Thank you for standing by. Welcome to the 2nd quarter 2023 Universal Health Services Earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there'll be a question-and-answer session. To ask a question during this session, you'll need to press star one one on your telephone. You will then hear an automated message advising you your hand is raised. To withdraw your question, press star one one again. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Steve Filton, CFO. Please go ahead. Thank you, good morning. Marc Miller is also joining us this morning. We welcome you to this review of Universal Health Services results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023. During the conference call, we'll be using words such as believes, expects, anticipates, estimates, and similar words that represent forecasts, projections, and forward-looking statements. I recommend a careful reading of the section on risk factors and forward-looking statements and risk factors in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. We'd like to highlight just a couple of developments and business trends before opening the call up to questions. As discussed in our press release last night, the company reported net income attributable to UHS per diluted share of $2.42 for the second quarter of 2023. After adjusting for the impact of the item reflected on the supplemental schedule, as included with the press release, our adjusted net income attributable to UHS per diluted share was $2.53 for the quarter ended June 30, 2023. Our acute hospitals experienced strong demand for their services in the second quarter, with adjusted admissions increasing 7.7% over the prior year. Even though the volume growth was skewed somewhat to lower acuity procedures, overall revenue growth was still a very robust 9.7%. While overall surgical volumes were solid, increasing about 5% from the prior year quarter, there was a continuing shift from inpatient to outpatient. Meanwhile, the amount of premium pay in the second quarter was $75 million, reflecting approximately 10%-12% decline from the amount in the previous several quarters. The continued robust increase in acute volumes is the major reason that premium pay has not declined further. It's worth noting that our average hourly rate, which includes premium pay, was 4% lower than the second quarter of 2022. On a same facility basis, EBITDA at our acute care hospitals increased 16% during the second quarter of 2023 as compared to the comparable prior year quarter. During the second quarter, same facility revenues at our behavioral health hospitals increased by 7.8%, primarily driven by a 6.2% increase in revenue per adjusted patient day. The patient day growth in the quarter was greater at our acute behavioral hospitals versus our lower acuity residential treatment centers, which tended to drive up the revenue per day beyond the already relatively robust levels we've been posting for several periods. With a similar level of revenue growth in the first quarter, same facility EBITDA for our behavioral hospitals has increased 12% in the first half of the year compared to the comparable prior year period. Our cash generated from operating activities was $654 million during the first 6 months of 2023, as compared to $478 million during the same period in 2022. In the first half of 2023, we spent $337 million on capital expenditures and acquired 1.4 million of our own shares at a total cost of approximately $192 million. Since 2019, we have repurchased approximately 20% of the company's outstanding shares. As of June 30, 2023, we had $946 million of aggregate available borrowing capacity pursuant to our $1.2 billion revolving credit facility. In our acute care segment, we continue to develop additional inpatient and ambulatory care capacity. We currently have 24 operational freestanding emergency departments, as well as 3 additional, which are expected to be completed and opened over the next 6 months, and 9 more, which have been approved and are in various stages of development. Construction continues on our de novo acute care hospitals, consisting of the 150-bed West Henderson Hospital in Las Vegas, Nevada, which is expected to open next fall, the 150-bed Allen B. Miller Medical Center in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, and the 136-bed Cedar Hill Regional Medical Center in Washington, D.C., both of which are expected to open in 2025. In our behavioral health segment, we recently completed and opened the 120-bed River Vista Behavioral Health Hospital in Madera, California, and we broke ground on the 96-bed Southridge Behavioral Hospital in West Michigan, a joint venture with Trinity Health Michigan, which is expected to open later next year. I will now turn the call over to Marc Miller, President and CEO, for some closing comments. Thanks, Steve. We were generally pleased with our second quarter results, as both of our business segments continued their transition into a post-pandemic world. As we anticipated, acute care volumes have continued their recovery trajectory and have gradually begun to resemble the patterns we experienced before the pandemic. The comparison to last year's second quarter for our acute hospitals is the first apples-to-apples comparison of two low COVID volume quarters we have had since the pandemic began. The 60 basis point year-over-year margin improvement in Q2 is a step towards a more extended margin recovery we hope to sustain for the next several periods. In our acute segment, we highlighted the upward pressure on physician expense, which tended to run at a rate of about 6% of revenues pre-pandemic, but is running closer to 7.6% in 2023. Based on the generally favorable operating trends in the first half of the year, we are increasing the lower end of our 2023 EPS guidance from $9.50 a share to $9.85 a share. As we have previously disclosed, our 2023 guidance had originally assumed recognition in the fourth quarter of 2023 of $25 million of supplemental revenues from a Nevada Medicaid program. The state has dramatically reduced the funding for this program, and we now believe our fourth quarter revenue recognition will be only approximately $3 million. This reduction has informed our decision not to change the upper end of our guidance range at this time. It is worth noting that we believe a new Nevada state-directed program, which we also have previously disclosed, appears to still be on track for a 2024 implementation, with a potentially materially favorable impact on our Nevada hospitals. We are pleased to answer questions at this time. Thank you. As a reminder, to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star one again. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. Our first question comes from Jason Cassorla from Citi. Your line is open. Great. Thanks, and good morning. I just wanted to ask about acute care volumes. I guess, obviously, a strong result for the first half, but, you know, wondering how you're feeling about the trajectory of those volumes in the back half of the year. I know it's early, but do you think this creates a new base from which you grow off of for next year? Or do you think this will create kind of a set of difficult comps that you'll have to kinda overcome and work through in the first half of 2024? Just any color or commentary around that would be helpful. Sure. I mean, I think part of what we're experiencing, in, certainly in the first half of this year, is what both, I think, providers and payers have anticipated for some time, and that is, during the pandemic, there was some amount of deferral and postponement of procedures. You know, I think what both providers and payers have been reporting in the last quarter or two is that we've seen an uptick in volumes, particularly lower acuity volumes, elective and surgical procedures. Again, I think particularly skewed towards the Medicare population that probably was most prone to defer and postpone during the pandemic. It's very difficult for providers like us, and I think quite frankly, for almost everybody, except for individual physicians, to really try and precisely determine, you know, how much of current volume is an exhaustion of demand that was sort of postponed or deferred during the pandemic. I think, you know, the comment that we have made simply is that, you know, we had 10% adjusted admission growth in acute care in Q1, you know, close to 8% in Q2. Those are really historically unprecedented numbers. Our expectation, and again, I think Marc's comments were in Q2 for the first time, we had kind of an apples-to-apples comparison with last year in terms of low COVID volumes. We're expecting, I think, volumes to moderate in the future, but also for acuity to rise and to return to sort of that mid-single digit level of, you know, top line growth in acute care that has sort of long been the model. You know, whether that occurs, you know, in the next couple of quarters, whether we have a run of, you know, somewhat extended and, you know, enhanced volumes, you know, I think is difficult for anyone to project. Obviously, it's been pretty strong for the last six months, you know, early, you know, indications in July are that remains that way, but, you know, we'll see. Again, I think some of, you know, our caution about, you know, guidance in the back half of the year is also informed by this idea that, you know, we're not exactly sure at what pace acute care volumes moderate, but there is some sense that they will. Generally feeling pretty good about overall acute care volumes, you know, which did suffer, at least non-COVID volumes, which, you know, that did suffer definitively during the pandemic. Got it. Okay, thanks. Maybe just as a follow-up, you know, on the acute care physician subsidy expense, it sounds like that's coming in at an even greater pressure point than originally anticipated in guidance. I guess, one, is that fair? You know, curious if that level of spending is at a tipping point now where maybe you need to perhaps consider greater levels of insourcing or other strategies to help offset and create kind of a good guy sort of set up for 2024 and beyond. Any just thoughts on that would be helpful. Thanks. We have certainly been talking about and anticipating that 2023 would be a challenging year when it came to this issue of physician subsidy expense, we talked about back in February, and when we gave our 2023 guidance, providing like a $55 million-$60 million increase in our guidance in physician expense. The reality is the rate of increase is probably running at about twice that. I do think that this is to some degree, sort of a transitory pressure. These contract service providers who provide, you know, much of our, especially emergency room and anesthesiology coverage, many of them are, you know, facing pretty significant financial stress. There have been a number of high-profile bankruptcies in that area by these contract providers. In this interim period, where we're having to replace or, you know, kind of substitute and either pay greater subsidies to our existing providers or to new providers, or as, you know, your question alluded to, insource and hire these physicians ourselves. There's this sort of, kind of one-time, hopefully, expenditure of money and dollars to make this transition. At the end of the day, I think we have a point of view that, you know, there's X number of ER providers in the country. There's X number of anesthesiology providers in the country. When this sort of current disruption settles out, you know, those dollar increases, like in 2024, will, at a minimum, level off and hopefully, will actually decline. We're not going to see this rate of increase over an extended period of time. Great. Thanks for all the color. