 4,400 in the quarter, as we insourced global capabilities. However, these costs were already in our expense base and reported historically under the comp and benefits line. These actions are contributing to our higher productivity savings targets for 2024. Moving to slide 14. On the left side of the slide, we show the evolution of our CET1 and Tier 1 leverage ratios, followed by our capital trends on the right of the slide. As you can see, we continue to navigate the operating environment with very strong capital levels, which came in above both our internal targets and the regulatory minimums. As of quarter end, our standardized CET1 ratio of 11.6% was up 60 basis points quarter-on-quarter, largely driven by episodically lower RWA and improvement in AOCI, partially offset by the continuation of common share repurchases. The decrease in interest rates during December after the completion of our buyback contributed about 20 basis points to our CET1 ratios, and some market factors over the last week of December conveniently contributed roughly another 50 basis points to the RWA end-of-period print. Going forward, I would expect the RWA to run at higher levels to support our various businesses. Our LCR for State Street Corporation was a healthy 106%, and 122% for State Street Bank and Trust. In the quarter, we were quite pleased to return over $700 million to shareholders, consisting of $500 million of common share repurchases and over $200 million in common stock dividends. Lastly, as we announced earlier today, our board authorized a new multi-year common equity repurchase program of up to $5 billion with no expiration date. Turning to slide 15, before I start, let me first share some of the assumptions and underlying our current views for the full year. Let me cover our full year 2024 outlook, as well as provide some thoughts on the first quarter, both of which have more potential for variability than usual, given the macroeconomic environment we're operating in. In terms of our current macro expectations, as we stand here today, we expect global equity markets to be flat point to point in 2024, which equates to the daily average being up about 10% year-over-year. Our interest rate outlook for 2024 largely aligns with the forward curve as of year-end 2023, which I would note continues to move. We expect to see modest increase in FX and equity volatility, which should support slightly higher FX trading services fees this year, though we are still seeing muted volatility in the first quarter. And we expect currency translation to have less than 0.5 percentage point impact on revenues and expenses due to dollar depreciation, and I would remind you that a weaker U.S. dollar has a favorable impact on revenues and an unfavorable impact on expenses. So we currently expect that full year total fee revenue will be up approximately 3%-4% ex notable items, with servicing fee and management fee growth driven by higher market levels and continued business momentum, and continued strong growth in front office software and data. This includes a headwind of a little less than 1 percentage point to fee growth from the expected previously disclosed client transition. Regarding the first quarter of 2024, we currently expect fee revenue to be up 2% on a year-over-year basis, with servicing fees expected to be up 1%, management fees up 7%-8%, and front office software and data expected to be up over 20%, largely due to increased SaaS, new business and conversions, and on-premise renewals. We expect full year 2024 NII to be down about 10% on a year-over-year basis compared to a record 2023. This is dependent on the outcome of global rate cuts and deposit mix and levels, which are obviously difficult to predict. Regarding the first quarter of 2024, after a significant step up in 4Q 2023, we expect 1Q 2024 NII to be flat to down 3% on a sequential quarter basis, given current deposit mix expectations. Turning to expenses, as you can see on the walk on page 16, we expect full-year expenses ex-notables will be up about 2.5% on a nominal basis in 2023, driven largely by our continued investment in the business, which we expect to largely offset through greater productivity savings worth $500 million, which is approximately 1.7 times last year's growth savings level. Regarding the first quarter of 2024, we expect expenses ex-notable items to be up 1%-1.5% on a year-over-year basis, keeping in mind that seasonal expenses usually occur in the first quarter. As a reminder, we expect to achieve positive fee operating leverage, excluding notable items for full-year 2024, given the projected growth in fee revenue and well-controlled expenses. Finally, we expect taxes should be in the 21%-22% range for 2024. With that, let me hand the call back to Ron. Thank you, Eric. Operator, we can now open the call for questions. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. We will now begin the question and answer session. Should you have a question, please press star followed by the one on your touchtone phone. You will hear a three-tone prompt acknowledging your request, and your questions will be pulled in the order they are received. Should you wish to decline from the polling process, please press star followed by the two. If you are using a speakerphone, please put the handset before pressing any keys. One moment, please, for your first question. Your first question comes from Alex Blostein with Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead. Hi, good morning, everybody. Thanks, thanks for all the details. I was hoping we could start with unpacking some of the NII dynamics, and I guess appreciate the uncertainty when it comes to deposits. But Eric, maybe talk a little bit about what drove the upside in the fourth quarter in deposit levels, and if you have a view on what's sort of seasonal versus more kind of core client franchise driven, and maybe give us some insight on where you expect balances to ultimately stabilize in the back half of 2024. Sure, Alex, it's Eric. Let me share with you the texture we have, but I'll just say, you know, deposits and deposit levels continue to be volatile. They surprise to the upside, you know, and in particular, we saw, you know, nice uptick in deposits, you know, into September, October. We actually saw on the NIB side, a downtick in November, and then a, you know, large uptick again in December. So, you know, the averages came in up for the quarter, which made a big difference. You know, $1 billion of NIB for a month is worth $5 million bucks, and you kind of multiply through and, you know, that quickly adds up as we had a, you know, a spread in December of, you know, $5-$6 billion, you know, relative to our expectations. And, you know, at the same time, we also saw interest-bearing deposits up. Now, some of that is just our regular way engagement with clients. Some of that is they're leaving, you know, more deposits with us. And I think you did see, you know, in the Fed reports, the banking system deposits are up, you know, 1%-2%, you know, quarter-on-quarter from third quarter to fourth quarter. So it does seem like there's something happening in the market that's creating a little more stability, a little bit of buoyancy. There's some amount of seasonality that we always tend to see in, in at the end of the