Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the WM Third Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. To ask a question during the session, you will need to press star one one on your telephone. You will then hear an automated message advising your hand is raised. To withdraw your question, please press star one one again. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Ed Egl, Senior Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead. Thank you, Victor. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us for our third quarter 2023 earnings conference call. With me this morning are Jim Fish, President and Chief Executive Officer, John Morris, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, and Devina Rankin, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. You'll hear prepared comments from each of them today. Jim will cover high-level financials and provide a strategic update. John will cover an operating overview, and Devina will cover the details of the financials. Before we get started, please note that we file a Form 8-K that includes the earnings press release and is available on our website at www.wm.com. The Form 8-K, the press release, and the schedule to the press release include important information. During the call, you will hear forward-looking statements, which are based on current expectations, projections, or opinions about future periods. All forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Some of these risks and uncertainties are discussed in today's press release and in our filings with the SEC, including our most recent Form 10-K. John will discuss our results in the areas of yield and volume, which, unless stated otherwise, are more specifically references to internal revenue growth or IRG from yield or volume. During the call, Jim, John, and Devina will discuss operating EBITDA, which is income from operations before depreciation and amortization. Any comparisons, unless otherwise stated, will be with the third quarter of 2022. Net income, EPS, operating EBITDA margin, and SG&A expense results have been adjusted to enhance comparability by excluding certain items that management believes do not reflect our fundamental business performance or results of operations. These adjusted measures, in addition to free cash flow, are non-GAAP measures. Please refer further to earnings press release and tables, which can be found on the company's website at www.wm.com for reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measures and additional information about our use of non-GAAP measures and non-GAAP projections. This call is being recorded and will be available 24 hours a day, beginning at approximately 1 P.M. Eastern Time today. To hear a replay of the call, access the WM website at www.investors.wm.com. Time-sensitive information provided during today's call, which is occurring on October 25th, 2023, may no longer be accurate at the time of a replay. Any redistribution, retransmission, or rebroadcast of this call in any form without the express written consent of WM is prohibited. Now I'll turn the call over to WM's President and CEO, Jim Fish. Thanks, Ed, and thank you all for joining us. Our third quarter results are a testament to our team's ability to deliver on the priorities we set for 2023, including increasing profitability through disciplined pricing and optimizing our cost structure. Against a challenging backdrop, we've remained focused on the things we can control, and this diligent focus is evident in our third quarter results. Adjusted operating EBITDA grew by more than 6%, and margin expanded 100 basis points to 29.6% when compared to Q3 of 2022. Our strong results in the quarter were powered by our solid waste business. Organic revenue growth in the collection and disposal business remains solid and is tracking well against our expectations. Third quarter Core Price of 6.6% reflects robust price performance across all lines of business. We're also pleased with the resilience of our solid waste volumes as commercial volumes turned mostly positive and special waste growth improved from the second quarter. What really stands out for this quarter is our success in managing the middle of the P&L. We continue to drive SG&A leverage, and we're also gaining momentum on operating cost optimization and efficiency gains. Our long-term focus on using automation and technology to optimize our cost structure is paying off as we're choosing not to replace certain high-turnover, difficult-to-fill positions. Since January of 2022, we've leveraged attrition and technology to reduce headcount by 1,650 positions. We continue to be focused on the full opportunity of 5,000-7,000 position eliminations through attrition and technology over 4-5 years, and we're pleased with this progress to date. You'll hear more details about our cost performance from John and Devina. Putting it all together, our focus on price, efficiency, and cost control translated into the strong operating leverage we produced in the quarter. Turning to our strategic investments in sustainability growth, the investment proposition for growing our renewable energy and recycling business remains strong, and our project execution is tracking well. Our seventh renewable natural gas plant and the third of 20 facilities in our growth program is expected to be in service in January. We have another four facilities on track for completion in 2024, including two of the largest projects in the portfolio, Fairless in Pennsylvania and Orchard Hills in Illinois. On the recycling front, we've completed technology and automation upgrades at two facilities in the quarter, and we have two more upgrades at a new facility in Nashville, slated to be in service by the end of this year. Our automated network continues to drive great results by pushing our labor and processing costs lower, improving throughput, and driving enhanced material quality, which benefits the recycling business in any commodity environment. Yet again, in the third quarter, we saw materially lower labor costs per ton at our automated facilities at about 35% below the rest of our recycling network. Our investments in developing the blueprint for a modern recycling facility sets us apart within the communities we serve and are unlocking further growth opportunities. With one quarter remaining in the year, we're well positioned to deliver on the 2023 financial outlook we provided last quarter, including adjusted operating EBITDA growth of 6% at the midpoint. We continue to expect a margin run rate exiting the year of about 29%, underpinned by 62% operating expenses as a percent of revenue, and 9% SG&A as a percent of revenue. We're pleased with our results through the first 9 months of the year. Our team is very focused on price discipline and cost optimization to deliver a strong finish to the year and lay the groundwork for further growth in 2024. I want to thank each of our team members for their commitment to our customers and their many contributions to our success. I'll now turn the call over to John to discuss our operational results for the quarter. Thanks, Jim, and good morning. I'd like to open by highlighting the strides we're making in optimizing our cost structure. In the third quarter, operating expenses as a percentage of revenue improved 90 basis points year over year to 61.3%. The collection and disposal business contributed 70 basis points of this improvement due to the strong operating leverage provided by our cost optimization efforts. In addition, we achieved pricing leverage as core price exceeded cost inflation by an estimated 100 basis points in the quarter. We're pleased with the progress we've made in managing our labor costs, as well as expenses related to repair and maintenance. Our efforts have resulted in a meaningful decline in WM's underlying cost of inflation since the beginning of the year to mid-single digits in the third quarter. Our focus on efficiently managing labor expenses is yielding positive results. So far this year, we have automated 141 residential routes and have a target to convert more than 400 routes in 2024. As we shift to more automated routes, we've seen a nearly 14% decrease in the number of helpers needed in our residential business. In addition, our focus on reducing turnover continued to produce, produce improvements in Q3, building on the consistent progress we've made over the past 12 months. Our collection efficiency has also exhibited steady progress throughout the year, with