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Ben Hendrix from RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open. Hi, thanks. I was wondering if you could answer pretty much the same question on the softness and the behavioral that we saw this quarter versus first quarter. I think you had called out maybe some headwinds at some specific facilities. Just wanted to see kind of how that looks like in the back half. Is that an easy fix, and what we can expect going forward? Thanks. Well, you know, I'll go back to the point that Marc made earlier. You know, the first quarter comparison was a bit anomalous because we were comparing kind of a low COVID volume in Q1 of 2023, with a very high volume COVID quarter in 2022. Particularly on the behavioral side, that comparison was very favorable. You know, volumes, revenue, EBITDA growth, all looked, you know, very favorable in Q1. Q2 volume growth was a little more normalized, you know, frankly, a little softer than we anticipated. I think that our acute behavioral volumes, and, you know, I made this comment in the prepared remarks, were actually in line with our expectations, but the volumes in our residential treatment centers were somewhat lower than expectations. As, you know, we kind of dived or delved into those numbers, it really seems like they were focused on a handful of facilities that, you know, were having specific issues with re- referral sources or regulatory issues that we believe will be corrected and largely resolved in the back half of the year. Didn't seem to be pervasive in any sort of company-wide or industry-wide sort of dynamic. You know, I think our view as we think about the behavioral business trajectory, the point that we've made for some time during the pandemic is that as COVID volumes eased, we would be able to hire more people. As we would be able to hire more people, we'd be able to generate, you know, more patient days, more volume, greater efficiencies, greater EBITDA growth. I think if you look at the first six months of the year, which again, I made the point in my prepared remarks, EBITDA is up 12%. I think if you look at the last four quarters, EBITDA is up substantially. I think that's how we're looking at that. We're looking at the earnings power of our behavioral business. You know, a bit of a slowdown in Q2, I think, you know, we think the long-term trajectory is much more reflective of the experience we've had over the last 2-4 quarters. Thank you. Thank you. One moment for our next question. We have a question from Andrew Mok, from UBS. Your line is open. Hi, good morning. Same-store inpatient admissions were up about 7% in the quarter, but I think inpatient surgeries were only up about 1% or so. You mentioned lower acuity procedures, but I think those stats would imply some very strong medical growth or nonsurgical growth. Can you elaborate on the nature of the procedures you're seeing on the inpatient side? Thanks. Yeah. You know, what I said in my prepared remarks was that overall surgical growth was up about 5%, Q2 over Q2, which we view as a, you know, pretty solid outcome, skewed more towards outpatient growth. Outpatient procedures, outpatient surgical procedures were up 8%. Inpatient were only up 1%, but that obviously affects acuity. Again, I think, you know, in my mind, this is sort of an intuitive result. If what we're seeing in terms of the volume growth in acute care is, to some degree, a recapture of postponed and deferred procedures. It makes sense that those deferred and postponed procedures were of the lower acuity nature. You know, almost by definition, if people had emergency, you know, healthcare needs during the pandemic, those were attended to. The things that were deferred were more elective, more discretionary procedures, both surgical and medical. Again, I think that's the dynamic you're seeing in terms of very high volumes, but somewhat more muted acuity. Got it. Just a quick follow-up: How is the Reno Hospital tracking against expectations? Can you help quantify the contribution that hospital had on same-store admissions growth in the quarter? Thanks. I don't have those exact admission numbers for the Reno Hospital in front of me, but I'll say that, you know, what we have said was included in our 2023 guidance was about a $25 million or $30 million turnaround at the Reno Hospital. I think we're tracking, I think we anticipated that that would be a little back-end loaded, and I think that's right. I think, you know, we probably had about a $4 million or $5 million improvement in Q2. I think, you know, we're generally tracking for that level of improvement for the full year, and that's our expectation. My sense is, the Reno Hospital is not large enough to have had a significant impact on admissions one way or the other in the quarter. Thank you. Thank you. Our next question comes from Joshua Raskin from Nephron Research. Your line is open. Hi, thanks. Good morning. Just the first question, getting back to the behavioral health margins. I think in the past you've suggested, and I think you just alluded to this, Steve, that, you know, there just weren't enough clinicians to hire, and that sort of slowed your volumes. Are you now able to find these clinicians? You know, if so, where are they coming from, and are different categories, maybe nurses versus MDs, performing different roles? I'm just curious how you're filling that capacity. I mean, you know, what I think we have said pretty consistently throughout the pandemic is that the pandemic itself, you know, I should start by making the point that prior to the pandemic, in late 2019, early 2020, I think we would have described, and I think most of our provider colleagues would have described the labor market as pretty tight back then. The overall unemployment rate in the country was, I think, you know, pretty close to full employment. Clinical employment, particularly nursing employment, was very tight. The pandemic then really exacerbates that tightness, particularly for subacute providers, like behavioral providers, because we started to lose a great many nurses, especially nurses, to, you know, these high-level premium pay opportunities they were having, you know, working in acute care hospitals, in COVID units or ERs or ICUs, et cetera. The argument we made all along was that as COVID volumes declined, those opportunities for, you know, these extraordinary, you know, pay increases would decline, and nurses would return to their, we'll sort of call it, home base and employment. I think that's what we've been seeing, I'm gonna say, for the last 12 or 15 months. I'm gonna say at least back to the, you know, spring, the early spring of 2022. You know, we're seeing that now. You know, what we're seeing is, you know, an increase in base wage rates in order for us to get those folks back. You know, I think, wage inflation in behavioral or average hourly rate increase, you know, in Q2 over the prior year is more like 4.5%-5%, which is certainly higher than it was running