year as folks accumulate cash, sometimes to pay dividends and ETFs, you know, in the next year. So it's just hard to read, but that's what played out, and it played out better through the quarter and through the end. If I then try to, you know, look forward, it's very hard to look forward for the, for the year. You know, we, we'd like to operate and expect to operate in a deposit range of $200 billion-$210 billion. That's our kind of goal. A lot of that is just client engagement and helping put, you know, their cash to work, and sometimes they put cash to work in deposits, in repo, in money market sweeps. But there's a category, each one of those is an important category and outlet for clients, and what we're seeing is clients using, you know, all the. I'll call it all the above, right? Including just holding Treasury securities. So, that we expect to continue, and we think deposits will be, you know, roughly in this zone in the first quarter. What's a little harder to read is just how non-interest-bearing, you know, deposits play out. We do expect those to continue to flow downward. They tend to flow downward for our clients with the largest funds. Those are the ones that have been, you know, floating down over the last two years. So we continue to see that, that expectation. There continues to be a little bit of repricing that plays out into the, you know, into the first quarter or two, as well. And that's why I guided, you know, on, on an NII basis to, you know, flat to down 3% for the first quarter, just to give you a little bit of an indication. But we expect that to be roughly on, on flattish deposits. I got it. It's very helpful. Just my, my follow-up, sticking with deposits, is around just deposit beta as we start to sort of enter the rate cutting cycle. So hoping you could articulate maybe what you're assuming for deposit beta on the way down in your 2024 NII guidance, and then broadly, how we should think about sort of the cadence of, deposit betas as we progress through the rate cutting cycle, into the back half 2024, 2025 maybe. But just curious to know kinda higher the upper at the beginning, lower towards the end, or, or the opposite? Alex, it's, you know, it's an important topic because it's, it's how we interact with our clients. It's how we price our products. It's how the industry, you know, has operated in, you know, for many years. I think you know that our deposit betas, on a cumulative basis, have climbed quite a bit in the U.S. They're, you know, 75% or so cumulatively since the start of the, of the cycle. And in euros, it's, you know, around 60% cumulatively, and, and, in pound sterling, closer to 30%-35%. So they're, they're clearly moved up. What certainly happens as, as, and I'll say when, you know, if and when rates fall, is the deposits that beta is reversed. You know, there's some amount of symmetry. Now, you know, does it reverse instantaneously? You know, we want to be, you know, careful with our clients. We want to be fair, but we do think that, you know, over multiple quarters and certainly, you know, over any realistic timeframe, you know, the Fed cuts, and there's got to be an adjustment. Now, part of that happens because we have a good bit of our deposits that are indexed to markets, right? They're indexed to market indicators. There are quite a few that are indexed with a spread, and then there is a smaller amount now that has a transactional, kind of, I'll call it, administered feature. But you'll generally see a broad amount of symmetry in deposits, down versus up. I think what you do need to keep in mind is that our asset sensitivity and liability sensitivity, though, are somewhat different between international markets and in the U.S., right? In international markets, because those cumulative betas are still in the 30%-60% range, we're still asset sensitive, so we make more money with increases in rates, and we actually NII will trim down, you know, with decreases in rates. And that's where we're most. That's our interest rate sensitivity today. On the U.S., we have a slight positive bias towards being liability sensitive, but it's still relatively slight. I'd almost call it neutral. So, you know, part of what we're doing is just navigating this interesting environment. It's not exactly clear when the rates come. It's not clear whether the U.S. cuts before Europe or vice versa. Part of what we'll do is, you know, actively manage our portfolio to try to take advantage of what's coming. At the same time, we'll price our deposits fairly and prudently. Great. Very helpful. Thank you very much. Your next question comes from Brennan Hawken with UBS. Please go ahead. Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. I think maybe some of what you just said on the non-U.S. side might explain this, but when we think about triangulating the -10% to the fact that 1Q is either going to be flat, totally down a little on NII, it sort of suggests that your exit rate by the time you get to 4Q-2024, based on what you can see today, is probably gonna be rather low. Am I reading correctly in thinking that it's that non-U.S. piece, and that's gonna drive some of that weakness? And am I extrapolating the comments correctly to think that we could see a little bit more back-end weighted decline for NII? Brennan, it's Eric. I think you've got the right general pattern framed in the area of NII. You know, clearly, we have a very strong step-off in particular in December, but, you know, in the fourth quarter, which will flow into first quarter. And then we expect a trending down. You know, we had a couple, well, probably earlier this, earlier last year, so a couple quarters ago, you know, described an NII range of $550 million-$600 million, and we think we'll get into that range, the top end of that range, by around the third quarter. But it's a little bit hard to know the exact shape. We just, b ut you've got the right direction of travel. Then we expect some stabilization, you know, in the second half of next year, maybe around the top half, the middle half of that range. It's really hard to tell exactly where and when. If you step back and ask, you know, what are the underlying drivers? There are really three drivers that continue to be important. In terms of tailwinds, we continue to have long rates playing through the portfolio, and the investment portfolio balances as they recoupon at higher rates. That's particularly important in the first half of the year, a little less so in the second half of the year, but that continues through as a positive. You then have. As you mentioned, short rates starting to come down, and because of our sensitivity position across the global markets, that does start to have a headwind impact on NII, you know, as those cuts continue to come through. Now, we'll see, you know, what's the pattern and pace of U.S. versus international cuts, and I think right now we've tagged to the forwards, which shows a lot of consistency and symmetry, but we'll see if that really happens. Because, you know, you can see inflation expectations keep moving around literally daily, weekly. And then the third feature is just client deposits and mix. You know, while we expect client deposits to be in that zone of $200 billion-$210 billion, they might bump up above that, a little below that, but