Welcome to Visa's fiscal first quarter 2021 earnings conference call. All participants are in a listen-only mode until the question and answer session. Today's conference is being recorded. If you have any objections, you may disconnect at this time. I would now like to turn the conference over to your host, Mr. Mike Milotich, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations. Mr. Milotich, you may now begin. Thank you, Michelle. Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to Visa's fiscal first quarter 2021 earnings call. Joining us today are Al Kelly, Visa's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Vasant Prabhu, Visa's Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer. This call is being webcast on the investor relations section of our website at www.investor.visa.com. A replay will be archived on our site for 30 days. The slide deck containing financial and statistical highlights will be posted on our IR website. Let me remind you that this presentation includes forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and our actual results could differ materially as a result of many factors. Additional information concerning those factors is available in our most recent reports on Forms 10-K and 10-Q, which you can find on the SEC's website and the investor relations section of our website. For historical non-GAAP financial information disclosed in this call, the related GAAP measures and reconciliation are available in today's earnings release. With that, let me turn the call over to Al. Thank you, Mike, and good afternoon, and thank you for joining us today. Even with vaccine proliferation on the horizon, COVID-19 infections really continue to rise, causing restrictions to be implemented in many parts of the world. Amidst the pandemic, Visa delivered strong financial results in our fiscal first quarter. Our strategy to enable money movement globally remains clear, pursuing growth through consumer payments, new flows, and value-added services. On our call today, let me discuss our Q1 results. Then provide detail on our momentum this quarter with clients and the valuable solutions they utilize to drive money movement globally. As I review our Q1 results, recall we are growing over a quarter where no one had ever heard of COVID-19. Payments volume, processed transactions, and cross-border volume all improved from Q4. Payments volume improved half a point, processing transaction growth improved a point, and cross-border volume improved eight points. Net revenues in the fiscal first quarter were $5.7 billion, a year-over-year decrease of 6%. Non-GAAP EPS was $1.42, a decrease of 3%. Through our dividends and buybacks, we returned $2.5 billion of capital to shareholders in Q1. Vasant will cover spending in great detail, so I'll only make a few high-level comments on holiday spending. U.S. holiday spending was quite different this year, but had a similar overall growth to the last three years of holiday seasons, led by strong retail growth, somewhat offset by travel, entertainment, and fuel. This year in the U.S., we generally saw a continuation of the trends that have been occurring during COVID, strong debit and e-commerce, and weaker credit and card present. Outside the U.S., holiday retail spending growth broadly accelerated with growth in Canada, the U.K., Brazil, and Australia all rising by five or more points over last year. Let me transition to our progress with clients. We continue to win and renew business as we transfer money movement globally through consumer payments, new flows, and value-added services. In consumer payments, we continue to focus on digitizing the $18 trillion spent in cash and check globally by working with partners to grow endpoints and deepen customer engagement with innovation. We are growing credentials with traditional issuers, fintechs, and wallets. Let me start with North America. We are very pleased to have renewed our long-standing partnership with Wells Fargo across consumer debit, credit, small business, and commercial for the next six years. The Bank of Montreal, Canada's fourth-largest bank and the only top five Canadian bank not previously issuing with Visa, announced a new partnership with us to issue two affluent lifestyle credit card products in the Canadian market. These products are digital-first, targeting the affluent millennial segment, and offer strong rewards and value to cardholders in a differentiated and innovative way. In our Asia Pacific region, we won the debit business of Malaysia's AmBank after winning the credit business just a quarter ago. Our relationship with LINE Pay also deepened this quarter on two fronts. First, in Japan, LINE Pay is now issuing a Visa virtual prepaid card, and second, Visa secured an exclusive partnership with LINE BK, Thailand's first social banking platform for issuance of Visa debit cards. Within the first month, LINE BK issued 180,000 Visa debit credentials. In Russia, YooMoney, one of the country's largest electronic payment services with more than 120,000 merchants worldwide and 40 million endpoints, signed on to issue Visa credentials in their wallet and enable Visa Direct. In Europe, we had several notable wins as we continue to increase our business on the continent. Visa secured a business agreement with Santander Group, becoming the preferred partner in credit and commercial for Santander banks across seven countries in continental Europe. We also won the prepaid issuance of Mooney, the first proximity banking and payments company in Italy, which offers its services through both digital and retail channels with over 45,000 points of sale and in urban areas that can reach 20 million customers. İşbank, the largest private bank in Turkey with 20 million cards, has selected Visa for its consumer and commercial credit and debit portfolios. Last, we renewed two portfolios with a leading U.K. issuer, one for consumer credit and one for commercial charge card. We also continue to deepen engagement with our partners to find new ways to remove friction and enhance the client experience through innovation. Just yesterday, we announced a global partnership with TransferWise and the first use case of Visa Cloud Connect, a new way to securely connect to VisaNet through the cloud. The new platform will enable the expansion of TransferWise's multi-currency debit cards in Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, the U.K., and the U.S., and deliver a range of financial services via a mobile app to their customers, including currency exchange and P2P payments, all linked to a Visa card. Tap to Pay continues to expand, representing almost two-thirds of all face-to-face transactions, excluding the United States. In the U.S., we have approximately 300 million contactless cards in place now and have high single-digit penetration of face-to-face transactions. Even at this level, the U.S. is now the fourth largest country in the number of Tap to Pay transactions. Enablement continues to grow as all 500 of Costco's fuel locations and Chipotle and Nordstrom stores now accept Tap to Pay. I'm also pleased to report that the New York City MTA