in the pandemic. Again, you see some of that in our, you know, salary, overall salary increases. At the end of the day, and this is the point that I was trying to make before, I think what we've demonstrated, especially over the last three quarters, and, you know, to a lesser degree in Q2 of this year, is as we're able to hire more people, we're able to, you know, generate, you know, more volumes, and as a consequence, you know, EBITDA growth, margin improvement, et cetera. It's not, you know, it's not a ratable increase every single quarter. Again, there's some element of timing here. As we hire new people, they have to be trained and oriented, and that, you know, it causes some level of inefficiency. Over time, I think we have the view that we're gonna continue to be able to hire more people in behavioral and admit more patients, and that's gonna lead to a long-term growth trajectory in that business. Gotcha. Just one more quick one. United spoke about a large increase in the incidence of mental health utilization, just, you know, more people seeking services. Do you think that translates to more inpatient care, or is that a level of acuity that's, you know, a bit more steady on the inpatient side, and maybe that's more lower acuity? Yeah, my recollection from reading the United transcript was that they specifically talked about that increase being skewed to outpatient procedures. You know, obviously, I think outpatient is a, is a more highly competitive sort of, you know, market. For behavioral, there's a lot more competitors. I think our view is over the long term, the more people who are getting care and getting appropriate assessments, et cetera, is good for our business, which tends to have a much broader continuum of care that includes more intensive outpatient and, you know, partial hospitalization and all sorts of, you know, inpatient care. Across, you know, many diagnoses. I think, you know, we have a view that while we didn't necessarily experience that same growth in outpatient that United referred to specifically, I think, in their first, second quarter, call, that ultimately down the road, we're likely to benefit from more and more people getting the appropriate level of behavioral care and assessment. Great, thanks. Thank you. Our next question comes from Whit Mayo from Leerink Partners. Your line is open. Hey, thanks. Steve, I appreciate the comments on Nevada and the supplemental Medicaid program changes. Any way to potentially size how you guys are thinking about the potential contribution of that in 2024? I know there's still some moving pieces and approvals that need to happen. We're waiting, Whit, for the state to issue more specific guidance about how their, you know, specific methodology is going to work, et cetera. Based on our, you know, broad understanding of how this program is going to work, as I think, you know, Marc commented in his prepared remarks, our expectation is that this could have a materially favorable benefit on our Nevada hospitals. We're anxiously waiting for the state to issue a more specific, or more specifics, surrounding the calculations and the methodology and the size of the pool, et cetera, which we think could be forthcoming, you know, I'm going to so to say, in the near intermediate term. Certainly we think there'll be, you know, a lot more clarity by the end of the year. Yeah. Okay. No, that's helpful. We've gotten some questions around the Cerner Oracle, you know, EMR investment you guys are making. None of this is new, but just maybe remind us the income statement, CapEx impact, you know, how many hospitals you're thinking about converting. I can't imagine it's all of your facilities, just timeline and any, you know, review of that initiative? Sure. Yeah, as you said, this is not necessarily really new news. We originally committed to a behavioral EMR implementation with Cerner, going back a couple of years, and after Cerner's acquisition by Oracle wanted to do this press release, which is fine. To be clear, I mean, this is not new. We've already implemented a handful of facilities in 2022. We'll implement another round of facilities in 2023. If you read the press release, it doesn't refer to the number of facilities. I think, when at least one of the news media outlets picked up the story, they sort of combined the fact that we were making this announcement with the fact that we've got 200 behavioral facilities here in the U.S. and said that we were committed to implement 200 facilities. As your question alludes to, we certainly have not yet committed to that. We have smaller residential facilities that, you know, may not be appropriate for an investment of this scale, et cetera. I make the point, I mean, I think that we will spend significantly less on behavioral EMR than we did on acute care EMR. We spent, I think, around $220 million-$230 million a number of years ago on the implementation of an acute care EMR. I think we'll spend substantially less on behavioral, and it'll be spread out over, I think, a 5 or 6-year period. I don't think that the, you know, the individual impact of the investment is going to have a significant impact. The other piece is we have an expectation that, there are operating efficiencies that we'll gain and garner from the implementation. A significant chunk of that investment should be offset with operating efficiencies. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. We have a question from A.J. Rice from Credit Suisse. Your line is open. Thanks. Hi, everybody. I know you've gotten some good rate increases on the behavioral side, the last year or so. I know a lot of states reset their rates mid-year. I also know you got ongoing discussions on the commercial side. Medicare, we can track that easier, any update on thinking about where rates settle out back half the year into next year for commercial and Medicaid in the behavioral side? I mean, A.J. Rice, I think our comments on rate increases in behavioral have been pretty consistent. They definitely, you know, historically, revenue per day in the behavioral division has generally increased sort of 2% or 3% a year, pretty consistently pre-pandemic. During the pandemic, we saw those numbers rise to something, you know, much closer to 5%-6%. I think we've generally discussed that we think the main reason for that is, you know, we've been able to leverage the fact that there is capacity constraints in the industry, as we've, you know, already talked about on this call, because of, you know, labor capacity, especially. You know, we've been going to our lowest payers and, you know, either demanding increases from them or canceling those contracts that we view to be inadequate and, you know, simply admitting patients who whose insurance will pay us more, you know, again, in an environment where we can only treat a limited number of patients, we can be more selective about who we treat and the fairness of what we think we're being paid. You know, what we have said is, you know, we think that as we're able to admit more patients, our ability to leverage that diminishes a little bit, and maybe that revenue per day increase that had been running 5%-6%, you know, moderates more to 4%-5%. We were, again, a little over six in the quarter, although that I think is a function not only of the rate increases we're getting, but also of the mix of acute versus residential patients, as I mentioned before. I think, you know, generally, the pricing environment in behavioral remains strong. We remain aggressive. We've terminated or issued notice of termination in a great many markets to a great many payers. You know, we're pursuing this strategy pretty aggressively and feel like there's runway to do so for the foreseeable future. Okay. I know you talked about the new facility in Vegas and the trajectory there, but maybe stepping back, I know you've got concentrated portfolios in the acute side in Vegas and Southern California and D.C. and Southwest Texas. Any dispersion? Obviously, you had good overall volume growth. Was there much of a difference in the performance in those major geographic markets this quarter? I think, like most of our or several of our public peers, HCA and Tenet, I think most notably, have commented, you know, in the last year or so, that their facilities in Texas and Florida have been recovering at a more rapid rate than in other geographies. I think as, you know, those states have emerged from the pandemic, the economies in those states have emerged from the pandemic more rapidly. I think honestly, that has been sort of a bit of a negative comparison for us again, over the last year or so, because we've got less of a relative footprint in Texas and Florida and more in Nevada and California than our peers. I think what we're seeing now is, you know, the recovery in those geographies is starting to pick up pace, et cetera. I think, you know, our performance in Nevada was, you know, particularly improved in the quarter. Obviously, that's always, you know, a significant piece of good news for us. I will say that, you know, to have the sort of acute care performance we had, in particular at the top line, an EBITDA growth of 16%, that's got to be pretty broad-based. It really can't be, you know, specific to one single market. I don't think it was. Again, the encouraging, I think element for us specifically was the improvement in our Nevada results in the quarter. Okay. Thanks a lot. Our next question. One moment. We have a question from Jamie Perse from Goldman Sachs. Your line is open. Hey, thanks. Good morning. I just wanted to go back to the other operating expenses within acute for a second. You spoke about some of the bankruptcies for vendors in the space. Are there specific sort of one-time disruption costs in the $590 million you realized this quarter? I'm just trying to understand if, you know, where we're going from here, if that's the right new baseline or if, you know, you can take costs out at some point. Just any more color on the near term and how to model that line item. Yeah, look, I made the point earlier, Jamie, that we anticipated a significant increase in those physician subsidy expenses in our 2023 guidance, but in the first, you know, 6 months, they're tracking at twice the rate that we anticipated. I also tried to make the point that I think we believe that these really dramatic increases are a function of this current disruption. You know, we've got providers who are telling us one of two things: one, that they just can't continue. They've declared bankruptcy, and they can't continue to provide the contract services that we're that we're contracted for, and we're having to replace them, generally at a higher cost, whether we're contracting out to somebody else or we're hiring these folks in. Again, there's these sort of transition costs that I think are largely one time in nature. I think, you know, we're gonna continue to experience these for the next quarter or so. I think we have a general view that by the time we get to 2024, however this is settled out, either, you know, and I'm not sure there's a single answer, but I think, you know, either a lot of these providers, these ER and anesthesiology physicians, will be employed by hospitals and by us, or they'll be employed by more local and regional providers who are, you know, more healthy financially, et cetera, but we're gonna see a leveling off of this expense. you know, I don't know that, you know, we're able to you know, predict exactly, you know, how you should model that in the future. Again, I think, you know, in my mind, the, you know, the positive view of this in the quarter is acute care EBITDA is 16% higher than it was last year's Q2, despite the fact that we've got this, you know, significantly increased burden of physician expense. We feel like when that levels off next year, that's gonna provide a boost to our earnings power. Okay. And you and other hospitals have always talked about a strong, you know, margin profile on surgery, just given the tailwinds that seem to be, you know, in the, in the surgical space at this point. Can you give us any color on how to think about, you know, profit margins in your surgical business or, you know, profit contribution on average from surgeries? I think if you think about if however you want to define our long-term acute care margins in the upper teens, I'm gonna call 17%, something like that, then I think surgical margins tend to be probably 5-10 basis points above that, and medical margins tend to be 5-10 basis