they'll be in that broad zone. You know, the mix will continue to shave down out of non-interest-bearing, you know, over the next quarter or two, we think. It's hard to, again, to predict. And then there's the, you know. We're working through the final stages of some of our interest-bearing deposits, you know, repricings. Those seem to have taken a little longer in some cases than we expected. That's okay. That means we accrete income. You know, but those continue to come through, and they'll play through in the first quarter or two, as well. And then that's what kind of brings us to some level of, you know, reasonable stability in the, in the back half of the year. Great. Thanks for all that texture, Eric. It's very, very helpful. And by the way, I apologize about any background noise today here. Second question, a bit more strategic. So we saw a flurry of Bitcoin ETF launches here recently. It didn't seem like you all actually landed any of those servicing opportunities, so I want to confirm whether my early read on that is right. And given the magnitude of the investment and the focus you've made on digital assets, you know, what did you learn if you guys missed on that? And is that what led to the restructuring of the digital asset group? And what should we see as a change from that restructuring? So, Brennan, there were 11 launched on the day that the SEC gave approval, or day after, and we actually serviced three of them. And I think we're the only ones that's servicing across three different digital custodians. So we helped three of the major players make this happen. So we're quite active in the space. And as you'd expect, we do everything for each of those three, except for the actual custody for the reasons that I think you know. So no, we're very active in the space. It was you know, what did we learn? I mean, it's early. What I think everybody's watching out for is there's a lot of players that went into the market, some of them with some, you know, some existing high levels of assets. What will be interesting to see over time is does it actually consolidate? You know, how does it work in terms of you know, who the buyers are, institutional versus retail versus intermediary? But these are early days, and it was good to get the uncertainty cleared up, and for all this to get launched, and we're keen to be part of it. Yeah. But Ron, thanks for clarifying pure custody versus the servicing. Very, very helpful. Yeah, and just to clarify, it's I mean, I think everybody knows this, but I mean, right now, it's extremely difficult for a bank to do pure custody because of the capital requirements that are imposed on a bank. I mean, it's basically 100% capital, so therefore, virtually everybody is working with some kind of digital custodian, a non-bank digital custodian. But all of the other parts of the ecosystem, which we're quite familiar with, we are participating in. Your next question comes from Glenn Schorr with Evercore. Please go ahead. Thanks very much. So big flows in SSGA, which is great, good to see. You know, these things aren't predictable, but I am curious on if you have any thoughts towards sustainability, and maybe it would be the colors of what clients are buying, I mean, I'm sorry, what flavors of ETF are they, you know, the average fee, and what you're specifically doing differently on the distribution front and education front to get at those flows? Thanks. Yeah. So, there are a number of things going on there, in the fourth quarter, Glenn, and throughout 2023. I think as we've noted, and certainly you all would have observed, there was – it was most of the year, with some episodic exceptions, it was a risk-off environment. That changed in fourth quarter, somewhat as predicted once investors got a sense of where interest rates were going, as they did when the Fed communicated in the third quarter, you know, more or less a pause. I think that started activity going. So, much of the activity. Late in the year, would have been the kind of classic risk- on, let's put positions on quickly, benefiting the, you know, the highly liquid SPDR core, SPY, in the sector ETFs. But underlying it and throughout the year, the low-cost ETFs, which represent different investors, these would be, you know, the ultimate holders here tend to be individuals. They're often advised by an intermediary like an RIA, so they're, it's very sticky, and we have continued to build share there, both in equity and fixed income, low cost. Across the board, fixed income is seeing dramatic growth. I think there's increasing acceptance both by retail investors and institutional investors that the ETF is a good vehicle to hold fixed income, and you're just seeing that asset allocation moving that way. And then finally, active ETFs of all sort, you're seeing growth in. And, you know, it's been a long time coming. As you know, it's been over a decade on how was this actually gonna play out? It's ironic how it's playing out in that everybody's just taking their standard investment strategy and putting it in an active ETF. We benefit from some of that on the GA side in terms of what they're doing in fixed income, but we benefit from it greatly on the servicing side because we're very, very, not to overuse the word, active in the active ETF servicing space. And we believe you'll see a lot more growth there as core funds and core offerings of well-known asset managers either get converted to ETFs or launched as ETFs. So we're really pleased on the GA side. In terms of, you know, what drove it, I think was the next part of your question. I mean, part of it was much more focus and resources dedicated to the various intermediary channels. I mean, where our roots are in the institutional channels, but a lot of the growth is in the intermediary channels, so, that's part of it. Then, as we talked about, I believe, last quarter, we took a hard look at pricing, particularly on the so-called low-cost ETFs, and recognizing their durability, felt that it was worth the investment to reprice them to continue to gain market share because they tend to be very, very sticky. That's a lot of details. Perfect. I appreciate it. I'll go quickly on the follow-up. It's the same question, just different on the servicing front. Happy with the wins you noted. Maybe we could just drill down. I know it's not huge yet, but the private markets piece of the servicing wins, I'm curious if you want to tell us how much it was, but more importantly, what it is and how. Is it one client or is it multiple clients? I'm just curious on how that private market servicing space is developing. Thanks. No, no, it's. Well, to answer the last part of it first, Glenn, it's certainly not one client. I mean, this is a space that we've invested in, and we're well known in, and we see a secular trend here, where it's so many of these operations are held inside firms, are highly bespoke, often sitting in very expensive locations. And as the product sets have become more complicated, I mean, it's following a path that the active long-only industry followed 10, 15 years ago. It was fine to do all this stuff inside when it was just a couple of products that were fairly straightforward. That's not what's happening now. Products are more complicated as you start to think about structures that enable high