I'm Jason Kupferberg. I'm the Payments Processors and IT Services Analyst here at Bank of America. We're really excited to have you all here for our 16th Annual Electronic Payments Symposium. This is one of the longest-running Wall Street payments conferences. We're thrilled to have it back in person this year. We've got a jam-packed agenda today for you. You're going to hear from public companies which have aggregate market cap of over $1.5 trillion, a session with a senior executive from Bank of America's internal payments organization. We're going to have a panel discussion with a couple of payments professionals from merchant organizations who will present their own perspective on the market, which is always enlightening. The morning part of the agenda has five sessions. We will have a 40-minute break. That'll just be for lunch in the back there, informal networking in this space. After lunch, we will have four more sessions in the afternoon. Plan to wrap up right around 4:15 today. Let's just talk about the state of play in payments here for a minute. Just a few months or so ago, it did seem like sentiment around the payments space was finally starting to turn for the better, was broadening out among a wider number of stocks. Fast forward to today, though, and we've just come out of an unexpectedly tumultuous earnings season for the payments space. That was quickly followed by fresh concerns around consumer spending as macro volatility around tariffs and inflation flared up. There continues to be plenty of industry and company-specific controversy in the sector. Our aim during the symposium today is to drive new insights into key industry dynamics that can help you all with alpha-generating investment decisions. With that as a backdrop, we're going to dive right in. I'm happy to welcome Lisa Ellis from Visa. Thank you for being here, Lisa. Sure, no thanks. We appreciate it. For those of you who might be a little bit less familiar, Lisa's been at Visa for a little over a year now. She's the Global Head of Strategy. Prior to that, she was a Sell-Side Analyst covering the payments space for about 10 years. She was a Partner at McKinsey. I'm not sure how it feels to sit in that seat instead of this seat. We're happy to have you here. You've got some really interesting perspective. You've now looked at Visa through multiple lenses over a long period of time. How has your view of Visa evolved? Yeah, it's a good question. It is, and I'm not quite sure yet if it's harder to sit in this seat or sit in that seat. Yeah, as you said, I joined Visa now, yeah, a little over a year ago to run global strategy. Covered Visa as a Wall Street analyst for a decade prior to that and was a partner at McKinsey prior to that. So I've looked at Visa through a number of lenses over the years. A couple of things, and this also speaks to sort of why I made the decision to join Visa. One, and it's hard to appreciate this, I think, until you're inside of Visa, is just the extraordinary scale of Visa and the power that that brings in an industry where there's tremendous network effects and tremendous benefits from scale and reach. You all know the numbers, but I'll repeat them again, right? Over $16 trillion in payment volume in 2024, over $300 billion total transactions. Visa operates across 200 countries and territories. With that comes an unbelievable amount of data that we can then use to both drive better fraud protection, et cetera, better authorization rates in the payments space, but also leverage that data in a number of different ways. I think, and we'll talk about this, I think, a bit more, but the power that that scale brings when it comes to enabling our clients across the ecosystem, whether those are banks or fintechs, big tech, et cetera, is really unparalleled and a major differentiator of Visa. Just more on the softer side, I guess I'd say the culture, again, is something it's hard to appreciate from the outside. I found joining Visa that the culture was even better than I anticipated. It's extraordinarily high performance, but at the same time, very collaborative, very innovative, very flexible. It really does feel like the tech side of a fintech company. Excellent. Maybe just talk to us a little bit about your day-to-day, your purview, your responsibilities, because I know Visa's got a pretty robust strategy organization. Yeah, sure. I run global strategy for Visa. That means that I have a number of sub-teams that sit underneath me globally, one in each region. I have teams in each of our major regions around the world and also a corporate team that handles a lot of strategic topics on a longer-term time horizon, so think 5 to 10 years plus. The reason or the impetus for me joining Visa, I was part of Ryan McInerney's transition to CEO as he was sort of restructuring his leadership team. He wanted to bring in a new head of strategy with a specific purpose to refresh the long-term strategy of Visa. That's a, I think, natural thing for new CEOs to do, but also something we at Visa had not done since prior