has completed their rollout to all subways and buses. Processing is also a way to bring Visa's innovations to market, and we have made significant progress in Latin America this past quarter in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru, and now have reached 100% processing penetration in Chile. As I close out the consumer payment section, I wanted to note some progress in India. We continue to grow credentials. The Amazon Pay ICICI Bank co-branded credit card in India has set a country record by issuing over 1 million cards in just 20 months. On the acceptance front, India now has 6.5 million acceptance points, including over 1 million QR points, up almost 20 percentage points from a year ago, and 65% of all terminals are tap-to-pay enabled. The Reserve Bank of India recently raised the contactless limit, which will soon cover 90% plus of all transactions in India. Visa has entered into new partnerships with leading acquirers such as FIS Payments to launch acceptance solutions such as Tap to Phone and contactless. Visa is partnering with the largest acquirer in India, HDFC Bank, in the launch and scale-up of Smart Hub, an app solution bundling payments, banking, and value-added services to help small merchants grow their businesses. We're also contributing to India's Payments Infrastructure Development Fund to encourage growth of physical and digital acceptance in under-penetrated geographies by adding 1 million points of sale and 2 million QR points per year over the next three years. All of these efforts build on our leading credit and debit market share in India. Now on to the second lever of growth, new flows, which represents $185 trillion in opportunity. We are pursuing this opportunity with our traditional commercial card solutions as well as newer capabilities like Visa Direct and Visa B2B Connect. While we're making progress across all new flows, I'll highlight a few advancements from this quarter. In B2C, gig economy payouts and earned wage access continue to grow meaningfully in the wake of COVID. This quarter with DoorDash, we launched the Dasher Direct business prepaid card in the U.S., offering the over 1 million Dashers on the DoorDash platform access to daily deposits of earned wages and rich card benefits. In Canada, SkipTheDishes, the country's largest food delivery network, rolled out their Visa Direct-enabled courier payouts called Fast Cash. P2P, which represents $20 trillion of the flows, was Visa Direct's first use case and continues to grow substantially. A key area of future growth is cross-border P2P or remittance. Four of the top five global money transfer operators were onboarded in fiscal year 2020. TransferWise, Western Union, Remitly, and MoneyGram, which noted a 500% increase year-over-year in real-time transfers in December alone. Our efforts to expand remittance also extends to fintechs and banks who can enable this capability. Zeepay, a fast-growing African fintech, will use Visa Direct to allow Africans to send money across European and North American corridors, and soon will expand to all major corridors globally. TransferGo, a global money transfer company that supports migrant workers to send money back to their relatives without paying unnecessary bank fees, has enabled Visa Direct in 55 markets and has the potential to expand to a total of 178 countries in the future with its upcoming additions such as the U.K., Italy, and Nigeria. Across the globe, in the first quarter, Visa Direct transactions grew almost 60%. Now on to B2B. In cross-border, Goldman Sachs Transaction Banking recently signed on to employ Visa B2B Connect for cross-border B2B money movement, offering its corporate clients the ability to transact in over 80 markets globally. We are very pleased that our partnership with Goldman continues to deepen on multiple fronts. In the virtual card-based business, we've expanded our relationship with U.K.-based Conferma Pay to launch Visa Commercial Pay, which has three offerings, a mobile app enabling virtual card issuance and management for business incidentals. Two. a solution to manage business travel spend with enhanced data. Three. an integrated payables platform that can seamlessly send payments to suppliers. Barclays has already launched this functionality for their commercial clients. Currently, essentially all of these new flows are transacted in traditional fiat currencies. There's a growing interest in digital currencies, I wanted to take a minute to talk about how Visa thinks about crypto in general and our approach. In this space, we see ways that we can add differentiated value to the ecosystem. We believe that we are uniquely positioned to help make cryptocurrencies more safe, useful, and applicable for payments through our global presence, our partnership approach, and our trusted brand. We think of the crypto market in two segments. First, there are cryptocurrencies that represent new assets, such as Bitcoin. Second, there are digital currencies or stablecoins that are directly backed by existing fiat currencies. We see all currencies in that first segment as digital gold. They are predominantly held as assets that are not used as a form of payment in a significant way at this point. Our strategy here is to work with wallets and exchanges to enable users to purchase these currencies using their Visa credentials, or to cash out onto a Visa credential to make a fiat purchase at any of the 70 million merchants where Visa is accepted globally. This is similar to our approach to connect closed-loop wallets such as LINE Pay and Paytm. For the second segment, fiat-backed digital currencies, including stablecoins and central bank digital currencies, these are an emerging payments innovation that could have the potential to be used for global commerce, much like any other fiat currency. We think of digital currencies running on public blockchains as additional networks, just like RTP or ACH networks. We see them as part of our network of network strategy. Across both of these segments, we are the clear leader in this space. Today, 35 of the leading digital currency platforms and wallets have already chosen to issue Visa, including Coinbase, Crypto.com, BlockFi, Fold, and Bitpanda. These wallet relationships represent the potential for more than 50 million Visa credentials. The next leading network has a fraction of that. It goes without saying, to the extent a specific digital currency becomes a recognized means of exchange, there's no reason why we cannot add it to our network, which already supports over 160 currencies today. Let me now turn to our third growth lever, value-added services. Here we saw revenue grow at 19% in Q1. Let me name a few services with notable progress this quarter. As e-commerce explodes, interest in CyberSource remains strong for merchants as well as from fintechs and acquirers looking to leverage our capabilities to offer to their clients. This quarter, two additional leading acquirers signed on to use CyberSource, KBank in Thailand and NAB in Australia. As one of the largest debit and prepaid issuer processors, we've been looking to expand Visa DPS globally. In