net worth individuals to participate in it. You've got that added complexity, and then oftentimes there's, you know, side investments that are permitted, et cetera. So it's very complicated, lends itself to outsourcing. It's still very much an insource business, so we see lots of potential growth in it. You know, its fee characteristics are different, positive in the sense that the fees are higher, but also the fees get fully recognized when the fund is fully invested. So the part we pay a lot of attention to is, you know, what's the expected actual one money raised and then drawdown, and how do we, you know, how do we do our best to match our expenses to that? But we're very excited about the business. Much of the investment, product investment that Eric talked about in the 2024 guide includes further strengthening of our position there. There's innovation in there and, you know, our goal is to continue to set moats around us, so we can continue to excel at it. And Glenn, it's Eric. I'd just add, you know, privates has been a real strong area of growth for us. We've described it as, you know, up 10%-15% in different quarters. So, it's a big part of our growth agenda, as we, you know, this past year. And then, you know, this coming year, as we take our sales goals up to $350 million-$400 million, you know, at least a quarter of that plus, you know, is gonna be around privates, and that's what's gonna help us continue to drive privates growth. We think in the, you know, 15%+ range in terms of year-on-year revenues. So it's a, it's an area that I think we've actually b roadly with both large and small and midsize. It's actually well distributed, and it's got a good mix of U.S., Europe, and Asia, sales coming through as well. Yeah. As well as, Glenn, it's when it's not just private equity, it's private equity venture. Private credit is booming, and, you know, for every bank that complains about what's going to happen with regulation and, you know, the fact that it's pushing activity out of the banking system, that's going right into the private credit area, and we should be the beneficiary of that growth. We appreciate all that. Thank you. Your next question comes from Gerard Cassidy with RBC. Please go ahead. Hi, Eric. Hi, Ron. Hi, Gerard. Eric, can you share with us I know you and Ron were on State Street 10 years ago, but your comments about the net interest income outlook and just how, you know, volatile it is due to what's going on in the bond market with the Federal Reserve and their balance sheet, are there any indicators you're monitoring that we could look at that might be able to give us a better insight to when net interest income for State Street might be more predictable on a go-forward basis? Oh, Gerard, it's Eric. I take a sigh when I think about this question. I think the predictability is partly around, you know, Fed actions, right? This is the highest rate level that we've seen in 22 years, and also the, y ou know, if I go back a couple of years, the lowest rate level we've probably seen in two decades as well, right? So we've kind of, we're at these wide bookends relative to, you know, relative to really the, you know, since the, I want to say, the turn of the century, right? Right. Right. That's really created this volatility. You know, can we manage that and mitigate? Well, you know, we do try to, on a regular basis, match deposit tenor, rate characteristics with the asset side of the portfolio, and we do that with duration. The challenge is if you take too little duration, you have even more volatility. If you have to take too much duration on the asset side of the portfolio, you've got more AOCI risk. And so, you know, our tools to stabilize work up to a point and then have some negative implications. So I don't really see a way to turn what we'd like to have. I don't see a way to turn this into a, you know, a flywheel, a metronome that moves at a certain pace. And it's just a feature of what we do, and part of it is, you know, our institutional deposits have somewhat more asset sensitivity or liability sensitivity to, you know, to rates relative to a very, you know, simple, you know, regional bank. So, you know, we'll tend to have a little more, but that's part of the industry. That's, I think we're in line with peers. Very good. Ron, in your prepared remarks, you talked about the success and the momentum you're having with the Alpha product in, you know, the servicing business, in the investment services business, I should say. Is there any capacity constraints that you've got to be careful about if the momentum continues, or is it almost, no, you got plenty of bandwidth to handle future growth? You know, I would say that the capacity constraint has been particularly with these large, complicated clients, the really large ones, some of which are well, most of which are still being onboarded. The capacity strength has been around onboarding. Over the past year in particular, we've gotten better at that. You can, if you just look at that number, we were roughly at about, as I recall, $3.6 trillion in assets to be onboarded, and we're now down to $2.3 trillion. So you can see we're getting better at that. The real constraint, to be specific about it, tends to be in how quickly do you onboard the middle office element to that, because that often requires engineering and, by that I mean engineering with the client. Because ultimately, that's a client, and it's like any other kind of industrial outsourcing. A client has an operation, does things in a particular way, wants to outsource that element of it to us. We're not interested in, you know, taking, you know, somebody's mess for less. I mean, we need to actually work with them to to engineer it in a way where as much of it as possible is standardized, and that the customization is limited to the kinds of user interfaces or how things are actually applied. And we've just gotten better at that over time. I would say, you know, looking forward, we don't see that as being a meaningful constraint. Very good. Thank you. Your next question comes from Jim Mitchell with Seaport Global. Please go ahead. Good afternoon. Just maybe a follow-up on the outside of sort of the private markets. You've ramped up pretty quickly in terms of getting to your $400 million of net new servicing fee wins. And maybe if private markets are a quarter, can we talk a little bit about the other three quarters, where you've seen success, what's worked, what hasn't worked, and what kind of opportunity set do you see maybe even get above the $100 million? Yeah, Jim, it's Ron. I mean, it's no one thing, but a lot of really important things across the board to ramp up our execution. Where we're seeing it, to answer the first part of your question, is the core investment manager segment still remains strong and active for us. And, you know, as some of those firms are, you know, facing the same kind of market that everybody else is, they're more interested in actually trying to do more with us and do different things with us. A little bit of a resurgence in the asset owner marketplace, and in particular, amongst asset owners that aren't just pure asset allocators, meaning they're managing some assets themselves or truly actively asset allocating, doing not just listening to a consultant tell them