Good morning! Welcome to the WTW second quarter 2023 earnings conference call. Please refer to the wtwco.com for the press release and supplemental information that is issued earlier today. Today's call is being recorded and will be available for the next 3 months on WTW's website. Some of the comments in today's call may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results may be differ materially from those discussed today, and the company undertakes no obligation to update these statements unless required by law. For a more detailed discussion of these and other risk factors, investors should review the forward-looking statements section of the earnings press release issued this morning, as well as other disclosures in the most recent Form 10-K and in other Willis Towers Watson SEC filings. During the call, certain non-GAAP financial measures may be discussed. For reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures, as well as other information regarding these measures, please refer to the most recent earnings release and other materials in the investor relations section of the company's website. I'll now turn the call over to Carl Hess, WTW's Chief Executive Officer. Please go ahead. Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us for WTW's second quarter 2023 earnings call. Joining me today is Andrew Krasner, our Chief Financial Officer. We continue to see our strategic initiatives resonate strongly in the marketplace, as reflected in the 7% organic revenue growth we recorded in the second quarter. This solid result reflected continued strong growth across our entire portfolio of businesses, despite significant challenges from outsized book of business sales in each of our segments in the prior year. Excluding book of business activity, organic revenue growth at the enterprise level would have been 9%. We're very encouraged by this sustained top-line momentum and the positive response we've seen from clients to our investments in talent and technology across all our businesses. At the same time, we faced margin headwinds from those investments, as well as wage inflation in prior year book sales, that limited our progress on driving margin expansion and earnings growth this quarter. The continued success of our transformation program, which exceeded our expectations yet again, partially offsets these headwinds. All in all, adjusted operating margin declined by 90 basis points for the quarter, which resulted in adjusted EPS of $2.05. Though we had a decline in adjusted operating margin this quarter, as we've said before, our progress in margin expansion won't always be linear. However, we don't expect margin declines in any full year period. Earlier this morning, we reset our 2024 adjusted operating margin and adjusted EPS targets. These updates reflect our margin and earnings performance to date, and as we've called out in the previous quarters, the pension income headwinds that, based on current market conditions, we do not expect to subside. Importantly, they also include our current assessment of the opportunities we see ahead of us, with the benefit of being halfway through our 3-year plan. We lowered our 2024 target for adjusted operating margin to 22.5%-23.5% from 23%-24%. While some of the change stems from the slower pace at which we've generated operating leverage, it primarily reflects our opportunistic decision to further invest in talent and other key strategic initiatives, especially in our Risk & Broking segment. This incremental investment will further strengthen our long-term market position and drive continued strong organic growth beyond the 2024 forecast period. To elaborate a bit on that decision, I want to say a few words about where our R&B segment stands today and the opportunity going forward. Our differentiated service offering, underpinned by our ability to adapt to our clients' changing needs, creates an incredibly compelling value proposition. The success of this strategy in R&B so far is evident through the strong organic growth we've been able to deliver. Our focus on specialization, innovation, and top-quality client service has generated substantial momentum and opportunities we did not have 18 months ago. Earlier this month, our aerospace team won back the Airbus account, one of the largest in the sector, on the back of our strengthened value proposition. That success is not just happening in aerospace. Our global lines of business, such as P&C, Marine, and Financial Solutions, have continued to deliver meaningfully above-market growth, including double-digit growth in the second quarter. In North America, the build-out of 12 identified industry divisions continues at pace, with colleagues and infrastructure being aligned, and we expect most of this to be completed by year-end. Our traction in the marketplace has shown us there are even more opportunities here to deliver solid organic growth well into the future. A fixed strategy is simply not an option in today's ever-changing risk landscape. To capitalize on these opportunities and meet client-specific needs, we're continuing to advance our specialization strategy and develop innovative products and services, which will distinguish us in a way to best attract clients and talent. This requires developing differentiated offerings, increasing strategic partnerships, and expanding our reach through platforms like MGAs, MGUs, and affinity products. Of course, high-quality talent is essential to drive these initiatives and turn our vision into a reality, and we've seen our rejuvenated strategy and independent brand become a lodestar for that talent, which will further fuel our success. We do appreciate the need to strike a balance between investing for incremental growth in the long term and capturing savings in the near term. While this investment in talent will partially offset the savings from our transformation program and tailwinds from higher investment income and lower pension service costs between now and 2024, we expect these efforts will drive greater operating leverage over the long term as productivity improves and we realize more efficiency from increased scale. Running a successful business is never a straight line. It's a journey filled with triumphs and challenges, and we've experienced both over the last 18 months. On one hand, the operating margin has benefited from our accelerated progress on the transformation program. Interest income has been higher, and our pension-related service costs have been more favorable than originally expected. At the same time, macroeconomic conditions have dampened demand for interest rate-sensitive businesses such as M&A, and the inflationary environment has put pressure on our operating costs, driving up wages and travel and entertainment. We are also focused on implementing cost-saving measures, primarily focused on eliminating non-essential travel. While we've seen some progress in generating margin expansion from R&B, we know there is more to do. We remain confident that the right path to delivering margin expansion includes both driving organic revenue growth