that vein, we are pleased to share that we're bringing our Visa Debit Processing Service to Europe. DKB, our largest issuing bank in Germany, has chosen DPS as its debit processor and recently processed Visa's inaugural European DPS transaction via their platform. DKB will also be able to take advantage of nearly 20 value-added services through this connection. We have believed for years that installments represent an important opportunity in payments. To enable this capability, we offer our own network solution for issuers, merchants, and fintech installment providers to use directly, and we also work with many installment providers to develop new solutions. This quarter, we had updates on both fronts. We signed a global deal with Afterpay, extending our U.S. relationship to an additional seven countries, where Afterpay will use Visa technology to accelerate its global expansion. In addition, Visa and Afterpay will test and collaborate on the application of new technologies like tokenization and Visa Direct. We announced in July that Commerce Bank in the United States was piloting the network solution, and it has now launched with about 300,000 customers live. Visa also signed Scotiabank as the first Canadian bank to launch a post-purchase installment pilot with employees in December, with a full market rollout slated for mid-2021. All of these growth levers, consumer payments, new flows, and value-added services, are driven by our network of network strategy, which is enabling all forms of payment, utilizing all networks, and providing the value-added services you would expect from Visa as we enable money movement. In closing, a few points. Domestic volumes driven by debit and e-commerce are really holding up well. Holiday spending, while differing in terms of categories and timing, was quite good. Q1 overall was a very solid quarter and positive momentum continued, albeit we are still impacted by COVID-19. We are continuing to work very hard to balance expense management in recognition of the short-term realities and investing in an exciting set of growth opportunities as we always manage the business for the long term. We continue to be focused on our three growth levers, all of which are supported by our network of network. Lastly, we are hopeful that as vaccines roll out and become more readily available, lockdowns, travel restrictions, and capacity constraints will be lessened or eliminated, enabling travel, entertainment, and other commerce to grow. With that, over to Vasant for more color on our volumes and our financials. Thank you, Al. Good afternoon, everyone. During our fiscal first quarter last year, COVID-19 was not yet a word in the English language. This will be the last quarter where our performance is compared to a quarter with no COVID impact whatsoever. As such, our results this quarter provide a clear picture of the state of the recovery. Overall, the quarter was stronger than we expected, with net revenue down 6%, largely due to the cross-border business. EPS declined only 3%, helped by lower expenses and a lower tax rate. Exchange rate shifts versus last year increased reported net revenue growth by less than half a point, and EPS growth by less than one point. As we approach the first anniversary of the pandemic, where do we stand across our key business drivers relative to where we might have been had the pandemic never happened? Global payments volume is four to five points short of where we might have been. Debit has outperformed, helped by accelerated cash displacement. Credit is still a drag. In the U.S., we are actually back to our pre-pandemic growth trajectory, with debit significantly ahead of setting credit underperformance. As you know, where we are well behind is in our cross-border business. In the first quarter of fiscal 2021, our cross-border volumes were almost 40% lower, excluding intra-Europe volumes, than they might have been had the pandemic never happened, largely due to travel. Cross-border travel volume, both card present and card not present, is still down almost 70% relative to where it might have been at this point. Let's start with a review of the key business drivers in the fiscal first quarter. Global payments volume and transaction growth rates were modestly better than the prior quarter. The cross-border volume recovery continued, even as most borders remain completely or partially closed. The trajectory of the domestic spending recovery varies across the globe. Some regions and countries are recovering fast, others are holding steady, while some have slowed in recent weeks as a result of new restrictions. What remains consistent globally is very strong debit and e-commerce spending, which is partially offset by weaker credit and in-store spending. Although constant dollar cross-border volume, excluding transactions within Europe, is still down 33%, there was an eight-point improvement from last quarter. Payment volume on a constant dollar basis grew 4.5%. Debit was up 17%, 3 percentage points lower than last quarter, while credit declined 6%, up 3 percentage points from Q4. Growth excluding China was 7%, up almost one point as Chinese domestic volumes continue to be impacted by dual-branded card conversions, which have minimal revenue impact. U.S. payments volume growth was 8%, up half a point from last quarter. Debit growth remained strong at 21%. Debit growth was three points lower than the fourth quarter, largely driven by a step-down in unemployment benefits distributed via Visa prepaid cards. Credit spending declined 3% year-over-year, a four-point improvement versus last quarter, driven by an acceleration in retail spending and some recovery in travel and restaurant spending. Card-not-present volume, excluding travel, continued to grow over 30% in the quarter, primarily driven by retail spending. The decline in card-present spending was consistent with last quarter. However, performance did deteriorate through the quarter as rising COVID cases led to further government-imposed restrictions in several states and cities. Card-present spending slowdowns were most significant in the restaurant segment, as well as during the Thanksgiving holiday weekend across most segments. Across spend category, growth was relatively consistent with the prior quarter. Categories which have been growing above their pre-COVID levels have remained elevated, including food and drug stores, home improvement, and retail goods. For categories that are the hardest hit by this pandemic, including travel, entertainment, fuel, and restaurants, spending remained depressed, with year-over-year declines consistent with last quarter. International payments volume grew 2% in Q1, or 6% excluding China, both of which are up one point versus last quarter. A few regional highlights. CEMEA remains our best-performing region, growing 19% in constant dollars in the quarter, a more than four-point improvement over Q4. The easing of COVID-related restrictions, particularly in the Middle East, and client wins drove the robust growth. Latin America grew 16% in constant dollars, a nearly 10-point acceleration from last quarter. This growth