what to do, but either managing money or at a strategic and tactical level, allocating assets, which again, requires support. But in all cases, what we're doing is we're really focused on ensuring that the back office part of all this comes with it and comes with it with it in a timely fashion, right? Because as I was saying earlier, when I was talking to Gerard, the thing that takes a long time or a longer time to onboard would be the middle office, the outsourcing element of it. You know, onboarding back office is pretty easy, pretty straightforward, and you know, in almost all instances, comes on at a pretty healthy incremental margin, given the scale activities to it. And then finally, I should just talk about regions. We have invested heavily in the capabilities in all of our regions, where you see probably the most impact from that over the last couple of years has been just the very good growth that we're seeing in Asia-Pacific and really all parts of Asia-Pacific from you know Australia north to Japan and everything in between. The U.S., we talked about in the past, we were not pleased with where we were in this past year, particularly the second half of the year. We're actually reasonably pleased with how we've done. Europe has always been strong to us. It was a little softer in 2023, but again a very strong pipeline. So but that regional focus, where we're actually pushing accountability down into the country and regional level, and making sure that it's very clear who's responsible for what. Sharing, obviously, not just the technology and the product, but the best practices in how you move these things forward, but very much decentralizing the accountability. Hmm. Okay, that's all really helpful. And maybe, Eric, just a quick one on the held-to-maturity book, still yielding just a little over 2%. How can you kind of walk us through the maturity profile of that? How long we start to see some, some pickup in or turnover and then reinvestment benefits from that portfolio? Yeah, it's Eric. The way I describe it is we've got a natural roll-off in that portfolio. It's about, you know, $5 billion a year. So it sort of, you know, plays out, and that's related to the maturity and the ladder. You know, so that'll come down over the next, you know, couple of years. You know, as that happens, because as you say, it's, you know, at a lower coupon relative to our average, right? Our average portfolio yields are, you know, in the 3-3.5 range. You know, there's real pickup that that comes through that line, at least for the next, you know, couple quarters. My guess is probably for the, you know, next couple years even, because, you know, once rates stabilize, we do think that, you know, we'll also get some steepness in the yield curve, and that'll help through. You know, so there are some benefits, you know, coming that way. It's also a portfolio that obviously, you know, will insulate us from rate moves. I don't think, you know, in the next few years, this is the last down cycle versus upcycle that we'll see. So, you know, it'll serve its purpose then as well. All right. Helpful color. Thanks. Your next question comes from Steven Chubak with Wolfe Research. Please go ahead. Hi. Good afternoon. So, Eric, I wanted to start off with a question just on the fee guidance. And benchmarking your historical fee performance versus the guidance. Y ou've struggled to at least meet or exceed the guide in the absence of significant equity market gains. Sorry, can you guys hear me okay? Yep. I'm sorry about that. So you have a conservative market assumption for in embedded in the fee guide for the coming year. And just given that historical experience, I was hoping you could just provide additional granularity in terms of growth across the different fee lines that's underpinning that 3%-4% growth assumption for this year. Sure. Let me maybe describe it in a couple ways because, you know, 3-4 is for the, you know, the overall franchise. You know, we think that there are some areas of the franchise that'll be higher, and in some cases, a good bit higher than that. You know, asset management, very geared towards the equity markets and the, you know, 10% tailwind in equity markets, you know, comes through on literally a half of that tends to go right through the asset management fee line. And then, you know, the flows that we talked about earlier in the call provide a nice tailwind. So, you know, we need to see how markets play through, but the combination of those two, which is exactly how the business is designed, you know, it's market-based and it's flow-based, you know, will be healthy. I think software and data processing, you know, we've historically said high single digits, sometimes low double digits. If you look at the last couple of years, you're at the, you know, 9%-10% average, you know, full year growth, and we've got good visibility there. Part of that is Alpha, and part of that is outright, you know, software and data sales, and so that's strong. I think at the other bookend, you know, servicing fees, you know, will come in it'll be, you know, a bit below the 3%-4%. Now, some of that is core organic net new business that we need to drive, which is why we've reshaped and tuned that, you know, that area in particular on the sales and, you know, how we go to market. You're seeing some of the benefits there and how we measure ourselves. We're being very conscious there. But one of the reasons that one will be lower this coming year is that we had that previously announced transition coming through, you know, which will mute some of what we'd like to see. You know, and then the markets activities, we're hoping will be somewhere in the middle of the range, whether, you know, FX trading and Sec F inance. I think what, what plays out behind, the market-dependent areas and sometimes why, you know, we, we, we don't meet, is around, client, what we describe as client activity. How much transactional activity, whether clients are on the sidelines or whether they're, they're all in. You know, that this past year on the servicing fees, which are half of our fees, you know, that was worth 2-3 percentage points of servicing fee headwind. I mean, that literally. So you do the math, that's worth, you know, $150 million of headwind because, you know, we don't have those that activity, the transactional activity in derivatives, in international custody, which is very valuable to us. So, you know, part of what plays through is these macroeconomic features, you know, equity bond markets on one hand. You've got a client, the kind of risk on, risk off sentiment, I think is important. You've got volatility levels in FX and, you know, agency lending. You know, and so those we have to live through and navigate through, and sometimes those will come in strong, more strongly and sometimes less. Then I think finally, the piece that we do need to deliver on, Steve, is the part that we can control, which is sales, it's retention, and we've been very clear about our goals and our targets very purposely because that's where we think we need to hold ourselves particularly accountable, and where you can hold us accountable. There's a, you know, version of goals and targets in servicing. We've spent a little extra time there, but if you go through our line of businesses, you