through our strategic investments and executing on transformation program savings and these efficiency measures. As a core part of our strategic decision to invest further in our specialization strategy and our talent base, we are excited to welcome Lucy Clarke as the Global Leader of Risk & Broking in the third quarter of 2024. Lucy's committed to specialization, exceptional client service, and data and analytics, all directly aligned with WTW's competitive advantages and what we're doing in this space, making her the right person to accelerate the execution of our strategy. She has extraordinary market presence, a proven track record of delivering operational and financial results, and an intense focus on talent. We are delighted she is joining our team. I look forward to welcoming Lucy to our team in the third quarter of 2024. Until then, Adam Garrard will continue to lead the segment, and after Lucy's arrival, Adam will become the Chairman of Risk & Broking. Let me shift gears back to our updated 2024 adjusted EPS target. The revised target of $15.40-$17 reflects the sizable pension income headwinds we've discussed on previous calls, a modestly higher expected tax rate, and the lower adjusted operating margin. The revised target also reflects a more narrow and precise range than our original figures, given that we're halfway through our target period of three years. I've already talked about the drivers behind our margin, so let me take a minute to cover the other two items. The most significant driver influencing our change to our EPS target is the sizable decline in expected pension income since we set our original 2024 target almost two years ago. We originally expected pension income to contribute $2-$2.50 to adjusted EPS. As we've communicated previously, the increase in interest rates and decline in capital market returns have created significant headwinds to pension income dynamics. We now expect pension income to contribute $0.35-$0.85, less than half of our original estimate, to adjusted EPS in 2024. The change in expected pension income accounts for approximately $1.65 of the overall change in EPS target. We continue to expect pension income of $112 million in 2023. We'll update you on our 2024 pension expectations during our fourth quarter call after the remeasurement process. The second driver impacting the EPS target change stems from the modest increase in tax rate due to our updated estimates of future tax rates based on legislative changes. We expect the UK corporate tax rate increase will have a modest impact starting in 2023. While we continue to evaluate the OECD/G20 guidance on the Pillar Two global minimum tax released earlier this year, we expect the legislative changes may further increase the rate in 2024 and forward. Before I hand it over to Andrew, I want to step back for a moment and reflect on the progress of WTW since the tumult of 2021. In 2021, WTW had $9 billion of revenue and adjusted operating margin of 19.9% and EPS of $11.60. The full impact of the termination of the business combination was not reflected in the company's financial results in that time. That occurred in 2022, when organic growth slowed, book of business sale activity spiked, and we needed to make substantial investment in both talent and transformation-related activities to position the company for future growth. Since that time, we've stabilized our business, rebuilt our talent base, significantly strengthened organic revenue growth, optimized capital management, returned significant capital to shareholders, and are transforming and simplifying our company to drive greater profitability. We are in a far better place from where we started. We remain committed to our strategic priorities of grow, simplify, and transform, and we are delivering meaningful strategic progress against these initiatives. We can see their contributions to our performance, including organic growth in line with our peers and $277 million of transformation savings. We remain committed to improving our core operating results to reach our revised 2024 goals and drive long-term earnings growth. I want to thank our colleagues for their dedication and performance this quarter. We are truly appreciative of their continued dedication to our vision and their relentless focus on our strategic priorities to grow, simplify, and transform. With that, I'll turn the call over to Andrew. Thanks, Carl. Good morning, everyone. Thanks to all of you for joining us today. Before we delve into the financials, I want to provide some additional color on our free cash flow to help paint a clearer picture of our core free cash flow performance and our outlook. First, I want to explain why we are focused on free cash flow margin, or free cash flow as a% of revenue, rather than some of the other potential metrics. The non-cash nature of our pension income can distort various free cash flow conversion calculations, whether you're calculating free cash flow conversion as a% of net income, adjusted net income, or adjusted EBITDA. We therefore think free cash flow as a% of revenue or free cash flow margin, is a clearer and more meaningful metric to track free cash flow. Next, I'd like to remind you of the non-recurring items that impacted our 2022 cash flow performance. In 2022, our free cash flow margin decreased to 8%, reflecting strong revenue growth and margin expansion, partially offset by some significant non-recurring items, including delayed cash tax payments for the 2021 gains recorded in connection with the sale of Willis Re and the deal termination fee, realized losses on foreign currency hedges, and one-time retention and executive compensation costs. Adjusted for these one-time headwinds, our 2022 free cash flow margin would have been approximately 14%. We consider this a normalized baseline for 2022. Adding the approximately 200 basis point increase in transformation-related spend for 2023 gets us to approximately 12% free cash flow margin, which we think is a reasonable guidepost for 2023. Looking beyond 2023, we expect to see free cash flow margin increase, driven by improved cash conversion in our TRANZACT business and the abatement of transformation-related spend. Collectively, these items are expected to contribute over 400 basis points to our free cash flow margin over the long term. Starting from the 12% free cash flow margin expected for 2023, this expansion in free cash flow margin, on top of our expected organic revenue growth, should drive strong long-term growth in free cash flow. Additionally, we expect incremental upside driven by improved profitability and working capital improvement actions. Thus, we think 16%+ is a reasonable long-term guidepost. I'd like to spend a few minutes expanding on how we expect each of these components to contribute to greater free cash flow and improved working capital over the long term. Let's start with improved cash conversion at TRANZACT. About 8% of our revenue comes from TRANZACT, which has tripled in size since we acquired it in Q3 2019. The cash conversion dynamics of this business are different than the rest of