points below that. Obviously, there's a lot of difference depending on the specific procedure, the length of stay, the demographics of the patient base, et cetera. Historically, surgical margins have been measurably higher than medical margins. Okay. Thanks for the color. Thank you. Our next question will come from Scott Fidel from Stephens. Your line is open. Hi, thanks. Good morning. A couple of recent developments or proposals on the policy side, I would be interested to get your initial thoughts on. The first was the CMS proposal that came out around the intensive outpatient benefit for behavioral in Medicare. Just yesterday, I know it just came out, so don't expect, you know, too detailed commentary, the Biden administration did also just come out with an updated proposal, really sort of focused on health plans around mental health parity and sort of enforcing that around in-network in-network for behavioral. Just interested on both those proposals, if you have any initial thoughts on potential risks and opportunities there. Yeah. I'll tackle the parity one, which I know is the more recent one, Scott, first. As you pointed out, I mean, I think the Biden administration announced yesterday that they were gonna issue new rules on mental health parity, which they did this morning. I appreciate your acknowledgment that we have not had a chance to review those. I think, you know, the broad context here is mental health parity legislation originally passed almost 15 years ago, but I think the industry has always been frustrated that the amount of adherence and enforcement on the part of the government has, you know, never at least been, you know, as fulsome as the industry would have liked. You know, without reading the specific regulations or having had a chance to read the specific regulations, I think the one, you know, positive that we take away is that the current administration seems focused on the fact that there needs to be better enforcement. You know, the mental health parity legislation originally, you know, was, I think, viewed very positively for the industry, and I do think had a positive impact, but I think it should be more positive. I think we would argue that there have been plans and payers that have sort of tried to dodge the, you know, the intent of the legislation, and we believe that any effort on the part of this administration to more aggressively enforce those parity laws is welcome. The intensive outpatient regulations, I'll sort of make, you know, or repeat the same comments I was making just about, you know, United's commercial comments or commercial utilization comments before. You know, I think that any, you know, new developments that allow people or encourage people to get more access to intensive outpatient or behavioral care in general, are generally gonna be positive for us. We have a lot of intensive outpatient offerings, but I think more than that, I think, you know, we have this complete continuum of care, from, you know, very low acute outpatient to very high acute inpatient, that the more people who are given access to care and behavioral diagnosis and assessment, I think that's generally good news for us. I would say, you know, we view both of these developments as a positive. I think we view them consistent with, I think, you know, general, legislative, and administrative sort of favorability to the behavioral business at both the federal and state level. Difficult to quantify the benefit for either of those in any sort of precise way. Got it. Just one quick follow-up, just on the Medicare volume sort of normalization that we've been seeing. Any way, can you sort of tease out just in the second quarter, you know, how, I guess, that sort of skewed between outpatient and inpatient? Obviously, we know that it seemed to be sort of heavily, you know, driven by outpatient, but I am interested whether you saw a pickup in the inpatient side, too, on the Medicare volumes as well. Thanks. Yeah, I mean, we saw, as we said, you know, adjusted admissions increase by, you know, almost 8% in the quarter. Some of that is certainly driven by the outpatient activity, but obviously, pure admission growth was also pretty strong. Again, I just feel like, you know, what you're seeing is, it is a bit skewed towards the lower acuity procedures. Again, not by a tremendous amount. I mean, you know, we saw, you know, overall revenue per adjusted admission on the acute side increase by, you know, 2% or so in the quarter. I think normally we would expect that number to be more in the 2%-4% range, so it's kind of on the low end. You know, there is a little bit, you know, more of that skew to, I mean, it is clearly an inpatient and outpatient issue, but I think it's more of a, of an issue of, you know, it's skewing more towards those elective and deferred procedures that were postponed, whether they were in or outpatient during the pandemic and are now being, you know, realized in greater numbers. Okay, great. Thank you. Thank you. Our next question comes from Justin Lake with Wolfe Research. Your line is open. Thanks. Good morning. First question, wanted to ask about what you're seeing from the payers. I know you already got asked about pricing, but given, you know, Medicaid payers are heading into redetermination, Medicare Advantage payers are talking about higher utilization, Steve, are you seeing any early kind of signs of increased medical management, claims denial, et cetera, you know, the typical stuff that managed care will do when their costs are or might be a little bit higher? Yeah, two things or two comments that you made, Justin. I mean, one is, we're not seeing, I think, at least a measurable impact that we can identify from Medicaid redeterminations so far. I do think, you know, again, you know, Marc commented on, you know, the rationale for not raising the upper end of our guidance. You know, he commented on the Nevada supplemental payment, and I do think that's a big piece of it. I think we also have a view that there may yet be an impact from Medicaid redeterminations in the back half of the year in both of the businesses that we have not yet seen. You know, we're paying very close attention to that, and that's a, you know, focus. Yeah, I think your other