know, we've got similar kinds of goals area by area, and that's on us to deliver, which will you know, help power us through. But you know, the sixth elements will still come and go. Thanks, Eric. That's a really helpful color. Just one quick follow-up from me. What's the assumed timing for the large client transition? Just wanted to get a sense as to whether that's reflected in the 1Q servicing fee guide, or you're expecting that later in the year? Let me try to describe this to you in a couple ways and to be helpful. At this point, on a quarterly run rate basis, and I say that very specifically, we're about halfway through the transition, including a piece that came out in the fourth quarter. So, we're halfway through on a quarterly run rate basis. You also, though, have to think about it on a fiscal year-on-year basis, and the way I would describe it on a fiscal year-on-year basis, remember, we said this was worth about two percentage points of total fees. That's what we've disclosed in our Qs and Ks. About a quarter of that, you know, fiscally, has come out, you know, through the end of 2023. about half of it'll come out through 2024, and about another quarter in, you know, in 2025. So it just takes time to play through. And so we did include, you know, that headwind in the first quarter 2024 versus first quarter 2023 guide. You know, and it is, you know, it is important to that guide. And so, you know, our guide includes that, and you've got the net guide as a result. Very helpful. Thanks for taking my questions. Your next question comes from Ebrahim Poonawala with Bank of America. Please go ahead. Hey, good afternoon. Just a very quick follow-up. I know the call's gone on for long, Eric. I heard you talk about just the right level of deposits between 200 and 210. Did you say that you expect the growth we saw in fourth quarter to reverse in 1Q as we think about the deposits shakeout? Ebrahim, it's Eric. No, what I, what I said is that we think we'll operate in the $200 billion-$210 billion range, you know, in the first quarter, second, you know, through the year. We, we expect that to, to be where we land. I think in fourth quarter on average, right? Remember, we also, I think, talked a little bit about the months. We talked there's end-of-period data, which is very, you know, volatile. But on average, we ended up at, I think, around $207 billion for the quarter in Q4. And so we think, you know, roughly flattish deposits into Q1. It's just hard to tell. There's seasonality at year-end. There tends to be a low point in February, and then you've got cash building for tax purposes, you know, into March. But I'd call it flattish in the scheme of things, but with a range around that, you know. Just a bigger picture question around NIB mix and NII. Do we need to get to a point where QT is shut, the Fed is done with cutting rates before we see NI stabilize and maybe the deposit mix shift or stabilize as well? Like, do we need to get to that point, or can it happen sooner than that? That's a fair question. My instinct on this is NIB will begin to stabilize, you know, sometime in 2024 by, we think, sometime in the, you know, by the middle of the year, third quarter. At that point, we've, I'll call it, burned through the largest accounts. Those are the ones that, you know, kind of since its peak are down, you know, 75% in NIB. The smallest accounts are down by about 25% since the peak, and those we're seeing stabilize more and more. So, I think we'll see some stability in NIB because clients and funds and fund boards have made their decisions, especially the ones that have $1 million or $2 million in an account. You know, some of them just don't want to deal with the tax reporting, and so you'll get to some stabilization. So, you know, we think that'll kind of stabilize. I think the broader question on NII will then come with, you know, how, what well, and at that point, I think deposit betas kind of, you know, tend to stabilize as well. So I think at that point, in the second half of next year, the real question is: What is the direction of interest rates on the front end? It's a very important question, which is: What's gonna, what's where's the long end gonna go? And where's the long end gonna go in the U.S. versus in the international markets? That is particularly important to the banking sector because, you know, with some amount of steepness in the yield curve, and I, you know, it's hard to remember when we've had steepness, it's been a while. You know, some amount of steepness in the yield curve is quite accretive to NII, and you expect in a good economy to have some. And so that'll be a feature. So there's a series of elements that'll come through, and it's hard to, I think, as a result, predict too precisely. Yeah. That's helpful. Thanks, Eric. Yeah. Your next question comes from Ryan Kenney with Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead. Hi, thanks for taking my question. Just a follow-up on the capital side. So you had an 11.6% CET1 ratio. That was a nice improvement sequentially, and it looks like that was driven, mostly by $6 billion of lower RWA. Can you just help us unpack the RWA dynamics a bit? What drove the optimization? And then you also mentioned RWA could be higher this year to support various businesses. So does that mean that the optimization was just temporary? Sure. It's Eric. You know, let me describe it in a couple different ways. You know, we're all, every bank tries to manage RWA just because it's part of our, you know, capital requirements and returns. And we try to report it carefully, and we, you know, we do it, you know, fully to the rules, as you'd expect. What tends to create the volatility, because it's a spot measure, it's a one day of the quarter, 1 out of 90 day measure, is the market factors, right? So if you've got a, you know, an FX or in any of the trading businesses, if you've got a, a forward book or even a, a vanilla, you know, derivative book, you've got, counterparty exposures, you've got that are affected in particular by, by the currency, pairs. And as those move around in the last, you know, week of the quarter, you might be in the money or out of the money in the, you know, in those, positions. And those directly because of how the standardized, RWA, mathematics work, just goes right through RWA. And so that could create a swing of, you know, $4 billion-$5 billion, you know, on, on the size of our, RWAs. You know, our RWAs is about $100 billion, you know, we printed around $112 billion. About half of that is in the markets area. And so, you know, there's a good bit of variability, and that's literally what happens. And so, you know, sometimes we'll end up low, sometimes we'll end up high. If you look, you know, at page 14 of the presentation materials, you'll see, you know, a low point of $107 billion a year ago in RWA. You'll see a higher point of $118 billion last quarter. And quite a bit of that is driven by just those market factors playing through into the calculations that we have. And then in addition to that, if you run a loan book like we do, you'll have, overdrafts. Overdrafts take, RWA, as well. And so we also saw some amount of, of, benefit there this quarter. I think the way I would describe, the, the go-forward view is that, you know, we ended up