acceleration is fueled by limited COVID-related restrictions in most countries, elevated e-commerce spending compared to other regions, and growing our market share with client wins in a few of the larger countries. Europe grew 5% in constant dollars, a four-point slowdown versus last quarter. This deceleration was driven partially by renewed restrictions in the second half of the quarter due to rapidly rising COVID infection rates, particularly in the U.K., France, Italy, and Germany. Also, as you may remember, growth in Europe last quarter benefited from a non-recurring event in the U.K. related to purchases of higher interest-bearing savings funds. Asia Pacific declined 8% in constant dollars. Excluding China, Q1 spending was flat, a four-point improvement since last quarter. There continue to be more COVID-related restrictions in effect across Asia than other parts of the world. However, several larger markets such as New Zealand, Australia, Korea, and Japan have returned to growth. Processed transactions growth was 4%, up one point from last quarter. Growth accelerated faster than payments volume as transaction sizes continued to normalize ex-Europe. Increased COVID-related restrictions in Europe are driving higher average ticket sizes, causing transactions growth to slow. Latin America is benefiting from processing wins in several countries, including Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Chile. Visa Direct continues to perform very well, with transactions growing almost 60% globally this quarter. Growth remains strong in every region as we continue to launch new use cases, further penetrate existing use cases such as earned wage access and cross-border remittance, and expand existing use cases to new geographies. Constant dollar cross-border volume, excluding transactions within Europe, declined 33% in Q1, an eight-point improvement from the last quarter. Travel-related spend declined 64%, but improved six points versus the fourth quarter. Card not present non-travel growth was 20%, up three points, fueled by strong retail spending in November and December. Constant dollar cross-border volume, including transactions within Europe, declined 21% in the quarter. Although cross-border travel performance improved steadily through the quarter, the travel improvement was concentrated in only a few markets where borders are open. Travel from the U.S. to several countries in Latin America remains strong, including Mexico and the Caribbean. The UAE has been open to travelers, attracting people from Europe, Russia, and other Gulf countries. Also, travel across countries within the former Soviet Union has been growing. Unfortunately, the majority of borders remain closed or impose significant requirements on international travelers. The World Tourism Organization reported in December that out of 217 countries, 118 countries or 54% still had completely or partially closed their borders to foreign visitors. Of the remaining 99 countries, the majority are mandating COVID tests with quarantines. Very few countries have no COVID restrictions. Significant obstacles in crossing borders remain the single most important factor driving the slow recovery of cross-border travel. A quick review of first-quarter financial results. Net revenue declined 6%, better than our expectations, primarily due to stronger-than-expected cross-border volumes and lower client incentives. Value-added services continued to perform well, growing 19%. It's important to note that had we recognized service revenues on current quarter payments volume, it would have had minimal impact on our Q1 net revenue growth because payment volume growth was very similar across both quarters. Service revenues grew 5%, roughly in line with nominal payments volume growth last quarter. Data processing grew 6%, with high teens value-added services growth continuing to be partially offset by the mix shift away from higher-yielding cross-border transactions. International transaction revenues were down 28%, four points better than cross-border volumes excluding intra-Europe due to favorable country mix and currency volatility benefits. Continued to be negatively impacted by declines in the usage of travel-related card benefits. Client incentives were 24.6% of gross revenues, approximately one point lower than expected. This was driven by three factors. First, a few large deals expected to be signed in the first quarter were delayed to the second quarter. Second, cross-border volume was better than we expected, particularly in the month of December. As we've said in the past, client incentives are mostly tied to payments volume, so outperformance in high-yielding cross-border volumes lowers our incentives as a percent of gross revenues. Third, payments volume growth only improved a half point versus last quarter. As such, there was minimal impact on current quarter client incentives from current quarter volume. On the operating expense front, we continue to benefit from actions we implemented last spring. Our headcount is lower, our spending on external services has been scaled back, travel continues to be very restricted, and some marketing spend has been curtailed. Both GAAP and non-GAAP operating expenses declined 10%, which was better than expected, partly due to timing shifts in client co-marketing, as well as certain product and technology investments to later in the year. Non-GAAP non-operating expense was $112 million for the fiscal quarter. This was over $30 million lower than expected due to two non-recurring items. Investment income tied to deferred compensation was higher. This was offset in personnel costs and therefore income neutral. Second, an interest expense reserve was released due to the conclusion of certain tax audits. The non-GAAP tax rate was lower than expected at 16.6%. During the quarter, the conclusion of tax audits in certain jurisdictions resulted in an $81 million benefit. In addition to this specific benefit, our tax rate is typically lower in the first quarter due to the impact of employee equity vesting. GAAP and non-GAAP EPS was $1.42, a decrease of 3%. We bought 8.7 million shares of Class A common stock at an average price of $202.30 for $1.8 billion this quarter. Our board has authorized a new 8 billion share repurchase program, bringing total funds available for repurchases to over $11 billion. Including our quarterly dividend of $0.32 per share, we returned approximately $2.5 billion of capital to shareholders in the quarter. In December, we repaid $3 billion of debt upon maturity of senior notes issued five years ago. Moving on to some perspectives on the second fiscal quarter, starting with business driver trends through January 21st. Through January 21st, U.S. payments volume growth was 12%, with U.S. debit growing 30% and credit declining 6%. Debit growth is 10 points higher than the November-December run rate, fueled by government stimulus payments distributed right around January 1st. Weekly growth trends show a sharp step-up in growth in the first week of January and a step-down in week three. January credit growth has slowed three points since December, which