to the pandemic. You all had the benefit of seeing the first sort of external glimpses of that at Investor Day just a few weeks ago. Yeah, that's a good segue because I think the timing of this chat is appropriate considering that you did just have the Investor Day. It was chock-full of presentations. If some of you haven't had a chance to hear it or see it, I would recommend having a listen. I mean, there were a lot of strategic messages shared that day. What would you say are maybe the two or three that were most critical that you really want to make sure the investment community internalizes? Yeah, I'll hit three. One, just a reminder that Visa is truly one of the best businesses in the world. We're the number one payments brand. We're the number seven global brand, period. In an industry that centers around trust and security, brand really matters. We have extraordinary scale, as I just highlighted earlier. Those things come together to deliver very strong, consistent, sustained financial results as we've demonstrated over a lengthy period of time. Our strategy at Visa is centered around four major strategic objectives, as we discussed at Investor Day. One is to continue to strengthen and extend our position in card-based Consumer Payments. This is the core of Visa, and we still see tremendous growth runway around the world in card-based Consumer Payments. Two is to expand and extend our reach also into segments of Consumer Payments currently served by non-card means. There's tremendous opportunity from areas like ACH-based payments, but also some of the more newer technologies like RTP or A2A payments, where we see tremendous opportunity. Third is centered around expanding our business into commercial payments and global money movement. Fourth and finally is to deepen our relationships with our clients by delivering them differentiated Value-Added Services. Really a four-part strategy that we discussed at length at Investor Day. The last thing I'll just highlight, which we also introduced, was really this concept and the way we recommend thinking about Visa as a technology business is really this concept around the Visa Payments Stack. We have, over the last decade or so, kind of been restructuring the technology of Visa around the Visa Payments Stack with our network assets at the base, a platform layer in the middle where we expose our capabilities to the developer ecosystem, and then starting to build sets of as-a-service style services on top of that. We refer to the whole thing as the Visa Payments Stack and the concept behind it as really Visa as a service. It's something we've been building toward over the last decade or so, but it's really starting to come to life with a lot of some of the new as-a-service services that we've been starting to bring out to clients. This is things like Risk as a Service, Disputes as a Service, A2A Protect as a Service, et cetera. I actually wanted to go a little bit deeper into Visa as a service. That seemed like an interesting concept. I mean, and it does make sense. Maybe just talk about how you're rolling that out, I guess, both to issuers and to merchants. How do you ultimately see that augmenting Visa's top-line growth? Yeah, it's a good question. It's useful to sort of roll back a little bit in the history of how this has come to be over the last decade. Back about a little over 10 years ago, think of this as the sort of era when Charlie Scharf came in as CEO. One of the things, major strategic shifts he made was to say this was just as the sort of fintech ecosystem was evolving and we were sort of seeing the explosion of a developer-oriented community of companies, startup companies, big tech, everything. He really made a strategic decision to open up Visa's network via an API layer to make it readily accessible on a self-directed basis by the developer community. This was a big strategic shift up until then because of the security required around Visa's network, right? We had a much more closed environment and did essentially custom integrations with all of our clients. With modern technology, we could open that up and maintain the security of it. It's hard to overstate how transformational that has been for our business and something I think is underappreciated. I certainly didn't fully appreciate it until joining Visa. We now have hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of companies around the world, whether that ranges from big tech to fintechs, banks now as they've built out their digital capabilities, crypto companies, you name it, that can directly access the capabilities of Visa via hundreds and hundreds of APIs. The implication of that is that why would they ever do anything else, right? We start to see this show up in partnerships like our recently announced partnership with X, for example, where it would have been hard to believe 10, 15, 20 years ago, right, where a company like X would have opted to partner with Visa rather than building payment capabilities internally. Now it does not make sense for them to do otherwise