our businesses. Q4 is TRANZACT's largest revenue quarter, and that revenue consists of both fees and commissions. The commissions, which reflect both our initial placement plus estimated future renewals, can take up to 5-6 years in total for us to collect, depending on the product. Meanwhile, we incur significant upfront cash costs to place the policies, creating a working capital headwind as the business grows. In 2022, growth in TRANZACT created an approximately 200 basis point headwind on our free cash flow margin. Over the last few years of rapid growth in that business, we have generated a long-term contract asset, which is essentially a large long-term receivable. We expect to collect this over multiple years as policies are renewed. As our TRANZACT business continues to mature and cash collections from earlier periods outpace the upfront cash outflows incurred in connection with the continued top-line growth, we expect this working capital headwind to subside and over time, become a tailwind and begin contributing positively to free cash flow and margin. Our overall individual marketplace strategy combines TRANZACT with its strong revenue growth prospects and current lower cash flow generation, with the mature business of Extend Health, which has lower revenue growth but strong cash flow. Together, the two businesses give us an overall Medicare operation with a strong growth profile and positive cash flow, as was the case for 2022. Moving on to the impact of our transformation program. We made substantial progress on the program in 2022 and have accelerated that progress in 2023. Funding the transformation program required approximately $200 million in cash outflow in 2022, which translated to a roughly 230 basis point headwind to our free cash flow margin. Investment in the transformation program will continue to pressure our free cash flow until it is complete at the end of 2024, but beginning in 2025, the abatement of program-related spending will drive an increase in free cash flow margin. The last point I'd like to cover is the upside from greater profitability. We continue to expect to drive margin expansion from current levels to our target range over the next six quarters. As our adjusted operating margin grows, so too will our free cash flow margin. In addition, we expect some of our specific transformation program initiatives to have a positive but more modest impact on free cash flow margin. Our finance and operational transformation initiatives include a number of tactical working capital improvement opportunities, such as centralizing and standardizing our billing and collections processes, expanding automation capabilities, and capturing long-term structural and contractual improvements to the cash aspects of how our businesses operate. Also, the transformation of our real estate footprint should reduce our long-term CapEx needs. Together, all of these actions, along with the continued adjusted operating margin expansion beyond 2024, should drive incremental improvements in our free cash flow margin above the roughly 400 basis points we've quantified. Turning to our results for the quarter, our second quarter revenue was up 7% on an organic basis, excluding book of business activity. Organic revenue growth at the enterprise level would have been 9%. Our transformation program delivered $53 million of incremental annualized savings during the second quarter. This brings the total to $128 million in cumulative annualized savings this year, far exceeding our original target of $100 million of incremental savings for 2023. We're raising our guidance on cumulative run rate transformation savings actioned by the end of 2023 to $160 million. The additional transformation savings we've identified also support an increase to the total annual cost savings we expect the program to deliver by the end of 2024, from over $360 million to $380 million. I will now discuss our detailed segment results. Note that to provide comparability with prior periods, all commentary regarding the results of our segments will be on an organic basis, unless specifically stated otherwise. The Health, Wealth & Career segment generated revenue growth of 5% on both an organic and constant currency basis compared to the second quarter of last year. The segment had solid organic revenue growth, despite significant headwinds from book of business activity in the prior year, which negatively impacted organic revenue growth by 2 percentage points. We continue to see growth opportunities across the portfolio of businesses and expect that they will continue their growth trajectory for the rest of the year. Revenue for Health increased 4% for the quarter, or 9% when excluding the impact of book of business activity in the prior year, primarily due to natural portfolio growth and new client appointments in International and Europe, and higher levels of project work and brokerage income in North America. Wealth grew 5% in the second quarter. The growth was primarily attributable to higher levels of retirement work in North America and Europe. Our investments business also contributed to organic revenue growth, with new client acquisitions and higher fees related to value-added services. Career delivered 4% growth in the quarter, driven by increased demand for reward-based advisory services and higher compensation survey participation. Benefits, delivery, and outsourcing generated 7% growth in the quarter. The increase was driven by strength in individual marketplace, with growth from higher volumes and placements of Medicare Advantage and life policies, as well as increased project activity and outsourcing. HWC's operating margin decreased 40 basis points from the prior year's second quarter to 18.3%. This margin decrease was primarily due to the impact of book of business activity, partially offset by transformation savings. Risk & Broking revenue was up 6% on an organic basis and on a constant currency basis compared to the prior year's second quarter. Risk & Broking had strong organic revenue growth despite significant book of business headwinds and excluding the impact from book of business settlements, Risk & Broking grew 10%. Corporate Risk and Broking had another strong quarter and continued the positive growth trajectory we have seen over the last quarters with an organic revenue increase of 7%. Excluding book of business activity, CRB grew at 11%, with double-digit growth in all geographies. This outstanding result is primarily driven by strong new business, continued improvement of our client retention, and strong contributions of 13% organic growth from our specialty lines like Marine, Financial Solutions, and Large and Complex P&C. Our specialty lines of business are a critical area for us, we are making meaningful investments to position us for long-term success. We are growing at a much faster pace in these lines of business. Furthermore, while rate increases continue to have a positive impact, they had a more moderate impact compared to prior year. Interest income was up $9 million for the quarter due to higher rates. As noted in