is more in line with the November trend. While U.S. payments volume growth has accelerated, there are many countries where constant dollar growth is slowing due to increased restrictions as COVID-19 infections rise. In Asia Pacific, Japan, Australia, India, and Singapore payments volume growth has slowed four to five points versus December. In Europe, countries such as the U.K., Italy, Denmark, and Germany all have at least 10-point slower growth in January. So far, growth rates are relatively steady in both CEMEA and Latin America. Through January 21st, processed transactions growth remained at 4%, with acceleration in the U.S. offset by slowing growth in Europe and Asia Pacific. Cross-border volume, excluding transactions within Europe on a constant dollar basis, declined 33%, in line with the first quarter, but below the trends we saw in December. In a fast-changing environment, accurate forecasting remains difficult. How long will elevated spending driven by stimulus payments last? How long will stepped-up restrictions and lockdowns persist? How will these two countervailing trends balance out country by country? Will cross-border travel sustain the slow recovery even as some new restrictions go into place? These are just some of the uncertainties as we look ahead to the next three months. Based on the trends to this point, our best sense is that the second quarter gross revenue growth rate will recover to be flattish with last year, with most of the improvement driven by international revenues. Growth in the other revenue lines is expected to have a small uptick due to easier year-over-year comparisons in the second half of March. First quarter client incentives were one point below our expectations. Second quarter client incentives could be one point above the high end of the 25.5%-26.5% range we expect for the year. This would put first-half incentives right in the middle of the range. There are several reasons for this step-up of client incentives as a percent of gross revenues in the second quarter, even with continued improvement in cross-border. As I mentioned earlier, a few large deals moved from the first to the second quarter, one of which, Wells Fargo, was signed in January, as Al noted. As we told you in October, many clients did not meet certain volume thresholds in calendar year 2020, and as such, did not earn corresponding incentives. As volume recovers in 2021, we expect clients will hit growth thresholds and earn these incentives. We accrue incentives accordingly, starting with the first quarter of the new calendar year. This causes a larger increase unique to the year of the recovery. Third, the impact of renewals we had already expected in the second quarter. Due to the step-up in client incentives as a percent of gross revenue, the net revenue decline in the second quarter is expected to be comparable to the decline we reported in the first quarter, even as the revenue growth rate continues to recover. Exchange rate shifts could benefit second quarter net revenue growth by less than a point. We expect OpEx to grow in the low to mid-single digits in the second quarter as we begin to lap the expense reductions implemented last year. We still plan to grow expenses in the double digits in the second half as we step up investments on key growth initiatives in anticipation of a return to normalcy by the end of fiscal 2021. Non-operating expense should be $145 million approximately, which is similar to the first quarter if you exclude the two non-recurring items I mentioned earlier. There is no change in our tax rate expectations. It is still too early to predict what impact the U.S. elections will have on our taxes. As always, we will provide updates as the year progresses. In summary, as you can see, our business remains resilient. Both debit and e-commerce growth are sustaining well above pre-COVID-19 levels as the accelerated shift to digital payments becomes a habit. Cross-border growth is poised to recover sharply once vaccines facilitate reopening of borders and we lap last year's steep declines. Our new flows and value-added services businesses have continued to grow robustly through the worst of the pandemic. As Al indicated, we have stayed focused on our long-term growth initiatives, we'll be stepping up the level of investment in the second half in anticipation of a post-COVID-19 world with accelerating growth. With that, I'll turn this back to Mike. We're now ready to take questions, Michelle. Thank you. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one and clearly record your name. You will be announced prior to asking your question. To ensure all questioners are heard, we ask that you please limit yourself to one question. Once again, to ask a question, please press star one. To withdraw your question, you may press star two. Our first question comes from James Faucette with Morgan Stanley. You may go ahead, sir. Great. Thank you very much. I just wanted to ask strategically how you're thinking about going forward post the Plaid deal that you decided to turn away from. I'm looking for just comments of how you feel your relationships are with regulators and what makes sense in the future for future technology acquisitions, et cetera. Thanks. Well, thanks, James. First of all, let me ask the last part of the question. This was a single lawsuit brought by a single regulator about one specific M&A transaction. I don't believe that this portends anything about the future and our ability to continue to try to acquire companies. As we said a couple of weeks ago, we ended up making the decision that this was just going to go on for too long. We all know that the payments marketplace is moving with great speed on so many fronts. The idea that we would tie ourselves up on this transaction, and frankly, that Plaid would tie themselves up to a long-term litigation that could go all the way through an appeal in and of itself was not appealing to us in terms of all the other things that we thought we could be investing in and spending management time on and spending our dollars on. We're continuing to forge down a path of making sure that we are a real player in this space of open banking and believe that we have a lot of the assets already. What Plaid was going to do was going to get us specifically into the data extraction type of business which would have added to our network of networks, but it doesn't in and of itself prevent us from doing more going forward. We also still have the ability in that space to partner with Plaid. We have the ability to partner with other players around the world, and in many cases, that might give us the ability to partner with players that understand the nuances of specific markets in which they do work. We'll continue to look to make sure that to the degree that any use cases are going to form here, the use case that probably would have the most chance of stepping out and being something that has some legs behind it would be account to account. I think we're very well positioned there. We're positioned well to make sure that we can provide payment capabilities for the various fintechs that we