because through readily accessible APIs, they can get turnkey access to our global scale, 11 billion endpoints, four and a half billion payment credentials, all of the payment capabilities that they can just pop right into whatever offering they are building. I always want to pause on that because I think that power, the stickiness, and the reach and the resilience of the Visa business that comes from this ecosystem of hundreds upon hundreds of innovative partners that are building their own capabilities on top of it is often underappreciated. Roll the clock forward five years later, we launched the Network of Networks strategy, which, again, leveraging technology allows us to extend the capabilities of Visa not only to VisaNet, but also integrate with dozens and dozens of other networks, whether those are other ACH networks, RTPs, et cetera. We are now connected through to more than 100 different types of networks or wallets around the world, dramatically expanding the reach of our network. That allows us then to take our capabilities and extend them beyond just the VisaNet set of endpoints to a much broader set of endpoints. We terminate right into 11 billion endpoints around the world. That's Visa Credentials, four and a half Visa Credentials, but billions of other endpoints, whether those are accounts of different flavors. Now, that's sort of step two. You think about, okay, now you've got this extended layer on the base that's got the VisaNet and Network of Networks. You've got a middle layer of the Visa Payments Stack that's a developer-oriented layer with hundreds of APIs. Once you've got API capability, what does that allow you to do? That allows you to build services, our own services as well, not just our clients innovating on our stack, but our own business can now expose and build out what we refer to as Visa as a Service, which is unbundled or componentized services on a standalone basis that we can then sell into our client base as often as Value-Added Services. Some of the most notable ones we have launched recently are things like our Risk as a Service capabilities, or disputes is another great example. We have fantastic internal disputes capabilities, and we can now componentize that and sell disputes on a network-agnostic basis through to our clients. A2A Protect and some of our A2A services are other good examples of doing this. You can imagine we are just beginning to scratch the surface. No, it's interesting. I mean, I think people always appreciate Visa's scale and brand, like you said, but then sometimes people forget about the innovation piece, right? Clearly, you guys have been very busy at that, and it came across very clearly at the Investor Day. Now what I wanted to do is kind of think about the pieces of Visa's business. You've got Consumer Payments, you've got the New Flows, you've got the Value-Added Services. I actually wanted to start with Value-Added Services. I mean, the new disclosures you guys gave were extremely helpful, I think, for the street. If we think about the VAS business today, it's almost a quarter of your total revenue. We got some interesting breakdowns on that, right? 40% from issuing, 28% from the acceptance side, 17% risk and security, 15% from advisory and other. You have got some nice diversification within the services business. I guess where you think about it just strategically, what is Visa's value proposition kind of in those different subsegments of VAS? At the end of the day, why does Visa win when it comes to VAS? Yeah. You are right. We are extremely excited about our Value-Added Services business, as you highlighted. It is nearly a quarter of our revenues as of 2024 and has grown consistently at a clip of over 20% per year. In 2024, what that translates into is nearly $9 billion of our revenue now in Value-Added Services. It is something we have been at for a long time. We win, just to highlight a couple of ways in which we win in this business. Of course, through our technology, because as I was just describing, a lot of our Value-Added Services are directly using the technologies that we built as part of VisaNet and are now componentizing those and selling them as standalone services to our clients as highly differentiated capabilities in areas, in particular, like in our risk and fraud and advanced authorization type of services, areas where Visa is an undisputed leader. The second thing I'd highlight is our relationships, right? A lot of the focus of our Value-Added Services business is to deepen and extend the value that we add to our 14,000-14,500 clients. They ask us for help on different things all the time. With our increasing portfolio of Value-Added Services, we can bring a richer and richer set of services to really deepen and reinforce those relationships. We bring a very steady stream of new products as we've now architected our platform, as I've described. It's increased the agility and the speed at which we can release new products. We brought 30 to market just last year. Of course, our data access and AI is a major