our earnings release, and as a result of the cessation of the co-broking agreement with Gallagher, interest income directly associated with Risk & Broking fiduciary funds will be allocated to the segment beginning in 3rd quarter of 2023. These amounts were previously allocated to the corporate segment. I would just point out that this will be done on a prospective basis only, and there is no impact to the Q2 numbers. North America had a strong quarter due to new business and increased retention. Europe also had solid new business performance across most product lines, including P&C, Marine, aerospace, and Financial Solutions. International also contributed to organic growth, led by Latin America. In the Insurance Consulting and Technology business, revenue was up 3% over the prior year period, driven by increased sales in technology solutions and higher project activity. R&B's operating margin was 16.1% for the second quarter, compared to 19.7% in the prior year's second quarter. Margin headwinds reflected the impact of the gain on sale for book of business activity in the prior year, along with the adverse timing impact from prior year incentive credits that have no impact on full year margins, but negatively impacted the quarter. However, we saw an increase in our comp and ben run rate due to strategic investment hires. These key hires have begun to contribute to our performance in a meaningful way, as exemplified by the strong organic growth for the first half of the year. We continue to expect a ramp-up in production, which we anticipate will cover the increase in expenses. We are also facing expense headwinds due to the increased client activity and inflationary increases on travel, entertainment, and marketing that we are actively managing with strict cost management actions, which we expect to yield a greater benefit in the second half of the year. Partially offsetting these margin headwinds were transformation savings that continue to contribute as planned, as well as the impact of interest income. Turning back to enterprise-level results, our adjusted operating margin was 14.6%, a 90 basis point decline over prior year, primarily a result of costs related to employee headcount increases and inflation, as well as headwinds from the margin impact of book of business sales in the prior year. The decline in margin was partially offset by transformation savings as well as the impact of interest income. The net result was adjusted diluted earnings per share of $2.05. Foreign exchange had a de minimis impact on EPS for the second quarter. Assuming today's rates continue for the remainder of the year, we continue to expect a foreign currency headwind on adjusted earnings per share of $0.05 for the year. Our U.S., GAAP tax rate for the quarter was 19.8% versus 10.5% in the prior year. Our adjusted tax rate for the quarter was 23.7% compared to 20.5% in the prior year, reflecting the nonrecurring nature of discrete tax benefits reflected in the prior year rate. Our strong balance sheet gives us continued confidence in our ability to execute a disciplined capital allocation strategy that balances capital return to shareholders with internal investments and strategic M&A to deploy our capital in the highest return opportunities. During the quarter, we paid $90 million in dividends and repurchased approximately 1.5 million shares for $350 million. Given our confidence in achieving the plan we've laid out, we continue to view share repurchases as an attractive use of capital to create long-term shareholder value. We also actively manage our leverage profile by issuing $750 million of due debt in May. A portion of those proceeds will be used to pay our debt with an upcoming maturity in the third quarter. We generated free cash flow of $350 million for the second quarter of 2023, compared to free cash flow of $198 million in the prior year. The improvement of $152 million is primarily due to the nonrecurrence of payments made in the prior year for certain discretionary compensation and taxes for one-time gains recorded in connection with the Willis resale and the income receipt related to deal termination. These tailwinds were partially offset by increased transformation program-related costs. While we recognize we have more to do, we continue to be encouraged by the meaningful traction we are getting with clients through our strategic initiatives. Delivering strong organic revenue growth is a prerequisite for sustainably growing margins, EPS, and free cash flow. We are confident in our market position and in our ability to deliver on the improvement opportunities we see today. Let's open it up for Q&A. Thank you. We will now conduct a question and answer session. You may ask one question and one follow-up. To ask a question, please press * one one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press * one one again. Please stand by while I compile the Q&A roster. One moment. Our first question comes from Elyse Greenspan of Wells Fargo. Your line is now open. Hi, thanks. Good morning. You know, my first question is on the 2024 guidance. You know, Carl, obviously, you know, last year you guys pulled, you know, lower guidance for Russia. You know, there were some changes to free cash flow. Just trying to get a sense, like, why is this the last cut? I mean, I imagine maybe you guys went through and kind of stress-tested all the components of guidance to put forth something, you know, that you won't have to revise again, you know, in January with fourth quarter earnings. Any thoughts there? Yes. Good morning, Elise, and thanks. You know, obviously, we'd prefer never to be revising at all, but we do try and take a measured approach. When we finally think that, you know, look, there's, you know, as we said before, sort of no path that we could see toward our guidance, you know, we want to be upfront with that. You know, as we looked into this quarter, we saw, you know, on the pension side, we just didn't see a path to, you know, pension income to be at the levels that we had thought it might be going into 2024. We thought it was the time to take a look and revise the EPS target. On the margins, right, the new target really reflects our decision to further invest in talent and the key strategic initiatives that Andrew described, especially in R&B, because we think we are in a fabulous position to capitalize on growth opportunities. you know, we're continuing to advance our specialization strategy and develop innovative products and services to further differentiate our offerings and, you know, position ourselves to attract the best clients and talent. That is working. We are doubling down on it. Thanks. Then my follow-up, Carl, would be on the margin comment, right? Like, you guys have had success with your savings program, but it doesn't seem like that's coming into numbers, even though you revised up the target. Is that benefiting margins? Is it, you know, more coming later than expected? I just would have thought that that could have absorbed and helped offset, you know, some of the impact of, you know, the incremental