are doing business with today, and we have the ability to continue to sell value-added services to all of those players. I think that ultimately, as we have in the past, we will invest to grow internally. We will look to partner, and we will look to buy, and it will be a combination of capabilities and approaches that will allow us to continue to be a player in this space. That's great context, Al. Just a quick operational follow-up. Obviously, you've taken expenses out of the cost base in the last year as a result of the pandemic. How should we think about what components of that cost base are likely to flow back in as things return to normal versus what could be more permanent changes? Well, I think when you look at our cost base, the big parts of our cost base are people, marketing, and technology. We think we have the Tokyo Olympics coming up in the summer months. There's some people think that might be in some peril at the moment. It's going forward. We held marketing to really relatively modest levels in this past quarter, I would certainly expect us to be driving marketing up. Basically, when we go to market in our business, it's a combination of putting people resources, our technology resources, and our marketing muscle behind whatever we're doing. Those are the areas that I would expect to see us grow going forward. Then, of course, we really have dramatically curtailed T&E and professional services. I think that to the degree that later in the year we begin to get some people back to offices and we begin to see some people get back on airplanes, we'll see some modest increases in those expense areas. We've been really careful about both our people-level spending and our technology-level spending and our marketing-level spending. I think as conditions warrant, we'll be dialing those up. Vasant gave you some insight into where we think expenses are going to be in the second half. We think there's some really good opportunities, and I want to make sure that if, in fact, as we believe that we'll be in some form of normalcy by the end of this fiscal year, we want to make sure that we have good momentum going into fiscal 2022. Great color, Al. Thanks. Thank you. Our next question comes from Tien-Tsin Huang with JPMorgan. You may go ahead. Hey, thanks so much. Appreciate all the color on the volume trends. I wanted to ask about value-added services. That was up in the high teens. Curious how sustainable that is and if that growth could actually step up with the eventual recovery in volume. Just trying to understand how procyclical or not that business is. Tien-Tsin, thank you. I guess a little bit of color for everybody. About 2/3 of our value-added services are in data processing, they basically are transaction-based revenue streams. That's CyberSource, that's our risk and identity products, that's DPS, all of those will tend to continue to produce very good volumes, and they'll move with transactions as transactions move. About a third of our value-added services are split between our services revenue which tends to be card benefits that are offered as a package. Then in other revenue, we have services not tied to volumes, things like consulting our practice and travel-related card benefits that obviously have been down. I think as travel would be to come back at some point, that obviously would help that volume. With that color, we saw, obviously, in a world where e-commerce and omni-commerce are becoming a big deal, cyber volume was very good and drove revenue. We continued to have more and more customers engage with us on risk and identity services. As I said earlier, now we're excited about the fact that we're going to take our data processing system beyond the United States, and we've now got it starting to use it in Europe. I think that gives us a good platform for growth going forward as well. Very good. Thank you. Thanks, Tien-Tsin. Thank you. Our next question comes from Don Fandetti from Wells Fargo. Hey, good evening. Al or Vasant, in terms of the cross-border improvement, I thought that was actually pretty decent quarter-over-quarter improvement on the growth rate. Did the U.S. to LatAm, you said it remained strong, did it improve? Was that a factor in the overall improved year-over-year? Don, in Latin America, it was really U.S. to Mexico and U.S. to the Caribbean that drove the volume in North America. Beyond that, Dubai opened a bit. Dubai's having a little bit of resurgence and just went back into some restrictions earlier this week. Dubai's been open, and there's been a decent amount of travel intra-Middle East. There's been a little bit of an opening amongst the countries in the former Soviet Union, and then there's been some improvement or some movement in intra-travel within South America. Those are kind of the spots where we've seen the improvements in cross-border. Most of the rest of the corridors around the world continue to be, as Vasant mentioned in his remarks, either closed or subject to really tough restrictions that make it very difficult for somebody to take on traveling. Al, as you look at these numbers, are you still feeling like the data points suggest there's a fair amount of pent-up demand when things do open up? Well, I think, Don, as it relates to consumer travel, which is the vast majority of our payment volume in the travel sector over the years, I do think we're going to see some opening for sure. I think there's a lot of pent-up demand. There's a lot of people who haven't seen family, parents who haven't seen grandchildren, children who haven't seen parents, and are going to want to jump on planes. I also think a lot of people are stir crazy and want to get out. You've got people who are true global citizens who are knocking things off their to-do list in terms of places they want to go and places they want to see. I think consumer travel at the right time, but we need to see these restrictions be mitigated or lessened in pretty big ways, I think is going to come back quite strongly. I think it's going to take more time to see business travel come back. Frankly, it might take years for business travel to return to the way it is. We've all gotten accustomed to talking on video conferences, et cetera, and I think we all probably realize that there are trips that we took or authorized in the past that when we look back on it today in the light of talking on video, we say, "Why did we send somebody to that meeting for a one and a half hour presentation that they could have just as well done on video?" That's the way I think about it going forward, Don. Thank you. Thank you. Our next question comes from Lisa Ellis with MoffettNathanson. You may go ahead. Good afternoon. Thank you. A follow-up question from me on Visa Direct, which you highlighted again, grew almost 60% in the quarter. At your Investor Day last February, you had sized the B2C, G2C, and P2P markets about $60 trillion in total payment volume. I believe Visa Direct did about $350 billion last year, so about half a percent of that. Can you talk about over time, as you're seeing Visa Direct develop, how much of those markets do you think is potentially