differentiator, particularly as we look around the world where issuers really struggle with security, fraud protection, et cetera. Lastly, and I think one that kind of started to really come out at Investor Day in an area that I did not have as strong of an appreciation for when I joined Visa until I joined Visa is around the power of our sponsorship assets. You're all familiar with our sponsorship assets, the Olympics, the FIFA World Cup, more recently Formula 1, the NFL, et cetera. Of course, these are important reinforcers and strengtheners of our brand, but they also drive very direct value for our clients because around the world, many of our clients do not have the scale to bring differentiated rewards to their higher-end clients themselves. We are able to do that by leveraging our sponsorship assets in very differentiated and unique ways around the world. As I think was a disclosure that I know from some of the commentary and discussions that day, it was sort of a new thing within the issuer part of that portfolio, which, as Jason highlighted, is the largest piece of our Value-Added Services. One of the big parts of that actually is all of our marketing and benefits-related services that we provide to our clients around the world. How should we think about the margin profile of the different VAS subsegments? Yeah, it's a good question. We get that question a lot. Across the VAS portfolio, most of the pieces of the Value-Added Services portfolio have economics very similar to the rest of our business. Their network-linked services, I think we disclosed at Investor Day that about two-thirds of our VAS revenues of our VAS portfolio is transaction-linked, just like the core business. It has the same benefits of scale and the similar comparable unit economics to the base. Now, we do acquire companies. If they're earlier stage in their development, right, they may not have that margin profile initially, but structurally, their margin profile is comparable. The one piece of the Value-Added Services business that does have structurally different margins is within the fourth one that you highlighted, the smallest piece, which is our advisory and other business, which is about 15% of VAS. That business, a portion of it, not all of it, because it includes many other things like some of our data services and managed services, et cetera. There is a piece of it that is our advisory business, which is more labor-based advisory, which does structurally have lower margins, but we love that business. That business has a very significant flywheel effect on the rest of our business because these are teams that go in and work with our issuers to drive things like better authorization rates, higher card usage, develop better programs, deploy our advanced technologies. There is a tremendous flywheel effect. As you have seen from our results, as I highlighted, our VAS business has grown at a 20% clip over the last three years. It is now almost $9 billion of revenue. You have seen no deterioration in our company-wide margins. We are very comfortable with our ability to continue to build and grow that business without affecting our margins. Right. Right. The advisory can be kind of tip of the spear, I would imagine, in many cases. What about the one-third of VAS that's not linked to transactions? How do you price those services? Yeah, it's a good question. There are a variety of different ways. Some of them, it just depends on the service. I wouldn't say one model. Some of them are more SaaS-oriented businesses. So they're priced on what you think of as a SaaS model, so sort of a per month or per user basis. Then some, as I was highlighting, are models that are, if they're more in our benefits portfolio, right, they might be more on like a per card, per card fee type of models. Or we may have some that are more project-based in nature. I wouldn't say there's one. Project materials kind of. Failing thing. Yeah. It's kind of a mix. Okay. Okay. We've been hearing maybe over the last year or so a little bit more about Value-Added Services being offered as part of client incentives, which are an important tool for Visa. I think you refer to that as value in kind. Has that become a materially bigger trend? If so, what's driven that? Do you expect it to continue? Yeah, it's a good question. Yeah. Definitely that's true. Some of our clients ask in deals or like prefer to have a portion of their essentially pre-buying Value-Added Services. That's a way to think about it as part of their overall deal structure. That's been around for a long time. I think it's kind of gotten some attention in the investor community recently, but it's been around for many years. It remains a small portion of our overall incentives. Some clients like to do a portion of their incentives that way. Some don't. We like that. I mean, that's a model we are very comfortable with because in many cases, our clients are specifically earmarking that portion of their incentives to deploy some new advanced technologies or to run a specific program that