hiring, right, that you're attributing the lower margin to. Yep. Hi. Hi, Elyse, it's Andrew. No, it is absolutely helping offset or mitigate some of the, you know, continued and then the increased planned investment. I think what you're seeing is, you know, there's some more pressure on the Risk & Broking margins. You know, while we're, you know, incredibly happy with the progress and the organic growth within that business, we recognize there's more to do on margin expansion, you know, both in the short term and the long term. You know, I want to reassure you that we, we know what the margin drags are, and, you know, already taking action to address those. You know, let me walk you through them, and I'll start with the short term. On a year-over-year basis, the most significant headwind was the book of business sales, right? That's about 270 of the 360 basis point decline within the quarter. In the second half, you know, we anticipate similar levels of book sales as last year. The quarterly pacing of those may vary, but, you know, second half over second half should be pretty similar. You know, the rest is attributable to some short-term headwinds, partially offset by the savings from transformation. The short-term headwinds are from T&E and our continued investments in talent. In T&E, we're seeing the effects of inflation as well as the increase in travel post-COVID. You know, we're working to manage this by implementing mandates around essential travel, fare caps, things of that nature. We've already seen some improvement in T&E costs from these actions and expect that to accelerate during the second half of the year. On talent, the short-term margin headwinds are just from the gradual and lumpy ramp in productivity for new hires. We continue to expect a ramp in that production, which we do anticipate is gonna cover the investments and yield a greater benefit going forward. As a result of all that, we see the current margin headwinds as temporary and do continue to expect margin expansion within Risk & Broking and the enterprise on an annual basis. Yeah, I mean, let me just sort of leverage a little bit on that, Andrew. I mean, first of all, our investments in talent have actually been paying off in excess of what we had projected. Debate, not that we're fully there yet, but the pace is actually in excess of, you know, kind of our original expectations, that does encourage us. You know, as I look sort of a bit further than, you know, the rest of this year, right? I mean, what we're doing is saying we think we actually have a great opportunity to deepen and broaden what we do. We see the talent we're able to attract, that encourages us, actually, as I said before, to double up where we're trying to go here. You know, most of the investment is in talent, but there's also investment in things like MGAs and MGUs, deepening our affinity platform, and building out the next level of technology within our ICT business to support the insurance industry where we see strong demand. With respect to that talent investment, right? It is about hiring productive talent that can best leverage our platform and is highly aligned to our specialization strategy. We do recognize that comes with the usual margin drag, and this is a typical 12-18 month time till we get full productivity out of these people. You know, I look forward and say, "Look, you know, a year ago, we were all about filling gaps, rebuilding teams, after a period where we had been suffering heightened attrition, due to business disruption." Looking forward, right, it is far more opportunistic and looking for talent that's going to drive the most profitable and fastest-growing parts of our business, especially the global lines that Andrew referred to earlier. I want to be crystal clear, all right? This is about going on the defensive. Going on the offensive, we are not about backfilling gaps in the bench anymore. This is about offense, not defense. Thank you. Our next question comes from Gregory Peters. One moment as we bring him to the stage. Good morning. Thank you for the increased disclosure around the free cash flow. My first question, I wanted to focus on that. I guess it's slide 15, where you talk about your longer-term free cash flow target of 16%. It feels like the transformation program spend, that's gonna be a layup because that's gonna come to an end. The approved profitability seems, you know, realistic, I guess. I guess when I look at those three buckets, the one I'm concerned about would be the TRANZACT cash conversion. That business, you know, for others, has been problematic in terms of translating into free cash flow. Also, in this free cash flow slide, you didn't mention DSO, and that used to be a lever for the company for improving free cash flow. maybe you could give us some additional comments around this slide. Sure. Morning, Greg, it's Andrew. I'll start with the DSO component there. We do expect incremental benefit from, you know, tactical working capital actions focused on opportunities that we see. And that sort of gets reflected in the long-term view on page 15, in the plus symbol there, if you will. You know, some of the other actions, of course, do lead to improved working capital management as well. So that is absolutely factored into our plans over the longer term for improved free cash flow margin. You know, specifically, you know, with regard to TRANZACT, you know, when we bought that business, we did expect it to be a high-growth business, and, you know, we have far exceeded our initial expectations in that regard. You know, I think that's a testament to the compelling offering that the company provides to its customers and the dedication of its team members in that business. You know, as mentioned in the prepared remarks, the business creates a working capital headwind as it grows. You know, since we're required to incur significant upfront cash costs, it takes about five to six years, depending on the product, to eventually collect all the cash for a sale or a substantial portion of the cash for a sale. We were fully aware of the cash flow dynamics, right, at the time we acquired it, and it has evolved as expected. We continue to see improvement in that area as the business grows and matures. We do have that long-term receivable, which we can continue, you know, to focus on, and we'll collect over time. You know, we expect the business to become cash positive, you know, sometime in the next few years. In the meantime, we do expect that drag to decline. Okay. Fair enough. I guess, yeah, my follow-up question will pivot back to the margin piece. I know you've talked about it in your prepared remarks. You just answered Elyse's questions regarding it. You spoke about book sales and recruiting. I guess, you know, from a margin improvement standpoint, I guess I was a little disappointed with the second quarter results. I would have expected for you guys to report some benefits. When you said in your answer, book sales, is there gonna be more drag from book sales in the second half of this year? On recruiting, is there more margin drag on recruiting in