addressable by Visa Direct? Any hint of the monetization level that we should be thinking about, something similar to domestic debit or different from that? Thank you. Well, Lisa, thank you for the question. Visa Direct has the ability to grow on a number of vectors. The two that I think are the most obvious is in terms of, well, three, I'd say, continued penetration of current use cases, new use cases that get developed, then thirdly, geographic expansion. This is a business that we're still building out. There's still lots to do in all three of those categories. To an earlier question, I think Don asked, we're going to continue to invest in that area. Look, there's markets where we haven't even really laid any track for Visa Direct. There's use cases where we haven't laid any track, and our plan is to continue to do that. If we look at the very first Visa Direct use case, which continues to grow substantially, P2P payments, there's still lots to do, both in domestic P2P payments. We think a key future growth area is in cross-border P2P and remittance, and we're beginning to take steps there to enable that. I mentioned in my remarks the fact that we've got relationships with four of the five top global money transfer operators, and that's helping us quite a bit. I think earned wage access really continues to be a real opportunity. I touched a little bit on a few of those cases, but there's still lots of geographies and lots of organizations that we have the ability to penetrate to grow that. Then you've got all these B2C use cases, things like food and grocery delivery and online gaming and insurance claim payouts. All of those are, I would say, in the early innings of a baseball game in terms of our ability to continue to make progress and drive those. I continue to believe that this platform off which we can generate dozens and dozens of use cases will, for quite some time, be really important to us from a growth perspective. Super exciting. Thank you. Thank you, Lisa. Thank you. Next question comes from Chris Brendler with Seaport Global. You may go ahead. Hi. Thanks. Good afternoon. Thanks for my question. Al, good to talk to you. I'd love to hear your thoughts on the buy now, pay later phenomenon that seems to be gathering steam, and I know you have a solution there, and how big you think that solution could become, and is there any competitive threat from consumers choosing a different payment option at checkout when they're checking out online? Well, Chris, this is a pretty interesting space, and I think we're in the early days in most markets. There's a number of different models. As I think I've said before, I think Vasant said before, we're not in the business of picking winners and losers. We see our job as enablement no matter what the model is. In some cases, the player is the actual lender. In some cases, they're sourcing a lender. In some cases, the installments are very short-term, weeks at a time. In some cases, they're long-term. Some providers only do installments. Some allow multiple payment options, pay now, pay on delivery, pay off on various numbers of installments. Obviously, where it gets exciting for us, multiple ways to pay off installments, virtual cards, debit cards, ACH. It's also a payment model today that's heavily funded by the merchant. Our strategy, Chris, is to be broad, to play with multiple third-party providers and offer a Visa platform to enable issuers to offer buy now, pay later capability. We seek to work with all these options, and obviously, what we want to do is get virtual cards from Visa in place as one option for repayment. We also want to put Visa cards on file as another option. I would remind you that these installments do break, at its core, these installments break a transaction or a purchase into three or four or five payment transactions, which is good for us because it gives us more transactions on which to earn fees. That's great. One quick follow-up, if I might. Is in places like Sweden, where it's become the dominant tender share, do you actually see an impact on volume, or are enough people choosing your cards that this will actually impact the volume given how much growth in buy now, pay later is taking place in that area? There's a few countries. You mentioned Sweden. Another one is Australia. There's not many. There's a few countries where this has really taken off. I think it certainly has had some impact on banks in those markets. In many cases, because of the kind of payoff capabilities I talked about, card on file, virtual cards, et cetera, a lot of that volume's coming back to us in the form of repayments. That's awesome. Thanks so much, Al. I appreciate it. Thank you. The next question comes from Darrin Peller with Wolfe. You may go ahead, sir. Hey, thanks, guys. Just one quick one for Vasant, and then Al, just a more structural one. If I can just do them both at once. Vasant, when we looked at the incentive side, I know you guys said that it was timing related why it came in below the range this quarter, but it'll come in, I think you said higher than the range or potentially could be for the next quarter. When we think about when you first guided to the 25.5-26.5 range, it was embedding cross-border activity similar to the September quarter, which ended up being better. I guess I just want to know, you're assuming now some deterioration or more conservatism in cross-border before it maybe gets better later in the year? I guess, Al, maybe I could just squeeze in structurally, again, things like debit are seeming to be somewhat sustainable. It's not all just people using more non-discretionary. I'm curious what you would identify now after having seen about a year of the pandemic almost, where are the top two or three items you think structurally are impacting your business longer term and here to stay potentially? Yeah. Just taking the incentives question. We try to give you our best sense of a range, and, at this point, the visibility is greatest in the first half since we're halfway through it, and we think we'll be right in the middle of the range. There are many variables here that go into it in a time like this when things are moving around quite a bit. Certainly, cross-border doing better helps. Renewals will have an impact. Sometimes they happen when we expect, sometimes they don't. There's also the year-over-year improvements that our clients have. As you know, last year, many clients, because of the pandemic, didn't hit certain thresholds. This year, things are recovering faster. We think they'll all make their thresholds and more. That has a year-over-year impact, and it varies by client. There's a bunch of these things moving around at the same time. The good news is, we think we're right in the middle of the range, and we'll give you more as we go through the year. Darrin, on your second question. First of all, there's many reasons why debit has been a star here. You've got the stimulus payments that are on prepaid cards, which we count prepaid in our debit business. As e-commerce has moved into more everyday categories, people are using debit. People are more comfortable in