they want to run, right? Meaning to drive that flywheel that I was describing. They essentially are kind of pre-planning for that in the context of a deal renewal, which just sets the stage for our Value-Added Services team to go in and help the client, perhaps with a technology transition or with running a new program. It has a very strong flywheel effect benefit on the business. We are very comfortable with it. As I mentioned, it is a small portion of our overall incentives. Okay. Understood. Understood. Let's move over to Commercial and Money Movement, as you guys now call it, CMS. Here too, we had some new disclosure, and we appreciated that. Unit economics, commercial business with revenue yields of 17-19 basis points, right, per transaction. Are there opportunities to potentially increase that over time? I think at the overall Visa level, you're more in the high 20s. Certainly, we're always looking for pricing to value, but I would just highlight the reason for that is two major drivers. One is simply that our transaction sizes in CMS are significantly higher, like three times higher on average than our consumer business. Just when you're looking at it on a basis points basis, it's just sort of math that the resultant yields are going to be lower. Also, just from a comparison perspective, if you're comparing it to all of Visa, that includes our Value-Added Services business, whereas the disclosure on CMS did not include the Value-Added Services associated with CMS. It's not exactly apples to apples either. We're very happy with the yields in the CMS business, given those two factors. Okay. I wanted to hit on Visa Direct. Obviously, that's an important part of CMS. I mean, the transactions there have been growing at north of 40% CAGR, I think. That's not off an insignificant base either. You disclosed that you earn $0.09-$0.10 per transaction from the investor day. If we think about just strategically within Visa Direct, we heard a bit about increasing penetration of cross-border transactions, which I would assume have some nice rich yields. Can you talk about some of those initiatives that are driving increased cross-border usage of Visa Direct? I don't know if you're able to give us a sense of what percent of Visa Direct's total transactions are currently cross-border. Yeah, a couple of highlights. One, Visa Direct, while still a smaller portion of our business, is one of the pieces we're unbelievably excited about the potential for this business. We're just barely scratching the surface of the available opportunity in Visa Direct. As you highlighted, it has grown now at a 40—we've been growing transactions in that business at a 40% CAGR at very healthy yields, $0.09-$0.10 per tran. Visa Direct, and cross-border, as you highlighted, is one of the areas where we see tremendous opportunity. The reason for that is because Visa Direct now, think of Visa Direct, right, as a major infrastructure build in payments that takes time, years and years, but we've been at it now for a long time. We now have, by far, on a number of measures, the largest money movement platform globally, period. That is true on a volume basis, number of endpoints, number of transactions. There is still tremendous opportunity and work we need to do to keep building out that platform. We are now at this scale where we have by far the biggest money movement platform globally, which then opens up the opportunity to really, really start to penetrate cross-border flows. One immediate area where we have already gotten a fair amount of traction is in P2P, right? A major use case for Visa Direct is domestic P2P transactions. We now work with many of the major remitters globally to help them bring global scale to their businesses. We are starting to see significant growth. Our P2P cross-border transactions were up 80% year on year in the last fiscal year. That gives you a sense for once you've got domestic P2P going across multiple geographies, and then you can start to connect those corridors together, you can start to see just tremendous growth in cross-border. Overall, cross-border transactions in Visa Direct were up 50% year on year above the clip of the overall Visa Direct business, which was up 40% year to year. We are seeing now that some of that benefit of scale really come through in our ability to connect corridors around the world and build out those cross-border flows. The other area I'd highlight, another use case, we talk about P2P a lot because it's a major use case and there's still a lot of opportunity, tremendous opportunity there. Also, another big one is disbursements. Think corporations who are disbursing funds either to their employees or if you're an insurance company out to your insured population, other forms of sort of disbursements like that. Oftentimes, that's a cross-border transaction. We see a lot of growth in that use case. The last one I'd highlight is actually on the high end, which is our B2B Connect business, which is a very unique asset. This is aimed at large dollar value cross-border B2B flows