commercial, industrial, and residential business lines showing improvements every quarter. All these focus areas on managing our business are contributing to the improvement in labor costs. Turning to repair and maintenance expenses. Despite some lingering effects of inflation and the timing of fleet delivers, deliveries, we're making progress. For the first time in several years, we expect to get an allotment of vehicles that aligns with our fleet replacement strategy, with more than 1,200 received to date. This has allowed us to remove older trucks from our fleet and also reduce rental truck usage by over 40% since the start of the year. Furthermore, our spending on third-party technicians has been reduced by two-thirds compared to the second half of 2022 and continues to improve. With the progress we've achieved in the third quarter, we believe we've turned the corner on this expense line and are optimistic about ongoing improvements as we close out the year. Turning to our revenue growth, we continue to execute on our revenue management programs to recover cost increases and improve margins. Our third quarter organic revenue growth in the collection and disposal business was 5.7% on a workday-adjusted basis. This growth was led by core price of 6.6%, with collection and disposal yield of 5%. Our differentiated service offering is generating value with our national account customers as well as commercial customers. We continue to focus on maximizing customer lifetime value, and our Q3 churn of 9% remains at the low end of our historical range, demonstrating the positive momentum we are seeing with customers valuing our service offerings. Looking at volumes, third quarter collection and disposal volume grew by 0.7% on a workday-adjusted basis. Our landfill business drove most of the volume growth as special waste grew 11.1% on a workday-adjusted basis in the quarter. As a reminder, we did not separate Special Waste into yield and volume, and in Q3, we benefited from several high-priced projects that drove the increase. As we've highlighted in previous conversations, the timing and pricing of Special Waste projects is subject to variability due to their discretionary nature. However, our project pipeline remains robust. In addition, workday-adjusted MSW volumes were up 1.7% in the quarter. Our overall collection volumes were down modestly due to the intentional steps we continue to take to price every contract to achieve acceptable returns, as well as the impact of lower volumes from our roll-off business. Yet both revenue and operating EBITDA continue to grow in each line of business, demonstrating that we are prioritizing profitable volume growth. Net new business and net service increases remain solidly positive, and growth in our strategic accounts business, driven by our differentiated offerings, continues to outpace our expectations. Thus, overall collection and disposal organic growth is on pace for the year. With regard to recycling and renewable energy, our third quarter results were in line with our expectations, and our recently automated recycling facilities are delivering strong results. As Jim discussed, our sustainability growth projects are tracking well, and we're confident that our operating EBITDA expectations for the year remain in the range provided last quarter. In closing, I'd like to express my gratitude to our frontline teams for their dedication in providing safe and dependable service to our customers and communities each day. I'll now turn the call over to Devina to discuss our financial results in further detail. Thanks, John, and good morning. Our third quarter results reflect our continued focus on the fundamental value drivers of our business: disciplined revenue growth and cost optimization. Executing on these fundamentals positioned us to deliver WM's best-ever operating EBITDA margin in the third quarter at 29.6%. This is a 100 basis point improvement compared to Q3 of 2022, and it can be attributed almost entirely to 70 basis points of margin expansion in the collection and disposal business. SG&A leverage provided the remaining expansion. We're pleased with the team's focus on optimizing costs and reducing discretionary spending, which together positioned us to deliver SG&A costs as a percentage of revenue of 9%, showing that this long-term goal is not just achievable, it is largely in hand. While the current quarter result has some benefit from lower current year incentive compensation costs, we see this level of SG&A as sustainable, particularly as revenue grows. While there were a number of other margin impacts in the quarter, mostly related to fuel, energy, and commodities, these items basically offset each other, giving us confidence that this quarter's results are based on the steps we are taking to price our services above inflation and to permanently reduce our cost structure. Through the first nine months of 2023, we have expanded operating EBITDA margin by 40 basis points to 28.5%, putting us squarely on track to achieve our full year target of operating EBITDA margin of 28.4%-28.6%. Our operating performance has translated into robust cash flow from operations. Through the first three quarters of the year, cash flow from operations exceeded $3.3 billion, positioning us to deliver more than $4.5 billion of cash from operations for the year. As we expected, cash flow associated with operating EBITDA growth in 2023 has been largely offset by higher interest, taxes, and incentive compensation payments. Despite these known headwinds, our conversion of revenue dollars to cash from operations and operating EBITDA dollars to free cash flow in the base business were both near peak levels in the quarter, demonstrating the sustainable value creation from our diligent focus on optimizing the middle of the P&L and our capital expenditures. Capital spending in the first nine months of the year totaled almost $1.9 billion, with $1.456 billion related to normal course capital and $397 million of spending on sustainability growth projects. We now expect sustainability growth capital spending of about $750 million in 2023. The $150 million decrease from prior expectations is based on a shift in the timing of spending across the next two to three quarters. As a result of this lower anticipated capital spending, 2023 free cash flow is expected to be $150 million above our prior expectations, and in the range of $1.825-$1.925 billion. Free cash flow through the first nine months of the year was $1.552 billion, and free cash flow before sustainability growth investments was $1.949 billion. We're confident in our ability to achieve our full year target of free cash flow before sustainability growth investments of between $2.575-$2.675 billion. Year to date, we've returned $855 million to shareholders through dividends and repurchased $990 million of our stock. Our leverage ratio at the end of the quarter was 2.73 times, which is at the midpoint of our target ratio of between 2.5 and 3 times. 9% of our total debt portfolio is at variable rates, and our pretax weighted average cost of debt for the quarter was 3.9%. Our balance sheet is strong, and we remain well-positioned to fund growth opportunities. Looking at our full year expectations, our solid operational performance in the first nine months of the year positions us to achieve the operating EBITDA guidance we provided last quarter of $5.775 billion-$5.875 billion. This strong result will be achieved with continued focus on pricing our services to recover cost inflation, differentiating WM's value proposition with customers to maintain and grow the right volumes, and optimizing both operating costs and SG&A. We expect full year revenue growth to be modestly below the midpoint of our July 2023 guidance of 3.25%-4.25%. Most aspects of our revenue outlook remain intact, but we have seen lower revenue than planned in our recycling brokerage businesses. Given the relatively small operating EBITDA impact from the brokerage business, this refreshed revenue outlook does not impact any other component of our guidance. To sum it up, we're pleased with our performance throughout 2023. We firmly believe that leveraging technology and automation to enhance our operations and investing in our sustainability businesses are positioning us for future success. We're grateful for the hard work of the entire WM team. Their dedication to safely serve our customers and communities will ensure we finish the year strong and move into 2024 even stronger. With