comment is also well taken, and that is with a lot of the payers reporting an increase in their own medical loss utilization, we have an expectation that we're gonna see more aggressive behavior on their part to, you know, whatever it may be, you know, limit length to stay on the behavioral side or, you know, challenge more inpatient versus observation classification on the acute side. I can't say that, you know, we can say definitively that we've seen that change in a measurable way just yet. I think it sometimes takes a quarter or two for that information to sort of play out. I will tell you that, you know, we're very prepared for it, very focused on it. You know, I think in all sorts of ways, I think we're trying to change our contracts so that these issues are more, you know, defined better in upfront in the contracts, but also in the way that, you know, we provide billing information and that we go through the appeal process. All those things are a significant focus of ours. I think your suggestion that managed care payers are likely to become more aggressive in their utilization review procedures is something, you know, we're very sensitive to and prepared for. I appreciate that. Maybe you can expand on your commentary around redeterminations. I know a lot of us, you know, are uncertain how this plays out, but one kind of line of thinking is that a bunch of people are going to be kicked off Medicaid, and a lot of them could end up on the exchanges or on, you know, private, you know, employer health plans, which pay a lot better, right? Especially on the acute side, but even on the behavioral side. How do you think about that vis-a-vis? Do you just think that is your concern that a lot of folks are going to be, you know, unfortunately, removed from the rolls and not pick up other coverage? Is it your market specific to you know, given your geographic exposure, or do you think that's just broad-based, and what drives that? I think that we generally concur, as your question sort of alludes to, with the sort of broad way that a number of analysts, both, you know, I'm going to say, dispassionate analysts like CMS and the Urban Institute, et cetera, when they looked at the potential impact of redeterminations, and then a number of sell-side folks have done pretty exhaustive studies. And I think they all conclude largely the way you framed your question, that ultimately there'll be a sufficient number of people who are redetermined off the Medicaid rolls, but who can requalify on better paying commercial products, commercial exchange products, that the net impact to providers will be a positive one. I think our sort of skepticism or concern or caution is more short term or timing related in nature, and that is, as we go through the process and people get redetermined off, you know, how quickly can they requalify, you know, for commercial products, et cetera. Again, I just don't think we've had enough time to really, you know, measure whether there could be a sort of a short-term bump or, you know, a drain on this. I think in the long run, we think we probably come out, you know, at least whole, if not, you know, somewhat ahead. The good news from my perspective is, you know, based on the redetermination data that I've seen, while there have been a lot of people redetermined off, a lot of those redeterminations, a good chunk of them, are sort of for more for administrative reasons. You know, their paperwork is not up to date, their address is not up to date, whatever it may be. It feels like those people will be able to get back on the Medicaid rolls quickly. You know, it feels like maybe the impact in the long run is not gonna be as significant as we might have thought. Again, our point of view is maybe some short-term uncertainty. Over the long term, I don't think we think this is really gonna be a net negative for providers. Got it. Thanks for all the color. Sure. Thank you. Our next question comes from Kevin Fischbeck with Bank of America. Your line is open. Great, thanks. I wanna go back to, I guess, Marc Miller's comments about both segments, you know, starting to transition to that post-pandemic world. How are you thinking about what the company's two businesses look like in that world? Is it, is it right to just assume that from a margin perspective, things look like 2018, 2019? Is there a reason to believe that margins might be higher or lower, you know, over time? How do you think about that path and the timing of getting to whatever that normalization is? I think the answer, Kevin, is a little bit different for each of the segments. I think we touched on this to some degree in the call today, but certainly in previous calls as well. I think on the behavioral side, our view is that, you know, margins during the pandemic, particularly were, you know, diminished, or negatively impacted by the labor scarcity. You know, again, the argument goes that as we are able to hire more people, we'll be able to, you know, create and really not create, but exhaust, you know, more of the unmet demand that's been out there. I think our view on behavioral is, you know, not only should we be able to return to 2019 margins ultimately, but to return to sort of peak behavioral margins, which probably go back to 2014 or 2015. Just to be clear, when I say that, I mean, I don't think that's in the immediate. I don't think that happens, obviously, in the next quarter or two, but I think it is this sort of gradual trajectory of, you know, relatively robust top line growth, and, you know, relatively fixed and semi-fixed expenses that allow us to do that. I think on the acute side, it's a little bit more of a mixed story. There was certainly some benefit to the acute care business from the pandemic itself, from the acuity of the COVID patients, from the special reimbursement that we received related to COVID patients, et cetera. I think it's a little bit more challenging for the acute business to get back to those pre-pandemic margins, because they've got to replace a lot of that, I'm gonna say, COVID patient-related benefit. Now, clearly, they've been doing that over the last few quarters, and, you know, again, this gets back to, I think, the question of, you know, how sustainable this higher level of acute care