between corporations. It's a unique offering at the high end underneath our Visa Direct umbrella, focused on the large dollar transactions that go kind of bilaterally from corporation to corporation, where we're seeing increased activity as well. Great. Sounds like you're pretty busy in cross-border Visa Direct. The last one I wanted to ask you on CMS is just thinking about kind of B2B, but specifically the accounts payable and accounts receivable flows. I feel like this has been a really tough nut to crack for the payments industry. A lot of payments companies, including Visa, have talked about it probably for the past decade because it's a massive TAM, right? It's trillions of dollars. What are Visa's plans to try and drive more revenue in this area over the longer term? What are the strategies supporting that? Yeah, it's a good question. You're right. There's huge opportunity in B2B. You guys all know the number is about $145 trillion in total flows in B2B. We are very actively pursuing about $60 trillion of those flows with the existing products and services that we've already talked about. Visa Direct goes after about $25 trillion of those flows. Think a lot of the cross-border B2B flows, both large dollar value as well as SMB flows that often look like consumer flows. Our Visa Commercial Solutions, which is all of our card-based products, are targeting another $35 trillion or so out of that $145 trillion. I want to just pause on that one for a minute because we get a lot of questions about AR and AP, which I'll come back to in one second. I would not overlook the opportunity in the SMB space and in the card-based space within corporate. Think virtual card, T&E, procurement cards. That $35 trillion is not that much smaller than the entire Consumer Payments opportunity. The penetration of card in those flows is much smaller still, particularly when you look around the world. There is huge opportunity just to drive adoption of our already well-developed, well-established card-based products for small businesses, for T&E, for procurement cards, for the virtual card space. These are often vertical-specific solutions. Think like fleet and fuel or agriculture, travel all over the world. Looking beyond those, if you want to go beyond that $60 trillion, $35 trillion of which is the very card addressable piece, another $25 trillion is the Visa Direct addressable piece. In the remaining $85 trillion, which is this sort of like all this kind of core AR, AP flows of businesses, that's an area where we have a lot of initiatives underway to do to serve the payments in that piece of the market are quite different. A lot of the complexity in them sits around the payment. We're starting to see more fraud in those payments, which is a newer thing. Also, there's just a lot of complexity. You have to often do things like, right, there's a lot of invoicing, there's a lot of one-to-many or many-to-one type of payments. We do have a number of offerings in that space, but they're earlier in their development. There are things like Visa Spend Clarity for Enterprises, which is a CFO-oriented offering that helps CFOs do spend controls and spend management. We've got Visa Commercial Pay, which is an offering geared toward enabling large corporations to do card issuance, issuing cards, so meaning things like digital wallets and doing specific limits and stuff that you want with your issuing cards to employees. We have some earlier stage things like embedded integrations with some ERP vendors who are looking to embed payment capability directly in their offerings. A lot of what I call earlier stage initiatives in that space, but certainly one that we're focused on over the much longer term. Okay. We'll stay tuned there. Consumer Payments, we didn't hit that yet. It's the biggest piece of your business. It's two-thirds of revenue. One of the themes that I think came across loud and clear at Investor Day is that Visa has this ability to continue growing faster than, let's call it, PCE, right, the market. That's true both domestically and outside the U.S., based on the data that you guys presented. Take us through the strategies that you're employing to achieve that growth. I believe one of the other things you talked about at the Investor Day is that that growth gap could potentially shrink a little bit in the coming years. Discuss the dynamics there, if you would. Yeah, sure. Just to give the history, yeah, our consumer, and we talked about these numbers at length on Investor Day as well. Over the six-year period between 2018 and 2023, we grew our Consumer Payments volume at an annualized growth rate of 10%. During that same period, that underlying consumer spending growth was about 4% CAGR. Those are two CAGR numbers. The implication of that is that we outpaced underlying consumer spending by about six points on average over that timeframe. Those numbers are five points for the U.S. and seven points for outside the U.S. We had significant growth in excess of underlying consumer spending in both the U.S. as well as around