particularly low this quarter. We said by, you know, it could be, you know, $6-$7 billion lower, than expected. You know, what would par be? You know, maybe I'll describe it that way. You know, going forward, it might be 118, it might be, you know, $120 billion. But you've got to put a ±$5 billion band around that. And so we'll, y ou know, what we want to do is we want to take, we want to gently continue to reinvest capital into our businesses because, you know, these FX businesses now that we have, you know, have good returns. We've managed them well. They've got, you know, 10, 12% returns in many cases. The securities finance businesses typically are high single-digit return businesses, but that's healthy, and it's very connected to the servicing and the administrative fee business that we have, and important to our clients. And so, you know, our view is that these are ways for us to solidify and expand and deepen our relationship with clients. And so we'll gently add, you know, RWA, you know, each year. You know, how much do we add? We add, you know, a few billion dollars, you know, $3 billion-$5 billion more RWA each year, perhaps. But there'll be, there'll be some volatility around that. And, you know, that'll be a part of the way we drive our, our organic growth. We're, we're a high return, we're a high return bank, that's, that's for sure. But we will, we will, we do want to put some of our capital to work, for, for core organic growth reasons. Okay, great. Appreciate all those details. Thanks. Your next question comes from Mike Brown with KBW. Please go ahead. Great. Thank you for taking my question. I guess, you know, I noticed that you saw record cash net inflows in 2023, and it you mentioned that you actually took share in the institutional money market space. As we head into a declining rate environment here, I guess, what's your expectation about how these cash and money fund assets could trend from here? I guess, you know, historically, institutional money markets, they can act quite differently than retail. So I guess once the Fed begins to reduce rates here, what are you thinking about in terms of the path of the flows out of money funds? You know, could you actually still see some money fund inflows from institutional investors? Yeah, Mike, Mike, it's a good question, and one we think about all the time. So, you know, part of the way we've attracted more money market funds, going back to one of my prior answers, is we, you know, we just have a broader client base. So, and that helps. You know, we've gained market share, not just in terms of assets, but we've just attracted more clients. And, you know, once you have them, whether their balances go up or down, you have you typically, you have them. I think historically, what's happened in terms and you've got to look back in history now, because we haven't had this kind of a marketplace, but the really sophisticated holders of institutional money market funds tend to hang on, right? Because the fund itself, depending on its duration, and there is a little bit of duration in it, actually lags. So it's usually the opposite when rates are rising, the very sophisticated holders are toggling in and out, depending on whether they see opportunities to go direct. Just given the nature of our client base, we don't see a lot of that activity, so we expect to keep them, and it really will be around where do their balances go, and do they need it for some other reason, or do they see more attractive investment opportunities? I would expect that we would see if, if indeed, we see a continued risk on environment, that itself will cause a little bit of reallocation out of institutional money market funds. Because, you know, the saying that everybody, when everybody's talking about that there's so much parked on the sidelines, well, a lot of it is parked here. But I would go back to where I began the answer, which is, it really is about establishing more client relationships, servicing them very well, and then continue to grow the number of clients based on that track record. Okay, great. Thanks, Ron. The $5 billion share buyback authorization, that certainly was a big number. You know, Eric, as you just alluded to in the last question, there's a lot of puts and takes to consider on the capital front in 2024 and into 2025. I guess my question is really just, why come with such a large authorization? You're targeting a 100% payout ratio, so this would seem to me that you certainly would not need all of that in 2024. Is this just a desire to have kind of a big authorization in place for a multi-year horizon, or just to have more flexibility over time? Just love to hear a little bit more about that. Thank you. Mike, it's Eric. The background here is that the industry has evolved. I would say pre-CCAR, which is a long time ago, you know, there used to be open-ended authorizations in the banking sector. Once we got into CCAR, remember, there was a very defined annual amount of buybacks that you had to submit. In fact, you had to submit the, you know, the first year and the second year, and there was a lot of making sure that what you submitted, you know, within the Fed CCAR process was actually what you did, because one wanted to keep consistency with that. And so the industry moved towards quite a bit of disclosure on a one-year basis as a result. If you recall, a lot of those one-year disclosures happened right after CCAR was announced either at the end of June or in the, you know, second quarter earnings in July. What we've seen as we've scanned at least the banking, you know, our peer banks, the GSIBs, the large U.S. regionals, is now that CCAR is, it's still an annual process, but it's really with the SCB and some of the refinements to it, it's really an ongoing process. And what we've realized is that, I'd say more than three-quarters of our peers, you probably know, have actually moved to open-ended programs over the last year and a half. And so we just wanted to conform to that. As a result, this one's multi-year, it's open-ended, and, you know, we'll take it from there. Okay, that's great. Thanks for all the color there, Eric. Thank you. Your next question comes from Mike Mayo with Wells Fargo Securities. Please go ahead. Hi. Well, no good deed goes unpunished. $5 billion buyback, to that last question, but are you assuming that Basel III gets modified? And if Basel III didn't exist, how much higher would that $5 billion number be? And at what price do you say buybacks don't make so much sense anymore? Mike, maybe I'll start on the Basel III. I think it's where Basel III comes out is very uncertain at this point. You know, the comment period ended January sixteenth. I don't know, you know, how many millions of pages were submitted, but there's a lot to be evaluated there. And you all know the various pressure and response that the regulators are getting on this, so it's very hard to tell. I don't know that we would've changed the authorization if we had perfect clarity on where it was coming out. It was a factor, but it's not like we have a, "We think it's absolutely gonna be this, and therefore." So I hope that helps. Yeah, and maybe just [crosstalk] y eah. Go ahead, Mike. Go ahead. No, just so your base case, what is the RWA inflation, the most recent update? Because we've