that, Victor, let's open the line for questions. Thank you. As a reminder, to ask a question, please press star one one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star one one again. Please stand by. We compiled the Q&A roster. Our first question will come from the line of Brian Bergmeyer from Citi. Your line is open. Good morning, and thank you for taking the question. Good morning. Thinking about some of the underlying guidance components, you know, volume is maybe a little bit better than your original view, and points to a little bit of upside on recycling and renewables versus the guidance you put out in July. I guess, you know, A, do you agree with that? B, you know, does it seem like we maybe could be pointing towards the higher end of the EBITDA range? I think you said 6% EBITDA growth at the midpoint, which is maybe a touch higher, but I don't want to put words in your mouth. Any detail you can add there? Thank you. Yeah. So I, I guess, a couple of you, you mentioned volume, then you mentioned, the EBITDA range. So I'll, I'll tackle volume first here, Brian. I, when we looked at volume, you know, we were obviously pleased with a couple of things. Special Waste, as I mentioned, was, was slightly better. Some of that was rate related, really. But for the most part, volume was, as we expected, which was fairly flat. We, we said at the beginning of the year that volume would be flat, and it, and it's, and it's been fairly flat all year. Third quarter was slightly better than, the first two quarters. The collection volumes have been, have been flat pretty much all year long. It's been, it's been a It's different from one line of business to another. Resi, almost really by design, has been down probably for a couple of years. Roll-off was probably the more disappointing of the lines of business, and then commercial might have been the one that was more encouraging. So commercial was up slightly, roll-off down, and then resi by design. And then within the landfill line of business, not anything really unexpected there, other than maybe Special Waste and maybe C&D a little bit. C&D has a little bit of a mix there, and then particularly, when you get to the fourth quarter, C&D is really going to be a difficult comparison because of the hurricane last year. But overall volume, I think, is not. It's not going to be a big change when you get into the fourth quarter. Honestly, what you're going to see in 2024, and we'll give, of course, our guidance when we get to the next quarter, but 2024 is going to sound pretty similar to 2023, I think, when it comes to volume. I guess when it comes to the EBITDA range, and we anticipated that there would be a question of, okay, so you know, nice performance on EBITDA, so why not give us a number in the higher end of the range? And I would just tell you, there's going to be a natural level of conservatism here because whether it is Not that we're affected much by geopolitics, but there's a lot going on right now that makes it a little bit hard to see, you know, out into, you know, beyond a month or two. I think that's why 2024 is still a question for us. How does 2024 look? We're going to wait three months before we really try and put a pin on 2024, but for 2023, we're comfortable with the range. We feel comfortable with the quarter, and to the extent that it ends up, you know, where we expect, then we were right to not change it. If it's higher than we expected, then beat us up at that point. Understood. Yeah, thank you for all the detail, Jim. You know, last question for me. If I heard you correctly in the prepared remarks, I think you said you're looking to bring four or five RNG facilities online next year. I think that would be essentially in line with your original plan from January. Is it fair to assume that most of the construction delays that we're seeing in the CapEx line are related to recycling? Can you put a finer point on the facilities might be coming online in 2024, or is it a little bit too soon to speculate right now? Thanks, and I'll turn it over. Sure. This is Tara Hemmer, Chief Sustainability Officer. I think there are two key takeaways that we want you to hear from us related to our sustainability-related investments. The first is our level of confidence in our 2026 EBITDA projections, the $500 million for renewable energy, the $240 million for recycling. We've spent a lot of time really looking at our projects, and we're very confident in our ability to deliver those numbers in 2026. The second thing that is important to note, and it's one of the reasons why we have this level of confidence, is in 2024, we expect to have about 40 projects under active construction. So that gives you a sense of the momentum that we're building within the platform. If you look at the capital related to some of the shifts, it is related to both recycling and renewable energy. It's not just specific to recycling, so want to leave you with that. But the important thing to remember is these capital shifts that we see, you know, we see something similar in our traditional business, where new construction projects really don't know calendar years. And so some of this is about shifting some things from Q4 into Q1 and Q2. Understood. Thanks a lot. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question will come from the line of Tyler Brown from Raymond James. Your line is open. Hey, good morning, guys. Morning. Morning. Hey, John, I know it's early, but it does feel like unit cost inflation is starting to ease. I'm just curious, you said mid-single digit unit cost inflation in the quarter, but can you be a little bit more specific on what that was? And two, just any early thoughts on how you guys are thinking about Core Price into next year in order to offset unit cost inflation and get to that 29% margin that Devina talked about? Yeah, a good question, Tyler. I would tell you, let me start with wages, because that's one I've used as a barometer. When you look at where we were beginning of the year, Q1, it was, you know, double digits. It was 10, 11%. When you look sort of right, the big buckets of labor, drivers, technicians, heavy equipment operators, those numbers are down between 5%-6% in Q3, so almost half of where they were. So that's part of what we're seeing from an inflation moderation. I think on the M&R side, too, maintenance and repairs part of my prepared remarks is we got 1,200 trucks, and we'll end up with about over 1,300 for the year, and we're seeing the same, and we're seeing the same kind of progress in our maintenance and repair expenses. When you look at it in whole dollars around a percentage basis, we've sort of gone from the mid-teens down to low double digits, and now we're in the 6%-7% range for Q3. So as Devina said, we're not claiming victory there yet, but I think the combination of us getting assets some moderation in the big buckets, labor being one of them, are what you're seeing translate to the 61.3% in the quarter from an OpEx perspective. On the core price side, I mean, Jim said it in his opening comments. Our, you know, it's, it's not really been so much about the, you know, the Core Price going through, it's about what are we retaining. I think when you look at the margin expansion you saw relative to the OpEx, and you heard my prepared remarks about us making margin and EBITDA improvements in all lines of business, I think that's the end result we're shooting for. Our pricing strategy holistically is working, and I don't think you're gonna see any change in that. Tyler, I'll just add a little bit of color in terms of specific amounts when we look at core price covering cost inflation for the portfolio overall. We talked about in Q3 that getting to a positive 100 basis points, which is fantastic for us to see. As you can appreciate, pricing activities don't link directly to when we see cost inflation, and so when we look at Q1 and Q2, the Q1 variance between those two measures was a negative 500 basis points. In Q2, we had improved to negative 250 basis points. So what you see is the continued progress in terms of making sure that on an annual basis, we are seeing those pricing activities cover our cost inflation. And when you couple that with the cost optimization efforts that we're putting forth to more efficiently run the business, and getting some help from truck deliveries, we're really starting to see the math associated with price covering inflation, and hopefully getting to a point at some point where we start to see that as a