the world. That our outpacing of underlying consumer spending is driven by a lot of the Visa story that you all know and love. We continue to displace cash and check as the world digitizes and more and more Consumer Payments digitize. We also gain share and displace other forms of digital payment, many of which lack the capabilities of our network. Think domestic schemes in some countries around the world, but also think legacy ACH in some use cases around the world. We feel very comfortable, confident in our ability to continue to outpace underlying consumer spending over the coming years, both in the U.S. and internationally, as we drive preference for Visa and also continue to digitize cash and check. That said, the math would say, as Jason highlighted, that it is quite likely that that gap will be narrower than it has in the past, but we continue to be we do not know that. We hope it won't be, but just as we continue to grow, it gets harder and harder to keep outpacing consumer spending at the same rate. We do expect it probably to moderate, but still be significantly above underlying consumer spending. Okay. Really a lot of large numbers kind of dynamic. Okay. Understood. All right. Are you ready for the AI question? Everyone gets an AI question. Sure. Okay. Because you guys did talk about it at the Investor Day and Agentic Commerce. Those were themes. Just maybe take us through some use cases. At the end of the day, I mean, is AI and GenAI, is that more of a revenue opportunity for Visa? Is it a cost and efficiency opportunity? Yeah, it's a very good question. Just to ground everyone, we have used and been leaders in applying AI in payments for decades. We launched our first AI-based fraud model back in 1993. As neural networks started to really emerge and mature about a decade ago, we embedded that technology, actually did major rewrites of a lot of our fraud and predictive models, leveraging that wave of AI technology about a decade ago. Now, as we've started to see generative AI really emerge, we are extremely excited about this wave of AI and have been very early in deploying it. We think about it in three ways. One, we certainly are leveraging GenAI internally in our own operations. This is a productivity driver, as you highlighted. We have thousands upon thousands of developers. A very natural use case for GenAI is to assist our developers in their code development, for example. Similarly, our customer service and support reps, and then all of us just as employees and our productivity tools. Many, many companies, right, are leveraging GenAI already in those ways. We are one of those. Second, we can embed this new AI technology in our risk and fraud and other capabilities, just as we have other waves of AI in the past. We have already begun to do that. I can give you a couple of examples of some of our advanced authorization products, for example. We have got Visa Deep Authorization, Visa Account Attack Intelligence, our Decision Managers, some of our optimization and risk and compliance products are already being developed, leveraging the latest and greatest AI models as underpinnings of those products. That is a differentiator and a revenue driver for us because many of these are sold as Value-Added Services for our clients, and they differentiate us in the market. The last one, which is more of an external, is around agent-based commerce. This we see as a very early stage emerging, but potentially very exciting transition in the world of commerce more broadly, as we may see emerge, right, a shift, kind of what I think of as the next generation of e-commerce as we went through from e-commerce to mobile commerce and now to potentially some agent-based commerce where we may start to see agents engage either more actively where a consumer may purchase from an agent, an agent may purchase on behalf of a consumer, or two agents may just purchase from each other without a consumer involved. It's very early stage. We'll have more to say about this in the coming months, but all I would just say is that what immediately pops out when you look at this space is how important security becomes when you're trying to do agent-based commerce. It's extraordinarily important, as you can imagine, to verify that an agent is actually legitimately operating on behalf of the consumer. There's many, many much more surface there. Just like e-commerce brought a tremendous amount more surface area for fraud, agent-based commerce takes that to a whole nother level. We see a tremendous opportunity for us as Visa to play a major role in enabling the security of these transactions and really allowing them to go through. I'll stop with that. More to come on that in the coming months. Yeah. Personalized shopping experiences, right? Yeah, will be interesting in the future. I wanted to spend a minute on the Visa Flex Credential. I remember when you guys put that release out and we've seen the Affirm Card, for example, you're partnering with them on that. It was showcased at the Investor Day. Maybe for those less