gotten a few changes here during earnings season due to Basel III. Yeah. Mike, let me let me describe it this way. The headline that we've previously disclosed for the ANPR as it's written is, you know, Basel RWA increase for us at about 15%. So that's what we've shared. I think what we said at the time, and we actually believe even more so now, is that it'll come in at a portion of that. You know, there's been lots of discussion around, you know, for example, energy tax credits, some of the arcane parts of Basel and how that impacts public policy. Mortgages, which we're not really affected on. There's much more discussion about operational risk, literally over the last few months, and that would make us quite optimistic that, you know, the increases would be relatively small. So we've not updated it because it's just you gotta there's a menu out there. But you know we're encouraged. We think the regulators are trying to navigate public policy and on one hand and you know the right level of capital in the banking system. But you know we think that the direction of the discussions in particular over the last few months are constructive. Okay. Thank you. Your next question comes from Brian Bedell with Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead. Great. Thanks very much for taking my question. Most of those questions have been asked and answered. Oh, can you hear me? Yes. Okay, great. Sorry, sorry. Most of my questions have been answered. Just one quick one on securities portfolio repositioning. I guess, Eric, what's the desire to potentially do more of those, you know, and potentially take losses and look at the sort of the, the, you know, the capital usage for doing that and enhancing NII and NIM, you know, more versus versus share buybacks? Brian, it's Eric. You know, it's something that we continue to think about. I think every bank continues to think about, you know, we included. You know, we're just continuing to just work through, you know, how do we feel about the, you know, the rate levels that we're at, in particular on the up on the curve. We are conscious of that both in the U.S. and in the international areas. You know, we've got positions in, you know, pound sterling and euros and so forth. So we'll just continue to evaluate it. I think as you indicated from your question, part of the reason we repositioned last year in the third quarter was around rate position. We thought it was a very good entry point. In retrospect, we timed that quite well, so we were quite pleased, and I think we felt like we came out ahead economically with the trades. Because remember, we took out some bonds, but also reinvested both in the belly of the curve and overnight. So that was, you know, constructive. And you know, we'll also keep an eye on. We don't have a lot of capital-intensive securities. We've always had a very vanilla book, so there's not an enormous capital motivation, but we'll selectively look at it and see if it might make sense. But I think we're like many others. It's, it's one of the things we keep an eye on. Okay. Great. Thanks very much. Your next question comes from Rob Wildhack with Autonomous Research. Please go ahead. Hi, guys. I wanted to ask about the Fee Operating Leverage target for this year. Hypothetically, let's say fees come in better than you expect. Would you anticipate dropping that down to the bottom line or reinvesting it? And maybe the same question in reverse, you know, fees come in lower than expected, what kind of room is there on the expense side to preserve your Fee Operating Leverage target? Yeah, Rob, why don't I start on that? W e feel like we've done a very good job this year in terms of, in 2023, focusing on, BAU cost reduction to help finance and, and create a, a very sizable investment pool. Eric walked you through that. So, you know, obviously, if, if fees are up, dramatically more than expected, there are some revenue-related expenses, but, I wouldn't foresee I, I think we've got a lot to invest and execute against, and I really want to get through that. You know, on the margin, there might be a few things that we would do, but the vast majority of it go to the bottom line. On the opposite, in the case of the, if the opposite occurs, you know, whatever, a terrible market, geopolitical issues flare and, you know, you've just got a very different environment than any one of us anticipate, again, you'd see some revenue-related expenses come down naturally, which would help. I think at least my initial instinct would be to try and preserve the investments and look at, is there any more to do on BAU? But then, obviously, some of these, yeah, we would, we've got a pecking order for our investments in terms of priorities. And if it came to that, we'd defer them. And Rob, it's Eric. I'd just add that, you know, we've got a pretty industrious productivity plan for this year. You know, part of that was the repositioning that we announced. But, you know, two-thirds of the roles impacted are really around delayering and simplifying State Street. You know, we're actually taking our spans of control in some areas, like operations, from 5:1 to 8:1. We're taking spans of controls in the business and staff functions, in some cases from 3:1 to 5:1, right? And the benefit of that is it actually brings our teams, our client teams and operational teams even closer to our clients, right? You know, some of what we're doing with the joint venture consolidation is a catalyst for that because some cases we had too many handoffs, and now we can simplify processes and again bring them closer to our clients. So there's some real structural changes there, and what we do want to do is make sure we see those through. As Ron mentioned, there's always a little more we'll look at, you know, on the margin and, you know. But we want to be careful. We want to do this right. But, you know, on the margin, you know, you continue to work on, you know, vendors and so forth. You look at performance-based incentive compensation. There are always other, you know, smaller levers. But we're pretty. I think we've got a nice work step out and a lot to do, and I think we're we've got real confidence that you know, this is, I think, year probably five. I don't think we name our programs with annual versions, but you know, this is probably year five of productivity program and should you know, should really deliver quite a bit. Okay, thanks. Then on the regulatory front, there was some commentary last week from the FDIC around regulations for large index fund providers. I'm curious if you have any thoughts there on how that could potentially impact your business. From the FDIC? Yeah, I didn't see this, Rob. I'm curious as to the FDIC's role in index funds. I wonder what Vanguard has to say about that. So I'm just not familiar with it, Rob. Okay. I can send it over to you later. Yeah, why don't we follow up offline, Rob? Yeah. Just send it through to Ilene and the team. Yeah, and it could be, Rob, that GA is already on this. I just haven't seen that. Okay, thanks. No further questions at this time, please proceed. Well, thank you, everybody, for joining the call. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes your conference call for today. We thank you for participating and ask that you please disconnect your lines.