lever for incremental margin expansion as well, really take hold in the third quarter. Yeah, perfect. No, totally get the timing. So I kind of want to shift gears just a little bit. This is for Jim and Tara. I get it that you guys are not giving guidance, and I totally appreciate that, but I do get a lot of questions about the EBITDA contribution from RNG and recycling, specifically in 2024. Because if you go back to the Investor Day, I think you're supposed to get something like $225 million combined incrementally from those two. But on the other hand, you guys are pushing CapEx. It sounds like there's some delays. I get that maybe that, that build was directional, but can you just give any broad strokes on what that EBITDA contribution would be next year? I think it'd be extremely helpful. Yeah, we can both kind of address this, Tyler. I think first of all, it's important to understand, and Tara mentioned it in her first question there, that we really would prefer that you anchor on that $740 million. That's the number that truly is to be modeled against. The other numbers, look, there's because of the movement, and we anticipated some movement in capital spending, we anticipated some movement in permitting. We've had a good story on permitting in Canada. I mean, you know, so, but we've also had delays on supply chain and hence the movement around in CapEx from one quarter to another. The numbers that we gave were really more of a build up to that $740, not intended to be guidance. So that's, I think, the first point. The second point here is that with 40 active projects ongoing, there's a lot of movement, by the way, both in recycling commodity prices and D3 RIN pricing, natural gas pricing. Those businesses are really, it's why we wait to give guidance until February. I know companies give a lot of guidance this time of year, but our preference is to wait and give ourselves a bit more time, particularly in today's climate, where visibility isn't fantastic. You know, you can't look out off the bow of the ship and see for 20 miles. Now, it's not 10 feet either, but it's not 20 miles. So we're really giving ourselves the benefit of a little bit of extra time before we try and answer that question directly. And I'm not trying to punch your question, but it is just gonna be much easier for us, for Tara, for Shai, for that whole team, for Brent Bell, to give a very precise answer in early February than it is today. We'll be much further along in our construction process for those 2024 projects. Okay. Yeah, no, I completely get it. And maybe just my last one, kind of the same vein. I'll try again in a little bit different way, but it looks like you deferred about $230 million, I think, from your original guidance on green CapEx. So should we think about $750 kind of maybe being a number to use for next year as well, just on the CapEx side? Thanks. So, you know, Tyler, I'll take that really quickly. The deferral in 2023 was $350 million in the aggregate from where we started the year. Some of that will roll into 2024, as Tara mentioned, because it really is just kind of a not writing the check in December, but instead writing it in January or February. But then we do expect that some of what we had anticipated as 2024 capital could move into 2025. So it's difficult to say that we'll, you know, just take that $350 million and add it on to what we had previously projected for 2024, because we will have some shift from 2024 into 2025. But all in all, those projects, the confidence in them that Tara spoke to, I think is the most important point. For us, it's making sure that we do the right thing from a working capital management perspective and pay for this capital when it's placed into service or aligning those two as best we can. Okay. All right, I appreciate it. Thank you. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Toby Sommer from Truist Securities. Your line is open. Hey, good morning. This is Jasper Bibb for Toby. I wanted to ask about the SG&A optimization effort. I think if I heard you correctly in the prepared remarks, there was a comment about current SG&A levels being sustainable. So as we look out to 2024, should we think about SG&A at 9% of revenue being a good starting point for the year, or any context there would be helpful? Yeah, that's exactly right. When we look at the levers that have been used to deliver SG&A in the current year, it really is our focus on technology and optimization, particularly with some of the success that we've seen in customer experience and sales, and that customer engagement model is something that we know will continue to create momentum in the years ahead, and the cost discipline as well has been really important. So 9% as a percentage of revenue, we feel like is a new long-term sustainable level of SG&A going forward. It's probably worth mentioning here, too, that, you know, we, I mentioned it in my, in my prepared remarks, the 5,000-7,000 positions that would come out through attrition. That has to date, and so far, it's the number I gave was 1,650 positions since January of 2022. To date, that has mostly been SG&A type positions. The big buckets going forward that get us to that 5,000-7,000 are mostly OpEx positions. So when I think about what's happened to date, most of those positions came out of our customer experience department, where we've used technology to really automate a lot of that. Our call volume has been down as much as 25%. So those positions that had high turnover, 50%-ish type turnover, we just chose to not replace. Going forward, the big buckets where you'll get up to that 5,000-7,000 range, the big buckets become recycling automation. Now, that is ongoing. I talked about a 35%-ish reduction in labor costs per ton. But as Tara mentioned, there's a lot of projects ongoing. We're not even close to even a third of the way through those. So there's a lot of positions yet to come out in our recycling business. Those largely fall into the OpEx category. Then John mentioned the conversion from rear load to ASL, ASL. Some of those have taken place this year, but probably three times as many next year. And then the last bucket, which is probably the most difficult one, and we have talked about it quite a bit, but is route optimization. That involves a lot of technology, it involves a lot of process change, but there's also a lot of payback in that when we get it right. So those buckets are mostly OpEx buckets. The previous buckets, in that 1,650 positions were mostly SG&A. And that makes a lot of sense. And then I was hoping to follow up on the sustainability capital spending. I guess, what are the most frequent issues you're seeing that are delaying these projects, whether it's supply chain or permitting, and the projects that were already delayed earlier this year, any color on what's been the experience or the timeline on resolving those earlier delays? Sure. You know, the biggest issues that we had been seeing were really in two key categories. The first is on utility interconnects, and we're making progress on utility interconnects. For us, that's on the electrical side, and then also getting the connectivity to be able to push the gas into the system. And so we've been working hard on making sure that we have those agreements in place. And then the second piece, it's construction related, but I would put it more into the permitting category, and we've made a lot of progress on obtaining many of our permits that are necessary on the RNG side. From a supply chain perspective, we've done a fantastic job of really making sure that we have build slots on equipment for both our recycling business and our renewable energy business, so that's less of a risk. You know, Tara, the we talked about yesterday, the single biggest plant, and I mentioned it in my, in my remarks, which is Fairless, Pennsylvania. That is our single biggest plant that we will build in the 20. And to give you some perspective, that plant was originally scheduled for opening in the second quarter, beginning of May, and it's pushed a little bit, and right now it looks like it's scheduled to open at the end of June. So it's pushed a couple of months, but I think that gives you a good feel for what's happening here. We're not talking about pushing things back, you know, 12-15 months. They're moving in kind of 60-day, 30- to 60-day increments, but it is having some effect on CapEx, for example, in 2023. But I think, you know, the fact that we've got 40 active recycle and RNG plants in 2024, you'll have quite a few more, you'll have another big chunk in 2025, and then when we get to 2026, we're very comfortable with the end number. That's super helpful. Thanks for taking the questions. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Jerry Revich from Goldman Sachs. Your line is open. Yes. Hi, good morning, everyone. Good morning. Good morning. I wonder if you folks can talk about the opportunity for lower R&M and what that could mean for you folks. Really interesting in the quarter to see, you know, your operating expenses, you know, essentially flattish, given, John, the inflation items that you mentioned earlier. And so, you know, as you folks get the truck deliveries online, et cetera, how much further could the cost structure improve off of the strong levels we're seeing in three Q? Yeah, Jerry, I think it's a great point, and, and John and I have spoken a lot about this. I think one of the best indicators is when you look at the year-over-year increase that we had been seeing in the first half of the year for repair and maintenance costs, that was 14.1% in the first six months of the year. In the third quarter, that was up only 6.9%, as the deliveries that we've talked about finally are getting on the road, and we're able to get the older, assets off the street, that the, the team members are having to run much longer than our plans because we hadn't gotten our allotted trucks for the last 18 months or so. So when we look at sustainable levels of repair and maintenance increase, we think that there's some good tailwind coming in the fourth quarter and into early 2024. When you just look at that one metric alone, I think it's a great indication. Devina, thank you. Just to clarify, so it sounds like we're, it could be not just lower inflation going forward. Sounds like it could actually be a decline in spending, if I understood your comments correctly? So what, what we're hesitant to say is a decline in spend, because while there are some parts inflation, places where we've actually seen costs going backward, and that should give us some benefits, you know, there are places where we're just still catching up with regard to making sure that we've got the right assets in the right places to service the customers. We do think in the first half of next year, you could see, you know, effectively flatter costs in repair and maintenance, and that's what we're working towards. I think, I think the other benefit, Jerry, is this a little bit more detailed than, than the M&R question, but it's not just M&R. We're also seeing it show up in other parts of the business, in particular in labor and efficiency, right? Because when we're putting newer trucks on the street, that obviously benefits in other places, just in the, as opposed to maintenance and repairs, and we're seeing that show up in efficiency. Super. And can I shift gears, and Tara, ask you, if you don't mind, how are you thinking about the allocation of gas that's coming online towards a transportation versus utility? So, you know, it looks like based on the EPA October report, there's about a 10 million MMBtu shortfall towards transportation applications. And so, as you think about where you're putting the gas to use, you know, how does satisfying and making sure that that market gets enough supply factor into your decision versus, you know, the allocation plan that we spoke about at the Sustainability Day? Yeah, I mean, we're still targeting and, and using that framework that we had in place, really, thinking, you know, one year out, having 70%-90% of our volume locked up, two years out in that 40% range, and then three years out, you know, 10%-30%. I think what we have to be clear about is w- when we think about that, it's, it is transportation versus voluntary market, but you can also do, fixed price or longer-term deals in either market, and we're going to be accessing both of those. If you think about our portfolio for 2024, one thing that's important to note is we had done some deals in the voluntary market. A great example is we did one with, a large utility, 20-year agreement with pricing that's north of $20 a ton. Sorry, $20 per MMBtu. Old garbage gal in me. At $20 per MMBtu. So, you know, on a blended basis, if you look at 2024, we have roughly 30% today of our volume locked up, and that will, of course, have an impact on pricing. We are tracking very closely the transportation market, and we've been watching what's happening with RINs and the price pop. What's important to note there, though, is we don't necessarily access the spot market. You know, we are looking at the spot market, but also selling forward. So we want to just caution people about just taking a $3.40 RIN price that RINs are trading at today for future pricing in 2024. It helps the future market. Absolutely. Absolutely. Like, we're, we're positive on pricing going forward into the fourth quarter and, of course, 2024. Super. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Noah Kaye from Oppenheimer. Your line is open. Thanks so much. First, just a clarifying question, following up from Tyler. 29% margins, is that the 4Q number, or is that kind of the bogey for 2024? I just want to make sure that we all understand that we're on the same page. Yeah, the way that we've looked at the 29% is basically the second half of 2023, our target was to deliver 29% EBITDA margin. What you see is a 29.6% in the third quarter. That modestly outpaced our expectations for the quarter, so it gives us some room in terms of our fourth quarter expectations. But Q4, you can expect us to be in the range of the 28.5%-29% margin. Perfect. Thank you. You know, clearly a big story this quarter is those gains, right, in margins, largely from managing the middle. So I want to delve a little bit more into both labor and equipment availability. Just on the labor side, where is turnover currently? How has that progressed? And then I think in the release, there was a call-out of some modest costs for upcoming collective bargaining. Anything we should be aware of there in terms of how it might impact labor trends? Yeah, the collective bargaining comment was simply some, some dollars we spent in preparation for some contracts we had in the Midwest, which thankfully got resolved. But you know, when we have big agreements like that, it's not uncommon for us to spend some money to make sure we're prepared for the worst, so to speak. But in this case, it was a better outcome, and those are behind us. And on the labor front, with part of my comment earlier was just in the moderation of rate inflation that we've seen from 10, 11% coming out of last year into the first quarter or two of this year, and now being closer to the 5%-6% range in terms of the rate that labor is going up. You put that against the backdrop of our pricing strategy, which Jim commented on and on, we continue, we're seeing a better spread between what's happened with inflation and some of those costs, in this case, specifically labor. And the turnover is yeah, go ahead, please. It's the turnover is still a good story. That was part of my prepared remarks, too. And driver being the biggest, we have about 21,000 drivers in the network, and we're continuing to see improvement there down into the low 20s from probably a peak of in the high 20s to close to 30% 18 months ago. Yeah, I was, I was just gonna say, no, I mean, what you're really hearing here, and it's not just specific to your questions, but, but to all questions, is what we've been saying for several quarters, which is there's a few things that are outside of our control, and we're very focused on those things that are within our control. Might sound obvious, but it's not going to sound that different when we get to 2024. And while we're not giving specific numbers for 2024, I would tell you that when we get to 2024, pricing is going to continue to be good. We're going to continue to focus, as Devina said, and John have said, on the middle of the P&L. We feel good about the progress we're making on, on OpEx. We feel great about the progress we've made on, on SG&A. It wasn't that long ago that we were talking about getting below 11%. Now we're saying, you know, the number is 9%. But I think the technology that we've been talking about for probably 3 years is finally starting to show that it really is going to produce some results. Then this bit of a hangover from the pandemic where there were some things that we simply didn't expect that affected turnover, that affected supply