tough situations, tough times to use money they have versus borrow money that they don't have. I think when I look ahead structurally to answer your question, look, I think e-commerce adoption has probably accelerated three to five years in the last year, and I don't think that's going backward. I think that people who have gotten used to shopping on their phone or their tablet or their computer are going to continue to do that. I think the other thing that I look at structurally that's really exciting is there's great opportunity to continue to grow both sides of this two-sided market of buyers and sellers. Wallet proliferation is continuing, and we're working really hard to get credentials in wallets, which just adds to these wallets, in essence, are becoming issuers, and that helps generate more buyers. The cost of acceptance is going down around the world as more and more players are getting into it, and that's going to grow the number of sellers on our network. As that network grows, I think that's going to be a really positive thing for us. I think that people are getting increasingly concerned about cash and the combination of Tap to Pay in the physical world where the card doesn't need to leave your hands to go to anybody else in order to transact. The fact that e-commerce cash is not an option. All of those things, I think, structurally are very positive for us. The thing on the flip side, I mentioned that while business travel is a small piece of our overall travel, that'll be one of those things that'll be a little bit. Right ...slower to come back, and maybe never back at the level it was pre-COVID-19. All right. That's really helpful, guys. Thank you. Next question, please. Thank you. Bryan Keane from Deutsche Bank. You may go ahead. Hi, guys. Vasant, wanted to ask about cross-border as that comes back, especially likely in this second half of this calendar year. How do we think about the higher yields and profitability, how that'll flow to the bottom line versus additional investments you talk about? What would necessarily be those investments? Would it offset completely the benefit we'll see from that cross-border? Well, there's no question cross-border coming back has a meaningful impact on our revenue line. You saw that already in the first quarter. Our cross-border was better than we expected. As a result, our revenues were also quite a bit better than we expected. We're saying that we will step up our investment in the second half and expect our expenses to grow double digits. If the cross-border business comes back in a meaningful way, that's clearly going to be much better growth on the top line than that double-digit increase in expenses that we're planning. You should remember that we start lapping the declines in our expenses from last year. Our expenses last year declined by 5% or so in the second half. When we grow them double digits this fiscal year in the second half, over a two-year period, we're only growing them about 5%. Net net, cross-border coming back is going to have a very positive impact on our business, especially if it comes back faster than we might be expecting. In any case, the comparisons get better, so you will begin to see growth in the cross-border business just because of what happened last year. Got it. Helpful. Thanks so much. Thank you. Our next question comes from Harshita Rawat from Bernstein. You may go ahead. Hi. Good afternoon. Thank you for taking my question. I have a question on your volume metrics. If I compare your metrics relative to your closest peer, over the last two quarters, we have seen this reversal where your Europe and U.S. volume growth rate has been faster than your peers. How should we think about that? Is it some deal flow coming in, your partnerships with FinTech, the Visa Direct in the numbers? Any color there would be helpful. Thanks. Well, it's always a variety of reasons, depending on the component of the business you're looking at. Clearly, the mix of the business between debit and credit has an impact. You all know that debit has clearly outperformed as the primary driver of cash conversion globally. Then in those parts of the world, like the U.S., where debit has been a mechanism for distribution of stimulus payments, it's also benefited from that. Mix of business makes a big difference. We're not seeing any reason why debit will not continue to outperform. Credit is recovering, and that's a positive trend. If you look at places around the world, in Europe, the bulk of the slowdown from Q1 to Q2 was the fact that we had that benefit in the first quarter. We've had some small impact from restrictions. Unless restrictions are becoming more significant, this trend seems to be improving almost everywhere. You saw that in Latin America and EMEA, where we saw meaningful acceleration, and we're not seeing much impact on those trends from additional cases. Overall, the U.S., as I said in my comments, it's almost as if the pandemic didn't happen, right? We grew around 8% first quarter last year. We grew 8% again first quarter this year, where, if you believe our growth rate is 8% or 9%, we're almost back on the growth rate. Internationally, we're getting there. We think that trend is meaningfully improving, as you saw. Where we're lagging, certainly where the trend is still soft, is Asia, where restrictions remain still significant. In Europe, there's some increasing restrictions now, and we'll see how they play out. Thank you. Thank you, Harshita. We'll take one last question. Thank you. Ashwin Shirvaikar from Citi. You may go ahead, sir. Thank you. Hi, Vasant. Questions on pricing. I know you price for value, but kind of wondering if as the economy hopefully gets better, how you think of pricing. Is there perhaps a catch-up in pricing? Do you revert to normalized long-term pattern? Or do you just see a tougher environment for pricing within the interchange model? The addendum to that is there a natural benefit from Brexit? News broke a couple of days back about that, and how do you account for that? Well, I'll make a couple comments, and then Vasant can certainly add. Ashwin, on your last point, I'm not going to make any comment on the Brexit situation. We've not announced anything, and therefore, I don't think it's prudent to comment. I think that we made some decisions to delay pricing out of this past year because of the realities of COVID, but we plan to move ahead with previously delayed pricing increases in April of this year. We also have a small number of minor pricing changes. The impact won't be very big. I think going forward, I think if we continue to deliver the value that we want to deliver, I think that there's opportunity across all three of our growth strategies, core payments, new flows, and value-added services to look at pricing. Vasant, you add anything? No, nothing more to add. Great. Thank you, everyone, for joining us today. If you have additional questions, please feel free to call or email our investor relations team. Thanks again, and have a great evening. Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. You may go ahead and disconnect at this time.