the second half of this year versus where we were in the first half? Thanks for the follow-up. Yep, sure. Let me start with the book sale question. We do expect some level of book sale activity in the second half of the year. However, we do expect it to be, you know, roughly on par with the book sale activity of the second half of last year. The quarterly pacing of that may vary, in aggregate, over the second half should be pretty comparable. Okay. With regard to recruiting, Greg, I guess one thing I'd note is sort of open positions of the company are at half the level they were a year ago, and so that should give you an idea of sort of overall where we're trying to do with recruitment. However, right, I want to point out that, you know, I think we're at a point in time, and, yeah, Lucy Clarke's arrival, I think, is a testament to this, where, you know, the choice we've made very deliberately to specialize within R&B is, you know, it's a foundation of our growth, and it is significantly attractive to people who can actually help us generate revenue. We think that this is the time to capitalize on that. We do think that targeted investments in our global lines and our industry strategy, this is exactly the right time for those to be paying off. We're going to be looking to actively find that talent. That's great. Thank you. One moment as I prepare the next question. Our next question comes from Paul Newsome of Piper Sandler. The line is yours. Good morning. Thank you. I had another sort of book of sale question. If we're looking at the profit margin of the businesses you're losing through book sales versus the rest of the business, are those book sales businesses have similar margins, or is that another sort of source of margin compression for the company as these businesses are sold away? Yes. The books that we're selling, you know, generally have the same economic profile and margin profile as, you know, the broader business. There's nothing specific about the margins of the businesses or books that we're selling. Great. That makes modeling easier. Second question? You know, a lot of what your peers have done with respect to margin improvement over time came through some very careful divestitures of businesses, which you'll see every quarter from them. You know, how does that fit into your strategy as well, if at all? Looking at sort of divesting, are you looking at divesting some of these businesses that might have lower margins as well? Yeah, you know, we won't comment on any specific M&A actions, but as you can imagine, you know, portfolio management is always front and center for us. Of course, we do look across the broad base of our businesses to, you know, make strategic decisions about, you know, that portfolio. I'd add, we use that for our acquisition strategy as well. We're, you know, looking for businesses where we can be a better owner than the current owner. Thanks. always appreciate the help. Great. Thanks, Paul. Thank you. One moment as I prepare the next question. Our next question comes from David Motemaden from Evercore. The line is now yours. Hi, thanks. Good morning. I just had a question just on the new margin range for next year, the 22.5%-23.5%. Could you just help me understand and think through some of the pluses and minuses that would help you be at the high end versus the low end of that outlook? Yeah, sure. I think, you know, part of it will be, you know, Carl mentioned some, you know, meaning, you know, continued investment in talent, as well as some platforms. I think it'll be the, the payback periods, from, from those investments. Another, you know, determining factor would be the, the pace at which, some of the operating leverage, you know, becomes, visible, through the, the transformation program, and some incremental savings from the transformation program as well. The timing of that sort of what is, is what feeds into the, the bounds of that range. I'll just add demand across various parts of our business, right? So, you know, while I think we've got a very diversified portfolio, and that has enabled us to weather the storms, we do try to take advantage of conditions as we find them. You know, really sort of demand across the portfolio. As you can see from the segment numbers, growth remains strong there, and we're looking to make sure we stay focused on the areas where we see the strongest demand in the marketplace. Whether that's in the, you know, specialty lines within R&B, our health and benefits business, and focus within our career business and places where we see demand, which sort of coping with, you know, new ways of working in the new normal. I'd also add, there's upside in our wealth business, if, especially if capital markets stay up, and the fact that we're collecting, you know,% of asset fees across a large chunk of our investments business. Yep, got it. That makes sense. you know, I guess I was, you know, just on some of the hiring that you've made up to this point, maybe you can help me understand just how far along you are in the ramp of production of those hires. you know, are we sort of hitting a peak in terms of how those hires you've made in the past can contribute? is that partially why you're sort of, you know, making additional strategic investments? or maybe you could just help me understand, you know, where we are in terms of the ramp-up of the hires you've made up to this point. Sure. As I alluded to a little while ago, we're actually very happy with the progress for our 22 cohort of hires, right? They've actually performed in a, you know, in excess of where we think they thought we would be at this point in time. No, they're not up to full productivity yet. As we've said, that's 12 to 18 months, and sort of on average, we're at about 12 months on that. The 2023 hires, which is a smaller number, it's only been half a year, right? Are performing in line with expectations, that's of course, early days. I think what I'm saying with respect to sort of looking forward, right, is we actually see significant strong demand for our specialty approach, and we think that there is talent we can attract under the way we have focused this company, which is different than the way others approach it, to able to, you know, actually double down on that strategy and push that ahead. So it's yes, I think what we've seen from the 2022 and 2023 hires is encouraging, but that's not necessarily just saying, "Okay, more of the same." We think that it's actually confirmation of our strategy and what how it's resonating with clients that wants us to move ahead. Thank you. One moment as I prepare our next question. Our question comes from the line of Meyer Shields from Keefe, Bruyette & Woods. The line is now yours. Good morning, guys. This is Jian on for Meyer. I just have a question on the U.S., Insurance. Given how well the organic growth has been playing out, do you guys see any changes in your investment? I'm sorry, any changes in the investment given the organic growth? Yeah, yeah. No, I think as Carl just alluded to, you know, we do see continued opportunity for, you know, talent in the market. You know, we're, we're not sort of filling gaps at this point as we had been historically. You know, this is more about leaning forward and being on the offensive with regard to our talent investment strategy, where we continue to see really strong opportunity for talent that aligns with our specialization strategy. Got it. Thank you. My second question. Okay, thank you. is on the free cash flow guidance. I know you guys give the long-term guidance of 16%. Just wonder, does it improve from 12% guidance of this year through to 2024 linearly? Can you, like, add some details on that? I'm sorry, can you repeat the question, please? Oh, yeah. ... for the free cash flow guidance, just wondering, can you add some details on the 2024, or do you see it just improve linearly to the 15%? Yeah, I mean, yeah, we do expect continuous improvement, but we haven't given any specific free cash flow margin guidance for 2024. Okay. Okay, thank you. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. One moment, please. Our next question comes from the line of Mark Marcon from Baird. The line is now yours. Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. With regards to, with regards to the margin change, basically, at the midpoint, you've reduced the margin guide by about 50 basis points. Is that sufficient in terms of, is that enough of a cushion to really improve the talent pipeline? And then, thinking about the morale and retention with regards to your long-term associates, do you think that's gonna be fairly meaningful in terms of, you know, driving further engagement, and driving further productivity? I, I think with regard to the 50 basis points, that we do think that gives us the flexibility we're looking for. We can structure, you know, compensation, which for us, of course, is highly variable, especially in client-facing personnel, to be able to manage the impact of recruitment. With respect to morale, you know, one of the biggest screens we use, is to, are they gonna fit well with the team, right? You know, that's been our approach historically. We anticipate that will very much be part of our approach going forward. It fits beautifully with the specialization strategy because you're not, you know, looking for a lone wolf selling, right? It's about, insight-based approach to helping clients manage risk, fueled by data and analytics. That ends up with someone who's, you know, quite committed to that, and that, by its very nature, makes it more of a team-based approach. I think there's a, a sort of a virtuous cycle we get, with respect to our approach that actually makes team building easier and minimizes morale disruption that might. That's great. What's the tax rate that you're assuming for the 2024 EPS targets? Yeah. We haven't specifically given that information, but if you think about the, the current year, adjusted tax rate, you know, it is, you know, modestly higher, you know, as of now, year to date, and, you know, we expect something modestly higher on a full year basis, year-over-year. Thank you. One moment as I prepare our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Michael Zaremski from BMO. The line is now yours. Okay, great. On free cash flow, thanks for the added color. I just wanna confirm that the pension income levels or, you know, the pension changes in terms of impacting your EPS, that doesn't flow through to cash flow, right? Correct. The pension income is non-cash. Okay. Okay, got it. Okay, switching gears to the segments. You've talked a lot about, and you have been for a number of quarters, about investing in, in talent, opportunistically. Is this also happening on in the Health, Wealth & Career segment a bit? I'm just asking because margins were a little light there as well versus expectations. We do see talent as, you know, flocking to the flag, right, in HWC as well. Although I, I think it's a, it's a bit different positionally than it is with, as opposed to R&B. In that, you know, we've got a very, very successful leading wealth business, and, you know, with already, I think, a very good market position. We don't, you know, you wouldn't typically see large-scale recruiting going on in that business. The recruiting is more focused on health and benefits, where, you know, we do see the opportunity to gain market share, we think our position in broking globally is one where we can continue to capitalize. Thank you. One moment as I prepare the next question. Our next question comes from Yaron Kinar from Jefferies. The line is now yours. Thank you. Good morning, everybody. I guess my first question, Carl, just listening to the explanations behind the lower, the lowering of guidance for 2024, it almost sounded to me like, excluding the pension element, that interest and inflationary trends were a net negative. I guess that's, if I heard that correctly, it's a little counterintuitive to what I would have thought the net impact of broker would be. Would love to hear a little more on that. When I was talking about interest rates being negative, it was with respect to the pension, right? It wasn't with respect to the fact that we do receive more interest income. I thought you'd also talked about the pressure from higher interest rate environments on M&A activity and on operating costs. Yes. Right. No, sorry. Yeah. Net, isn't it? You're right. Okay. No, no. I mean, we, I think, you know, the puts and takes are a little hard to work out, right? We do have a large scale, as do others, right, M&A-focused brokering business. The, you know, the freeze in that marketplace is obviously quite unhelpful, on that side. You know, it, it's, as I said, it's a bit more complex. Yeah, I guess if we take a step back, and again, excluding the pension element, wouldn't the higher interest rate and higher inflation environment be a net positive holistically? Not necessarily. I think it depends on the impact of inflation on different components of the income statement. Obviously, there's been a lot of wage inflation over the last 2 years, and that's not just related to new hires, right? That does impact our existing wage base. There's inflation. We talked about the cost of travel has gone up meaningfully, things of that nature. That is mitigated, right, by the impact of fiduciary income. As Carl mentioned, we do have some interest rate-sensitive businesses, right, that get impacted by that as well, like M&A-related products. Yeah. I guess, you know, I would not call it a huge negative, but it's not nearly the positive you might take it from looking at some components alone. Okay, I appreciate that. If, if we flipped it to the pension component specifically, if I'm doing the math correctly, at the midpoint of the new guidance, you're talking about roughly $80 million worth of pension income in 2024. I, I understand that we'll get another update at year-end. But if that math is roughly correct, can you maybe explain why we'd see another call at 30% reduction in pension income year-over-year, when capital markets are actually up year-to-date? I think the level of interest rate increases has moderated a bit. If