chain, obviously inflation. All of that, I think we've really, really gotten our hands around, and now we're starting, as John mentioned in his detailed prepared remarks, pull units out that have been sitting on the fence that really we've been keeping there as just kind of a cautionary move on our part. 2024 is going to look, I think, pretty similar. It's going to look fairly flat on volume. It's going to look good on price. We finally will get a little bit of tailwind when it comes to our sustainability businesses, because 2023 was tough from that standpoint. And finally, we'll see some year-over-year positive comps on commodity prices. I think in our RNG business, we've talked a lot about RIN pricing, that looks like it could end up being a good positive year-over-year comp. Same with natural gas. Last year, Q4 was difficult because of the Ukraine spike in natural gas pricing. All of that kind of went away if you look at natural gas pricing in the first quarter. So, I think you're going to see a fairly, you know, another year where we're saying: Here's what we're focused on. We're not going to try and predict what happens with the economy, but those things that we can control, I think we're doing a pretty darn good job of controlling them. For sure. And thank you for that. And I just wanted to follow up last quickly on the truck delivery side. It's been great, and clearly you're seeing that benefit on the M&R of those increased deliveries. You already commented to what you expect this year. I know there have been some investor questions around, you know, the impacts of the UAW strike at Mack, but, you know, we do have build slots opening up for 2024 now. Can you just comment into visibility into continued, you know, strong truck deliveries? Yeah, we're actually in pretty good shape. You know, that's an unfortunate situation, but we've talked to our supply chain team between Devina and I, and the build slots that we have and the trucks really going into the first half of next year don't look like they're going to be impacted, partly because we take delivery of chassis a lot earlier than we take delivery of the truck because it's, you know, another manufacturer that's involved in that. So we're in pretty good shape there. Excellent. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question will come from the line of Stephanie Moore from Jefferies. Your line is open. Hi, this is Hans on for Stephanie. Was just curious if we could sort of bridge, you know, the 100 bits of margin expansion. I know you guys kind of called out sort of optimizing the overall cost structure in the collection and disposal side, but just curious if you could sort of parse out the other item impacts like fuel, ITC, and M&A. Sure. So, collection and disposal of 70 basis points plus SG&A of 20 basis points basically tells the story, but then we've got puts and takes. And the biggest piece there is the timing of the alternative fuel tax credits, and that was a headwind of 50 basis points. That was almost entirely offset by the impact of lower fuel prices and our surcharge structure, and that was a 40 basis point impact in the quarter. Then you had recycling and renewable energy. Recycling was +20 basis points, renewable energy was -20 basis points. So again, those two offset each other. And, you know, we've talked all year about having some dilutive impact from M&A because of the, you know, the type of acquisitions we had on the recycling brokerage side, as well as just a typical ramp of getting good, solid waste tuck-in acquisitions to WM standards. That impact had lessened in the third quarter relative to what we'd seen in the first half of the year, and that was at about 40 basis points in the first half, down to about 20 basis points in the third quarter. Got it. That's helpful. And then just kind of shifting gears a bit, just kind of curious if you could, you know, talk about, you know, the greatest, or where do you have the greatest sort of pricing opportunity, and, you know, how should we be thinking about, you know, your pricing power in a lower inflationary environment? And, you know, I was also just sort of wondering if you could just remind us, you know, what% of the restricted book is tied to, you know, waste and sewer trash collection portion of CPI, versus, you know, actual headline CPI. Because, you know, I think it's kind of important as, you know, you know, that kind of component has been accelerating kind of for most of this year, and, you know, probably will average, you know, you know, a point or two higher than headline CPI, which, you know, could have some impacts on pricing next year. Yeah, the number we usually give is about 40% of is tied to some type of index, not necessarily water, sewer, trash. That's one of the indices, but about 40% is tied to an index. There tends to be a bit of a look back on that, a lag. So, to the extent that that's that number is climbing, that ends up being a positive for us. It just takes a little while to get to that full positive. I think to your first question about you know where we expect pricing to be good. Look, I think pricing has been pretty consistently good across the board. In years past, particularly probably as far back as 5 years ago, pricing was pretty good, but it was very focused on one line of business. That has changed over the last few years, where we've been good with pricing across the board. But I think the piece that we've all touched on a little bit here today, that I'll reiterate is really the net price. It's not something we used to talk about because there wasn't a whole lot of inflation in the economy. But if I just use Q2 of 2022, because that was kind of the high water mark for inflation. So CPI at 9.5% in Q2 of 2022, and if I look at our core price for collection and disposal, it was 7.5% in Q2 of 2022, and yield was 6.2%. Now, we're looking at a CPI in the 4% range. I think 4.1 was the exact number, and our Q3 collection and disposal core price was 6.6%, and yield was 5%. So we've completely flipped the tables there, where in Q2 of 2022, CPI is three or four hundred basis points in front of our price, and now we've flipped the tables. So collectively, we're kind of adding margin now, whereas we were, you know, 5 quarters ago, seeing margin decline. But overall, I think we're on a nice trajectory with respect to to margin growth, and that really is a function of having a more manageable CPI. I know one of the questions that quarter was: What's the optimal level of inflation? And my kind of smart answer was, "Well, it's not 9.5%." I think we're if, if I were asked that question today, I'd say we're much closer to an optimal level of inflation because we're able to recover with our pricing programs across the board. The only thing I would add there, Jim, is when you look at our customer metrics, which is another benchmark, and you look at our new business, our lost business, our net new, our churn numbers, our rollbacks, all those KPIs around how that's impacting the customer are still on a good trajectory as well. So to your point, it feels like overall, we're in a good spot. Got it. Super helpful. And if I could just, you know, sneak one more question in. You know, just kind of curious, you know, with labor turnover improving, just sort of wondering how we should maybe think about, you know, productivity or, or efficiency gains as, you know, employees kind of, you know, mature into their positions. Yeah, I think it's a great question. One of the friction points, obviously, of turnover is the experience level, and that does translate to two things. One, it can translate to safety, and it can translate to efficiency. And we've seen positive momentum since the beginning of the year for each quarter and each line of business. And two of the three lines of business went back positive in the quarter. All three were positive in September, and we're seeing that positive efficiency momentum continue into October. So that's probably the best benchmark for us to look at in terms of where that shows up. Got it. Thanks. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question from conference line of Dave Mantey from Baird. Your line is open. Dave Mantey, you're from Baird, your line is open. Can you hear us? Can you hear me now? Hello? Yeah, yeah, we hear you. Yep, we got you. Oh, you got me now. Okay, great. Thank you. Good morning. So my question is: Is any of the $350 million sustainability CapEx being cut at all, or is it just being pushed to the right? And then is the plan to catch up between now and 2026, or is the timeline potentially elongated from here? So none of it is cut, and yes, the plan is, is to catch up. As Devina mentioned earlier, it would be spread throughout 2024 and 2025, with, you know, some of what was originally in 2024 moving to 2025. Okay. Thank you. And second, a couple of random modeling questions here. Eleven point seven D3 RINS you generate per MMBtu, is that a constant, or can that fluctuate for some reason over time? And then second, I think you told us last quarter that something like 19% of your debt is floating rate. What is that percent today? The 11.727 is constant. That's a constant conversion rate on the RINs. On the floating rate debt, we're at 9% currently. Nine? Yes. Perfect. Thank you. Yeah. A quick piece of color on the 9%. Just in July, we went into the markets and secured really strong fixed-rate debt on a long-term basis at a coupon of 4.875%. And so when you see the 10-year Treasury where it is today, you can certainly say that we're really pleased with that timing. Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Brian Butler from Stifel. Your line is open. Good morning, and thanks for fitting me in. Can you hear me? Yep. Great. Just to try to keep it quick, on the pricing side, when you talked about kind of that spread over inflation being negative in the first half of the year and kind of positive 100 basis points, how should we think about that going into the fourth quarter? And then maybe longer term, where does that spread, you know, where do you hope that spread or, or target that spread to kind of even out in 2024 and kind of beyond? Yeah, it's a little bit of the answer I gave previously, which was, you know, the spread obviously was working against us five quarters ago when you had inflation approaching 10%, and we just were not able to get to that number on either core price or yield. So we were looking at 7.5 core price, 6.2% yield. And now that that relationship has really flipped around. So you're looking at somewhere in the neighborhood of 4% CPI and declining, by the way, and then price, whether it's yield at 5% or core price at 6.6, we feel pretty comfortable that I don't. By the way, I don't think inflation is going to 1% anytime soon. I think you'll probably see inflation in this range for the foreseeable future. So if that's the case, I'd like to be able to maintain our own price in this position where it's slightly above the inflation rate. And by the way, as John's mentioned, you know, our own inflation doesn't track perfectly with CPI. So while we certainly have come down on labor inflation from the, you know, 10%, 11%, 12% that we were seeing a year and a half ago, we're still above that kind of 3%-4% CPI number. So we need to get price in the 5%-6% range, which is where I think you'll probably see it going into 2024. All right. That's helpful. And then on the, I know we talked a lot about the productivity and optimization, but just at a very high level, I mean, when you think of what's left to do and what's been done, is it reasonable to believe that 2024 can, can produce, you know, kind of the similar kind of levels, if not better, than what you saw in 2023? I think we'll talk about 2024 when we get to February, but if you just look at what the progress we made kind of quarter by quarter, first half, second half, it would certainly give us an exit, a better exit ratio from an operating perspective and a margin perspective, and I think Devina commented on that earlier. We still feel we have upside, and we've always talked about 50-100 basis points of EBITDA margin expansion, and as Jim mentioned, we've been chasing that a little bit the last couple of years because of supply chain and inflation and whatnot. It feels like we're in a much better spot coming out of 2023 than we were coming out of 2022. Yeah. By the way, one thing we really don't talk about much when we talk about this rear load to ASL conversion, we talk about the, you know, the heads coming out because there's obviously a helper on the back of a rear loader. What we don't talk much about is the pickup in efficiency or productivity because we are – our history, and we've got a long history of making these conversions, we are much more productive on an ASL than we are on a rear loader. So there's a, I don't know, John, 20%-25% pickup in productivity in the resi line of business where you're making those conversions. That's a good number. Okay, and then one last quick one. On the sustainability deferred spending, is it? That's all process related. That's not, you know, Waste Management making a decision based on where market prices are to delay any of this. It's really just a matter of going through the mechanics of getting the approvals and things like that. Correct. We are full steam ahead, as I mentioned, with that, about 40 projects under construction in 2024. That'll tell you what you need to know there. We're moving forward. All right, great. Thanks again for taking me, fitting me in. Thank you. You bet. One moment for our next question. Our next question will come from the line of Kevin Chiang from CIBC. Your line is open. Thanks for taking my question. Maybe just one for me, and I know this has been tackled quite a bit here, but it does sound like you have a number of, maybe I'll call them idiosyncratic, cost containment programs in place, you know, ones that maybe your competitors or smaller peers don't have. When you think longer term about that, that price over inflation spread and, you know, the typical margin expansion you'd want to get, wouldn't that increase given those idiosyncratic opportunities, or do you price above your own inflation versus, let's say, industry inflation, and essentially those savings get, you know, for lack of a better word, maybe competed away, you know, as you go to the market? You know, I think it's a great question. I think what's most important is that while we compete in the marketplace, we also compete with ourselves and working to continuously improve our business. And so price is one element of how we grow our business, and another part of how we grow our business is ensuring that our cost to serve continues to improve over time. We do believe some of those cost improvement items actually translate into top-line growth over time as well, and the best example of that is actually in the national accounts business, where WM has completely differentiated itself in the marketplace and therefore is out getting outsized growth on the volume line. The other thing that I think is important, and we don't tend to do this, but I wanna do a quick comparison. Our 29.6% margin in the quarter actually compares to our largest competitors at 31.1% because of the impact of the recycling line of business and accretion. And so when we think about how our margins are comparing in the space, we're really proud of the progress we're making, and I think that 31.1% demonstrates the strength of the process improvements that we've been putting in place and the price execution we've had. That's great color and actually very helpful. Thanks again, and congrats on a good quarter there. Thank you. Thanks, Kevin. One moment for our next question. Our next question will come from the line of Jim Schumm from TD Cowen. Your line is open. Hey, thank you, and good morning. You talked a lot about price, but you also mentioned that churn is at historical lows. I mean, why not try and push price a little bit more here? What's the I mean, I know you could lose some business, but given that churn is low, why not push price more? Well, it's a good question. I think, listen, we I mentioned it earlier, you know, we're very focused on customer lifetime value, and when you look at the defection rate coming down, those are some of our most valuable customers, and I think you're seeing that show up across our customer metrics and in the margin expansion. And as we've talked about a few times, I mean, getting price for price is one thing, but getting it over our cost of inflation and being able to grow the business, and Devina mentioned our national account business being a great example where we've differentiated, shown value and continue to grow the top line there. So. On the disposal side of the business, I think it's important to really emphasize some recent success. The third quarter was the best ever disposal core price that we've had in our business, and we're pricing new business up 9% on a year-over-year basis in the disposal part of our