familiar, talk about what the Flex Credential is, what the rollout progress has been like. Are we going to see it more broadly here? Does it become material at some point? Yeah. Flex is one of the innovations where we could not be more excited about. It kind of is up there with tokenization and tap to pay or Tap to Everything on many of these kind of landmark technologies that we have rolled out over the last number of years. If you just roll back in history, right, one of the big foundations of Visa is our innovations around credit products and the ability for a consumer to use a credit-based product at the time of transaction in a secure way. One of the major innovations, if you just roll back the clock a couple of decades, right, was our ability to do dual message, our dual message technology, which separates the authorization from the clearing and settlement so that it enables a merchant and a consumer to confidently go ahead and process a transaction, something like a hotel stay, a car rental, a restaurant bill, etc., even though the clearing and settling happens at a different time. This opened up a huge set of use cases in credit products back in the day. With e-commerce, where often you purchase something online, but it doesn't actually ship, right, until days later, opened up another whole set of use cases around this technology. I'm using that as a reference because Flex is an innovation sort of at that level when it comes to innovating around credit. Flex is using our token technology, the ability for a consumer to have one master token, master payment credential, off of which hangs many other forms of underlying funding method. That could be their debit, that could be a traditional revolving credit product, it could be an installment, it could be a secure card or a charge card, right? You could imagine over time, other types of underlying capabilities that hang off of it, data-related information, identity information. We see Flex, so just one from a timeline perspective, we rolled out Flex in 2023 with one of our major clients in Japan. We have over 3 million users on Flex already with that client, and we have now begun to roll it out around the world, more prominently, more recently with players like Affirm in the U.S.. The client demand for this product is extraordinary, and we are doing everything we can at Visa to accelerate the deployment of Flex around the world. I will highlight an important differentiator when it comes to rolling out Flex is our Pismo acquisition, right? We have very modern cloud-based issuer processing capabilities that we brought in with Pismo, which allow us often, that's the limiting factor. Our clients need to be able to handle a Flex Credential that runs, right, can swap back and forth between credit and debit rails. I mean, we just love this product. We see it as having the potential. It's very early days, but having the potential to just be the de facto credential in the future, right? There's no longer a need to have multiple credentials assigned to you independently that you independently use. You just use, I would just use the Lisa Ellis payment credential, and then I choose in the background how that is ultimately funded. Lighten the weight in our wallets, hopefully, one day. Yeah. We're going to end on just a double click into some of the Consumer Payment opportunity within certain countries where we actually have seen domestic rails get some traction with consumer point of sale payments like Pix in Brazil is one that people talk about a lot. You guys went out of your way at the Investor Day to say, "Hey, there's $2 trillion of opportunity there. How are you going after it? Yeah. Here's the simple way to describe it is we compete, we utilize, and we sell VAS. We go after, we see this opportunity is a tremendous opportunity for us. In many cases, we have terrific offerings, in many cases, card-based offerings that very directly compete with these rails and bring differentiated value, particularly around global acceptance, so cross-border acceptance, and around fraud and risk and security. Two, we also, though, leverage these rails, right? We have our Tink Open Banking products, for example, leverage underlying alternative RTP rails, and there are service layers that sit on top of it. Also, where appropriate, we leverage the rails. Lastly, we also sell Value-Added Services directly to alternative networks. In cases where particularly it's a strongly government-backed payment rail, right, where the government has a perspective that they're investing heavily behind having a national network of some form, that's fine. Then we partner, right, with those national schemes to provide some of the Value-Added Services that we can bring, like A2A Protect or the newer product we just recently rolled out, which is an A2A Scheme Concept, directly and work directly with those local players to sell that. Sort of a three-pronged approach. Excellent. Unfortunately, we have to leave it there. This was great. Really appreciate the time. Thank you. Terrific. Thanks, Jason.