volume is gonna be. But again, pretty much pretty similar. I think, you know, we certainly feel like, you know, we're 400 or 500 basis points on the acute side below where our pre-pandemic margins were. You know, as Marc's comments and his prepared remarks were, we got 60 basis points of that back in Q2. We view that as a first step, which we hope to sustain for many more quarters to get back there or get, you know, close to pre-pandemic margins. Yeah. It sounds to me like to some degree, in both cases, it's the volume number that's going to get you back to where you were. I guess the behavioral one makes sense. Labor is a constraint, you fix that. The acute one, though, is still a little bit unclear to me. I understand the concept of pent-up demand, when you just finally got above 2019 levels, when historically you've been growing volumes a couple% per year, kind of well below that long-term trend line, what is it that makes you cautious to say that you wouldn't get back to that long-term trend line? Aren't the population growth, demographics, and fundamental demand drivers in your markets really unchanged? Why do you get concerned this is a bull lift, rather than, you know, the new normal? Yeah, I don't think we've, you know, in any way given up the hope that we can get back to acute care margins, pre-pandemic acute care margins. I'm simply suggesting that I think the recovery or the path to recovery is a little more complicated on the acute side because there were some benefits from the pandemic that there just clearly were not on the behavioral side. The pandemic really had only negative consequences for our behavioral business, therefore, I think the recovery from the pandemic is sort of steeper and more robust and quicker, quite frankly, on the behavioral side than it is on the acute side. You know, look, I think what you're seeing is some pretty rapid recovery on the acute side, but again, it's being driven by what I think we would argue are probably some level of extraordinary, you know, volumes that will moderate some. Look, I think if you look at the, you know, acute care, you know, business model and earnings trajectory over an extended period of time, with, you know, kind of mid, single digit, you know, revenue growth in that 5% or 6% range, you know, we have generally been able to produce EBITDA growth, margin improvement, et cetera. You know, I don't think there's any reason we can't sustain that level of top-line growth for the foreseeable future. I do just think it may take us a little bit longer to get there than it will on the behavioral side. Okay. All right. I think I got it, but just to make sure to tie it all up, you're not saying that this year's volumes become a headwind to next year because there's some sort of unsustainable bolus? It's probably a good base, but we just shouldn't assume 7% volume growth. We should assume from here, more normalized volume growth, or are you saying that there could be a headwind next year from a comp perspective? Yeah, again, hard to know, Kevin, you know, we had 10% revenue growth, obviously, in this quarter. Again, that's at a historically high level. You know, I don't, again, you know, I'm not giving 2024 guidance at this point, you know, I don't know that we'll be able to sustain that level of revenue growth. Two things: I think the level of revenue growth probably moderates a little bit. I think the makeup of that revenue growth changes to, you know, somewhat less volume, somewhat more acuity in pricing. I think, again, you know, if that 10% revenue growth moderates to 6% or 7%, I still think that's a model in which we're likely to see increased EBITDA and margin expansion. All right. Perfect. Thank you. Thank you. One moment for our next question. We have a question from Stephen Baxter with Wells Fargo. Your line is open. Yeah. Hi, thanks. To follow up on an earlier question, I wanted to, you know, see if we could expand a little bit more on the behavioral margins in the quarter. You know, usually, pre-COVID margins increased sequentially in the second quarter. Obviously, you had a different experience this quarter with SWB and other OpEx as a% of revenue up sequentially. Wondering what drove those increases, and how did margins internally compare to your expectations? Do you think we should see something closer to typical seasonality in the balance of the year? Thank you. Operator, I'm just gonna make the point, this is gonna have to be our last question. You know, we had a few non-recurring items in the quarter. We had a loss on disposal of assets that were about $3 million. We had an unfavorable exchange rate, which was affecting us in the UK by GBP 2 million. Just generally, you know, I think we saw salaries increase a little bit more than we expected in the quarter. This is a point I was making or in responding to an earlier question. I mean, I think generally, our ability to hire people and fill these vacant positions is a positive development. In the short run, it can be somewhat inefficient. We have a lot of people in orientation and training. A lot of these people that we're hiring are somewhat less experienced and less trained in particularly in behavioral care than we're used to historically, and that creates a little bit of inefficiency, again, in the short run. I think in the long run, and that's why I'm suggesting to people not to focus so much on just the second quarter, but on the first six months of the year or the last four quarters, where we've really been emerging from the pandemic, not being impacted by COVID, being able to hire people. I think the, broadly, the results there show that, you know, we're gonna continue to grow the top line, but also, you know, generate the efficiencies that we think, you know, generally come with that top-line growth. I think that's still fundamentally our belief. I think that's the way we're looking at the business. Thanks for your question, and operator, I think we're gonna have to stop at this point in time. Okay. I'd like to turn it back to Steven Filton for any closing remarks. Yeah, just to thank everybody for their time this morning, and we look forward to speaking with everybody again, after our third quarter. This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.