you look at our pension plans, right, the asset mixes will have a heavy effect here. Our biggest plan is the UK plan, which actually doesn't have a lot of equity exposure at all in it, and has a fairly tight asset liability match. It's quite sensitive, both interest rates and inflation levels, because of the indexation of UK pension liabilities. The U.S., plan is more, is invested more akin to a U.S., plan, would be invested with a mix of both bonds and other assets. Even within the return-seeking assets pool, there's a large part of alternative assets and other sort of diversifying strategies, which won't necessarily move in line with the public equity markets. That protects us on the downside, but it does give up some upside in strong equity markets. That's great. Thank you. One moment as I prepare the next question. Our next question comes from Michael Ward from Citi. The line is now yours. Thanks, guys. Good morning. Andrew mentioned, I think, strong commercial pricing was less of a tailwind this quarter. We've kind of been hearing strength out there from peers and primaries. Just wondering, you know, are you altering commissions? Is it just the comps? Any, any commentary could be helpful. I mean, if you, if you look at the rate on the commercial risk side, I mean, overall, we're seeing flatter single-digit increases or even small decreases, depending on local market conditions. You know, rate increases across many lines are moderating, but there are, you know, some, definitely some lines that aren't seeing any abatement at present. U.S. property probably being the most predominant one. Remember, we are a very global firm with respect to our mix, you know, you can't necessarily take our book as typical for others. You know, certainly in cat-exposed property, rate increases are still coming through. Casualty is a bit of a different story. There's more stability in the global portfolio with, you know, relatively small rating increases being written. Got it. Thank it. I think Carl mentioned potential upside in the Wealth business. Any update on the outlook for that one in the second half, with markets being where they are? Yeah, well, I mean, with sort of pension funding levels being at a pretty hefty rate, sorry, you know, compared historically, right, the pension funds are pretty well funded, so the opportunity for pension risk transfer activity, remains elevated, and we have a market-leading position in that in the major markets. The other phenomenon you're referring to is, you know, we've got a investments business that is a substantial part of that is compensated in basis points, and with asset levels up, that's helpful for that business. Thank you. One moment as I prepare our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Brian Meredith of UBS. The line is now yours. Hey, thanks for fitting me in. Two questions here. Carl, I'm just curious, in the 2024 guidance, what is embedded with respect to the economic outlook? You know, what would happen if Nominal GDP goes to, let's call it 2%, 3%? Would it be challenging to make your kind of guidance targets? What else are you embedded in that with respect to the commercial lines pricing environment? With respect to rate, I mean, we're, you know, we in brokerage aren't necessarily as sensitive to rate as the carriers in that, and I think I've made this point of prior calls, right? When rate skyrockets, our clients will just simply retain more risk, to try and manage their budgets. We don't see rate as having a major effect on our prospects, for 2024. I think with respect to sort of general economic conditions, as long as they're generally manageable, we've got a portfolio of businesses that has shown resilience in sort of good times and bad. You know, providing clients aren't so paralyzed by volatility, they aren't willing to make decisions, we tend to do okay. Got you. A recession or something shouldn't matter? A sharp and sudden recession where clients sort of have to swerve in their plans, right, is, you know, unexpectedly, right, is not necessarily helpful. Even then, right, that may drive demand for consulting projects that help, you know, to manage the changing conditions. Makes sense. My second question, just curious. Carl, can you talk a little bit about just employee retention and efforts and what you're doing to keep, you know, keep people? I mean, I look at your stock down 12% and all the other brokers are up, you know, mid-teens. I can tell you just from any company you work at, you're always looking at that stock price. What are you doing to kind of help keep people? What does retention look like right now? I mean, the most retention has been actually quite good, and attrition this year has been lower than our expectations and in line with industry and our industry in general. We're quite happy with how that's been playing out. You know, engagement is a huge part of employee retention, right? That's often, and, you know, we do research on this, right, within our career business, right? And engagement goes far beyond compensation, right? It's actually a, there's a number of factors that drive it. We do eat our own cooking and try and take the advice of our career consultants to create a workplace that people actually want to participate in because they feel that they're making a difference, for their own career, for their colleagues, for their clients, and for society at large. That's not to say, you know, compensation doesn't play in it, but it's by no means the determinative matter. I think we're doing well enough that the attrition, numbers are reflecting our efforts in that regard. That's great. Thank you. One moment as I prepare our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Mark Hughes from Truist Securities. The line is now yours. Thank you. How are you approaching TRANZACT this year? It seems like the environment was a little more productive last year. Do you think this will be another strong growth year for TRANZACT? Yeah, we continue to expect healthy growth from that business. You know, there's, you know, more to that business than just the Medicare Advantage market, where we do sell other products, and those products have different financial profiles and cash collection profiles with them as well. We do make sure that we, you know, look to create a balanced portfolio across that business. You know, as we've said in prior calls, right, we do think the new, the CMS regs that came out are manageable for us, and we've taken steps to adapt the business to them. We don't view them as impacting TRANZACT's potential to thrive. Thank you. That's great. Thank you. One moment as I prepare the next question. Our last question comes from the line of Robert Cox from Goldman Sachs. The line is now yours. Rob, the line is now yours. Rob? It appears that we do not have Mr. Cox, so we will go on. That as that, our last question. I'll give one moment to see if anyone else would like to ask a question. As I am showing no further questions at this time, and we have no closing remarks, that concludes our session. Thank you for participating in today's meeting.