business. I think it indicates the strength that we're having there, and pricing has typically, in this business, been on the collection side, and what you're seeing is we're taking that discipline and customer, customer lifetime value approach and extending it all the way through our value chain. The last point I'd make on that is a line of business, which is that we've been very focused on in terms of pushing price to get the right margin, is residential and core price of 6.9% yield of 6.3. I think as an example of where we are absolutely pushing price. But the other one, John, is transfer stations. I mean, we, you know, we. Yeah. For many, many years, Jim, we never even took a price increase. I mean, transfer station pricing was point five percent. And if you look at our transfer station pricing, which really is kind of a proxy for landfill, I mean, you know, they're, for all intents and purposes, they're kind of close in landfills, if you want to think about them that way. And our transfer station pricing and the yield number for transfer was 7.1%, and that is a, you know Honestly, it's kind of close to historical highs. I mean, we did have a, an 8.9% in that line of business in Q1, but other than that, it's close to the highest number on my entire page. It goes all the way back to 2017. So not saying we can't continue to push price, we absolutely believe we can. We do have to be conscious of that customer lifetime value that John mentioned. Got it. Thank you very much. Last one for me. So, you made about $370 million of share repurchases but weren't very active on the M&A front. Can you just talk about how you're thinking about M&A versus share repurchases right now? Well, yeah, and I Let me, let me kind of say this about the M&A market here. I, firstly, at a time when interest rates are kind of at multi-decade highs and there's a bit of uncertainty about the economic outlook here, I, I'd rather pay three times, you know, this $740 million that we've talked a lot about today, than get into a process based on kind of rosy forward forecasts and race to the top. And that's kind of what it feels like in some respects, in the M&A market today. So it doesn't mean we're not gonna be in the M&A market. We will be, and when we're in that market. You know, we're gonna very much focus on, on strong strategic growth opportunities and, and tuck-in acquisitions. But I just don't wanna, I don't wanna get into, a competition, particularly based on these, these kind of future forecasts that, that may or may not become realistic, or achievable. As, as it compares to, the overall capital allocation plan and, you know, share repurchase, we've, we've laid out that we had, you know, $1.5 billion in authorization, and we've talked about, you know, $1.3 billion being, being the actual number. We, we look at all kind of aspects of that capital allocation plan. We, we will, continue to, to evaluate dividends, share repurchase, M&A. You know, Devina's talked about the balance sheet, and she's always done such a great job of keeping that balance sheet in a good place. But most of, If you think about it as M&A dollars, a lot of that has not been technical M&A, it's been these investments that Tara's talked a lot about, and those are basically an acquisition that we're paying three times for instead of 12 or 14 times for. Right. Right. Okay. All right, great. Thank you for the answers. Appreciate it. Thank you. And one moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Stephanie Yee from JPMorgan. Your line is open. Hi, good morning. I was just looking at the average yield guide for 2023. I think the expectation was for it to be over 5.5 percentage points. Based on the trend year to date, it seems like there should be a big step up in the fourth quarter. Is that typical seasonality, or is there anything abnormal with year-over-year comps in this year, implying a big ramp in average yield in the fourth quarter? So the way that we're looking at it right now, we actually expect our fourth quarter yield to be pretty well in line with what we produced in Q3, and that would pull the full year to right at that 5.5% that we had targeted. I would tell you from a conversion of core price to yield perspective, the trend that we saw in Q3 isn't really representative of a long-term trend or revision in the strength that we had seen of converting more of our core price dollars into yield dollars. It's instead mix related and also because of some of the impacts of noise from Hurricane Ian that were particularly significant in Q3 and Q4 of 2022, and that's impacting our year-over-year conversions. I think the key message here is confidence in our ability to deliver yield for the year of around 5.5%. Okay. Thank you. That is very helpful. And then if I can just go back to the comment about the futures market for RIN pricing and how, you're not necessarily pricing at the spot market $3.40 RIN price. Can you just help educate me a little on, is there an actively traded futures market for RINs, and is maybe Waste Management leading that development of the futures market? I think what's important to note is this is a market, even in the transportation market, that has been evolving pretty quickly as more renewable natural gas is coming online and as EPA is raising the RVO, and also the fact that they set a three-year RVO, which had never happened before. So this is something that, historically, you know, there hadn't been a robust market where you could trade forward, and that's certainly evolved and something that we're seeing activity in. Okay, that's helpful. Thank you. Thank you. One moment for our last question. Our last question will come from the line of Toni Kaplan from Morgan Stanley. Your line is open. Thanks very much. Earlier in the call, you talked about commercial being encouraging. I was hoping you could add any additional color to that. And I know that you don't wanna go too much into 2024, but maybe just give some color on, you know, where you're most optimistic, whether it's, you know, commercial, resi, industrial, like, recovery in any of roll-off, you know, anything that you're thinking could be better in 2024 versus 2023. Thanks. And you're referring specifically to volume there? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, so, I guess specific to commercial, and that may be the line of business that we have the most, the highest level of optimism, and it's because our national accounts business, where we really feel like we have a differentiated offering there, whether it's through data and analytics, reporting, or, you know, service itself, that business has been growing, and it's been growing fairly significantly over the last three years. So as I look at commercial volume, as we said last quarter, a piece of the commercial volume has been, you know, a bit of a swap. So we've traded some of that national account, and we have seen, you know, a fairly muted, small and medium business performance. And the net of the two on the volume line has been slightly positive. So if you ask me to kind of place a bet on a line of business for maybe where we're the most optimistic in 2024, I'd probably put it on commercial or maybe on the landfill line of business itself. I think you're gonna continue to see residential be negative because we continue to kind of pare down some of that unprofitable work, and we just went through our quarterly reviews with our vice presidents last week, and there still is some unprofitable work out there that's gonna, When the contract comes up, we're either gonna bid it up or we're gonna you know, lose it intentionally. So I wouldn't expect to see volume in resi get back to flat or positive, probably for at least a year. And roll-off is so dependent on the economy, and we just don't have a great view of what the economy is gonna look like. We'll know more in three months, but I'd probably put it on commercial as the one where we're most optimistic. Thanks very much. You bet. Thank you. With that, I would now like to turn the conference back over to Jim Fish, President and CEO, for closing remarks. Okay. Thank you very much. Well, thanks very much for all your questions this morning. Really good questions. We appreciate them. We do look forward to talking to you in the interim period and between now and when we report our fourth quarter. And in that period, we have some holidays, so please enjoy your holidays. Thanks so much. This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect. Everyone, have a great day.